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EFFECTS OF DROP-DELATING SPRAYS ON THE
POSTHARVEST PHYSIOLOGY OF APPLES
By
George M orton K e s s le r
A THESIS
S u b m itted t o th e S ch oo l o f G raduate S tu d ie s o f M ich igan
S ta te C o lle g e o f A g r ic u ltu r e and A p p lied S c ie n c e
in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e req u irem en ts
f o r th e d egree o f
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
Departm ent o f H o r t ic u ltu r e
Y ear 1953
ProQuest Number: 10008350
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EFFECTS OF DROP-DELAYING SPRAYS ON THE
POSTHARVEST PHYSIOLOGY OF APPLES
By
George Morton K e s s le r
AN ABSTRACT
S u b m itted to th e S ch o o l o f G raduate S tu d ie s o f M ich igan
S ta te C o lle g e o f A g r ic u ltu r e and A p p lied S c ie n c e
in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e req u irem en ts
f o r th e d egree o f
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
Departm ent o f H o r t ic u ltu r e
Y ear 1953
Approved ____ y-. /
G eorge M orton K e s s le r
The e f f e c t s o f p r e h a r v e s t sp ra y s o f grow th r e g u la to r s
upon th e r ip e n in g o f a p p le f r u i t h a s b een a s u b j e c t o f
i n t e r e s t to b o th p r o f e s s io n a l h o r t i c u l t u r i s t s and grow ers
e v e r s in c e su ch sp ra y s w ere f i r s t s u c c e s s f u l l y u sed to
d e la y a p p le drop in 1939* T h is i n v e s t i g a t i o n was u n d er
ta k e n w ith th e pu rp ose o f more c l e a r l y e s t a b l i s h in g , by
ch em ica l a n a ly s is and p h y s ic a l o b s e r v a t io n s , th e p h y s io lo g
i c a l r e sp o n s e s o f a p p le s to such sp rays*
M cIntosh and N orthern Spy ap p le t r e e s i n M ich igan
orch a rd s w ere sp ra y ed p r io r to h a r v e s t w ith drop d e la y in g
sp ra y s o f n a p h th a le n e a c e t ic a c id (NAA), 2 -m e t h y l-4 - c h lo r o -
p h e n o x y a c e tic a c id (T o lo x y ) and 2 , 4 , 5 - tr ie h lo r o p h e n o x y p r o -
p io n ic a c id (2,4>50T P or C o lo r - s e t ) * The p h y s io lo g ic a l
r e sp o n s e s o f th e f r u i t to th e s e grow th r e g u la t o r s d u rin g
th r e e c o n s e c u t iv e y e a r s (19i|.9> 1950 and 1951) was m easured
a t h a r v e s t and a f t e r s to r a g e a t tem p era tu res o f 32° F* The
f r u i t was a ls o o b ser v ed in 1950 a f t e r a 7 0 ° F s to r a g e p er io d *
The f r u i t sam p les w ere h a r v e s te d a t random from th e
t e s t t r e e s once d u rin g th e normal com m ercial h a r v e s t p e r io d .
An e a r ly h a r v e s t o f M cIntosh f r u i t w as a ls o made in 1949*
Sam ples o f t h e e d i b l e p o r t i o n s o f t h e a p p l e f r u i t w e re
t a k e n a t h a r v e s t o r a f t e r s t o r a g e a n d f r o z e n f o r l a t e r
c h e m ic a l a n a l y s i s . T o t a l s u g a r s i n t h e w a t e r e x t r a c t o f t h e
f r u i t t i s s u e was d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e M unson-W alker m eth o d
and e x p r e s s e d a s p e r c e n t i n v e r t s u g a r . T o t a l n i t r o g e n was
d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e K j e l d a h l m ethod and r e s u l t s e x p r e s s e d a s
p e r c e n t p r o t e i n . S o l u b l e s o l i d s w ere m e a s u r e d w i t h t h e Abbe
G eorge M orton K e s s le r
r e fr a c to m e te r and e x p r e s s e d a s p e r c e n t s u g a r s . The m o is tu r e
c o n te n t o f th e ap p le t i s s u e was found w ith th e B raybender
m o is tu r e t e s t e r . T o ta l a c id s w ere d eterm in ed by t i t r a t i o n
o f th e w a ter e x tr a c t w ith 0 .1 N NaOH and e x p r e s s e d as ml o f
0 ,1 N NaOH p e r 10 gm o f f r e s h t i s s u e . A l l ch em ica l a n a ly s e s
w ere r e p o r te d on a f r e s h w e ig h t b a s i s . R e s p ir a t io n d e t e r
m in a t io n s were made upon sam ples o f a p p ro x im a te ly 10 f r u i t .
R e s p ir a t io n r a t e s w ere m easured by u s in g th e m ethod o f
C la y p o o l and K e e fe r , in w hich CO2 , e v o lv in g from th e a p p le s ,
was c o l l e c t e d in a s o lu t io n c o n ta in in g NaHCO and Brom
Thymol B lue in d ic a t o r . The c o lo r ch anges ca u sed by v a r y in g
amounts o f CO2 was th e n m easured w ith an E v e ly n C o lo r im e te r ,
The r e s u l t s o f t h i s i n v e s t i g a t io n show th a t NAA and
T o lo x y d id n o t m arkedly in f lu e n c e t h e , p h y s io lo g y o f th e
f r u i t . Sprays o f 2 ,4> 5-T P s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t e d M cIntosh
a p p le s in one o f th e two y e a r s in w h ich t h i s m a te r ia l was
t e s t e d . A p p lic a t io n s o f 2 ,4»5 -T P to M cIntosh t r e e s 28 days
b e fo r e h a r v e s t w ere o f g r e a te r e f f e c t on th e f r u i t th an th e
a p p l ic a t io n s made 17 days b e fo r e h a r v e s t . The sp ra y s o f
2 ,4 ,5 -T P in 1951 ca u sed th e f r u i t to be s o f t e r a t h a r v e s t
and cau sed a s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t io n in th e s o lu b le s o l i d s ,
a c id c o n te n t and f ir m n e s s o f th e f r u i t d u rin g th e su b seq u en t
s to r a g e p e r io d . T hese e f f e c t s from 2 ,4»5 -T P w ere n o t
o b ser v ed on M cIntosh in 1950 or on N orth ern Spy in e i t h e r
o f th e two y e a r s in w hich t h i s m a te r ia l was u s e d . The
e v id e n c e s u g g e s t s th a t th e h ig h e r tem p era tu res o c c u r r in g
d u rin g th e p e r io d o f a p p l ic a t io n o f 2 , 4 , 5-TP in 1951 th an
George M orton K e s s le r
In 1950 may have b een a c o n tr ib u t in g c a u se f o r th e d i f f e r e n t
r e s u l t s o b ta in e d f o r M cIn tosh a p p le s in t h e s e two y e a rs*
There w ere no s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t s upon th e r e s p i r a t i o n r a t e s
o f th e f r u i t a t t r ib u t a b le to th e grow th r e g u la to r sp ra y s
d u rin g th e one y e a r in w h ich r e s p ir a t io n was m easured,,
TABLE OP CONTENTS
C hapter Page
I INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1
I I REVIEW OP LITERATURE.................................................. .......... 3
I I I FIELD AND STORAGE PROCEDURES......................* o • . 1 4
IV CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL DETERMINATIONS • • , , , 21
A , C hem ical D e ter m in a tio n s . . . . . . . . . . 21
B , P h y s ic a l D e te r m in a tio n s • • • • « • « * • * 24
C, R e s p ir a t io n M ethods 25
V RESU LTS,.......................................................................................29
A . M cIn to sh , • • • • • • • • , « , • , • , , « 29
B . N orth ern Sp y, 43
C. R e s p ir a t io n ......................... 50
VI DISCUSSION..................................................................................57
V II SUMMARY, • • • ............................................................................. 70
V III BIBLIOGRAPHY 72
APPENDIX. ...............................................................................................78
LIST OP FIGURES
F ig u re Page
I A p o r t io n o f th e r e s p ir a t io n ap p aratu s ino p e r a t io n , show ing th e r e s p ir a t io n chambers in th e lo w e r h a l f o f th e ph otograp h and th e flo w m ete rs i n th e upper h a l f » » » » * • • » • 26
I I M o is tu re and ca rb o h y d ra te c o n te n t s o f M cIntosha p p le s h a r v e s te d Septem ber 2 7 , 1950# . • . . • 3 1-
I I I A c id c o n te n t and f ir m n e ss o f M cIntosh a p p le sh a r v e s te d Septem ber 2 7 , 1950 • • • • • • • • • 35
IV Ground c o lo r o f M cIntosh a p p le s h a r v e s te dSeptem ber 2 7 , 1950 • « • « • « • » « • • « * « 36
V A cid and s o lu b le s o l i d s c o n te n ts o f M cIntosha p p le s h a r v e s te d Septem ber 2 8 , 1951 • • • • • • 1*1
VI Ground c o lo r and f ir m n e ss o f M cIntosh a p p le sh a r v e s te d Septem ber 2 8 , 1951 • • • • • • • • • ij-2
VII M o istu re and carb oh yd ra te c o n te n ts o fN orth ern Spy a p p le s h a r v e s te d O ctob er 2 5 , 1950 J+7
VTII A c id c o n te n t and f ir m n e ss o f N orth ern Spya p p le s h a r v e s te d O ctob er 2 5 , 1950* lj.8
IX Ground c o lo r o f N orth ern Spy a p p le sh a r v e s te d O ctob er 2 5 , 1950 • « • ♦ » • • • • » ij.9
X A c id and s o lu b le s o l i d s p r e s e n t in N orth ernSpy a p p le s h a r v e s te d O ctob er 1 8 , 1951* • • « • 53
XI Ground c o lo r and f ir m n e ss o f N orth ern Spya p p le s h a r v e s te d O ctob er 1 8 , 1951* ..................... •
X II The r e s p ir a t io n r a t e s o f M cIntosh a p p le sfrom u n tr e a te d t r e e s and th o s e sp rayed w ith2 ,4 ,5 - t r ic h lo r o p h e n o x y p r o p I o n ic and naph- t h a le n e a c e t ic a c id s , and h a r v e s te d Septem ber 2 8 , 1951 • • • • • • • * • • • • « • 56
LIST OP TABLES
T able Page
1 M a te r ia ls u sed as p r e h a r v e s t sp r a y s in 1 9 4 9 ,1950 and 1951 &n<i th e com m ercial so u r c e sfrom w h ich th e y w ere o b t a i n e d .................... « « * « • 15
2 D a tes o f sp ra y a p p l ic a t io n s , h a r v e s t s , ando b s e r v a t io n s o f c o lo r and f ir m n e s s , » < > • • • • • 17
3 Maximum and minimum tem p era tu res on dayswhen tr e a tm e n ts w ere a p p l ie d , 19
4 Mean ch em ica l c o m p o s it io n , ground c o lo r , andf l e s h f ir m n e ss o f M cIntosh a p p le s h a r v e s te d Septem ber 8 and II4., 1949* 30
5 Mean ch em ica l c o m p o s it io n , ground c o lo r , andf l e s h f ir m n e ss o f M cIntosh a p p le s h a r v e s te d Septem ber 2 7 , 1 9 5 0 , . , . ♦ . . • • • < » , . 0 , 0 33
6 Mean ground c o lo r and f ir m n e ss o f M cIntosha p p le s h a r v e s te d Septem ber 2 8 , 1951 • • » • • • • 38
7 Mean ch em ica l c o m p o s it io n , ground c o lo r andfir m n e ss o f M cIntosh a p p le s h a r v e s te dSeptem ber 28 , 1951 ♦ ........................ 39
8 Mean ch em ica l c o m p o s it io n , ground c o lo r , andf l e s h f ir m n e ss o f N orth ern Spy a p p le s h a r v e s te d O ctob er 1 0 -1 2 , 1 9 4 9 ........................................................................... 4 4
9 Mean ch em ica l c o m p o s it io n , ground c o lo r , andf l e s h f ir m n e ss o f N orth ern Spy a p p le s h a r v e s te d O ctob er 2 5 , 1 9 5 0 , • • • • • .................... • • » , » • 46
10 Mean c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n , g rou n d c o l o r , a n df ir m n e ss o f N orth ern Spy a p p le s h a r v e s te dO ctob er 1 8 , 1 9 5 1 .....................................................................................5 l
11 Mean ch em ica l c o m p o s it io n , ground c o lo r , andf ir m n e ss o f N orthern Spy a p p le s h a r v e s te dO ctob er 1 8 , 1 9 5 1 ............................................................... 52
12 C hem ical c o m p o s it io n , ground c o lo r and f ir m n e sso f M cIntosh a p p le s h a r v e s te d Septem ber 8 , 1949* • 79
1 3 C hem ical c o m p o s it io n , ground c o lo r and f ir m n e sso f M c I n t o s h a p p l e s h a r v e s t e d S e p te m b e r 1 4 , 1949 o 80
1 4 C hem ical c o m p o s it io n , ground c o lo r and f ir m n e sso f M cIntosh a p p le s h a r v e s te d Septem ber 2 7 , 1950 « 8l
LIST OP TABLES CONT.
T able Page
1 5 C hem ical c o m p o s it io n , ground c o lo r and f ir m n e sso f M cIntosh a p p le s h a r v e s te d Septem ber 2 7 , 1950 • 82
16 C hem ical c o m p o s it io n , ground c o lo r and f ir m n e sso f M cIn tosh a p p le s h a r v e s te d Septem ber 2 7 , 1950 « 83
17 Ground c o lo r and f ir m n e ss o f M cIntosh a p p le sh a r v e s te d Septem ber 2 8 , 1 9 5 1 . » » . • « . . . • • 81+.
18 C hem ical c o m p o s it io n , ground c o lo r and f ir m n e sso f M cIntosh a p p le s h a r v e s te d Septem ber 2 8 , 1951 • 85
19 C hem ical c o m p o s it io n , ground c o lo r and f ir m n e sso f M cIntosh a p p le s h a r v e s te d Septem ber 2 8 , 1951 ♦ 86
20 C hem ical c o m p o s it io n , ground c o lo r and f ir m n e sso f N orth ern Spy a p p le s h a r v e s te d O ctob er 1 0 -1 2 , 19J+9........................................................................................................ 87
21 C hem ical c o m p o s it io n , ground c o lo r and f ir m n e sso f N orth ern Spy a p p le s h a r v e s te d O ctob er 1 0 -1 2 , 19*1-9. ............................................................. . . . . 88
22 Chem ical c o m p o s it io n , ground c o lo r and f ir m n e ss o f N orth ern Spy a p p le s h a r v e s te d O ctob er 2 5 , 1950 89
23 C hem ical c o m p o s it io n , ground c o lo r and f ir m n e ss o f N orth ern Spy a p p le s h a r v e s te d O ctob er 2 5 , 1950 90
2*1- C hem ical c o m p o s it io n , ground c o lo r and f ir m n e ss o f N orth ern Spy a p p le s h a r v e s te d O ctob er 2 5 , 1950 91
25 C hem ical c o m p o s it io n , ground c o lo r and f ir m n e ss o f N orth ern Spy a p p le s h a r v e s te d O ctob er 1 8 , 1951 92
26 C hem ical c o m p o s it io n , ground c o lo r and f ir m n e ss o f N o rth ern Spy a p p le s h a r v e s te d O ctob er 1 8 , 1951 93
27 C hem ical c o m p o s it io n , ground c o lo r and f ir m n e ss o f N o rth ern Spy a p p le s h a r v e s te d O ctob er 1 8 , 1951 91*
28 R e s p ir a t io n r a t e s a t 7 1 ° F feu* M cIn tosh a p p le s h a r v e s te d in 1951 95
29 R e s p ir a t io n r a t e s a t 7 1 ° F f o r N orth ern Spy a p p le s h a r v e s te d in 1 9 5 1 . .................................................. 96
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The a u t h o r e x p r e s s e s h i s a p p r e c i a t i o n f o r t h e
e n c o u ra g e m e n t o f D r . H. B. Tukey, h e a d t o t h e D e p a r tm e n t
o f H o r t i c u l t u r e , and t o D r s . R. E. M a r s h a l l , W. Wo A l d r i c h
and A. L . K enw or thy who d i r e c t e d and g u i d e d t h i s i n v e s t i
g a t i o n a t v a r i o u s t i m e s .
S p e c i a l t h a n k s a r e due t o Dr. Do Ho Dewey f o r h i s
v a l u a b l e a s s i s t a n c e i n t h e w r i t i n g o f t h e m a n u s c r i p t and
t o D r . A. E . M i t c h e l l and Mr. W a l t e r T o e n j e s f o r t h e i r
a d v i c e and h e l p i n a p p l i c a t i o n o f s p r a y s and h a r v e s t i n g
o f f r u i t d u r i n g t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n .
A p p r e c i a t i o n i s due t o D r s . C. R. Megee and W. B,
Drew f o r t h e i r s e r v i c e s a s members o f my g u i d a n c e c o m m i t t e e 0
The a u t h o r i s a l s o i n d e b t e d t o D r s . E. J . Benne ,
H. M. S e l l , C. To Redemann, C. L . B e d f o r d , and M e s s r s .
L» E . W e l l e r and T. L . R e b s to c k f o r t h e i r a d v i c e a nd h e l p
i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e c h e m ic a l a n a l y s e s and r e s p i r a t i o n
d e t e r m i n a t i o n s .
I . INTRODUCTION
F r u i t d ro p f rom a p p l e t r e e s i s a n a t u r a l phenomenon
w h ic h may o r may n o t be d e t r i m e n t a l t o t h e economic y i e l d
f ro m t h e o r c h a r d . When n a t u r a l d rop o c c u r s e a r l y i n t h e
s e a s o n i t i s r e f e r r e d t o a s t h e Ju n e d r o p 0 T h i s i s f r e
q u e n t l y b e n e f i c i a l b e c a u s e i t may be a t h i n n i n g p r o c e s s
e s s e n t i a l t o t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f f r u i t o f p r o p e r s i z e an d
q u a l i t y . L o s s o f f r u i t f rom t h e t r e e may o c c u r l a t e r i n
t h e s e a s o n and p r e c e d i n g h a r v e s t and r e s u l t i n a g r e a t l y
r e d u c e d y i e l d o f m a r k e t a b l e f r u i t . T h i s l a t t e r phenomenon
o c c u r s b e c a u s e o f t h e e a r l y d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e a b s c i s s i o n
zone a t t h e j u n c t i o n o f t h e p e d i c e l o f t h e f r u i t an d t h e
p e d u n c l e o f t h e f r u i t c l u s t e r . Some v a r i e t i e s o f f r u i t ,
M c I n to s h a p p l e f o r a n e xam p le , t e n d t o e x h i b i t p r e m a t u r e
drop a s t h e h a r v e s t s e a s o n i s a p p r o a c h e d b e c a u s e o f c e r t a i n
i n h e r e n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ( i |4)« The amount o f p r e m a t u r e
d rop may b e a l s o g r e a t l y a f f e c t e d by c e r t a i n g ro w in g con
d i t i o n s such a s c l i m a t e and n u t r i t i o n . I t i s a p r o b le m
w h ic h i s a lw ays a s e r i o u s h a z a r d t o t h e f i n a n c i a l r e t u r n s
o f an o r c h a r d i s t . C o n s i d e r a b l e r e l i e f t o t h i s p r o b le m h a s
r e s u l t e d f rom t h e d i s c o v e r y t h a t c e r t a i n g ro w th r e g u l a t o r s
w i l l d e l a y f r u i t a b s c i s s i o n a t h a r v e s t - t i m e .
The u s e o f t h e s e m a t e r i a l s t o p r e v e n t t h e p r e h a r v e s t
d ro p o f f r u i t may a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t t h e r i p e n i n g r a t e s and
2
s t o r a g e l i f e o f t h e f r u i t » I n a d d i t i o n , i f t h e h a r v e s t o f
t h e a p p l e i s d e l a y e d c o n s i d e r a b l y beyo n d t h e t im e o f n o rm a l
h a r v e s t b y t h e u s e o f t h e s e m a t e r i a l s , i t i s known t h a t t h e
l i f e o f su c h f r u i t i n s t o r a g e w i l l be a p p r e c i a b l y s h o r t e n e d , .
T r e a t e d f r u i t p i c k e d a t t h e r e g u l a r t im e may a l s o e x h i b i t
abnorm a l b e h a v i o r , . F o r ex am p le , i t h a s b e e n shown t h a t
p r e h a r v e s t s p r a y s o f 2 ,lL|.,5> - t r i c h l o r o p h e n o x y a c e t i c a c i d
( 2 , 1 .,5 -T) h a s t e n e d t h e r i p e n i n g o f a t t a c h e d f r u i t s o f c e r t a i n
v a r i e t i e s o f a p p l e . W h e th e r o r n o t p r e h a r v e s t s p r a y s h a s t e n
r i p e n i n g and t h e r e b y s h o r t e n t h e s t o r a g e l i f e o f f a l l and
w i n t e r v a r i e t i e s o f a p p le i s n o t c l e a r , b e c a u s e c o n f l i c t i n g
r e s u l t s h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d by v a r i o u s w o r k e r s . F u r t h e r
i n v e s t i g a t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g t h e e f f e c t s o f t h e v a r i o u s g ro w th
s u b s t a n c e s upon t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l b e h a v i o r o f t h e f r u i t
a f t e r h a r v e s t seemed d e s i r a b l e *
A s t u d y was t h e r e f o r e u n d e r t a k e n w i t h t h e p u r p o s e o f
d e t e r m i n i n g t h e e f f e c t s o f c e r t a i n g ro w th r e g u l a t i n g su b
s t a n c e s on t h e s t o r a g e b e h a v i o r and c h e m ic a l c o m p o s i t i o n
o f M c I n to s h and N o r t h e r n Spy a p p le s *
I I . REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Our knowledge o f p l a n t g ro w th s u b s t a n c e s d a t e s b a c k
a t l e a s t t o Darwin I n l 88 l (llj.)* At t h a t t i m e , t h e p h o t o
t r o p i c b e n d i n g o f s e e d l i n g s o f P h a l a r i s c a n a r i e n s i s w h ic h
h a d b e e n e x p o s e d t o u n i l a t e r a l l i g h t was o b s e r v e d by D a rw in .
