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Egyptian Italian Year of Science & Technology
Egyptian Academy of Scientific Research and Technology
Library of Alexandria
Mostafa K.TolbaJanuary 10, 2009
Evolving Perceptions in Environmental Management
I – Evolving Environmental Perceptions
Protection of Nature
Pollution
Environment and Development - 1972
Eco development - 1973
Development without destruction – 1974
Alternative patterns of development and lifestyles 1977-1978
Sustainable Development 1982- 1992
water ( Quality and Quantity )
II- Deteriorating Environment :
Air (quality / climate change )
Land (soil, vegetation cover, minerals , Biological Resources )
Examples of Deterioration:
Tripling water demand over the last half- century Underground water: withdrawals beyond the recharge
Emerging water shortages
Food Production : A third or more of topsoil lost
Annual rise in land productivity - averaging 2.1 percent 1950-1990 - dropped to 1 percent 1990 to 2002
Range Land and Oceanic Fisheries pushed to their limits –
Climate Change
Facing Environmental Deterioration:
Adopting Realistic Prices of Water
Water Shortages: South Africa – lifeline rates: each household fixed amount - for basic needs at low price - when water use exceeds this level- price escalates.
Metering Underground water use: Jordan: 285 cubic meters - water person year.
Harvesting limited rainfall
Increasing Water productivity.In India raised by average190 percent shifting to drip irrigation .
-Energy and Raw Material
-Cleaner Production:
- Tools to Asses and Avoid Environmental Deterioration
A- Environmental Economics
cost of action and cost of inaction – Stern Report
B- Environmental Accounting
Environmental Accounting
Natural Resources Accounting
Ecological Accounting
Strategic Environmental Assessment
Cumulative Environmental Assessment
Environmental Impact Assessment
C- Environmental Assessment
D- Ecological Footprint :
Accounting tool measures a population's demand on nature.
Footprint of a country=
A- Total area required to produce food, fibre and
timber nation consumes
B- Absorb its waste
C- Space for infrastructure.
The Ecological Footprint is measured in global hectares.
Global hectare 1 hectare of biologically productive space.
Biologically Productive Area:
land and sea area with significant photosynthetic activity and production of biomass.
Earth's biocapacity:
nature's ability to produce resources from its biologically productive area.
Ecological Footprint
Ecological Foot Print
57 Countries in Debt 90 Debtor Country
147 Countries
Arab Countries among those :
1/2 United Arab Emirates 4 Kuwait21 Saudi Arabia38 Libya 45 Lebanon
Debtor Arab Countries
60- Syria 70- Jordan 77- Algeria 78- Tunis 84- Egypt 103- Sudan 107- Iraq 110- Morocco 131- Yemen 146- Somalia Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, Mauritania, Cameron, Djibouti and Palestine not include.
Egypt Foot Print
United States of America Foot Print
Humanities Foot Print
- In 2005 ESIs, the Earth’s biocapacity gives 1.8 global hectares per person. Same year consumption 2.2 global hectares per person. Overshoot started 1980.
- In 2005 ESIs, humanity’s Ecological Footprint exceeded global biocapacity by 0.4 global hectare per person, twenty- three per cent.
Where are we today?
Global overshoot began mid 1980s.
Nature’s capital spent faster than it is being regenerated.
Equity and Intergenerational Rights
THANK YOU