He s u g g e s t e d t h a t n some i n f l u e n c e i 3 t r a n s m i t t e d f rom t h e
u p p e r t o t h e l o w e r p a r t , c a u s i n g t h e l a t t e r t o bend '1,, T h i s
was f o l l o w e d by a s e r i e s o f c l a s s i c a l w o rk s d e a l i n g w i t h
v a r i o u s a s p e c t s o f p h o t o t r o p i s m , b u t i t was n o t u n t i l 1910
t h a t F i t t i n g (19) h y p o t h e s i z e d , f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e , t h e
p r e s e n c e o f a hormone i n p l a n t s . He s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e
s w e l l i n g o f t h e gynostemium o f t h e o r c h i d f l o w e r r e s u l t s
f ro m t h e a c t i v i t y o f a n a t u r a l l y o c c u r r i n g g ro w th s u b s t a n c e
i n o r c h i d p o l l e n . F i t t i n g c a l l e d t h i s s u b s t a n c e a " h o r m o n e " .
A hormone i s d e s c r i b e d by B o y s e n - J e n s e n (11) a s a chem
i c a l s u b s t a n c e p r o d u c e d i n t h e c e l l s o f one p a r t o f an
o r g a n i s m and c a r r i e d t o d i s t a n t p a r t s , w h e re o n l y m in u te
q u a n t i t i e s a r e c a p a b l e o f e x e r t i n g a p r o f o u n d e f f e c t upon
g ro w th i n some way o t h e r t h a n b y d i r e c t n u t r i t i v e m e a n s .
The e x i s t e n c e o f p l a n t horm ones h a s b e e n a c c e p t e d
s i n c e a b o u t 1 9 2 8 , due t o e v i d e n c e o r t e s t s d e v e l o p e d by
Went (65) a n d o t h e r s . However , i t was n o t u n t i l 19^2 t h a t
t h e p r e s e n c e o f horm ones i n h i g h e r p l a n t s was a b s o l u t e l y
v e r i f i e d b y c h e m ic a l m e th o d s . At t h a t t i m e , H a ag e n -S m i t
4
e t a l ( 2?) i s o l a t e d b e t a - i n d o l e a c e t i c a c i d from c o r n meal
and b y b i o l o g i c a l t e s t s p r o v e d i t t o b e a t r u e p l a n t h o r
mone o A l th o u g h t h e r e i s s t r o n g e v i d e n c e p o i n t i n g t o t h e
e x i s t e n c e o f o t h e r p l a n t h o rm o n e s , t h e i s o l a t i o n o f o t h e r s
h a s n o t b e e n v e r i f i e d , ,
W h i le work p r o c e e d e d w i t h t h e n a t u r a l p l a n t h o rm o n e s ,
i t was r e p o r t e d i n 1935 ( 6 7 ) t h a t a number o f s y n t h e t i c
g ro w th r e g u l a t o r s e x h i b i t g ro w th e f f e c t s on p l a n t s v e r yN.
much l i k e t h o s e o f n a t u r a l h o rm o n e s . B ecau se o f t h i s
s i m i l a r i t y s y n t h e t i c g ro w th r e g u l a t o r s a r e o f t e n c a l l e d
" h o rm o n e s” «
P r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e f u n d a m e n ta l knowledge
o f p l a n t hormones and s y n t h e t i c g ro w th r e g u l a t o r s w ere
p r o b a b l y i n i t i a t e d by t h e d i s c o v e r y i n 1934 ( 6 0 ) t h a t
n a t u r a l p l a n t a u x i n h a s a r o o t - p r o m o t i n g e f f e c t . Many
o t h e r a p p l i c a t i o n s f o l l o w e d , su c h a s s e t t i n g o f to m a to
f r u i t s p a r t h e n o c a r p i c a l l y ( 3 6 ) , c o n t r o l o f p o t a t o s p r o u t i n g
i n s t o r a g e ( 2 6 ) , c h e m ic a l weed c o n t r o l (4 3 ) and d e l a y i n g
t h e b l o s s o m i n g o f f r u i t ( 6 6 ) *
The d i s c o v e r y b y LaRue i n 1936 (38) t h a t a p l a n t
a u x i n w i l l i n h i b i t t h e a b s c i s s i o n o f C o le u s l e a f p e t i o l e s
i s o f p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t t o t h e s t u d y r e p o r t e d i n t h i s
p a p e r . I t was s h o r t l y t h e r e a f t e r t h a t G a rd n e r and M ar th
( 2 1 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e d rop o f h o l l y l e a v e s and b e r r i e s
c o u l d be d e l a y e d w i t h s y n t h e t i c h o rm o n e s . G a r d n e r , M a r th
and B a t j e r (22) u s e d g ro w th r e g u l a t i n g s u b s t a n c e s t o d e l a y
t h e h a r v e s t d rop o f a p p l e s f o r t h e f i r s t t im e i n 1939 and
5
t h i s h a s s i n c e become a s t a n d a r d p r a c t i c e i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n
o f a p p l e s and p e a r s *
T h i s p a p e r i s c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e e f f e c t s o f s y n t h e t i c
g ro w th r e g u l a t i n g m a t e r i a l s on a p p l e f r u i t s , a n d i t i s
t h e r e f o r e o f i n t e r e s t t o c o n s i d e r t h e e f f e c t s o f b o t h
s y n t h e t i c and n a t u r a l l y o c c u r r i n g e t h y l e n e on t h e p h y s i o
l o g i c a l b e h a v i o r o f f r u i t s . The g ro w th r e g u l a t i n g p r o p e r
t i e s o f e t h y l e n e w e re a l r e a d y q u i t e w e l l known b e f o r e
r e s u l t s w i t h d ro p d e l a y i n g s p r a y s w e re r e p o r t e d . Denny (16)
d e m o n s t r a t e d i n 193k- t h a t e t h y l e n e e v o l v e d i n t h e incom
p l e t e c o m b u s t io n o f k e r o s e n e was r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e
change i n s k i n c o l o r o f lem ons f rom g r e e n t o y e l l o w , d u r i n g
t h e c u r i n g p r o c e s s . O t h e r e f f e c t s w e re n o t e d and a c c o r d i n g
t o Gane ( 2 0 ) , an a tm o s p h e r e c o n t a i n i n g e t h y l e n e c a u s e d t h e
c l i m a c t e r i c r i s e i n t h e r e s p i r a t i o n r a t e o f b a n a n a s t o
o c c u r e a r l i e r t h a n n o r m a l . P e a r f r u i t s a l s o e x h i b i t a
c l i m a c te r i c r i s e and , a s r e p o r t e d by H ansen and H ar tm an ( 3 2 ) ,
r e a c t i n a s i m i l a r m anner upon e x p o s u r e t o e t h y l e n e .
Smock (5>1) fo u n d t h a t p r e - c l i m a c t e r i c a p p l e s e x p o s e d t o
t h e e m a n a t i o n s f ro m p o s t - c l i m a c t e r i c a p p l e s show a p r e
m a tu r e c l i m a c t e r i c r i s e i n r e s p i r a t i o n . Gane (20) h a d
p r e v i o u s l y d e m o n s t r a t e d t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f e t h y l e n e by a p p le
f r u i t s and t h e r i p e n i n g e f f e c t o b s e r v e d b y Smock may have
b e e n due t o e t h y l e n e g i v e n o f f b y t h e r i p e r f r u i t s . Sub
s t a n c e s o t h e r t h a n e t h y l e n e i n t h e a p p le e m a n a t i o n s were
p r o b a b l y a l s o i n v o l v e d .
Growth r e g u l a t i n g s u b s t a n c e s o t h e r t h a n e t h y l e n e o f t e n
6
a f f e c t t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l b e h a v i o r o f f r u i t s . Some h a s t e n
t h e r i p e n i n g o f f r u i t s w h i l e s t i l l a t t a c h e d t o t h e t r e e .
F o r ex am p le , £ - t r i c h i o ro p h en o x y a ce t i c a c i d (2 ,1 | . ,8-T)
u s e d t o s e t t h e f r u i t c f f i g (1 0 ) , c a u s e d t h e f r u i t t o
r i p e n much e a r l i e r t h a n t h o s e w h ic h h a d s e t n a t u r a l l y .
A t t a c h e d p e a c h e s hav e b e e n shown t o r i p e n e a r l i e r t h a n
no rm al a f t e r s p r a y i n g w i t h 2 , 1).,£-T (lj-2 , lj.8 , 61(_), a l t h o u g h
t h e t r e a t e d f r u i t s w ere som etim es d i s t o r t e d and r i p e n e d
u n e v e n l y (6 I4.) . W orke rs (33) a t B e l t s v i l l e , M a r y la n d ,
fo u n d t h a t 2 , i | . , 5 -T , s p r a y e d on Rome B e a u ty a p p l e t r e e s
i n A u g u s t , h a s t e n e d t h e m a t u r i n g o f t h e f r u i t b y a s much
as one m o n th . They r e p o r t t h a t t h e same m a t e r i a l a l s o
c a u s e d a number o f summer v a r i e t i e s o f a p p l e t o m a t u r e
f rom 9 t o 13 d ays e a r l i e r t h a n n o r m a l . The m a t u r i t y o f
D e l i c i o u s a p p l e s was a l s o a d v an c ed b e f o r e h a r v e s t a s
m e a su re d by p r e s s u r e t e s t s . P e a r s s p r a y e d w i t h n a p h t h a l e n e -
a c e t i c a c i d (FAA) y i e l d e d a l a r g e r number o f s o f t f r u i t s
a t h a r v e s t t h a n u n s p r a y e d t r e e s ( 8 ) . I t h a s b e e n o b s e r v e d
t h a t p r e h a r v e s t s p r a y s o f t h e b u t y l e s t e r o f 2 , l p - d i c h l o r o -
p h e n o x y a c e t i c a c i d (2,lj.-D) a p p l i e d t o Stayman a p p l e t r e e s
r e s u l t e d i n f r u i t s which w ere s o f t e r and showed more w a t e r -
c o r e t h a n on t r e e s w h ic h w ere u n s p r a y e d ( 3 i | ) . S i m i l a r
e f f e c t s w e re n o t o b s e r v e d f o r t h e 2 ,I j .- r a c i d , t h e sodium
s a l t o f 2,[p-D, o r t h e t r i e t h a n o l amine s a l t o f 2 ,I |-D u s e d
i n t h e same w o rk . 2 , Ip,5- t r i c h l o r o p h e n o x y p r o p i o n i c a c i d
(2 , i j . ,5 -T P) i s r e p o r t e d t o have a d v a n c e d t h e m a t u r i t y o f
a t t a c h e d f r u i t s o f M c I n t o s h , D e l i c i o u s , W in e sa p , and
7
s e v e r a l summer v a r i e t i e s o f a p p l e (9> 17 > 3 5 s 6 l ) « Con
v e r s e l y , s p r a y s c o n t a i n i n g a c o m b i n a t i o n o f m a l e i c h y d r a -
z i d e w i t h NAA a p p l i e d t o D u c h es s , W e a l th y and M c I n to s h
t r e e s ( 5 3 ) > r e s u l t e d i n f r u i t s w h ic h w ere f i r m e r a t h a r v e s t
t h a n t h o s e f rom t r e e s s p r a y e d w i t h e i t h e r NAA o r 2 , i j . ,5 -TP
a l o n e . C a l i f o r n i a w o r k e r s ( 6 3 ) r e p o r t t h a t a p p l i c a t i o n s
o f b e t a - n a p h t h o x y p r o p i o n i c a c i d t o t h e B l a c k C o r i n t h g r a p e
v i n e s a d v a n c e d t h e r i p e n i n g o f t h e g r a p e s by two weeks i n
one o f t h e two y e a r s i n w h ic h i t was t e s t e d .
A n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e t o g ro w th
r e g u l a t o r s i s t h e i n c r e a s e d d e v e lo p m e n t o f r e d s k i n c o l o r
o f a t t a c h e d a p p l e s . Most w o r k e r s r e p o r t i n g t h i s e f f e c t
f rom t h e u s e o f p r e h a r v e s t s p r a y s o f NAA an d 2,14.,5-T
h av e f o u n d t h a t t h e i n c r e a s e d r e d c o l o r was a s s o c i a t e d
w i t h an a d v a n c e d s t a g e o f m a t u r i t y ( 6 , 8 , 3 3 ) . Apple
g ro w e rs h a v e r e c o g n i z e d t h i s d u a l e f f e c t and som etim es
u se NAA t o im prove f r u i t c o l o r , e ven th o u g h t h e d e l a y e d
h a r v e s t w h ic h may accompany t h i s p r a c t i c e means a s h o r t e r
s t o r a g e l i f e o f t h e f r u i t . Hoffman and E d g e r t o n (35)
r e p o r t t h a t s t o p - d r o p s p r a y s o f 2 ,4 s 5 - T P h av e i n c r e a s e d
t h e amount o f r e d c o l o r on E a r l y M c In to s h , W e a l t h y , M c I n to s h
and N o r t h e r n Spy f r u i t s . However, t h e r e i s i n s u f f i c i e n t
e v i d e n c e c o n c e r n i n g t h e e f f e c t s o f t h i s m a t e r i a l on t h e
m a t u r i t y o f a p p l e s t o p e r m i t one to c o n c l u d e t h a t c o l o r i s
a f f e c t e d i n d e p e n d e n t l y .
E v id e n c e p r e s e n t e d by some w o r k e r s i n d i c a t e s t h a t
p r e h a r v e s t s p r a y s may a l s o i n f l u e n c e t h e s t o r a g e l i f e o f
8
f r u i t s . G-erhard t and A l l m e n d i n g e r (23) r e p o r t t h a t t h e
k e e p i n g q u a l i t y o f B a r t l e t t p e a r s s p r a y e d w i t h 10 ppm o f
NAA b e f o r e h a r v e s t was n o t i m p a i r e d when t h e f r u i t was
h a r v e s t e d w i t h i n t h e n o rm a l h a r v e s t p e r i o d . However, a
d e l a y e d h a r v e s t , made p o s s i b l e b y t h e t r e a t m e n t , r e s u l t e d
i n more r a p i d r i p e n i n g i n s t o r a g e . I n a n o t h e r s t u d y w i t h
t h e B a r t l e t t p e a r , B a t j e r e t a l ( 8 ) fo u n d t h a t a p r e h a r v e s t
s p r a y o f 10 ppm NAA h a s t e n e d t h e r i p e n i n g o f t h e f r u i t on
t h e t r e e as w e l l a s d u r i n g s t o r a g e when i t was p i c k e d
d u r i n g t h e n o rm a l h a r v e s t p e r i o d . The r e a s o n s f o r t h e
d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e s e two s t u d i e s a r e n o t
c l e a r . S p r a y i n g o f B a r t l e t t p e a r s w i t h 2 , i f , 5 - T ( ) two
weeks t o one month b e f o r e h a r v e s t i s r e p o r t e d t o have
r e s u l t e d i n s o f t e r f r u i t a f t e r s t o r a g e t h a n was t h e c a s e
w i t h u n s p r a y e d t r e e s . More r e c e n t l y , s p r a y s o f 7£ ppm
o f 2 , i ^ ,5 “TP on t h e B a r t l e t t v a r i e t y i n t h e p i n k s t a g e o f
b lo s so m d e v e lo p m e n t , a r e r e p o r t e d t o h av e r e s u l t e d i n con
s i d e r a b l y more b reak d o w n i n s t o r a g e t h a n w i t h f r u i t s o f
c o n t r o l t r e e s . O t h e r w o r k e r s ( 2 £ ) , who a p p l i e d 100 ppm o f
t h i s m a t e r i a l t o B a r t l e t t p e a r s a t t h e p i n k s t a g e , fo u n d
no e f f e c t on g ro u n d c o l o r an d f i r m n e s s i n s t o r a g e . The
d i f f e r e n c e i n t im e o f a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e 2,Lj_,5-TP c o u l d
h a v e b e e n t h e r e a s o n f o r some o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e
r e s u l t s r e p o r t e d .
U n t i l r e c e n t l y , NAA was t h e most g e n e r a l l y u s e d g ro w th
r e g u l a t i n g s u b s t a n c e t o d e l a y p r e h a r v e s t d ro p o f a p p l e s ,
and a number o f s t o r a g e s t u d i e s have b e e n made f o l l o w i n g
t h e u s e o f t h i s m a t e r i a l . B a t j e r and Moon ( 7 ) , a t B e l t s -
9
v i l l e , M a r y la n d , c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e s t o r a g e l i f e o f J o n
a t h a n , D e l i c i o u s and Rome B e a u t y a p p l e s was u n i m p a i r e d by
s t o p - d r o p s p r a y s o f NAA* G-erhardt a n d A l l m e n d i n g e r ( 2 3 ) ,
a t W e n a tc h e e , W a s h in g to n , u s i n g b o t h p h y s i c a l a n d c h e m ic a l
t e s t s , o b s e r v e d t h a t NAA s h o r t e n e d t h e s t o r a g e l i f e o f
D e l i c i o u s h a r v e s t e d 31 da y s a f t e r s p r a y t r e a t m e n t , b u t
f o u n d no e f f e c t upon t h e s t o r e d f r u i t h a r v e s t e d 1 5 d ays
a f t e r t r e a t m e n t o C h r i s t o p h e r and p i e n i a z e k (12) r e p o r t e d
t h a t p r e h a r v e s t a p p l i c a t i o n s o f NAA d i d n o t i n f l u e n c e t h e
r i p e n i n g o f M c I n to s h i n s t o r a g e and H a l l e r (29) f o u n d t h e
same t o b e t r u e f o r J o n a t h a n , D e l i c i o u s , Rome B e a u t y ,
S taym an , W inesap and York# C o n v e r s e l y , Smock a n d G ross
(5 k - t 5 5 ) c o n c l u d e d , a s a r e s u l t o f r e s p i r a t i o n a n d f i r m n e s s
s t u d i e s a f t e r h a r v e s t , t h a t NAA i n c r e a s e d t h e r a t e o f
r i p e n i n g o f W e a l th y , M c I n to s h and G o lden D e l i c i o u s , S i n c e
t h e m e th o d s u s e d by t h e v a r i o u s w o r k e r s w e re q u i t e s i m i l a r ,
g e o g r a p h i c a l and v a r i e t a l d i f f e r e n c e s may h a v e b e e n r e s p o n
s i b l e , i n some i n s t a n c e s , f o r t h e v a r i a b i l i t y in r e s u l t s *
A n o t h e r m a t e r i a l w h ic h h a s b e e n u s e d w i t h some s u c c e s s
as a s p r a y t o d e l a y t h e h a r v e s t d rop o f a p p l e i s 2 - m e t h y l -
[j.-chi o r o p h e n ox y prop i o n i c a c i d (T o loxy) ([|_5) • Smock and
G ro s s (55) s t o r e d T o l o x y - t r e a t e d W e a l th y a n d M c I n to s h a p p l e s
and o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e T o lo xy c a u s e d an e a r l i e r o c c u r r e n c e
o f t h e c l i m a c t e r i c r i s e i n r e s p i r a t i o n o f W e a l th y f r u i t s
s t o r e d a t 7i| 0 F and was o f no e f f e c t on t h e M c I n to s h s t o r e d
a t 33 ° F . W e a l th y was n o t o b s e r v e d a t 33° F and M c I n to s h
was n o t t e s t e d a t 7^° F i n t h i s work*
10
The i n f l u e n c e o f p r e h a r v e s t s p r a y s o f 2,1j. , 5-TP on t h e
f i r m n e s s o f a p p l e s d u r i n g s t o r a g e h a s b e e n s t u d i e d ( l £ ) .
M c I n t o s h , S t a r r i n g and B a ld w in were n o t f o u n d t o b e a f f e c t e d
s i g n i f i c a n t l y , b u t Golden D e l i c i o u s t r e a t e d w i t h 2,1j. , 5-TP
was two pounds s o f t e r , b y p r e s s u r e t e s t s , t h a n t h e c h e c k
i n J a n u a r y .
A q u e s t i o n w h ich h a s a r i s e n i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h s t u d i e s
o f p r e h a r v e s t s p r a y s on a p p l e f r u i t s i s w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e
e f f e c t s o b s e r v e d i n s t o r a g e a r e d i r e c t l y c a u s e d by t h e
g ro w th r e g u l a t o r s o I n v e s t i g a t i o n s on t h i s p r o b le m h a v e b e e n
few , and one d i f f i c u l t y i n such s t u d i e s i s t h a t t h e no rm al
f r u i t d rop may be d e l a y e d b y th e g ro w th r e g u l a t o r s p r a y s
and f r u i t w h ic h a r e o r d i n a r i l y l o s t f rom t h e t r e e may be
h a r v e s t e d a s p a r t o f t h e t e s t sample* Com parab le f r u i t
f o r t h e u n t r e a t e d t r e e s i s n o t a v a i l a b l e and a good com
p a r i s o n c a n n o t be made* Smock ( c o r r e s p o n d e n c e , A u g u s t 31,
19^1 ) a t t e m p t e d t o s o l v e t h i s p ro b le m by t a k i n g f r u i t
s am p le s b e f o r e any a p p r e c i a b l e d ro p h a d o c c u r r e d f rom un
s p r a y e d t r e e s * One o b j e c t i o n t o t h i s a p p r o a c h , a t l e a s t
w i t h M c I n to s h a p p l e , i s t h a t f r u i t p i c k e d b e f o r e t h e d ro p
o f n o rm a l f r u i t h a s b e g u n may be im m ature a n d t h e r e f o r e
u n s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r s t o r a g e i n some s e a s o n s . F u r t h e r m o r e ,
a s p o i n t e d o u t b y B a t j e r ( i | ) , a d e l a y i n h a r v e s t o f e v en a
few d a y s , made p o s s i b l e by s p r a y s o f g ro w th r e g u l a t o r s ,
may r e s u l t i n more m a t u r e f r u i t w i t h a l o n g e r s t o r a g e l i f e *
T h i s i s a n o t e w o r t h y o b s e r v a t i o n b e c a u s e t h e r e i s a t e n d e n c y
f o r g r o w e r s t o p i c k M c I n to s h a t an im m ature s t a g e when
11
Ms t o p - d r o p 1’ s p r a y s a r e n o t u s e d .
C b .r i s toph .e r an d p i e n i a z e k (12) a t t e m p t e d t o o b t a i n
c o m p a r a b le s a m p le s by t a p i n g t h e c h e c k f r u i t t o t h e t r e e s
i n o r d e r t o p r e v e n t i t s n a t u r a l drop® I n d i s c u s s i n g t h i s
i n v e s t i g a t i o n , Vyvyan (62 ) s t a t e s t h a t a l t h o u g h t a p i n g
p r e v e n t e d t h e f r u i t f rom f a l l i n g i t d i d n o t n e c e s s a r i l y
p r e v e n t t h e f o r m a t i o n o f an a b s c i s s i o n z o n e . Developm ent
o f t h e a b s c i s s i o n zone w ould a l t e r t h e p h y s i o l o g y o f t h e
f r u i t c o n s i d e r a b l y so t h a t i t would n o t be c o m p a rab le t o
f r u i t i n w h ic h a b s c i s s i o n h a d b e e n p r e v e n t e d by a p p l y i n g
NAA.
The c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f t h e d i f f e r e n t g r o w th s u b s t a n c e s
u s e d by t h e v a r i o u s w o r k e r s f o r p r e h a r v e s t s p r a y s on a p p le
w e re v a r i a b l e . The c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f NAA v a r i e d f rom 5 t o
500 ppm, b u t 10 ppm was t h e m o s t common e m p lo y ed . Smock
and G ross (55) fo u n d i n t h e i r work w i t h Golden D e l i c i o u s
t h a t t h e y w ere a b l e t o i n c r e a s e t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n e f f e c t on
t h e c l i m a c t e r i c r i s e i n t h e r e s p i r a t i o n r a t e o f t h e f r u i t
a f t e r h a r v e s t , b y p r o g r e s s i v e l y i n c r e a s i n g t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n
o f NAA i n t h e a p p l i e d s p r a y f rom 100 t o 500 ppm. T o loxy
was u t i l i z e d a t 20 ppm i n t h e s t u d i e s w h ic h w e re r e v i e w e d .
The b u t y l e s t e r o f 2,lj.-D a t 10 ppm, and 10 and 50 ppm o f
2,ij.-D a c i d and t h e sod ium s a l t o f 2 ,i4.7D were u s e d i n t h e one
work r e v i e w e d d e a l i n g w i t h t h i s g ro u p o f c h e m i c a l s . Con
c e n t r a t i o n s o f 10 and 20 ppm o f 2 ,[ | . ,5 -TP have b e e n u s e d ,
w i t h t h e h i g h e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n b e i n g m os t commonly e m p lo y ed .
G e n e r a l l y , c o n c e n t r a t i o n was n o t a v a r i a b l e w here r e s u l t s
12
on t h e e f f e c t s o f p r e h a r v e s t s p r a y s on m a t u r i t y and s t o r a g e
l i f e were n o t i n a g r e e m e n t .
S t o r a g e s t u d i e s o f f r u i t s t r e a t e d w i t h g r o w th r e g u l a t o r s
a f t e r h a r v e s t s h o u l d a l s o be c o n s i d e r e d . T r e a t m e n t o f p r e
c l i m a c t e r i c p e a c h , a p r i c o t , p e a r and a p p le f r u i t s a f t e r
h a r v e s t w i t h 2,ij.-D h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d t o h a v e h a d no e f f e c t
on r i p e n i n g ( 2 i4-)* On t h e o t h e r h a n d , o t h e r w o r k e r s (31*
J4.6 ) fo u n d t h a t p o s t h a r v e s t t r e a t m e n t w i t h 2 } L\.-D h a s t e n e d
t h e r i p e n i n g o f a p p l e s and p e a r s . T h i s c o n t r a d i c t o r y
e v i d e n c e was o b t a i n e d w i t h s i m i l a r m ethods and c o n c e n
t r a t i o n s o f m a t e r i a l s even th o u g h t h e f r u i t was grown i n
c o m p a ra b le r e g i o n s . The r e a s o n s f o r t h e d i s c r e p e n c i e s a r e
n o t e v i d e n t .
M ic h ig a n w o r k e r s ( I4JL) w ra pp ed f o u r v a r i e t i e s o f a p p l e s
i n o i l e d p a p e r s w h ich h a d b e e n p r e v i o u s l y s p r a y e d w i t h t h e
m e th y l e s t e r o f NAA, s p r a y e d o t h e r f r u i t w i t h a m i x t u r e o f
t h e same hormone and 10 p e r c e n t geon , and compared them
w i t h u n t r e a t e d f r u i t f o r d i f f e r e n c e s i n r e s p i r a t i o n r a t e
f o r p e r io d s o f 67 h o u r s t o 10 d a y s . They found th e COo
e v o lv e d b y b o th t r e a t e d sam p les o f f r u i t was l e s s t h a n f rom
t h e c o n t r o l s . However , when a n o t h e r w o r k e r (58) r e p e a t e d
t h i s work , i t was fo u n d t h a t t h e r e s p i r a t i o n an d s o f t e n i n g
r a t e s and d e v e lo p m e n t o f g r o u n d c o l o r o f p r e c l i m a c t e r i c
B a ld w in a p p l e s were i n c r e a s e d by t r e a t m e n t w i t h t h e m e th y l
e s t e r o f NAA. I t was a l s o fo u n d t h a t p o s t c l i m a c t e r i c
f r u i t o f t h e same v a r i e t i e s w e re n o t a f f e c t e d by t h e g ro w th
r e g u l a t o r t r e a t m e n t . The two g r o u p s o f w o r k e r s may have
13
o b t a i n e d u n l i k e r e s u l t s b e c a u s e o f d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e
p h y s i o l o g i c a l a g e o f t h e f r u i t a t t h e t im e o f t r e a t m e n t .
The e v i d e n c e a v a i l a b l e i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e r i p e n i n g
b e h a v i o r o f many d i f f e r e n t f r u i t s may be i n f l u e n c e d by
t r e a t m e n t w i t h g ro w th r e g u l a t i n g s u b s t a n c e s . The f r u i t s
a f f e c t e d i n c l u d e t h e f i g , a p p l e , p e a c h , p e a r and g r a p e .
T h i s p h y s i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t on f r u i t s w i l l v a r y w i t h t h e
c h e m ic a l u s e d . M a l e i c h y d r a z i d e , f o r e x a m p le , was r e p o r t e d
t o h a v e c o u n t e r a c t e d t h e r i p e n i n g e f f e c t o f NAA and 2 , Lp,5-TP
on a p p l e f r u i t s , when i t was s p r a y e d on t h e t r e e s i n com
b i n a t i o n w i t h NAA o r 2 , ip,5-TP ( 5 3 ) » The r e s p o n s e o f f r u i t s
t o g ro w th s u b s t a n c e s v a r i e s a l s o w i t h v a r i e t y . The summer
v a r i e t i e s o f a p p l e , su c h as O ld e n b u rg (D uchess ) and W i l l i a m s
r e s p o n d t o NAA s p r a y s by r i p e n i n g v e r y much more r a p i d l y
t h a n n o r m a l l y , w h i l e l a t e r m a t u r i n g v a r i e t i e s l i k e D e l i c i o u s
and Rome B e a u ty may n o t show any s i g n s o f a d v a n c e d r i p e n i n g *
I t h a s b e e n g e n e r a l l y fo u n d t h a t t h e e x t e n d e d d e l a y i n t h e
h a r v e s t o f f r u i t s , made p o s s i b l e by t h e u s e o f p r e h a r v e s t
s p r a y s , t e n d s t o s h o r t e n t h e s t o r a g e l i f e o f su c h f r u i t .
F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e e f f e c t s o f su c h s p r a y s on f r u i t o f t h e
l a t e r m a t u r i n g v a r i e t i e s o f a p p l e , p i c k e d d u r i n g o r soon
a f t e r t h e no rm a l h a r v e s t p e r i o d , a r e n o t s p e c i f i c o r c o n
s i s t e n t •
I I I . FIELD AND STORAGE PROCEDURES
The s t u d i e s i n 19l}-9 and 1951 w ere c o n d u c t e d w i t h
f r u i t grown a t t h e Graham E x p e r i m e n t S t a t i o n , C-rand R a p i d s ,
M i c h i g a n ; a n d i n 1950 w i t h f r u i t grown i n t h e P a lm e r
o r c h a r d , Mason, M i c h i g a n . T r e a t m e n t s w e re a p p l i e d e a c h
y e a r t o t h e v a r i e t i e s M c I n t o s h and N o r t h e r n Spy . M c I n t o s h ,
a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e f a l l - w i n t e r v a r i e t y w i d e l y grown i n
M i c h i g a n , i s commonly s p r a y e d c o m m e r c i a l l y t o c o n t r o l
p r e h a r v e s t f r u i t d r o p . N o r t h e r n Spy i s a t y p i c a l w i n t e r
v a r i e t y grown i n M i c h ig a n , w h ic h I s so m e t im es t r e a t e d w i t h
p r e h a r v e s t s p r a y s t o h o l d t h e f r u i t on t h e t r e e b e y o n d t h e
n o rm a l h a r v e s t p e r i o d i n o r d e r t o i n c r e a s e t h e amount o f
r e d c o l o r .
M a tu re t r e e s , b e a r i n g medium t o h e a v y c r o p s o f c l e a n
f r u i t , sh ow ing v i g o r o u s g ro w th a n d h e a l t h y f o l i a g e , were
s e l e c t e d f o r t h e s e t e s t s . Groups o f t r e e s w e re c h o s e n
f o r u n i f o r m i t y o f c r o p and f rom t h e s e , p l o t s o f f o u r t r e e s
w ere s e l e c t e d a t random f o r e a c h t r e a t m e n t . O n ly t h r e e
t r e e s w e re u s e d f o r t h e M c I n to s h check p l o t i n 1 9l{-9•
The c h e m ic a l nam es , c o m m erc ia l names and s o u r c e s o f
t h e g r o w th r e g u l a t o r s u s e d a s p r e h a r v e s t s p r a y s i n t h i s
i n v e s t i g a t i o n a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e 1 .
NAA was u s e d a t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f 10 and 20 ppm i n
19^9 and 1950 and 20 ppm i n 1951* The 10 pprti c o n c e n t r a t i o n
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16
was n o t u s e d i n 1951 "because 20 ppm f r e q u e n t l y showed b e t t e r
d ro p c o n t r o l t h a n t h e w e a k e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( f ro m u n p u b l i s h e d
d a t a ) • C h e m i c a l l y p u r e T o lo x y was d i s s o l v e d i n a l c o h o l
and w a t e r s o l u t i o n s o f t h i s w e re a p p l i e d a t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
o f 20 and 30 ppm i n 19lq9, and s i n c e t h e h i g h e r c o n c e n
t r a t i o n d i d n o t seem t o o f f e r any a d v a n t a g e i n t h e c o n t r o l
o f p r e h a r v e s t d r o p , o n l y t h e 20 ppm c o n c e n t r a t i o n was
a p p l i e d i n 1951® 2 , l | , 5 - T P i n t h e fo rm o f ’’C o l o r - s e t 1001).”
was u s e d a t t h e c o m m e r c i a l l y recommended c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f
20 ppm i n 1950 a nd 1951® One p i n t o f summer o i l was a d d ed
t o e a c h 1 0 0 g a l l o n s o f hormone s p r a y s o l u t i o n i n 19^9* b u t
n o t i n 1950 o r 1951®
The d i f f e r e n c e s i n d a t e s o f a p p l i c a t i o n s f o r t h e
d i f f e r e n t y e a r s a n d v a r i e t i e s a r e l i s t e d i n T a b le 2 . I n
1 9 l±9 ) two s p r a y s w e r e a p p l i e d f o r a l l t r e a t m e n t s e x c e p t
T o lo x y a t 30 ppm, w h ic h was a p p l i e d o n l y o n c e . A l l t r e a t e d
b l o c k s r e c e i v e d one s p r a y i n 1 9 5 0 .
I n 1 9 5 1 » a s i n g l e s p r a y was a p p l i e d f o r t h e NAA
t r e a t m e n t and one f o r t h e T o lo x y . The t h r e e t r e a t m e n t s
o f 2 ,1 + ,5-TP d i f f e r e d i n t i m e a nd f r e q u e n c y o f s p r a y a p p l i
c a t i o n s . The f i r s t t r e a t m e n t ( ”A” ) , a s shown i n T a b le 2 ,
was t h e e a r l i e s t s p r a y ; t h e s e c o n d ("B” ) was a l a t e r s p r a y
w h ic h c o i n c i d e d w i t h t h e NAA and T o loxy t r e a t m e n t s ; and t h e
t h i r d t r e a t m e n t ( ”C") c o n s i s t e d o f two a p p l i c a t i o n s w h ic h
c o r r e s p o n d e d t o a c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e p r e v i o u s two t r e a t m e n t s
a s t o t h e d a t e o f s p r a y i n g .
The s p r a y s w ere a p p l i e d e a c h y e a r x^ i th s t a n d a r d h i g h
17
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18
p r e s s u r e e q u ip m e n t e m p lo y in g a s i n g l e n o z z l e gun® S p r a y i n g
was done i n t h e l a t e m o r n in g u n d e r c l e a r w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s ,
when t h e r e was l i t t l e a i r movement. The maximum and m i n i
mum t e m p e r a t u r e s o c c u r r i n g on t h e d a y s s p r a y a p p l i c a t i o n s
w e re made a r e g i v e n i n T a b le 3«
The f r u i t s a m p le s i n 19lq9 w ere t a k e n a t random a r o u n d
t h e o u t s i d e o f t h e e n t i r e t r e e w h i l e i n 195>0 and 1951
random sa m p le s w ere p i c k e d o n l y f rom t h e l o w e r p e r i p h e r y
o f t h e t r e e s ® The s a m p l i n g d a t e s a r e l i s t e d i n T a b l e 2«
The t r e e s o f e a c h t r e a t m e n t w e re sa m p le d once f o r e a c h
v a r i e t y w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f M c I n to s h w h ic h was p i c k e d a t
two d a t e s i n 19l|9» The f r u i t p i c k e d S e p te m b e r 8 h a d
r e c e i v e d one s p r a y o f g r o w th r e g u l a t o r w h i l e t h a t p i c k e d
S e p te m b e r II4. h a d b e e n g i v e n two a p p l i c a t i o n s . O n e - h a l f
t o one f i e l d c r a t e o f f r u i t was h a r v e s t e d f rom e a c h t r e e
f o r p r e - s t o r a g e s t u d y and f o r s t o r a g e t e s t s ®
The t e s t f r u i t i n 19^9 a n d 1950 were s t o r e d w i t h
o t h e r v a r i e t i e s o f a p p l e s , p e a r s and m i s c e l l a n e o u s v e g e
t a b l e s . S t o r a g e t e m p e r a t u r e s f l u c t u a t e d b e tw e e n 31° and
36° F and r e l a t i v e h u m i d i t y o f t h e s t o r a g e room was a p p r o x i
m a t e l y 86 p e rc e n t® The c o l d s t o r a g e room u t i l i z e d i n 1 9 5 l
c o n t a i n e d o n l y a p p l e s and was m a i n t a i n e d a t t e m p e r a t u r e s
b e tw e e n 30 ° and 3 F and a t a r e l a t i v e h u m i d i t y o f a b o u t
88 p e r c e n t® Some M c I n t o s h f r u i t were f r o z e n when s t o r a g e
t e m p e r a t u r e d r o p p e d t o a b o u t 26° F f o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y 18
h o u r s on one o c c a s i o n i n 1951 <> One l o t o f t r e a t e d and
c h e c k f r u i t was s t o r e d i n a l a b o r a t o r y room i n w h ich t h e
19
TABLE 3
MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM TEMPERATU'RES ON DAYS WHEN TREATMENTS WERE APPLIED
„ . . . Maximum MinimumV a r i e t y T e a r A p p l i c a t i o n ( d e g r e „ p>) ( d e g r e e s P . )
M c I n to s h 1949
1950
1951
1 s t
2nd
one
1 s t
2nd
73
63
5981
80
534546
66
51
N o r t h e r n Spy 1949
1950
1951
1 s t
2nd
one
1 s t
2nd
5872
58
71
58
38
42
39
52
33
20
t e m p e r a t u r e a v e r a g e d a b o u t 70° F t h r o u g h o u t t h e t e s t
p e r i o d i n 1950* T h i s f r u i t was h e l d i n c o l d s t o r a g e d u r i n g
t h e o b s e r v a t i o n p e r i o d t o m in im iz e f u r t h e r c h a n g e s i n t h e
f r u i t f o r t h e d u r a t i o n o f t h i s p e r i o d 0
IV . CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL DETERMINATIONS
Ao C h e m ica l D e t e r m i n a t i o n s
T i s s u e sa m p le s w e re p r e p a r e d f o r c h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s
f ro m t h e f r u i t t e s t e d f o r f i r m n e s s by c u t t i n g t h r e e wedges
w h ic h a l t o g e t h e r c o m p r i s e d a b o u t o n e - t h i r d o f t h e e n t i r e
f r u i t . Ten f r u i t s i n 191+.9 and t w e n t y i n 1950 a n d 1951
w ere u s e d f o r e a c h r e p l i c a t i o n . The sam p led t i s s u e i n
c l u d e d t h e e d i b l e f l e s h and s k i n b u t n e t t h e c a r p e l s o r
s e e d s . The s e g m e n t s o r wedges were f u r t h e r c u t i n t o o n e -
h a l f t o one i n c h p i e c e s and t h e n p a c k e d an d s e a l e d i n No. 1
t i n c a n s (1914-9) o r i n P l a s t i c i n e b a g s i n 1 9 5 0 . The s e a l e d
s a m p l e s , w e i g h i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y 300 gm i n 19lj-9 o r lj.50 grn
i n 1 9 5 0 , w e re f r o z e n a t - 2 0 ° F and s t o r e d a t 0° F f o r
a n a l y s i s a t a l a t e r d a t e . Samples were n o t p r e s e r v e d i n
1951 s i n c e t h e f r e s h m a t e r i a l was a n a l y z e d i m m e d i a t e l y
f o l l o w i n g t h e p h y s i c a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n s .
S u g a r s a r e r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e t o t a l r e d u c i b l e s u b
s t a n c e s i n t h e a c i d - h y d r o l y z e d w a t e r e x t r a c t o f t h e f r u i t
t i s s u e s a m p le s i n 19i-)-9 and 1 9 5 0 . They w e re d e t e r m i n e d by
p r e p a r i n g t h e e x t r a c t a c c o r d i n g t c t h e o f f i c i a l m ethod o f
t h e A .O .A .G . (1 ) and c o m p l e t i n g t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n by t h e
Munson W a lk e r Method ( 2 ) , w i t h t h e m in o r m o d i f i c a t i o n s
d e s c r i b e d b e l o w .
The f r o z e n t i s s u e was f i n e l y g ro u n d w i t h a h o u s e h o l d
23
d i s t i l l e d w a t e r , s t i r r e d and a l l o w e d t o s t a n d f o r 10 m i n u t e s ,
A 2 0 - m in u t e e x t r a c t i o n p e r i o d f i t t e d more e f f i c i e n t l y i n t o
t h e a n a l y s i s r o u t i n e i n 1 9 5 0 . A more u n i f o r m e x t r a c t i o n
was made i n a s h o r t e r p e r i o d o f t im e i n 1951 by f i r s t .
b l e n d i n g t h e sam p le o f f r e s h t i s s u e w i t h a s m a l l amount
o f d i s t i l l e d w a t e r i n a s t a n d a r d s i z e W ar ing B l e n d o r f o r
a b o u t t h r e e m i n u t e s . T h i s was t h e n made up t o a volume o f
250 ml w i t h d i s t i l l e d w a t e r and a 25 ml a l i q u o t was u s e d
f o r a n a l y s i s .
The a c i d i t y d e t e r m i n a t i o n s were made e a c h y e a r f rom
t h e w a t e r e x t r a c t s b y t i t r a t i o n w i t h 0.1N HaOH u s i n g p h e n -
o l p h t h a l e i n as t h e i n d i c a t o r . The r e s u l t s a r e e x p r e s s e d
a s m i l l i l i t e r s o f 0 .1N NaOH r e q u i r e d t o n e u t r a l i z e t h e
t o t a l a c i d s e x t r a c t e d f rom 10 gm o f a p p le t i s s u e .
The d e t e r m i n a t i o n s o f t o t a l n i t r o g e n w ere made from
d u p l i c a t e 10-gm sa m p le s t a k e n f rom t h e f r o z e n a p p l e t i s s u e , ,
The s t o p p e r e d g l a s s w e i g h i n g b o t t l e s c o n t a i n i n g t h e sa m p le s
were w e i g h e d on an a n a l y t i c a l b a l a n c e and t h e s t a n d a r d
K j e l d a h l p r o c e d u r e (3) f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t o t a l n i t r o g e n was
f o l l o w e d .
The p r o t e i n c o n t e n t was c a l c u l a t e d f ro m t h e t o t a l
n i t r o g e n o f t h e f r u i t t i s s u e and t h e r e s u l t s a r e e x p r e s s e d
a s p e r c e n t p r o t e i n on a f r e s h w e i g h t b a s i s 0
The p e r c e n t m o i s t u r e was d e t e r m i n e d w i t h t h e B r a y -
b e n d e r m o i s t u r e t e s t e r . D u p l i c a t e sam p le s o f f r o z e n g r o u n d
f r u i t t i s s u e w e re w e ig h e d i n s m a l l m e t a l t r a y s a t 32° F on
a t o r s i o n b a l a n c e . The t r a y s were t h e n p l a c e d i n t h e
2 k
m o i s t u r e t e s t e r a t 70° C f o r a b o u t 12 h o u r s and t h e m o i s t u r e
c o n t e n t was r e a d d i r e c t l y *
B* P h y s i c a l O b s e r v a t i o n s
The ” Ground c o l o r c h a r t f o r M c I n t o s h a p p l e s ” (59)
was u s e d f o r e s t i m a t i n g t h e shade o f g r o u n d c o l o r o f t h e
sk in * The c h a r t c o l o r s r a n g e f rom y e l l o w t o a deep g r e e n
w i t h No. 1 r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e y e l l o w and No, 5> t h e deep
g r e e n . One l o t o f 20 f r u i t s was u s e d f o r c o l o r o b s e r v a t i o n s
a t h a r v e s t and d u r i n g s t o r a g e f o r e a c h s a m p le . The v a l u e s
a r e p r e s e n t e d a s a v e r a g e r a t i n g s f o r e a c h s a m p l e 0
F l e s h f i r m n e s s was d e t e r m i n e d w i t h a M a g n e s s - T a y l o r
t y p e p r e s s u r e t e s t e r w i t h a 7 / l 6 i n c h p l u n g e r . Sam ples
o f 10 f r u i t s i n 191+9 and 20 f r u i t s i n 1950 a n d 1951 were
u s e d . R e a d i n g s were made i n pounds r e q u i r e d t o f o r c e t h e
p l u n g e r o f t h e t e s t e r i n t o t h e a p p l e f l e s h , f r e e o f s k i n ,
t o a d e p t h o f 5/ 1 & i n c h , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e d i r e c t i o n s g i v e n
b y H a l l e r ( 2 0 ) . The f r u i t was f i r s t p r e p a r e d by p a r i n g
t h e s k i n and a s m a l l smount o f f l e s h f rom t h e f r u i t so a s
t o e x p o s e a f l a t a r e a o f f l e s h a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 mm i n d i a m e t e r .
T h ree t e s t s w e re made on e a c h f r u i t , one on t h e b l u s h e d
s i d e , a s e c o n d on t h e u n b l u s h e d s i d e , and a t h i r d t e s t
o n e - h a l f t h e d i s t a n c e b e tw e e n t h e o t h e r tw o . F r u i t w i t h o u t
a b l u s h e d s i d e w ere t e s t e d a t p o s i t i o n s e q u i - d i s t a n t f rom
e a c h o t h e r . A l l t e s t s w ere made h a l f - w a y b e tw e e n t h e
c a v i t y an d b a s i n . The a v e r a g e v a l u e s f o r 60 r e a d i n g s
f ro m e a c h sam ple a r e t a b u l a t e d i n t h e r e s u l t s .
C« R e s p i r a t i o n M ethods
The r e s p i r a t i o n r a t e s o f t r e a t e d and u n t r e a t e d f r u i t s
w ere d e t e r m i n e d by t h e m e th o d d e s c r i b e d by C la y p o o l and
K e e f e r (13 ) f o r m e a su re m e n t o f t h e c a r b o n d i o x i d e e v o lv e d o
The p r i n c i p l e s i n v o l v e d i n t h i s m ethod a r e d e s c r i b e d by
t h e o r i g i n a t o r s a s f o l l o w s :
B r i e f l y , - t h e m e th o d o f a n a l y s i s c o n s i s t s i n p a s s i n g a known volume o f CO2 f r e e a i r ( n o t e s s e n t i a l ) o v e r a w e ig h e d p o r t i o n o f p l a n t m a t e r i a l t o be t e s t e d a nd t h e n e q u i l i b r a t i n g t h i s a i r sam p le w i t h a d i l u t e s o l u t i o n o f sodium b i - c a r - b o n a t e c o n t a i n i n g an a p p r o p r i a t e i n d i c a t o r . The s o l u t i o n i s t h e n p l a c e d i n t h e E v e l y n C o l o r i m e t e r and t h e p e r c e n t t r a n s m i s s i o n i s d e t e r m i n e d . By c o m p a r in g t h i s p e r c e n t t r a n s m i s s i o n w i t h a p r e v i o u s l y e s t a b l i s h e d c u r v e o f p e r c e n t COp vs p e r c e n t t r a n s m i s s i o n , t h e p e r c e n t CO2 i n t h e g a s may be o b t a i n e d .
T h i s m eth o d was m o d i f i e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e recommen
d a t i o n s o f C la y p o o l ( c o r r e s p o n d e n c e , A u g u s t 1 1 , 191+9) >
b y r e p l a c i n g t h e a i r - s c r u b b i n g t o w e r w i t h a s e t b l a n k
d e t e r m i n a t i o n . O t h e r c h an g e s i n t h e a p p a r a t u s w e re o f a
m in o r n a t u r e . The r e s p i r o m e t e r i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g u r e I
A c u r v e f o r mg o f CO2 ^ ase(i on t h e p e r c e n t o f l i g h t
t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h e E v e l y n C o l o r i m e t e r , u s i n g a No. 620
f i l t e r , was e s t a b l i s h e d by a b s o r b i n g m i x t u r e s o f known
q u a n t i t i e s o f n i t r o g e n and COp and u s i n g b rom thym ol b l u e
a s t h e i n d i c a t o r .
The m a n o m e te r s , u s e d a s f l o w m e t e r s i n t h e r e s p i r o
m e t e r and f o r e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e COp c u r v e , w e re c a l i b r a t e d
b y w a t e r d i s p l a c e m e n t .
The r e s p i r o m e t e r was p l a c e d i n an i n s u l a t e d room i n
w h ic h t h e t e m p e r a t u r e was m a i n t a i n e d b e tw e e n 70° and 73° p
F i g u r e I . A p o r t i o n o f t h e r e s p i r a t i o n a p p a r a t u s i n o p e r a t i o n , sho w in g t h e r e s p i r a t i o n ch am b ers i n t h e l o w e r h a l f o f t h e p h o t o g r a p h and t h e f l o w m e t e r s i n t h e u p p e r h a l f . The a i r pump, a i r m a n i f o l d and b a r o s t a t t o w e r a r e h i d d e n f ro m v i e w .
26
22
t y p e g r i n d e r a t 0° Fo I t was w e ig h e d i n t o 20-gm sa m p le s
a t 32° F , t h e n f r o z e n a g a i n and h e l d a t 0° F u n t i l t h e
c h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s was made . W a te r e x t r a c t i o n was accom
p l i s h e d by u t i l i z i n g a 200 ml j a r f i t t e d w i t h a s t a n d a r d
W a r in g B l e n d o r c u t t i n g a s s e m b ly , i n w h ic h b l e n d i n g w i t h
d i s t i l l e d w a t e r was done f o r f o u r m i n u t e s . The s u b s e q u e n t
s t e p s o f a n a l y s i s w e re made a c c o r d i n g t o s t a n d a r d p r o c e d u r e s .
The c u p r i c o x i d e p r e c i p i t a t e was f i l t e r e d w i t h a S e l a s
c r u c i b l e i n s t e a d o f a Gooch c r u c i b l e w i t h a s b e s t o s . The
r e s u l t s a r e e x p r e s s e d a s p e r c e n t i n v e r t s u g a r s on a f r e s h
w e i g h t b a s i s .
The s o l u b l e s o l i d s c o n t e n t ( e x p r e s s e d as p e r c e n t s u g a r )
o f t h e j u i c e o f f r e s h t i s s u e was d e t e r m i n e d i n 1951 i n l i e u
o f s u g a r s . A p p r o x i m a t e l y 25 gm o f f r e s h f r u i t t i s s u e was
t a k e n f rom t h e 20 a p p l e s r e p r e s e n t i n g e a c h r e p l i c a t e . Each
sam ple was p r e p a r e d by removing a t h i n s l i c e o f f l e s h and
s k i n f ro m t h e b l u s h e d s i d e and a n o t h e r f rom t h e u n b l u s h e d
s i d e o f e a c h f r u i t , a s i n s a m p l i n g f o r s u g a r a n a l y s i s . The
j u i c e f ro m t h e s e s l i c e s was e x t r a c t e d w i t h a s m a l l , h a n d -
o p e r a t e d m e c h a n i c a l p r e s s and t e s t e d w i t h an Abbe R e f r a c -
t o m e t e r ,
The a c i d i t y o f t h e w a t e r e x t r a c t o f t h e f r u i t t i s s u e
was d e t e r m i n e d by t i t r a t i o n w i t h 0.1N NaOH. Sam ples w e i g h
i n g 10 gm w ere t a k e n i n d u p l i c a t e from t h e g r o u n d - f r o z e n
t i s s u e i n 19lf9 and 1 9 5 0 . I n t h e f o r m e r y e a r t h e w e ig h e d
sam ple was d i l u t e d w i t h a p p r o x i m a t e l y 200 ml o f b o i l e d
27
I n o r d e r t o p r o v i d e a more c o n s t a n t t e m p e r a t u r e f o r t h e
e q u i l i b r a t i o n o f CO^ i n t h e sod ium b i c a r b o n a t e i n d i c a t o r
s o l u t i o n , t h e a b s o r p t i o n t u b e s w ere k e p t p a r t l y im m ersed
i n a d i s t i l l e d w a t e r b a t h . A l th o u g h t h e r e was no means o f
t e m p e r a t u r e c o n t r o l , t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e w a t e r b a t h
h e l d a t 60° P r a t h e r c o n s i s t e n t l y .
O u t s i d e a i r w h ic h was s a t u r a t e d w i t h m o i s t u r e by
b u b b l i n g t h r o u g h w a t e r was p u s h e d t h r o u g h t h e r e s p i r o m e t e r
w i t h a Q u in c y p a i n t s p r a y e r t y p e c o m p r e s s o r p ow ered by a
one hp m o to r*
P i c k l e j a r s o f one g a l l o n c a p a c i t y h o l d i n g 9 t o 12
f r u i t s s e r v e d a s r e s p i r a t i o n c h a m b e r s . The s o l u t i o n s w ere
h e l d i n m a tc h e d p y r e x t u b e s f o r t h e a b s o r p t i o n o f CO2 and
t h e c o l o r i m e t e r r e a d i n g s . The t u b e s w e re f i l l e d w i t h 20
ml o f a l k a l i and i n d i c a t o r f rom a b u r e t t e , w h ich was r e f i l l e d
by s i p h o n i n g f ro m a s t o c k b o t t l e .
The f r u i t s a m p le s w ere p l a c e d i n t h e r e s p i r a t i o n
cham bers f o r 2b. h o u r s p r i o r t o t e s t i n g f o r CO2 e v o l v e d ,
t o a l l o w t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e f r u i t t o e q u i l i b r a t e w i t h
t h a t o f t h e r e s p i r a t i o n room. A s e r i e s o f 10 f r u i t s a m p le s
p l u s an empty cham ber w h ic h s e r v e d as a b l a n k w ere t e s t e d
s i m u l t a n e o u s l y i n t h e r e s p i r o m e t e r . The CO2 e v o l v e d i n
r e s p i r a t i o n was a b s o r b e d i n t h e i n d i c a t o r - s o d i u m b i c a r
b o n a t e s o l u t i o n s f o r 10 m i n u t e s . One c o m p l e t e o p e r a t i o n
r e q u i r e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y l | r h o u r s and i n c l u d e d t h r e e t o f i v e
c h e c k s on r a t e o f a i r f lo w t h r o u g h e ac h r e s p i r a t i o n cham b er .
E ac h t im e t h a t CO2 a b s o r p t i o n f o r a s e r i e s o f 10 sa m p le s
28
was c o m p l e t e d t h e a b s o r p t i o n t u b e s , s t i l l i n t h e w a t e r
b a t h , w e re t a k e n i n t o a room h e l d a t a b o u t 70° F f o r t h e
c o l o r i m e t e r r e a d i n g s . T hese r e a d i n g s g e n e r a l l y w ere made
w i t h i n l £ m i n u t e s a f t e r CO2 a b s o r p t i o n f o r a s e r i e s o f
s a m p le s was c o m p l e t e d . The r e s u l t s a r e e x p r e s s e d as mg o f
CC>2 p e r kg o f f r e s h f r u i t p e r h o u r .
V, RESULTS
E xp er im en ts w ere con d u cted i n 19i|-9, 1950 and 1951 i n
w h ich M cIn tosh and N orth ern Spy ap p le t r e e s were t r e a t e d
w ith p r e h a r v e s t sp ra y s o f s e v e r a l grow th r e g u la t in g su b
s ta n c e s # The r e s u l t s o f th e s e t e s t s , a s m easured by
c h e m ic a l d e te r m in a t io n s and p h y s ic a l o b s e r v a t io n s , are
r e p o r te d below #
A# M cIntosh
A p p les o f th e M cIntosh v a r ie t y w ere h a r v e s te d tw ic e
in 19^9 from t r e a t e d and u n tr e a te d t r e e s and s to r e d f o r
a p p r o x im a te ly fo u r m onths a t 3 2 ° P# At th e c o n c lu s io n o f
th e s to r a g e p e r io d th e a p p le s w ere a n a ly z ed f o r su g a r s ,
a c id s , m o is tu r e , ground c o lo r and f ir m n e s s , and th e
r e s u l t in g d a ta f o r grow th r e g u la t o r tr e a tm e n ts and h a r v e s t
d a te s a re sum m arized in T ab le ij. (S ee A ppendix T a b le s 12
and 13 f o r more d e t a i l e d d a t a ) .
There w ere no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n th e ch em ica l
c o m p o s it io n or f ir m n e ss o f th e f r u i t f o r tr e a tm e n ts ( in c lu d
in g th e ch eck ) and h a r v e s t d a t e s . The ground c o lo r , when
o b se r v e d a f t e r s t o r a g e , was v e r y s i g n i f i c a n t l y more y e llo w
f o r th e f r u i t o f th e secon d p ic k in g th a n f o r th e f r u i t o f
th e f i r s t p ic k in g . However, no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n
ground c o lo r o c cu rr ed b etw een tr e a tm e n ts and th e ch eck f o r
30
TABLE ^
MEAN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR, AND FLESH FIRMNESS OF McINTOSH APPLES HARVESTED SEPTEMBER 8 AND l i t , 19 4-9
( O b s e r v e d a f t e r s t o r a g e a t 32° F f o r more t h a n f o u r m o n th s )
T r e a t m e n tH a r v e s tp e r i o d
I n v e r ts u g a r s
(%)
A c id s (ml . IN NaOH)
M o i s t u r e(*)
C o l o rr a t i n g
F i r m n e s s ( l b s . )
Check 1 s t 9 . 2 0 5.1+ 8 6 . 5 i t .o 8 . 62nd 9 . 3 0 5 . 5 8 6 . 5 3 . 3 8 . 8
Mean 9.214. 5 . 5 8 6 . 5 3 . 7 8 . 6
NAA 10 ppm 1 s t 8 . 7 1 5 . 0 8 6 , 7 3 . 9 9 .12nd 9 .0 3 i t . 9 8 6 . 1 3 . 2 8 . 6Mean 8 . 8 7 4 . 9 8 6 . l t 3 . 8 8 . 9
NAA 20 ppm 1 s t 8 * 6 2 5.1+ 8 6 . 9 3 .7 8 . 62nd 8 . 8 2 8 6 . 6 3 . 3 8 . 1+Mean 8 . 7 2 5 . 1 8 6 . 8 3 . 5 8 . 5
T o lo x y 20 ppm 1 s t 9 . 2 0 5 . 3 8 5 . 9 3 . 7 1 0 . 12nd 9.31+ 5 . 0 8 6 . 2 3 . 3 8 . 8Mean 9 . 2 8 5 . 1 8 6 0 I 3 . 5 9 . 5
T o lo x y 30 ppm 1 s t 8 . 9 6 5 . 5 8 6 . 3 I4-0O 9 . 22nd 9 . 3 0 5 . 0 8 5 . 9 3 . 5 9 .1Mean 9 . 1 8 5 .1 8 6 . 0 3 . 8 9 .1
H a r v e s t means 1 s t 8.914- 5 . 3 8 6 . 5 3 . 9 9 .12nd 9 . 1 6 5 . 0 8 6 . 3 3 . 3 8 . 7
O b s e r v e d F v a l u e s : B e tw een t r e a t m e n t s 2 . 5 6 0 . 6 5 1 . 3 9 2 . 2 1 . 9 2
me ansB e tw een h a r v e s t means 2 . 2 0 0 . 514- 1 . 1 6 2 7 .7 * * 2 . 5 0
31
f r u i t h a r v e s t e d a t t h e same d a t e .
A l l s a m p le s o f t h e s e c o n d p i c k i n g w ere s l i g h t l y h i g h e r
i n s u g a r s t h a n t h o s e o f t h e f i r s t p i c k i n g when a n a l y z e d a t
t h e c o n c l u s i o n o f t h e s t o r a g e p e r i o d . At t h i s t i m e , however
a l l l o t s o f f r u i t o f t h e f i r s t h a r v e s t w h ic h r e c e i v e d a
g ro w th r e g u l a t o r s p r a y , e x c e p t T o lo xy a t 20 ppm, w ere
s l i g h t l y l o w e r i n s u g a r s t h a n w e re t h e u n t r e a t e d f r u i t .
The f r u i t f ro m t h e s e c o n d p i c k i n g t h a t r e c e i v e d NAA were
a l s o s l i g h t l y l o w e r t h a n t h e u n t r e a t e d l o t a t t h e end o f
t h e s t o r a g e p e r i o d .
The m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t o f t h e f r u i t showed s m a l l b u t
i n s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s . No t r e n d f o r e i t h e r t r e a t m e n t s
o r h a r v e s t d a t e s was e v i d e n t .
At t h e c o n c l u s i o n o f t h e s t o r a g e p e r i o d , t h e t i t r a t -
a b l e a c i d i t y f o r f r u i t r e c e i v i n g t h e g ro w th r e g u l a t o r
s p r a y s was s l i g h t l y l e s s f o r t h e s e c o n d t h a n f o r t h e f i r s t
h a r v e s t . However, t h e u n t r e a t e d f r u i t c o n t a i n e d a p p r o x i
m a t e l y t h e same p e r c e n t o f a c i d s f o r b o t h h a r v e s t d a t e s 0
The t r e a t e d f r u i t s o f t h e s e c o n d h a r v e s t w e re a l s o
somewhat s o f t e r t h a n t h o s e o f t h e f i r s t h a r v e s t , when
t e s t e d i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r s t o r a g e a t 3 2 ° P , The f r u i t s o f
t h e f i r s t h a r v e s t t r e a t e d w i t h T o loxy a t 20 ppm were more
f i r m t h a n t h e o t h e r f r u i t h a r v e s t e d a t t h e same t i m e ,
M c I n t o s h was h a r v e s t e d once i n 195>0o C hem ica l compo
s i t i o n , g r o u n d c o l o r , and f i r m n e s s were d e t e r m i n e d a t
h a r v e s t , a f t e r t e n d ays o f s t o r a g e a t 70° P, and a f t e r
t h r e e m o n ths o f s t o r a g e a t 32° P . The d a t a o b t a i n e d from
32
t h e s e t e s t s a r e sum m ar ized i n T a b le 3* As i n t h e p r e v i o u s
y e a r , t h e r e w e re no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s a t t h e con
c l u s i o n o f t h e c o l d s t o r a g e p e r i o d i n t h e s u g a r c o n t e n t ,
m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t , g r o u n d c o l o r , o r f i r m n e s s o f t h e f r u i t
(See a l s o A pp e n d ix T a b l e s II4. - 16) „ However , when t h e
f r u i t was a n a l y z e d i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r s t o r a g e a t 32° F ,
t h o s e t r e a t e d w i t h T o lo x y a t 20 ppm w ere s i g n i f i c a n t l y
h i g h e r i n a c i d s t h a n t h e u n t r e a t e d f r u i t o r t h o s e r e c e i v i n g
20 ppm o f NAA. T h i s d i f f e r e n c e d i d n o t o c c u r a t t h e t im e
o f h a r v e s t o r a f t e r h o l d i n g t h e f r u i t f o r t e n d ay s a t 70° P«
L i k e w i s e , t h e r e w e re no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n
t r e a t m e n t s i n t h e o t h e r d e t e r m i n a t i o n s a t t h e s e two s a m p l in g
d a t e s o
The s u g a r c o n t e n t o f t h e M c I n to s h f r u i t I n 1930 showed
l i t t l e change d u r i n g s t o r a g e ( F i g u r e I I ) . A l th o u g h t h e
s p r a y s o f g ro w th r e g u l a t o r s a p p e a r e d t o I n f l u e n c e t h e
s u g a r c o n t e n t o f t h e f r u i t i n 191+9 , t h e a p p l e s t r e a t e d w i t h
s u c h s p r a y s i n 1930 d i d n o t show, a t t h e end o f t h e 32° F
s t o r a g e p e r i o d , a d e c r e a s e i n s u g a r s as com pared w i t h t h e
u n t r e a t e d f r u i t .
I n c r e a s e s i n g ro u n d c o l o r and d e c r e a s e s i n f l e s h
f i r m n e s s w e re r a t h e r m arked and c o n s i s t e n t f o r a l l l o t s c f
f r u i t d u r i n g t h e s t o r a g e p e r i o d s a t b o t h h i g h and low
t e m p e r a t u r e s ( F i g u r e s I I I and I V ) . The a c i a i t y o f t h e
f r u i t a l s o d e c r e a s e d c u r i n g s t o r a g e . The m o i s t u r e and
s u g a r s c o n t e n t s o f t h e a p p l e s , as shown i n F i g u r e I I , d i d
n o t change a p p r e c i a b l y b e tw e e n h a r v e s t anu t h e end c f t h e
O o cs t o r a g e p e r i o d s a t 32 o r 70 F .
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38
TABLE 6
MEAN GROUND COLOR AND FIRMNESS OF McINTOSH APPLES HARVESTED SEPTEMBER 28 , 1951
(O bserved a t h a r v e s t )
T r e a t m e n t C o l o rr a t i n g
F i r m n e s s ( l b s . )
Check 4 . 0 1 1 . 5
NAA 20 ppm 4 . 0 1 1 . 2
T o lo x y 20 ppm 4 . 0 1 0 . 7
2 , 4 * 5-TP "A" ( a p p l i e d Aug. 30) 3 .8 9 . 5
2 , 4 * 5-TP "B" ( a p p l i e d S e p t . 11) 4 . 1 9 . 9
2 , 4 , 5-TP MC" ( a p p l i e d Aug. 30 and S e p t . 11)
3 .8 8 . 7
L . S . D . b e tw e e n t r e a t m e n t s :5$ l e v e l 1 fo l e v e l
- 0 . 91 . 3
39
TABLE 7
MEAN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR AND FIRMNESS OF McINTOSH APPLES HARVESTED SEPTEMBER 28 , 1951
( O b s e r v e d i n J a n u a r y and March a f t e r s t o r a g e a t 32° F)
T r e a t m e n t TimeS u g a r s 8-
( ? )A c id s
(ml .IN NaOH)
C o l o rr a t i n g
F i r m n e s s ( l b s . )
Check J a n . 1 2 , 0 7 . 0 3 . 2 8 . 9March 1 2 . 2 lv.5 3 .1 8 . 2
Mean 1 2 .1 5 . 9 3 .1 8 . 6
NAA 20 ppm J a n . 1 1 .8 6 . 1v 3.1v 9 .1March 1 1 .7 lv.5 3 . 0 8 , 1Mean 1 1 .7 5.lv 3 . 2 8 , 6
T o lo x y 20 ppm J a n 0 1 1 .7 6 . 3 3 . 3 8 . 9March 1 1 . 5 lv.2 3 .1 8 . 1Mean 1 1 . 6 5 . 3 3 . 2 8 . 5
2,1+,5-TP "A” J a n . 1 1 . 3 5 . 4 3 . 3 8 , 0( a p p l i e d Aug. 30) March 1 1 .1 3 . 7 3 .1 7 . 7
Mean 1 1 . 2>
lv.5 3 . 2 7 .8
2 , l j . ,5 -TP "B" J a n . H . 5 5 . 8 3 . 3 8 . 9( a p p l i e d S e p t . 11) March 1 1 .3 iv.o 3 . 2 7 .8
Mean i i . l v lv.9 3 . 2 8 .3
2, J4., 5-TP "C" J a n . 1 1 .3 5 . 5 2 ,7 8 . 2( a p p l i e d Aug. 30 March 1 1 .lv 3 . 9 2 . 9 7 . 3
and S e p t . 11)1 1 . 3 lv.7 2 ,8 7 .8Mean
S t o r a g e p e r i o d s J a n . 1 1 . 6 6 , 1 3 . 2 8 . 7March 1 1 . 5 lv . i 3 . 0 7 . 9
O bserved F . v a lu e s :B etw een tr e a tm e n ts 5 . 0 0 ' 6.2lv"~ 2 , 3 0 3 . 8 3 ’,~B etw een s to r a g e p e r io d s 0*17 1 8 2 ,5 2 '”"“' 2*10 26.1v0'' ■,
L . S . D . b e t w e e n t r e a t m e n t s :5$ l e v e l 0 .6 0 , 7 — 0 o81% l e v e l 0 ,8 loO — loO
fitS o l u b l e s o l i d s e x p r e s s e d a s s u g a r s
40
n o t t r e a t e d . T h i s d i f f e r e n c e was h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t ®
However , t h e 2,1+,5-TP ”Bn t r e a t m e n t h a d l e s s e f f e c t t h a n
e i t h e r t h e "A” o r ,TCn t r e a t m e n t s . The a c i d c o n t e n t , a f t e r
s t o r a g e , o f th e a p r l e s o f t h e 2,1+, 5-TP "A” t r e a t m e n t was
l o w e r t h a n t h o s e t r e a t e d w i t h NAA and T c l o x y . The f r u i t
o f t h e 2,1+,5-TP t,C,t t r e a t m e n t w ere s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s a c i d
t h a n t h o s e t r e a t e d w i t h NAA. The NAA- and T o l o x y - t r e a t e d
s a m p le s were a l s o s l i g h t l y l o w e r i n a c i d i t y t h a n t h e c h e c k ,
b u t n o t enough so as t o be s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t . The
2 , l+ ,5 -T P "A" sa m p le s h a d t h e l e a s t amount o f a c i d i t y and
t h e u n t r e a t e d s a m p le s t h e g r e a t e s t amount o f a c i d i t y a s
shown i n F i g u r e V.
The e f f e c t s o f t h e v a r i o u s t r e a t m e n t s on f i r m n e s s a n d
g r o u n d c o l o r o f M c I n to s h a p p l e s i n 1951 a r e i l l u . s t r a . t e d i n
F i g u r e VT. The u s e o f p r e h a r v e s t s p r a y s o f 2,1+,5-TP
r e s u l t e d i n f r u i t , a t h a r v e s t , t h a t were l e s s f i r m t h a n
t h e c h e c k f r u i t and t h o s e t r e a t e d w i t h NAA. T h is d i f f e r
ence i n f i r m n e s s was h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t . T h i s e f f e c t was
n o t o b s e r v e d f o r 2 , 4 , 5-TP on M c In to sh d u r i n g t h e p r e c e d i n g
y e a r . The s a m p le s o f t h e 2,l+>5-TP MCU t r e a t m e n t w e re a l s o
l e s s f i r m a t h a r v e s t t h a n t h e T c l o x y - t r e a t e d f r u i t a t a
h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l , w h i l e t h o s e o f t h e "A" and n3 u
t r e a t m e n t s w e re l e s s f i r m a t t h e f i v e p e r c e n t l e v e l .
A l t h o u g h t h e f r u i t o f 2 , 4 , 5-TP nAn and "C" t r e a t m e n t s w ere
s l i g h t l y more y e l l o w i n g ro u n d c o l o r a t h a r v e s t t h a n f r u i t
o f t h e c h e c k , NAA, and T o lox y t r e a t m e n t s , t h e d i f f e r e n c e s
w ere net. s i g n i f i c a n t .
ACID
ITY
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AS
M
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l/N
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28,
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* (O
bser
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19
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I n 195>lj a s shown i n F i g u r e V I , t h e f r u i t o f t h e
2 , 14- ,£-TP "A” an d nC” t r e a t m e n t s w ere s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s
f i r m a f t e r s t o r a g e t h a n t h o s e o f e i t h e r t h e check o r t h e
NAA t r e a t m e n t . A l l l o t s o f a p p l e s t r e a t e d w i t h 2,1}., 3?-TP
w e re a l s o s l i g h t l y l e s s f i r m , when removed f rom s t o r a g e ,
t h a n t h o s e t r e a t e d w i t h T o lo x y . The f r u i t o f a l l t r e a t
m e n t s , i n c l u d i n g t h e c h e c k , were s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s f i r m
i n March t h a n i n J a n u a r y .
F i g u r e VI i l l u s t r a t e s t h a t t h e g ro w th r e g u l a t o r s d i d
n o t e f f e c t t h e g r o u n d c o l o r o f M c I n to s h a p p l e s a t h a r v e s t
o r when t h e f r u i t was o b s e r v e d I n J a n u a r y and M arch . T h i s
was a l s o o b s e r v e d i n t h e s t u d i e s o f t h e p r e v i o u s two y e a r s .
B. N o r t h e r n Spy
N o r t h e r n Spy t r e e s were t r e a t e d w i t h s p r a y s o f g ro w th
r e g u l a t o r s i n t h e same m anner a s M c In to sh i n 191+9 and s i m i l a r
d e t e r m i n a t i o n s and o b s e r v a t i o n s o f t h e f r u i t w ere made a t
h a r v e s t and a f t e r t h r e e months o f s t o r a g e a t 32° F . T h i s
v a r i e t y was p i c k e d o n l y once i n , 191+9«
The 191+9 d a t a f o r t h i s v a r i e t y a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b le
8 (See a l s o A p p e n d ix T a b l e s 20 and 2 1 ) . No s i g n i f i c a n t
d i f f e r e n c e s w e re o b s e r v e d b e tw ee n t r e a t m e n t s a t h a r v e s t o r
a f t e r s t o r a g e . However , t h e s u g a r c o n t e n t o f t h e f r u i t
d e c r e a s e d s l i g h t l y d u r i n g s t o r a g e f o r a l l f r u i t . D i f f e r
e n c e s i n a c i d i t y w ere e i t h e r to o s m a l l o r t o o I n c o n s i s t e n t
t o i n d i c a t e any e f f e c t s from t h e t r e a t m e n t s . P r o t e i n con
t e n t a t h a r v e s t was somewhat g r e a t e r f o r f r u i t t r e a t e d w i t h
MEAN
CH
EMIC
AL
COM
POSI
TIO
N,
GROU
ND
COLO
R,
AND
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H FI
RMNE
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HA
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TED
OCTO
BER
10-1
2,
19^9
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1*.9
g ro w th r e g u l a t o r s t h a n f o r t h e check f r u i t . The p r o t e i n
c o n t e n t o f a l l s p r a y e d f r u i t d e c r e a s e d s l i g h t l y d u r i n g t h e
s t o r a g e p e r i o d .
None o f t h e p r e h a r v e s t s p r a y t r e a t m e n t s a p p e a r e d t o
i n f l u e n c e t h e g ro u n d c o l o r o r f i r m n e s s o f t h e f r u i t when
e x a m in e d e i t h e r a t h a r v e s t o r a f t e r s t o r a g e . A l l a p p l e s
o f t h i s v a r i e t y seemed t o s o f t e n e q u a l l y and showed a
s i m i l a r i n c r e a s e i n g ro u n d c o l o r d u r i n g s t o r a g e i n 19l+9»
I n 1 9 5 0 , N o r t h e r n Spy t r e e s were g i v e n t h e same g row th
r e g u l a t o r t r e a t m e n t s a s M c I n t o s h . The f r u i t was h a r v e s t e d
o nce an d o b s e r v e d a t h a r v e s t , a f t e r t e n days o f s t o r a g e a t
70° F , and a g a i n a f t e r t h r e e m onths a t 32° P , The 1990
d a t a w h ic h a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b le 9 show no s i g n i f i c a n t
e f f e c t s f ro m t h e s p r a y s o f g ro w th r e g u l a t o r s a t e i t h e r t h e
h i g h o r low s t o r a g e t e m p e r a t u r e s (See F i g u r e VTI and a l s o
A p p e n d ix T a b l e s 22 - 2l\.) •
A l l N o r t h e r n Spy f r u i t s w ere s l i g h t l y s o f t e r , l e s s
a c i d , a n d h a d somewhat more g ro un d c o l o r a f t e r s t o r a g e a t
32° a nd 70° P t h a n a t h a r v e s t ( F i g u r e s VTII and I X ) , The
t r e a t e d f r u i t w e re s l i g h t l y more f i r m t h a n t h e c h e c k f r u i t
a t h a r v e s t and a f t e r s t o r a g e a t b o t h t e m p e r a t u r e s .
The N o r t h e r n Spy t r e e s r e c e i v e d t h e same d i f f e r e n t i a l
t r e a t m e n t s o f p r e h a r v e s t s p r a y s as M c I n to s h i n 1991•
S o l u b l e s o l i d s and t i t r a t a b l e a c i d i t y d e t e r m i n a t i o n s and
c o l o r and f i r m n e s s o b s e r v a t i o n s were made a t h a r v e s t and I n
F e b r u a r y and A p r i l on f r u i t s t o r e d a t 32° P . The s i g n i f i -
MEAN
CH
EMIC
AL
COM
POSI
TIO
N,
GROU
ND
COLO
R,
AND
FLES
H FI
RMNE
SS
OF
NORT
HERN
SP
Y AP
PLES
HA
RVES
TED
OCTO
BER
25,
1950
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c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t r e a t m e n t s o b t a i n e d w i t h M c I n to s h
f r u i t i n 1951 w ere n o t o b s e r v e d w i t h N o r t h e r n Spy d u r i n g
t h e same y e a r , a s shown i n T a b l e s 10 and 11 and A p pend ix
T a b l e s 25 - 2 7 . O n ly t h e f r u i t t r e a t e d w i t h T o lo x v w ere
s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t f rom t h e c h e c k i n any r e s p e c t .
When a n a l y z e d i n F e b r u a r y and A p r i l t h e T o l o x y - t r e a t e d
f r u i t w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s a c i d t h a n t h e c h e c k .
The N o r t h e r n Spy f r u i t became l o w e r i n s u g a r s and
a c i d s a n d l e s s f i r m b e tw e e n F e b r u a r y and A p r i l i n am ounts
t h a t w e re h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t *
The v a r i o u s t r e a t m e n t s i n 1951 h a d no s i g n i f i c a n t
e f f e c t s , a s shown i n F i g u r e s X and X I , upo n N o r t h e r n Spy
a p p l e s a t h a r v e s t t i m e . However, t h e f r u i t t r e a t e d w i t h
2,1).,5-TP w e re h i g h e s t I n s u g a r s a t h a r v e s t w e re s e c o n d
l o w e s t a f t e r s t o r a g e i n A p r i l # The c h e c k was t h e l o w e s t
i n s u g a r s i n A p r i l . The c h e c k f r u i t showed s l i g h t l y more
g ro u n d c o l o r and s l i g h t l y s o f t e r f l e s h , a t t h e t im e o f
h a r v e s t , t h a n t h e t r e a t e d f r u i t , b u t t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s
d e c r e a s e d d u r i n g t h e s t o r a g e p e r i o d #
Co R e s p i r a t i o n
R e s p i r a t i o n d e t e r m i n a t i o n s were made w i t h M c I n to s h
and N o r t h e r n Spy a p p l e s h a r v e s t e d i n 1951 f ro m t r e a t e d and
u n t r e a t e d t r e e s . The M c I n to s h were t e s t e d soon a f t e r
h a r v e s t ( O c t o b e r 1 - 8 ) and a f t e r s t o r a g e a t 32c F ( J a n u a r y
1 9 - 3 0 ) . S i m i l a r d e t e r m i n a t i o n s were made w i t h N o r t h e r n
Spy f r u i t f rom O c t o b e r 25 t o November >]., and from F e b r u a r y
19- 28 .
51
TABLE 10
MEAN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR, AND FIRMNESS OF NORTHERN SPY APPLES HARVESTED OCTOBER 1 8 , 1951
( O b s e r v e d a t h a r v e s t )
T r e a t m e n t S u g a r s 8-(? )
A c id s (ml . IN NaOH)
C o l o rr a t i n g
F i r m n e s s ( l b s . )
Check 1 3 . 4 9 .7 2 . 5 1 4 .0
NAA 20 ppm 13*8 1 1 . 3 2 . 9 1 4 . 7
T o lo x y 20 ppm 1 3 . 4 1 0 . 7 2 .8
2,!]., 5-TP "A” ( a p p l i e d Octo 1)
1 4 .2 1 1 . 5 2 .7
2,1)., 5-TP "B” ( a p p l i e d 0 c t a 12)
1 4 .1 9 .8 2 .8 1 4 .9
2 ,4 * 5-TP "C" ( a p p l i e d Oct* 1
and O c t . 12)
1 3 .8 1 2 . 0 2 .7 l W
O b s e r v e d F v a l u e s : l o l 4 1 . 1 5 1 .4 2 O.ij-7
a S o l u b l e s o l i d s e x p r e s s e d a s s u g a r s
TABLE 11
MEAN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR AND FIRMNESS OF NORTHERN SPY APPLES HARVESTED OCTOBER 1 8 , 1951
( O b s e r v e d i n F e b r u a r y an d A p r i l a f t e r s t o r a g e a t 32° F)
T r e a t m e n t TimeS u g a r s 8
( ! )A c id s
(ml .INNaOH)
C o l o rr a t i n g
F i r m n e s s ( l b s . )
Check F e b .A p r i l
1 3 .71 3 . 0
8 . 17 . 2
1 . 91 .8
1 2 . 11 1 . 1
Mean 1 3 . 4 7 . 5 1 . 9 1 1 . 7
NAA 20 ppm F e b .A p r i l
1 3 .81 3 . 4
7 . 97 . 4
2 .12 . 2
1 2 . 21 1 . 0
Mean 1 3 . 6 7 . 7 2 . 2 1 1 . 6
T o lo x y 20 ppm F e b .A p r i l
1 3 . 71 3 . 3
7 . 46 . 5
2 . 01 . 9
1 1 .81 1 . 3
Mean 1 3 . 6 7 . 0 2 . 0 1 1 . 5
2 , 4 , 5-TP "A"( a p p l i e d O c t . 1)
F e b .A p r i l
1 3 . 61 3 . 1
8 . 27 . 4
2 . 11 . 9
1 2 . 21 0 . 9
Mean 1 3 . 4 7 .8 2 . 0 1 1 . 5
2 , 4 * 5-TP "B" ( a p p l i e d O c t . 11)
F e b .A p r i l
1 3 . 61 3 . 6
8 . 16 . 5
2 . 21 . 8
1 2 . 31 1 . 5
Mean 1 3 . 6 7 . 3 2 . 0 1 2 . 0
2 , 4 , 5-TP "C" ( a p p l i e d O c t . 1 an d O c t . 11)
F e b .A p r i lMean
1 4 . 01 3 . 6
1 3 .8
8 . 17 . 0
7 . 5
1 . 91 . 71 . 8
1 2 . 01 1 . 41 1 . 7
S t o r a g e p e r i o d s F e b .A p r i l
1 3 . 71 3 . 3
8 . 07 . 0
2 . 01 . 9
1 2 .11 1 . 2
O b s e r v e d F v a l u e s :B e tw ee n t r e a t m e n t s 1 . 0 0 ^ B e tw een s t o r a g e p e r i o d s 8 »68 T r e a t m e n t x s t o r a g e p e r i o d —
2 .6 6 * *3 7 .6 9 * *
1 . 0 0
1 .4 03 . 0 0
4 .8 9 '24 .6 3 '
0 . 7 9L . S .D . b e tw e e n t r e a t m e n t s :
% l e v e l ifo l e v e l
— • 0 .71 . 0
0 . 91 . 2
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03 r-.
The r e s p i r a t i o n c u r v e s in F ig u re XII are p l o t t e d from
t y p i c a l d a ta and i l l u s t r a t e th e amount o f v a r i a b i l i t y th a t
g e n e r a l ly o c c u r r e d b etw een r e p l i c a t e s * The d e t a i l e d d a ta
f o r t h e s e r e s p i r a t i o n s t u d ie s are p r e s e n te d i n A ppendix
T a b le s 16 and 17* The g e n e r a l l e v e l s o f r e s p ir a t io n , a s
m easured b y CO2 p r o d u c t io n , w ere s im i la r f o r a l l tr e a tm e n ts
a t h a r v e s t and a g a in a f t e r s to r a g e * T h is s i m i l a r i t y was
fou n d f o r ea ch v a r ie t y , a lth o u g h th e two v a r i e t i e s had
d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s o f r e s p i r a t i o n . The r e s p ir a t io n r a t e s
d id n o t show d i f f e r e n c e s th a t c o u ld be a t t r ib u t e d to p r e
h a r v e s t a p p l ic a t io n s o f grow th r e g u la to r m a te r ia ls #
MG.
CO,
PER
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PER
HOUR
56
CHECK
TREE I
TREE 3
TREE 2
TREE I
NAA
TREE 2
TREE 4
20JANUARY
F ig u r© X I I • The r e s p i r a t i o n r a t e s o f M c I n t o s h a p p l e sf ro m u n t r e a t e d t r e e s and t h o s e s p r a y e d w i t h
5 - t r i c h l o r o p h e n o x y p r o p i o n i c and n a p h - t h a l e n e a c e t i c a c i d s , and h a r v e s t e d S e p te m b e r 2 8 , 1 9 ^ 1 ♦ ( F r u i t o b s e r v e d i n J a n u a r y a f t e r s t o r a g e a t 3 2° F«)
V I. DISCUSSION
The r e s u l t s o f t h i s I n v e s t ig a t i o n show t h a t p r e h a r v e s t
s to p -d r o p sp r a y s a p p l ie d t o M cIn tosh and N orth ern Spy a p p le
t r e e s o v e r a p e r io d o f th r e e y e a r s i n M ich igan o rch a rd s had
a v a r ia b le e f f e c t upon th e p h y s io lo g y o f th e h a r v e s te d f r u i t s *
The d i f f e r e n c e s n o te d in m ost in s t a n c e s can n ot be
a t t r ib u t e d t o t h e m a t e r ia ls em ployed b e c a u se o f th e v a r i
a b le r e s u l t s o b ta in e d . H owever, in 1951 2,1|.,5?-TP a f f e c t e d
th e p o s t - h a r v e s t p h y s io lo g y o f th e M cIntosh f r u i t more
th an NAA o r T oloxy*
P r e h a r v e s t sp ra y s o f NAA had no ap p aren t e f f e c t s upon
th e c h e m ic a l c o m p o s it io n , ground c o lo r o r f ir m n e s s o f h ar
v e s t e d M cIn tosh and N orth ern Spy a p p le s d u rin g th e th r e e
y e a r s o f t h i s s tu d y . H owever, t h i s m a te r ia l may have
advanced th e r ip e n in g o f M cIn tosh f r u i t i n s to r a g e i n 1951*
T h is i s in d ic a t e d by th e o b s e r v a t io n t h a t th e s o lu b le s o l i d s
c o n te n t was s l i g h t l y lo w e r f o r th e N A A -treated f r u i t th a n
f o r u n tr e a te d f r u i t (S e e T ab le 7 )« T hese r e s u l t s are i n
g e n e r a l agreem ent w ith th o s e o f a number o f o th e r w orkers*
B a t j e r and Moon (7 ) r e p o r te d no e f f e c t upon J o n a th a n , Rome
B ea u ty and D e l ic io u s a p p le s d u r in g s t o r a g e , a s m easured by
f ir m n e s s and th e o c c u r r e n c e o f s to r a g e d i s o r d e r s . C h r is to
p h er and P ie n ia z e k (1 2 ) a l s o foun d t h a t NAA sp r a y s d id n o t
a f f e c t f ir m n e s s , t a s t e , and breakdown o f M cIntosh f r u i t s
58
i n s t o r a g e . H a l le r (2 9 ) r e p o r te d no in f lu e n c e on th e
f ir m n e s s a t h a r v e s t , d u r in g s to r a g e or on th e amount o f
d e c a y , breakdow n, and s c a ld d u r in g c o ld s to r a g e o f a number
o f a p p le v a r i e t i e s , in c lu d in g Jon ath an and D e l i c i o u s . The
agreem ent o f t h e r e s u l t s o f th e s t u d ie s r e p o r te d i n t h i s
p a p er w ith th o s e c i t e d above a re due p r o b a b ly , a t l e a s t in
p a r t , to th e h a r v e s t in g o f th e e x p e r im e n ta l f r u i t a t th e
norm al h a r v e s t in g d a te s o r s h o r t ly t h e r e a f t e r .
The a b sen ce o f p o s t - h a r v e s t e f f e c t s o f NAA sp ra y s
a p p l ie d b e fo r e h a r v e s t i s a p p a r e n t ly c o n tr a r y to th e f in d
in g s o f Smock and G ross (5^ )# T hese w ork ers o b se r v e d th a t
a p p l ic a t io n s o f p r e h a r v e s t sp r a y s c o n ta in in g 10 ppm o f NAA
a p p l ie d to in d iv id u a l lim b s o f M cIntosh t r e e s c a u se d th e
f r u i t t o s o f t e n 0 .5 pound more th an th e ch eck f r u i t , i n
3 2 ° P s to r a g e o They a l s o r e p o r te d th a t NAA sp ra y s in c r e a s e d
th e r e s p i r a t i o n o f M cIn tosh f r u i t a t 7^-° F> when h a r v e s te d
f i v e o r e ig h t d ays a f t e r t r e a tm e n t . A s h o r te r s to r a g e l i f e
f o r th e f r u i t i s im p lie d s in c e an in c r e a s e d r a t e o f r ip e n
in g i s u s u a l ly a s s o c ia t e d w ith an in c r e a s e d r a t e o f r e s p i r
a t io n o f a p p le f r u i t (3 9 )* The same w orkers l a t e r r e p o r te d
t h a t p r e h a r v e s t sp r a y s o f NAA d id n o t in c r e a s e th e r e s p i r
a t io n r a t e o f M cIn tosh a p p le s . H owever, th e f r u i t o f t h i s
s tu d y w ere h a r v e s te d two days a f t e r sp r a y in g and were
s t o r e d 58 d ays a t 3 3 ° F* A ls o , th e r e s p ir a t io n m easurem ents
w ere made a t 3 3 ° F r a th e r th an a t 7^° F> as i n th e p r e v io u s
s t u d y . I t was t h e i r o p in io n t h a t th e la c k o f r e sp o n s e to
NAA w as due t o th e low tem p era tu re a t w h ich r e s p ir a t io n
59
w as m easured and to th e sh o r t i n t e r v a l b etw een tr e a tm e n t
and h a r v e s t .
M cIn tosh and N orth ern Spy f r u i t s a l s o f a i l e d t o e x h ib i t
marked p o s t - h a r v e s t e f f e c t s f o l lo w in g th e u se o f d rop -
d e la y in g sp r a y s o f T o lo x y d u r in g th e th r e e y e a r s o f t h i s
i n v e s t i g a t i o n . H ow ever, T o lo x y a p p l ic a t io n s a t 20 ppm
i n 19i|-9j. may h ave had a s l i g h t e f f e c t on M cIntosh f r u i t *
T h is was in d ic a t e d by th e g r e a te r d e c r e a se in f ir m n e ss o f
th e f r u i t betw een th e f i r s t and secon d p ic k in g s f o r t h i s
tr e a tm e n t th a n was found f o r o th e r tr e a tm e n ts and th e ch eck
(S ee T a b le ij.) • F u rth erm ore, a ten d en cy tow ard advanced
r ip e n in g i n s to r a g e o f M cIntosh f r u i t from th e T o loxy
tr e a tm e n t was in d ic a t e d i n 1951 by th e f a c t t h a t th e
a c id and s o lu b le s o l i d s c o n te n t s o f th e f r u i t were some
w hat lo w e r a f t e r s to r a g e th an was fou n d f o r th e c h e c k .
T h is t r e n d , h ow ever, was n o t su p p o rted by th e o th e r chem i
c a l and p h y s ic a l ch an ges o f th e f r u i t i n 19i|-9 and 1951
o r Hjy th e d a ta o b ta in e d i n 1 9 5 0 . T hese r e s u l t s a re s im i la r
t o th o s e o f Smock and G ross ( 55) who o b ser v ed th a t th e
r e s p i r a t i o n r a t e o f M cIn tosh f r u i t was n o t m easu rab ly
in f lu e n c e d by lim b sp r a y s o f T o loxy a p p lie d two days b e fo r e
h a r v e s t . T h e ir r e s p i r a t i o n m easurem ents w ere made a t 3 3 ° F
a f t e r a s to r a g e p e r io d o f 58 days a t 3 3 ° F . H owever, th e y
a t t r i b u t e th e a b sen ce o f an e f f e c t to th e low tem p era tu re
a t w h ich r e s p i r a t i o n was m easured and t o th e s h o r t i n t e r v a l
o f tim e b etw een sp r a y in g and h a r v e s t in g . T h is i s th e same
60
e x p la n a t io n th e y o f f e r e d f o r th e la c k o f r e sp o n se o b ta in e d
w ith NAA i n th e same exp erim en t*
The r e s u l t s o b ta in e d in 1951 w ith M cIn tosh show t h a t
p r e h a r v e s t sp ra y s o f 2 , 4>5-TP ca u sed s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t io n s
i n th e f ir m n e s s o f th e f r u i t on th e t r e e and s i g n i f i c a n t
r e d u c t io n s i n s o lu b le s o l i d s and a c id c o n te n t s o f M cIntosh
f r u i t d u r in g s to r a g e a t 3 2 ° F* A p p l ic a t io n s o f t h i s m a t e r ia l
i n 1951 t o t r e e s o f t h i s v a r ie t y 28 d ays b e fo r e h a r v e s t
( 2 , l+,5-TP ”AW) seem ed to be more e f f e c t i v e in r e d u c in g th e
s o lu b le s o l i d s and a c id c o n te n ts and f ir m n e ss o f th e f r u i t
th a n a p p l ic a t io n s made 17 d ays b e fo r e h a r v e s t (2 ,4 » 5 -T P "B")*
H ow ever, 2,1+, 5-TP d id n o t in d u ce th e ch an ges in th e f r u i t
o f M cIn tosh in 1950 and s i g n i f i c a n t ch an ges i n th e f r u i t
d id n o t r e s u l t from th e a p p l ic a t io n o f t h i s m a te r ia l to
N o rth ern Spy i n e i t h e r 1950 o r 1951*
T h ese o b s e r v a t io n s in d ic a t e th a t 20 ppm o f 2 ,4 * 5-T P ,
a p p lie d a s a p r e h a r v e s t sp r a y , may advance th e r ip e n in g
o f M cIn tosh f r u i t s l i g h t l y in some se a so n s and th e r e b y
sh o r te n th e s to r a g e l i f e o f th e f r u i t *
The d i f f e r e n t r e s u l t s i n 195.0 and 1951 o b ta in e d w ith
sp ra y s o f 2 , 4 , 5-TP on M cIntosh may have b een due to th e
s e a s o n a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n tem p era tu re o c c u r r in g on th e days
o f grow th r e g u la t o r tre a tm e n ts* By r e fe r e n c e to T ab le 3
i t may be s e e n t h a t th e maximum tem p era tu re on th e day th e
M cIn tosh t r e e s w ere sp rayed i n 1951 was 21 to 22 d e g r e e s
h ig h e r th a n i t was i n 1950* The h ig h e r tem p era tu re i n 1951
may h ave b een p a r t l y r e s p o n s ib le f o r th e in f lu e n c e o f 2 ,4 * 5-TP
61
o b s e r v e d on M cIn tosh f r u i t s t h a t y e a r .
Smock and G ross ( 54) have f r e q u e n t ly o b ser v ed th a t
c l i m a t ic v a r ia t io n s i n th e grow ing se a so n c o n tr ib u te to th e
m agn itu d e o f th e e f f e c t o f " s to p -d r o p n sp r a y s i n ad v a n cin g
th e r e s p i r a t i o n and s o f t e n in g o f a p p le f r u i t s a f t e r h a r v e s t .
E d g erto n and Hoffman (1 7 ) s t a t e t h a t th e e x tr e m e ly h o t
w e a th e r w h ich p r e v a i le d d u r in g th e c o u r se o f one o f t h e i r
e x p e r im e n ts w ith 2 , 4 , 5-TP may have c o n tr ib u te d t o th e
ad van ced r ip e n in g and in c r e a s e d red c o lo r w h ich th e y ob
se r v e d w ith M cIn tosh f r u i t .
R e p o r ts in d ic a t e t h a t tem p er a tu r es a t th e tim e o f and
so o n a f t e r th e a p p l ic a t io n o f p r e h a r v e s t sp r a y s in f lu e n c e
th e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f th e sp ra y s in c o n t r o l l in g a p p le d ro p .
B a t j e r ( 5 ) o b se r v e d l e s s drop o f f r u i t from D e l ic io u s and
W inesap t r e e s sp ra y e d w ith NAA when th e y w ere t r e a t e d a t
m id -d ay w ith p r e v a i l in g tem p era tu res o f 8 0 -8 4 ° F th an when
th e y w ere t r e a t e d i n th e m orning a t tem p era tu res o f 6 3 -6 4 ° P*
He s u g g e s te d th a t more o f th e a c t i v e grow th su b s ta n c e was
a b so rb ed a t th e h ig h e r tem p era tu re th a n a t th e lo w e r tem p er
a tu r e .
O v e r h o lse r ©t a l ( 47 ) r e p o r te d s im i la r r e s u l t s and
Vyvyan ( 6 2 ) , r e v ie w in g th e p r e v io u s two r e p o r t s , p o in te d
o u t t h a t th e g r e a t e r d r o p -c o n tr o l o b ta in e d w ith sp ra y s
a p p l ie d a t th e h ig h e r tem p er a tu r es may have b een due to
more r a p id d r y in g , l e s s r u n - o f f and, t h e r e f o r e , a g r e a t e r
d e p o s i t io n and a b s o r p t io n o f th e grow th r e g u la t o r b y ,t h e t r e e .
M it c h e l l e t a l ( 45 ) p o in t o u t t h a t th e u n u s u a lly e f f e c t i v e
62
d r o p -e o n tr o l w h ich th e y o b ta in e d on M cIn tosh w ith T o loxy
In 1949 may h ave b een in f lu e n c e d by th e u n u s u a lly warm
w e a th e r w h ich p r e v a i l e d b e fo r e and s e v e r a l days a f t e r th e
f i r s t o f two a p p l ic a t io n s o f t h i s m a t e r ia l . H owever, R ob erts
and S tru ck m eyer ( I4.9 ) r e p o r te d v e r y good drop c o n tr o l w ith
NAA on Fameuse and N orth ern Spy a p p le s w hich were t r e a t e d
a t th e low tem p era tu re o f 4.30 F f o l lo w in g h eavy f r o s t .
The r e s u l t s o f th e e x p e r im en ts r e p o r te d h e r e le n d some
su p p o rt to th e h y p o th e s is t h a t h ig h tem p era tu res on th e
day ws to p -d r o p n sp ra y s are a p p lie d may h a s te n th e r ip e n in g
r a te and o th e r p h y s io lo g ic a l ch an ges o f a p p le f r u i t .
A lth o u g h th e tem p e r a tu r e s a t th e tim e o f a p p l ic a t io n are
p r o b a b ly o f c o n s id e r a b le in f l u e n c e , fu r th e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n
i s n eed ed b e fo r e i t s tr u e e f f e c t s may b e e s t a b l i s h e d .
O th er f a c t o r s th a n tem p era tu re may be Im p o rta n t, For
exam p le , th e r e i s e v id e n c e in d ic a t in g th a t th e o c c u r r e n c e
o f r a i n f a l l soon a f t e r p r e h a r v e s t sp ra y s are a p p lie d r e d u c e s
th e c o n t r o l o f a p p le drop w ith such s p r a y s , Sou thw ick (5 6 )
s t a t e s t h a t d r o p -c o n tr o l on M cIntosh was red u ced a p p r e c ia b ly
by r a in th a t f e l l b e fo r e a p p l ic a t io n s o f NAA had d r ie d
c o m p le t e ly , O v e r h o lse r £ t a l (ij.7) s im u la te d r a i n f a l l by
s p r a y in g D e l ic io u s a p p le t r e e s w ith w a te r soon a f t e r t r e a t
m ent w ith p r e h a r v e s t a p p l ic a t io n s o f NAA, They fou n d th a t
w a te r a p p l ie d w it h in two h ou rs a f t e r a NAA sp r a y , red u ced
th e d r o p -d e la y in g e f f e c t o f t h i s m a t e r ia l . Some l o s s o f
th e grow th r e g u la t o r b e fo r e i t was ab sorb ed by th e t r e e ,
when r a i n f a l l f o l lo w e d s h o r t ly a f t e r th e sp r a y , was p r o b a b ly
63
r e s p o n s ib le f o r th e red u ced drop c o n t r o l . R a in f a l l p r o b a b ly
a l s o m o d if ie s o th e r p h y s io lo g ic a l e f f e c t s upon th e f r u i t
r e s u l t i n g from th e a p p l ic a t io n o f p r e h a r v e s t sp r a y s to
a p p le t r e e s .
The r e s u l t s o f t h e s e ex p er im en ts show o th e r n o tew o rth y
t r e n d s i n th e p h y s i o l o g ic a l b e h a v io r o f th e f r u i t # The
M cIn tosh f r u i t from th e seco n d p ic k in g i n 19^9 w ere m easur
a b ly l e s s a c id , s o f t e r , and had d e v e lo p e d more su g a rs and
ground c o lo r i n s to r a g e th a n th o s e o f th e f i r s t p ic k in g
(T a b le I4.) * T hese o b s e r v a t io n s are i n agreem ent w ith th o s e
r e p o r te d by M agness and D ie h l (3 9 ) who found t h a t a s a p p le s
m ature on th e t r e e , t h e y c o n ta in in c r e a s in g ly more su g a r ,
d e v e lo p more ground c o lo r and become l e s s a c id and l e s s
firm * The d i f f e r e n c e s b etw een f r u i t s a t t r ib u t a b le to
v a r ia t i o n i n m a tu r ity a t h a r v e s t w ould be e x p e c te d to
p e r s i s t a f t e r s t o r a g e , and t h i s was tr u e i n th e 19)4-9 s t u d ie s
o f t h i s i n v e s t ig a t io n # T hese o b ser v ed d i f f e r e n c e s c o u ld
h ave b een due a l s o t o th e f a c t t h a t th e f r u i t o f th e f i r s t
p ic k in g r e c e iv e d o n ly one a p p l ic a t io n o f th e grow th r e g u
l a t o r s p r a y s , w h ereas th e f r u i t o f th e seco n d p ic k in g
r e c e iv e d two sp ra y s# A lth ou gh th e r e seem s to be some
dou bt i n r e g a r d t o th e v a lu e o f a secon d a p p l ic a t io n o f
NAA i n d e la y in g a p p le h a r v e s t drop ( 6 , ij.7), b e n e f i t may be
e x p e c te d when th e f i r s t a p p l ic a t io n i s made c o n s id e r a b ly
i n advan ce o f m a tu r ity ( 6 )# r t m ight th e r e f o r e be d e s ir a b le
u n d er su ch c ir c u m s ta n c e s , to u se two a p p l ic a t io n s o f NAA
ev en th ou gh th e s to r a g e l i f e o f th e f r u i t may be sh o rten ed *
The M cIn tosh and N orth ern Spy f r u i t o f a l l t r e a tm e n ts ,
6k
in c lu d in g th e ch eck i n 1950 and 1951» w ere g e n e r a l ly l e s s
a c id , s o f t e r , and more y e l lo w i n c o lo r a f t e r th e lo n g e s t
p e r io d i n s to r a g e th a n e i t h e r a t h a r v e s t o r upon e a r l i e r
o b s e r v a t io n i n s to r a g e (S ee T a b le s 6 , 7 , 9 , 10 and 1 1 ) .
The r e a so n i s n o t e v id e n t f o r th e in c r e a s e i n a c i d i t y o f
N o rth ern Spy f r u i t a f t e r s t o r a g e , f o l lo w in g sp r a y s o f
10 ppm o f NAA o r 20 and 30 ppm o f T o loxy in 1950 and 1951
(S e e T ab le 8 ) .
An e x p e c te d r e d u c t io n i n th e su g a r c o n te n t o f N orth ern
Spy f r u i t d u r in g s to r a g e o c cu rr ed in 194-9 (S ee T ab le 8 ) ,
b u t th e su g a r s o f b o th M cIntosh and N orth ern Spy a p p le s
showed s l i g h t f l u c t u a t i o n s d u r in g s to r a g e i n 1950 and 1951*
The su g a r c o n te n t o f m ost f r u i t sam p les in c r e a s e d d u r in g
th e t e n days o f s to r a g e a t 7 0 ° P in 1 9 5 0 , w h ile m ost o f\
th o s e a p p le s th a t w ere h e ld f o r th r e e m onths a t 3 2 ° P
d e c r e a se d i n su g a rs d u r in g s t o r a g e . T h is upward tr e n d i n
su g a r s a t 7 0 ° P may h ave r e s u l t e d from th e c o n v e r s io n o f
s ta r c h to su g a r w h ich o c c u r s i n th e m atu rin g a p p le f r u i t
on th e t r e e and w h ich som etim es c o n t in u e s fo r a s h o r t p e r io d
a f t e r h a r v e s t . On th e o th e r hand, th e d e c r e a se i n su g a r
c o n te n t o f m ost o f th e f r u i t in 1950 d u rin g th e th r e e m onths
o f s to r a g e a t 3 2 ° F p ro b a b ly r e s u l t e d from th e u t i l i z a t i o n
o f c a r b o h y d r a te s in r e s p ir a t io n d u rin g t h i s ex te n d ed p e r io d
o f s t o r a g e . The f r u i t w hich d e c r e a se d in su gar c o n te n t a t
7 0 ° and in c r e a s e d a t 32° F may h ave b een h a r v e s te d a t a
d i f f e r e n t s t a g e i n th e s ta r c h - s u g a r c y c le d e s c r ib e d a b o v e .
The s o lu b le s o l i d s c o n te n t o f a l l M cIn tosh f r u i t h a r -
65
v e s t e d In 1951 showed o n ly sm a ll ch an ges d u r in g th e s to r a g e
p e r io d from Jan u a ry t o March* There w as, h ow ever, a s l i g h t
downward tr e n d In su g a r o r s o lu b le s o l i d c o n te n t w hich
w ou ld b e e x p e c te d due to th e l o s s o f c a rb o h y d r a te s in
r e s p i r a t i o n tow ard th e end o f th e s to r a g e p e r io d * A n a ly s is
o f a l l N o rth ern Spy f r u i t a t h a r v e s t and in F ebruary
in d ic a t e d no c o n s i s t e n t ch anges i n th e su gar c o n te n t d u rin g
s to r a g e * H ow ever, a l l l o t s o f N orth ern Spy f r u i t , e x c e p t
th o s e r e c e iv in g th e 2 , if, 5-TP nBtt tr e a tm e n t , w ere lo w e r
i n s o lu b le s o l i d s in A p r il th an i n F eb ru a ry . A g a in , t h i s
w ou ld be e x p e c te d tow ard th e end o f th e s to r a g e p e r io d
due t o ca rb o h y d ra te u t i l i z a t i o n i n r e s p i r a t i o n . The a b sen ce
o f change i n s o lu b le s o l i d s o f th e f r u i t from th e nBw
tr e a tm e n t i n s to r a g e may have b een due to f a u l t y sam p lin g
o f m a t e r ia l f o r a n a ly s is *
The p r o t e in a n a ly s e s f o r N orth ern Spy a p p le s i n 19i|-9
a t h a r v e s t show th a t a l l t r e a t e d f r u i t w ere s l i g h t l y
h ig h e r I n t o t a l n itr o g e n o u s su b s ta n c e s th a n th e c h e ck s
(T a b le 8 ) 0 A lth ou gh th e d i f f e r e n c e s a re s m a ll , i t i s
c o n c e iv a b le t h a t th e grow th r e g u la t o r sp ra y s w ere r e sp o n
s i b l e f o r th e s l i g h t l y in c r e a s e d amounts o f n itr o g e n o u s
m a t e r ia ls i n th e f r u i t * A s im i la r e f f e c t h a s b een r e p o r te d
b y S e l l e t a l (5 0 ) f o r th e stem s o f bean p la n t s t r e a t e d
w ith 2 ,lf -D . The a p p le f r u i t may be com parable to th e bean
stem b e c a u se th e e d ib le f l e s h o f th e a p p le i s m o d if ie d
t o r a l o r stem t i s s u e (3 7 )* I t i s t h e r e f o r e p o s s i b l e t h a t
th e r e sp o n s e o f a p p le s t o NAA and T o loxy w as s im i la r t o th e
66
r e sp o n s e o f b ean stem s t o 2,lj.-D , T o lo x y i s somewhat s im i la r
i n c h e m ic a l s t r u c t u r e to 2,ij.-D , I t sh o u ld be p o in te d o u t ,
h ow ever, t h a t S e l l £ t a l (5 0 ) found a c o n s id e r a b le r e d u c t io n
i n th e ca rb o h y d ra te c o n te n t o f th e bean stem s f o l lo w in g
tr e a tm e n t w ith 2,ij.-D , and th a t t h i s was n o t tr u e f o r th e
N o rth ern Spy a p p le s t r e a t e d w ith T o loxy and a n a ly z e d f o r
p r o t e in c o n te n t i n th e i n v e s t i g a t i o n r e p o r te d i n t h i s
p a p er (S e e T a b le s 8 , 9 , 1 0 )*
The u se o f summer o i l in co m b in a tio n w ith NAA as a
p r e h a r v e s t sp ra y w as r e p o r te d by H a l le r (2 9 ) t o h ave c a u se d
a p p le f r u i t s to be l e s s f ir m a t h a r v e s t th an th o s e t r e a t e d
w ith NAA a lo n e* O il was u sed In co m b in a tio n w ith NAA and
T o lo x y i n th e 19^-9 s t u d ie s o f t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n , b u t th e r e
was no e v id e n c e t o su p p o rt H a l le r ’ s f i n d in g s . The d a ta in
T a b le s Ij. and 8 show th e r e w ere no s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t s from
any o f th e sp ra y c o m b in a tio n s em ployed .
The sa m p les o f f r u i t from a l l sp ray tr e a tm e n ts i n 1950
w ere s t o r e d a t tem p e r a tu r e s o f 70° and 32° F in o r d e r to
d eterm in e i f f r u i t t r e a t e d w ith growth r e g u la t in g m a t e r ia ls
w ould r e a c t d i f f e r e n t l y a t tem p era tu res w h ich m igh t p r e v a i l
in a r e t a i l s t o r e th a n a t tem p era tu res commonly u sed f o r
com m ercia l c o ld s to r a g e o f a p p le s . The s to r a g e tem p er a tu r es
had no in f lu e n c e upon th e r e sp o n se o f th e f r u i t t o th e
p r e h a r v e s t sp ra y s (T a b le s 5 and. 6 )#
One o f th e d i f f i c u l t i e s in com paring th e r e s u l t s o f
t h i s s tu d y w ith th o s e o f o th e r s h a s b een th e la c k o f a
s u i t a b l e and u n iv e r s a l m a tu r ity in d e x f o r d e te r m in in g th e
67
optimum tim e f o r h a r v e s t in g a p p le s . H a lle r (3 0 ) s t a t e s
t h a t th e number o f d ays from bloom i s t h e m ost r e l i a b l e
in d e x f o r p ic k in g a p p le s t o o b ta in optimum m a tu r ity . He
p o in t s o u t , h o w ev er , t h a t f e r t i l i z e r p r a c t i c e s , c l im a t ic
c o n d i t io n s , and s i z e o f crop may in f lu e n c e th e la p s e o f
t im e b etw een bloom and optimum m a tu r ity fo r any one v a r i e t y .
O ther i n d ic e s su ch a s ch an ges i n s e e d c o lo r , ch em ica l
c o m p o s it io n , f ir m n e s s , and ground c o lo r w ere fou n d to be
u n r e l i a b l e . The v a r i a b i l i t y r e p o r te d f o r th e s e m a tu r ity
i n d ic e s w as a t t r ib u t e d to d i f f e r e n c e s in se a so n and geo
g r a p h ic a l l o c a t i o n . Smock (5 2 ) a ttem p ted t o d e term in e th e
m ost d e s i r a b le in d ex o f m a tu r ity f o r p ic k in g M cIntosh a p p le s
in New Y ork . He t e s t e d th e v a r io u s sta n d a rd m ethods a s w e l l
a s th e r a t e s o f r e s p ir a t io n o f th e f r u i t and co n c lu d e d th a t
th e b e s t tim e t o p ic k M cIntosh under New York c o n d it io n s
i s ” j u s t a t o r j u s t f o l lo w in g th e b e g in n in g o f th e c l i
m a c te r ic r i s e i n r e s p i r a t i o n ” o f th e f r u i t . He q u a l i f i e d
t h i s c o n c lu s io n by s t a t i n g th a t th e r e s p i r a t i o n in d ex i s
p r a c t i c a l o n ly f o r e x p e r im e n ta l w orkers and th a t ground
c o lo r i s th e m ost u s e f u l m easure o f m a tu r ity f o r M cIntosh
f r u i t f o r th e g ro w er .
I n th e th r e e y e a r s o f t h i s s tu d y , th e f r u i t w ere h a r
v e s t e d g e n e r a l ly w ith in th e norm al com m ercial h a r v e s t p e r io d ,
soon a f t e r th e drop o f norm al, f u l l y d e v e lo p ed f r u i t had
b eg u n . H ow ever, th e sa m p lin g tim e f o r M cIn tosh in 1951 was
a few days l a t e r th a n i n 19^9 and 1950 i n r e l a t i o n to th e
b e g in n in g o f n a tu r a l d r o p . I t may be n o te d from th e d a ta
68
t h a t th e ground c o lo r o f th e ch eck f r u i t a t h a r v e s t tim e
v a r ie d o n ly s l i g h t l y d u rin g th e th r e e y e a r s o f t h i s stu d y
f o r b o th v a r i e t i e s ; th e c o lo r r a t in g s ran ged from 3*5 to i+
f o r M cIn tosh and from 2*5 to 2*7 l o r N orth ern Spy* The
f ir m n e s s o f th e check f r u i t v a r ie d , how ever, from 11 to llj.
pounds f o r M cIntosh and from lij. to 18*5 pounds f o r N orth ern
Spy* The number o f days from bloom to h a r v e s t was u n iform
f o r M cIn tosh , r a n g in g from 129 to 132 d a y s , w h ereas N orth ern
Spy w as l e s s •uniform , r a n g in g from 15>6 to l6!j. d ays from
bloom t o h a r v e s t* The m easurem ent o f th e r e s p ir a t io n o f
th e f r u i t recommended by Smock m ight have p r o v id e d a moresa c c u r a te m a tu r ity in d e x th a n t h a t w hich was used* I t w as,
h o w ev er , n o t p r a c t i c a l under th e e x p e r im e n ta l c o n d it io n s
e n c o u n te r e d i n t h e s e s tu d ie s *
The r e s p i r a t i o n d a ta o b ta in e d w ere o f l i t t l e v a lu e in
d e te r m in in g th e e f f e c t s upon th e f r u i t sprayed w ith grow th
r e g u la t o r s due to th e s i z a b le d i f f e r e n c e s w hich f r e q u e n t ly
o c c u r r e d b etw een r e p l i c a t e s * T hese f l u c t u a t i o n s may have
b een due t o th e m ethods em ployed as w e l l as t o th e b i o l o g i c a l
d i f f e r e n c e s e x i s t i n g b etw een f r u i t o f th e r e p l i c a t e t r e e s
w it h in a tre a tm en t* The random p ic k in g o f f r u i t from th e
t r e e s may have g iv e n sam p les w hich w ere a t d i f f e r e n t s t a g e s
i n th e r e s p i r a t i o n c y c le * The sam ples o f 9 to li|. f r u i t ,
from w h ich r e s p i r a t i o n d e te r m in a t io n s were made, may have
b een to o sm a ll* F urtherm ore, th e d i f f e r e n c e in s i z e b etw een
f r u i t w i t h in e a c h sam ple p ro b a b ly added to th e v a r ia t io n
n o te d i n th e r e s p i r a t i o n r a te s *
69
E ven i f th e v a r ia t i o n s b e tw een r e p l i c a t i o n s w ere d i s
r e g a r d e d , a v era g e c u r v e s r e p r e s e n t in g t h e d a ta w ould s t i l l
n o t i n d ic a t e any d e f i n i t e e f f e c t s a t t r ib u t a b le to th e p r e
h a r v e s t tr e a tm e n ts* C lim a c te r ic p eak s in r e s p i r a t i o n w ere
n o t a p p aren t f o r th e f r u i t im m ed ia te ly a f t e r h a r v e s t a s
e x p e c te d , e i t h e r b ec a u se th e t e s t p e r io d s w ere o f to o sh o r t
a d u r a t io n o r b e c a u se th e f r u i t was i n a p o s t c l im a c t e r ic
c o n d it io n * The d i s t i n c t l y downward tr e n d i n r e s p i r a t i o n
o f th e N o rth ern Spy a p p le s a t h a r v e s t seem s t o in d ic a t e a
p o s t c l im a c t e r i c c o n d it io n (A ppendix T ab le 1 6 )* The d a i ly
f l u c t u a t i o n s in r e s p ir a t io n e x h ib i t e d by each sam ple c o u ld
have b een c a u se d by f a c t o r s such a s th e 3 ° F tem p era tu re
f l u c t u a t i o n i n th e room where th e d e te r m in a tio n s w ere made*
The a lm o st s t r a i g h t l i n e c u r v e s shown i n F ig u re X II f o r
th e r e s p i r a t i o n r a t e s o f M cIntosh a p p le s a f t e r c o ld s t o r a g e ,
w ould be e x p e c te d f o r f r u i t h e ld and t e s t e d under t h e s e
c o n d it io n s *
V II . SUMMARY
M cIn tosh and N o rth ern Spy app le t r e e s were sp rayed
p r i o r t o h a r v e s t w i t h drop d e la y in g sp r a y s o f n a p h th a le n e -
a c e t i c a c id (NAA), 2 -r a e th y l - i j -c h lo r o p h e n o x y a c e t ic a c id
(T o lo x y ) and 2 ,Z j . ,5 - tr ic h lo r o p h e n o x y p r o p io n ic a c id (2 ,lj . ,5 -T P ) •
The p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e s o f t h e f r u i t t o t h e s e sp r a y s a t
h a r v e s t and a f t e r s t o r a g e a t 70° and 3 2 ° F w ere m easured by
c h e m ic a l a n a ly s e s o f th e e d i b l e p o r t i o n s o f th e f r u i t f o r
m o is t u r e , s u g a r s , s o l u b l e s o l i d s , p r o t e i n and a c id c o n te n t s *
D e te r m in a t io n s o f s k in ground c o l o r , f l e s h f ir m n e s s and
r e s p i r a t i o n r a t e s o f t h e f r u i t were a l s o made*
The f r u i t sam p les w ere h a r v e s t e d a t random from th e
t e s t t r e e s once d u r in g th e normal com m ercial h a r v e s t p e r io d .
An e a r l y h a r v e s t o f M cIntosh f r u i t was a l s o made i n 19^9*
The r e s u l t s o f t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n show t h a t NAA and
T o lo x y d id n o t m arkedly i n f l u e n c e th e p h y s io lo g y o f th e
f r u i t . However, sp r a y s o f 2,lj.,5>-TP s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t e d
M cIn tosh a p p le s i n one o f th e two y e a r s i n w h ich t h i s m a t e r ia l
was t e s t e d . A p p l i c a t i o n s o f 5-TP t o M cIntosh t r e e s 28
days b e f o r e h a r v e s t w ere o f g r e a t e r e f f e c t on th e f r u i t than
t h e a p p l i c a t i o n s made 17 days b e fo r e h a r v e s t . The sp ra y s
o f 2 ,ij .,5 -T P i n 19^1 ca u sed th e f r u i t to be s o f t e r a t h a r v e s t
and c a u se d a s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t io n i n th e s o l u b l e s o l i d s ,
a c id c o n t e n t and f i r m n e s s o f th e f r u i t d u r in g th e su b seq u en t
71
s t o r a g e p e r io d . These e f f e c t s from 2,1|.,5-TP were n o t
o b s e r v e d on M cIntosh i n 1950 o r on N orthern Spy i n e i t h e r
o f t h e two y e a r s i n w h ich t h i s m a t e r ia l was u s e d . The
e v id e n c e s u g g e s t s t h a t th e h ig h e r tem p er a tu r es o c c u r r in g
on th e day o f a p p l i c a t i o n o f 2 ,i |. ,5 -T P i n 1951 th a n i n 1950
may have c o n t r ib u t e d t o t h e d i f f e r e n c e s o b ta in e d f o r M cIntosh
a p p le s i n t h e s e two y e a r s .
The l a c k o f r e sp o n s e o f th e f r u i t to tr e a tm e n t w ith
grow th r e g u l a t o r s i n 1950 was n o t due to th e tem p era tu re a t
w h ich t h e f r u i t was h e l d f o l l o w i n g h a r v e s t , s i n c e b o th
v a r i e t i e s w ere o b se r v e d a f t e r s to r a g e a t 32° and 7 0 ° F*
L ik e w is e , v a r y in g t h e number o f a p p l i c a t i o n s o f p r e h a r v e s t
s p r a y s and d a t e s o f h a r v e s t had no e f f e c t i n th e 19i|.9 t e s t s
w it h M cIn to sh . I n t h i s t e s t , t h e f r u i t was h a r v e s t e d e a r l y
i n t h e u s u a l h a r v e s t p e r io d f o l l o w in g a s i n g l e a p p l i c a t i o n
o f grow th r e g u l a t o r s , and a g a in a t a l a t e r d a te a f t e r a
se co n d tr e a tm e n t*
The r a t e s o f r e s p i r a t i o n o f t h e M cIntosh and N orth ern
Spy a p p le s t r e a t e d i n 1951 w ere d e term in ed by COg e v o l u t i o n
soon a f t e r h a r v e s t and a t th e c o n c lu s io n o f an e x te n d e d
s t o r a g e p e r i o d . V a r ia t io n s i n th e r e s p i r a t i o n r a t e s b etw een
r e p l i c a t i o n s o f t e s t f r u i t were g r e a t and d i f f e r e n c e s i n
r e s p i r a t i o n due t o t r e a tm e n ts o f growth r e g u la t o r s w ere n o t
o b serv ed #
V I I I , BIBLIO GRAPHY
A s s o c i a t i o n o f O f f i c i a l A g r i c u l t u r a l C h e m i s t s , 1 9 5 0 . O f f i c i a l M ethods o f A n a l y s i s , 7 t h e d , : 337 »
------------------------------------------- „ ----------- . 1 9 ^ 0 .O f f i c i a l M ethods o f A n a l y s i s , 7 t h e d , : 5 0 6 - 5 0 7 .
--------_ --— ________ 1 9 5 0 ,O f f i c i a l M e thods o f A n a l y s i s , 7 t h e d . : 1 2 ,
B a t j e r , L . P . 1914-1* S p r a y i n g t o c o n t r o l p r e h a r v e s t d ro p o f a p p l e s . N. Y. S t a t e H o r t . S o c . , H o r t . S c i .8 6 t h Ann. M t g . , P r o c . : l8i(.-191*
-------- ------1 9 ^ 2 . T e m p e r a tu r e i n r e l a t i o n t oe f f e c t i v e n e s s o f p r e h a r v e s t d ro p o f a p p l e s , Amer.S o c . H o r t . S c i . , P r o c . I4.O: I4.5 -I4-8 .
_______,_____ and P. C. M a r t h . 191+1* F u r t h e r s t u d i e sw i t h s p r a y s i n c o n t r o l l i n g p r e h a r v e s t d ro p o f a p p l e s . Amer. S o c . H o r t . S c i . , P r o c . 3 8 : 1 1 1 - 1 1 6 ,
------------------------ , and Ho H. Moon. 1914-5• E f f e c t o f n a p h -t h a l e n e a c e t i c a c i d s p r a y on m a t u r i t y o f a p p l e s . Amer. S o c . H o r t . S c i . , p r o c . [4.6 ; 113-117*
___-----_ — .-------- , A. H. Thompson, and F . G e r h a r d t . I 9I4.80A c o m p a r i s o n o f n a p h t h a l e n e a c e t i c a c i d and 2 ,i4> d i c h l o r o - p h e n o x y a c e t i c a c i d s p r a y s f o r c o n t r o l l i n g p r e h a r v e s t d r o p o f B a r t l e t t p e a r s . Amer. S o c . H o r t . S c i . , P r o c .5 1 : 71-71+.
—----- ———■ - - - and M. U o t a . 1951* E f f e c t o f 2,1|., 5 -t r i c h l o r o p h e n o x y p r o p i o n i c a c i d s p r a y s on f r u i t s e t o f p e a r s a n d a p p l e s . Amer. S o c . H o r t . S c i . , P r o c ,58 : 33 -36o
B l o n d e a u , R . , and J . C. C r a n e . 1914-8* E a r l y m a t u r a t i o n o f C a l i m y r n a f i g f r u i t s by means o f s y n t h e t i c hormone s p r a y s . S c i . 1 0 8 : 7 1 9 - 7 2 0 .
B o y s e n - J e n s e n . 1 9 3 6 . Growth Hormones ( t r a n s l a t e d byG. S . A very an d P. R. B u r k h o l d e r ) . McGraw H i l l , New Y o rk : 2 ,
73
1 2 . C h r i s t o p h e r , E . P . , and S. A. P i e n i a z e k , 1924-3. A f u r t h e r e v a l u a t i o n o f hormone s p r a y s . Amer. S o c .H o r t . S c i . , P r o c . 2^3: £ 1 - 5 2 .
1 3 . C l a y p o o l , L . L . , a n d R. M. K e e f e r , 1 9 ^ 2 . A c o l o r i m e t r i c m e th o d f o r CC>2 d e t e r m i n a t i o n i n r e s p i r a t i o n s t u d i e s . Amer. S o c . H o r t . S c i . lj.0: 1 7 7 - 1 3 6 .
li+o D a rw in , C. R. 1 8 8 8 . The Power o f Movement i n P l a n t s . D. A p p l e t o n and C o . , New Y ork : 1+71]..
1 5 . D a v i d s o n , J . H. 1 9 5 2 . S u g g e s t i o n s f o r t h e u s e o fC o l o r - s e t i n 1 9 5 2 . Down t o E a r t h . Summer 1 9 5 2 : 8 - 1 0 .
16* Denny, P . E . 192ij.. H a s t e n i n g t h e c o l o r a t i o n o f l e m o n s . J o u r . A g r . R e s . 27: 7 5 7 - 7 6 9 .
1 7 . E d g e r t o n , L . J . , and M. B. H offm an . 1951• The e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f s e v e r a l g r o w th r e g u l a t i n g c h e m i c a l s i n d e l a y i n g t h e h a r v e s t d rop o f M c I n to s h a p p l e s .Amer. S o c . H o r t . S c i . , P r o c . 57 : 1 2 0 - 1 2 lj..
1 8 . E v a n s , D. X. 1 9 2 8 . C hem ica l s t u d i e s i n t h e p h y s i o l o g y o f a p p l e s . VTX. A s t u d y o f t h e s u g a r s o f a p p l e s w i t h s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e t o t h e g l u c o s e - f r u c t o s e r a t i o .A n n a l s B o t . I|.2: 1 - 2 8 .
1 9 . P i t t i n g , H. 1 9 1 0 . W e i t e r e e n t w i c k l u n g s p h y s i o l o g i s c h e u n t e r s u c h u n g e n an O r c h i d e e n b l u t e n . Z e i t s c h . B o t . 2 ; 2 2 5 - 2 6 7 .
2 0 . Gane, R, 1 9 3 5 . The f o r m a t i o n o f e t h y l e n e by p l a n t t i s s u e s and i t s s i g n i f i c a n c e i n t h e r i p e n i n g o f f r u i t s . J o u r . Pom. and H o r t . S c i . 1 3 : 3 5 1 - 3 5 8 .
2 1 . G a r d n e r , P . E . , and P . C. M a r t h . 1 9 3 7 . P a r t h e n o - c a r p i c f r u i t i n d u c e d b y s p r a y i n g w i t h g ro w th p r o m o t i n g c h e m i c a l s . S c i . 8 6 : 2i |6-2i | .7•
2 2 . -------------- —- — ----, P . C. M a r th , and L . P. B a t j e r . 1939«S p r a y i n g w i t h g r o w th s u b s t a n c e s f o r t h e c o n t r o l o f p r e h a r v e s t d ro p o f a p p l e s . Amer. S o c . H o r t . S c i . , p r o c . 37 : 2 | l 5 - 4 2 8 .
2 3 . G e r h a r d t , F . , and D. P . A l l m e n d i n g e r . 19U-6. The i n f l u e n c e o f a - n a p h t h a l e n e a c e t i c a c i d s p r a y on t h e m a t u r i t y an d s t o r a g e p h y s i o l o g y o f a p p l e s , p e a r s and sw e e t c h e r r i e s . J o u r . A g r . R e s . 73 : 1 8 9 - 2 0 6 .
2 h , *_______ , and E. S m i t h . 1924-8. The s t o r a g e andr i p e n i n g r e s p o n s e o f w e s t e r n grown f r u i t s t o p o s t h a r v e s t t r e a t m e n t w i t h g ro w th r e g u l a t i n g s u b s t a n c e s . Amer. S o c . H o r t . S c i . , P r o c . 52 : 1 5 9 - 1 6 3 .
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2 5 . G r i g g s , ¥ . H , , B. T . I w a k i r i , and J . E . Be T a r . 1 9 5 1 « The e f f e c t o f 2 ,4 > 5 - t r ic h lo r o p h e n o x y p r o p io n ic a c id a p p l ie d d u r in g t h e bloom p e r io d on th e f r u i t s e t o f s e v e r a l p ear v a r i e t i e s , and on th e sh ap e , s i z e , stem l e n g t h , s e e d c o n t e n t and s t o r a g e o f B a r t l e t t p e a r s . Amer. S o c . H o rt . S c i . , P ro c . £8: 37 -45*
2 6 . G u t h r i e , J . D. 1 9 3 9 . I n h i b i t i o n o f g ro w th o f b ud s o f p o t a t o t u b e r s w i t h t h e v a p o r o f t h e m e t h y l e s t e r o f n a p h t h a l e n e ‘a c e t i c a c i d . Boyce Thompson I n s t o , C o n t r i b . 1 0 : 3 2 5 - 3 2 8 .
2 7 o H a a g e n - S m i t , A. J . j W. D. L e e c h , and W. R. B e r g r e n . 1 9 4 2 . E s t i m a t i o n , i s o l a t i o n and i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f a u x i n s i n p l a n t m a t e r i a l s . Amer. J o u r . B o t . 29 : 5 0 0 - 506.
2 8 . H a l l e r , M. H. 1941* F r u i t p r e s s u r e t e s t e r s and t h e i r p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s . U .S .D .A . C i r c . 627 : 4~5»
2 9 . — . 1 9 4 3 . E f f e c t o f p r e h a r v e s t d r o p s p r a y son s t o r a g e q u a l i t y o f a p p l e s . Amer. S o c . H o r t . S c i . , P r o c . 4 2 : 2 0 7 - 2 1 0 .
3 0 . _______________ _ 1 9 5 0 . E v a l u a t i o n o f i n d e x e s o f m a t u r i t yf o r a p p l e s . U .S .D .A . B u l l . No. 1003«
3 1 o H a n s e n , Eo 1 9 4 8 . E f f e c t o f 2 ,4 - D on t h e r i p e n i n g o f B a r t l e t t p e a r s . P l a n t P h y s . 21 : 5 8 8 - 5 9 2 .
3 2 . ____________ _ and H. H a r tm a n . 1 9 3 7 . E f f e c t o f e t h y l e n eand c e r t a i n m e t a b o l i c g a s e s upon r e s p i r a t i o n and r i p e n i n g o f p e a r s b e f o r e and a f t e r c o l d s t o r a g e .P la n t P h y s . 12 : 441-454*
3 3 . H a r l e y , C. P . , P . C. M a r th , and H. H. Moon. 1 9 5 0 .The e f f e c t o f 2 , 4 > 5 - t r i c h l o r o p h e n o x y a c e t i c a c i d s p r a y s on t h e m a t u r a t i o n o f a p p l e s . Amer. S oc . H o r t . S c i . ,P r o c . 55: 190-194*
3 4 . , H. H. Moon, and L . 0 . R e g e i m b a l . 1947*F u r t h e r s t u d i e s on s p r a y s c o n t a i n i n g 2 ,4 - D and some r e l a t e d compounds f o r r e d u c i n g h a r v e s t d r o p o f a p p l e . Amer. S o c . H o r t . S c i . , P r o c . 50: 38-44*
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I4.2 o M a r t h , P . C . , L . H a v i s , and V. E . P r i n c e , 19 50 .E f f e c t s o f g r o w th r e g u l a t i n g s u b s t a n c e s on d e v e l o p m en t and r i p e n i n g o f p e a c h e s . Amer. S o c . H o r t . S c i . , P r o c , 55s 1 5 2 - 1 5 8 •
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5 0 . S e l l , H. M ., R. W. L u e c k e , B. M. T a y l o r , and C. L . H am ner . 19^4-9o Changes i n c h e m ic a l c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e s t e m s o f r e d k i d n e y b e a n p l a n t s t r e a t e d w i t h2 , 4 - d i c h l o r o p h e n o x y a c e t i c a c i d . P l a n t P h y s . 2 4 ( 2 ) : 2 9 5 - 2 9 9 .
5 1 . Smock, R. M. 1914-2. The i n f l u e n c e o f one l o t o f a p p l e f r u i t s on a n o t h e r . Amer* S o c . H o r t . S c i . , p r o c . 4 0 : 1 8 7 - 1 9 2 .
5 2 . * 1 9 4 8 . A s t u d y o f m a t u r i t y i n d i c e s f o rM c I n t o s h a p p l e s . Amer. S o c . H o r t . S c i . , P r o c . 52: 176- 182 .
5 3 . -------------------L . J . E d g e r t o n , and M. B. H offm an .1 9 5 1 . Some e f f e c t s o f m a l e i c h y d r a z i d e on t h e s o f t e n i n g a n d r e s p i r a t i o n o f a p p le f r u i t s . Amer. S oc .H o r t . S c i . , P r o c . 5 8 : 6 9 - 7 2 .
5 4 . — ——--------------- , and C. R. G r o s s . 1947* The e f f e c t o fsome hormone m a t e r i a l s on t h e r e s p i r a t i o n and s o f t e n i n g r a t e s o f a p p l e s . Amer, Soc . H o r t . S c i . , P r o c .4 9 : 67-77*
5 5 . — _________ -_______________ ____ « 1 9 5 0 . S t u d i e s onr e s p i r a t i o n o f a p p l e s . N. Y. A gr . Exp . S t a . Mem.2 9 7 : 2 2 - 2 4 .
5 6 . S o u t h w i c k , F . W. 1943* C o m p a ra t iv e r e s u l t s w i t h s p r a y s and d u s t s i n c o n t r o l l i n g t h e p r e h a r v e s t d ro p o f a p p l e s . Amer. S o c . H o r t . S c i . , P r o c . 4 2 : 1 9 9 - 2 0 2 .
5 7 . .. .............. ... 1 9 4 6 . E f f e c t o f some g ro w th r e g u l a t i n g s u b s t a n c e s on t h e r a t e o f s o f t e n i n g and s o l u b l e s o l i d s c o n t e n t o f p e a c h e s and a p p l e s . Amer. S o c .H o r t . S c i , , P r o c . 4 7 : 8 4 - 9 0 .
£ 8 .__ __ ~~0 1949* F u r t h e r s t u d i e s on t h e i n f l u e n c e o f m e t h y l - a - n a p h t h a l e n e a c e t a t e on r i p e n i n g o f a p p l e s and r e a c h e s . Amer. S o c . H o r t . S c i . , P r o c .53 : 1 69 -1 7 3*
5 9 0 ____ ______________ -, and M H u rd . 1948* H a r v e s t i n g ,h a n d l i n g and p a c k i n g a p p l e s . S u p p le m e n t . Ground C o l o r C h a r t f o r M c I n to s h a p p l e s . C o r n e l l E x t e n s i o n B u l l e t i n 750*
6 0 . Thim ann, K. V . , and J , B eh n k e . 1947* The u s e o fa u x i n s i n t h e r o o t i n g o f c u t t i n g s . H a r v e s t F o r e s t : 1 .
77
6 l . Thompson, A. H. 1951 • The e f f e c t o f 2 , 1 + , 5 - t r i c h l o r o - p h e n o x y p r o p i o n i c a c i d s p r a y s i n d e l a y i n g t h e p r e h a r v e s t d ro p o f s e v e r a l a p p l e v a r i e t i e s . Amer. S o c .H o r t . S c i . , P r o c . 5 8 : 57-6i^o
6 2 o Vyvyan, M. C. 191+6. F r u i t f a l l and i t s c o n t r o l by s y n t h e t i c g r o w th s u b s t a n c e s . Im p . Bur*. H o r t . a n a P l a n t a t . C r o p s , T e c h . Comm. 1 8 .
6 3 . W eav er , R. J . , and W. 0 . W i l l i a m s . 1950® R esponse o f f l o w e r s o f B l a c k C o r i n t h and f r u i t o f Thompson S e e d l e s s g r a p e s t o a p p l i c a t i o n s o f g ro w th r e g u l a t o r s . B o t . G az . I l l : 1+77-i+o5*
61+. W e i n b e r g e r , J • H. 1951* E f f e c t o f 2,1+,5 - t r i c h l o r o - p e n o x y a c e t i c a c i d on t h e r i p e n i n g o f p e a c h e s i n G e o r g i a , Amer, S o c . H o r t . S c i . , P r o c . 5 ? : 1 1 5 - H 9 *
6 5 . W ent , P . W. 1 9 2 8 . W u c h s s t o f f und W achstum. R ec . T r a v . B o t . N e e r l . 25 : 1 - 1 1 6 .
660 W h i t e , D. G. 1950* B lo s s o m in g o f f r u i t s d e l a y e d b y m a l e i e h y d r a z i d e . S c i . I l l : 303o
6 7 . Zimmerman, P . W ., and F . W i l c o x o n . 1935* S e v e r a l c h e m i c a l s u b s t a n c e s w h ic h c a u s e i n i t i a t i o n o f r o o t s and o t h e r r e s p o n s e s i n p l a n t s . Boyce Thomp. I n s t . , C o n t r i b . 7 : 209-229*
APPEFDIX
TABLE 12
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR AND FIRMNESS OF McINTOSHAPPLES HARVESTED SEPTEMBER 8 , 1914-9
(O bserved a f t e r c o l d s to r a g e i n Jan u ary , 1950)
Treatm entR e p l i c a t i o n
I n v e r tsu g a r s
(%)
A c id s (ml .IN NaOH)
M o is tu re(%)
C olorr a t in g
F irm ness( l b s . )
Check 1 8 .8 7 4 . 7 8 7 .3 4 .1 9 .12 8 .9 5 6 .3 8 6 .5 4 . 0 8 .13 9 .8 3 5 .3 85.8 3 . 9 8 . 7
Mean 9 .20 5 . 4 8 6 .5 4 . 0 8 .6
NAA 10 ppm 1 8 .£8 4 .1 87 .0 9 .12 9 .1 9 5 . 0 8 6 .9 3 .8 9 .23 8*96 4 .8 87 .0 3 .8 9 . 04 8 .1 2 6 .1 8 5 .8 3 .7 9 .1
Mean 8 .7 1 5 .0 86.7 3 . 9 9 .1
NAA 20 ppm 1 8 .4 1 5 .8 87.0 4 .1 8 . 62 8 .9 7 3 . 4 8 7 .3 3 .9 8 . 63 8 .5 6 6 .2 87 .0 3 .6 8 . 44 8 .5 6 6 . 5 8 6 .2 3 .1 8 .7
Mean 8 .6 2 5 . 4 8 6 .9 3 .7 8 . 6
T o lo x y 20 ppm 1 mm mm 1 2 .92 7 .9 2 4*6 8 7 .1 3 .9 8 . 53 1 0 .0 6 4 . 9 i&*9 3 .8 1 0 .04 9 .6 2 6 .4 8 5 .7 3 . 4 9 .0
Mean 9 .2 0 5 .3 8 5 .9 3 .7 1 0 .1
T o lo x y 30 ppm 123i.
8 .5 89 .3 4
5 .15 .8
8 6 .68 6 .0
4 .13 .9
9 .09 .3
4
Mean 8 .9 6 5 . 5 8 6 .3 4 .0 9 .2
80
TABLE 13
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR AND FIRMNESS OF McINTOSH APPLES HARVESTED SEPTEMBER XI4-, 1949
(O bserved a f t e r c o ld s t o r a g e i n Janu ary , 1950)
T reatm entR e p l i c a t i o n
I n v e r tsu g a rs
(? )
A c id s (ml .INNaOH)
M o is tu re(%)
C olorr a t i n g
F irm n ess( l b s . )
Check 1 8 .9 0 4 . 8 87 .O 3 .9 8 . 92 8.98 5 .3 8 6 .9 3 .1 8 . 53 9 .9 1 6 .4 8 5 .7 2 . 9 8 . 5
Mean 9*30 5 . 5 8 6 .5 3 .3 8 .6
NAA 10 ppm 1 8 .8 3 3 .6 8 6 . 4 3 . 4 9 .12 8 .8 6 5 .2 86 .3 3 . 4 8 .13 8 .8 3 5 . 0 8 6 .3 2 . 9 8 .64 9.61 5 .7 8 5 .6 3 .2 8 .7
Mean 9 .0 3 4 . 9 86.1 3 .2 8 .6
NAA 20 ppm 1 8 *8i+ 5 .3 8 6 .5 3 . 5 8 .22 8 .80 3 . 4 87 ,0 3 .7 8 .43 8 .8 9 4 .2 86.8 3 .5 8 .64 8 .7 3 6.1 8 6 .4 2 .6 8 . 5
Mean 8 .8 2 4*7 86 .6 3 .3 8 .4
T oloxy 20 ppm 1 7 .9 9 4 . 6 87 .6 3 .3 8 . 42 9 .8 0 4*6 87.0 3 . 4 8 .43 1 0 .1 2 4 . 5 3 .3 9 . 64 9.4-3 6 .3 8 5 .7 3 . 2 8 . 9
Mean 9 .3 4 5 .0 8 6 .2 3 .3 8 .8
T o lo x y 30 ppm 1 9 .0 9 !*•?8 6 .2A _J _
3 .9 9 .62 9 .5 9 5*4 8 5 .1 3 .3 8 . 93 9 .4 0 4*7 8 5 .9 3 . 5 9 .74 9 .1 1 5 .3 86 .3 3 .1 8 . 2
Mean 9 .3 0 5 .0 8 5 .9 3 . 5 9 .1
81
TABLE 14
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR AND FIRMNESS OF MCINTOSHAPPLES HARVESTED SEPTEMBER 2 7 , 1950
(O bserved a t h a r v e s t )
T reatm ent R e p l i c a t i o n
I n v e r tsu g a rs
(%)
A cid s (ml .IN NaOH)
M o is tu re(%)
C olorr a t i n g
F irm ness( l b s . )
Check 1 1 0 ,2 0 7 .8 8 4 .9 3 .6 1 4 .22 1 0 ,0 1 7 . 4 8 5 .4 3 .1 1 4 .83 9*93 8 .0 8 6 .3 3 . 4 1 3 . 44 9 .4 7 8 .8 8 5 .9 3 .6 1 3 .6
Mean 9 .9 0 8 .0 8 $ .6 3 . 4 14 .0
NAA 10 ppm 1 1 0 .1 $ 8 .7 8 5 .5 3 .6 14 .82 9 .6 l i 1 0 .6 8 5 . i a 3 . 2 a 1 4 .33 9 .9 3 9 . 4 a 3 .7 14 .04 1 0 ,1 1 7 .8 8 5 . 4 4 . 0 1 2 ,9
Mean 9 .9 6 9 .1 85*4 3 .6 1 4 .0
NAA 20 ppm 1 9 .7 4 8 , 0 8 5 .8 3 .6 1 3 .62 9 .4 2 4 , 9 8 5 .7 3 .3 1 3 .83 8 .8 $ 8 .1 8 4 .9 3 . 4 1 4 .34 9 .9 8 9 .5 8 5 .4 3 .3 1 3 .6
Mean 9 .$ 0 7 .6 8 5 .5 3 . 4 1 3 .8
T o loxy 30 ppm 1 1 0 .1 7 9 .6 8 $ .0 3 .1 1 4 .62 9 .5 0 9 .7 8 5 .2 3 .3 1 4 .83 10 .32 1 0 .1 3 . 4 1 4 .24 9 .9 3 7 .8 8 5 .5 3 .7 1 4 .4
Mean 9 .9 8 9 .3 8 5 .2 3 . 4 1 4 .5
2 , 4 . 5-TP 20 ppm 1 9 .7 4 9 .2 8 5 .6 3 . 2 1 3 .22 10.18 8 . 5 8 5 .3 3 . 4 1 3 .73 9 .7 6 8 . 2 8 6 .2 3 .6 1 3 .94 8 .6 3 8 . 0 8 5 .9 3 . 4 1 3 .7
Mean 9 .5 8 8 .5 8 5 .8 3 . 4 1 3 .6
aC a lc u la te d m is s in g v a lu e
82
TABLE 15
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR AND FIRMNESS OF McINTOSHAPPLES HARVESTED SEPTEMBER 2 7 , 1950
(O bserved 10 days a f t e r s to r a g e a t 7 0 ° F)
T reatm entR e p l i c a t i o n
I n v e r tsu g a rs
(? )
A c id s (ml .IN NaOH)
M o istu reW
C olorr a t i n g
F irm n ess( l b s . )
Check 1 1 0 .5 6 6 .8 8 5 .1 2 .2 9 .82 9 .3 0 7 . 1 8 5 .7 1 . 9 9 .63 1 0 ,0 2 6 .3 8 5 .7 2 .1 9 .14- 1 0 .0 2 6 .4 8 5 .7 2 . 0 9 . 6
Mean 9 .9 8 6 .7 8 5 .6 2 .1 9 . 5
NAA 1 0 ppm 1 9 .9 1 6 .6 8 5 .8 2 .0 9 .62 9 .5 5 8 .1 8 5 .8 1 .7 9 *2 «3 1 0 .0 1 a 6 ,8 8 5 . 7 a 2 . 1 a 8 . 94- 10 .08 6 . 4. 8 5 .5 2 .3 8 . 2
Mean 9 .8 9 7 .0 8 5 .7 2 .0 9 .0
NAA 20 ppm 1 9.4-7 6 .2 8 6 .2 2 .3 8 . 52 1 0 .3 0 6 ,0 8 5 .5 1 .7 8 . 93 1 0 .1 5 6 .6 8 5 .2 2 .0 8 . 914- 9 .7 6 7 .3 8 5 .7 1 . 5 9 .2
Mean 9 .9 2 6 .5 8 5 .7 1 . 9 8 . 9
T o lo x y 30 ppm 1 9*4-7 7 .0 8 5 .2 1 .8 9 .22 9 .4 7 7 . 9 8 5 .3 2 .3 9 .83 1 0 .5 1 7 .3 8 5 .2 2 .1 9 .34- 9 .6 2 6 .3 8 5 .8 2 .2 9 .5
Mean 9 .7 7 7 .1 8 5 . 4 2 .1 9 . 5
2 ,k ,5 - T P 20 ppm 1 1 0 .3 7 7 .2 8 5 .5 1 .8 8 . 62 1 0 .0 0 7 .1 8 5 .7 2 .2 8 . 93 9 .7 8 6 .k 8 6 .2 1 .8 9 .14- 9 .3 0 7 .6 8 5 .4 1 . 5 9 .1
Mean 9 .7 1 7 .1 8 5 .7 1 .8 8 . 9
aC a lc u la te d m is s in g v a lu e
83
TABLE 16
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR AND FIRMNESS OF McINTOSHAPPLES HARVESTED SEPTEMBER 2 7 , 1950
(O bserved a f t e r some t h r e e months o f s t o r a g e a t 32° F)
T reatm entR e p l i c a t i o n
I n v e r tsu g a r s
(%)
A cid s (ml .IN NaOH)
M o is tu re(*)
C o lorr a t i n g
F irm ness( l b s . )
Check 1 1 0 .2 0 k .7 8 5 .6 2 .7 9 .32 1 0 .0 8 5 . 6 8 5 .8 2 . 2 9 .83 9 .7 9 5 .1 8 6 .6 2 .7 8 . kk 9 .3 3 k .k 8 6 .3 2 .9 9 .0
Mean 9 .8 5 5 . 0 8 6 .1 2 .6 9 .1
NAA 1 0 ppm 1 9 .8 6 8 .1 8 5 .7 2 .8 9 .52 9 .9 1 6 . k 8 5 .6 2 .5 9 . 3 n3 1 0 . 1 7 a 7 . 5 a 8 6 . l a 2 . 8 a 9 .2k 1 0 .k 9 k .3 8 6 .2 3 .2 9 .2
Mean 1 0 .1 1 6 .6 8 5 .9 2 .8 9 .3
NAA 20 ppm 1 1 0 .2 5 k .k 8 7 .8 3 .2 9 .12 9 .2 8 k .8 8 6 .5 2 . 6 9 .13 9 .6 7 k .7 8 5 .9 . 2 . 5 9 .8k 9.81 5 .7 8 6 .7 2 .k 9 .9
Mean 9 .7 5 k .9 8 6 .7 2 .7 9 . 5
T o lo x y 30 ppm 1 10.61+ 8 . 9 8 5 .5 2 . 3 8 . 52 10 .06 8 . 2 8 5 .0 2 .3 1 0 .03 1 0 .1 0 9 .8 8 6 .3 2 .k 9 . 5
• 14- 9 .9 3 k .5 8 6 .1 3 .1 8 .1
Mean 10.18 7 .9 8 5 .7 2 . 5 9 .0
2 ,k ,5 - T P 20 ppm 1 9 .6 7 8 .2 8 6 .2 2«k 8 . 52 9 .9 8 k .7 8 6 .1 2 .6 9 .73 1 0 . k6 8 . 5 8 6 .9 2 .6 8 . 514- 9 .8 3 5 . 5 8 6 .7 2 . 5 9 .1
Mean 9 .9 9 6 .7 8 6 .5 2 .5 9 .0
aC a lc u la te d m is s in g v a lu e
TABLE 17
GROUND COLOR AND FIRMNESS OF MCINTOSH APPLESHARVESTED SEPTEMBER 2 8 , 1951
(O bserved a t h a r v e s t )
T reatm ent R e p l i c a t i o n C olorr a t i n g
F irm ness ( l b s . )
Check 1 ll-.O 1 0 .72 3 .9 1 2 .03 3 .9 1 1 .94 4*0 1 1 .5
Mean 14-.0 1 1 .5
NAA 20 ppm 1 4 . 0 1 1 .12 4 .1 1 1 .03 4 . 0 1 1 .24 3 .9 1 1 .4
Mean il-.o 11 .2
T o lo x y 20 ppm 1 4 .o a io*4 a2 Il-.o 11.03 4 . 1 1 0 .54 il-.o 1 0 .9
Mean ij-.O 10*7
2 ,4 ,5 - T P "A" 20 ppm 1 ll-.O 9 . 5( a p p l i e d Aug0 30) 2 3 .7 9 . 5
• 3 3 .8 9 .34 3 .8 9 .8
Mean 3 .8 9 . 5
2 ,4> 5 -T P "Btt 20 ppm 1 ij-.l 9 .8( a p p l i e d S e p t . 11) 2 4.1 8 . 9
3 ij-o 0 1 1 .04 4 .0 1 0 .9
Mean 4 .1 9 .9
2 ,4 ,5 - T P "C" 20 ppm 1 3 . 6 9 .1( a p p l i e d Aug* 30 and 2 4 .0 8 . 5
Sept* 11 ) 34
3 .93 .8
9 .08 .3
Mean 3 .8 8 .7
C a l c u l a t e d m is s in g v a lu e
TABLE 18 85
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR AND FIRMNESS OF McINTOSH APPLES HARVESTED SEPTEMBER 28 , 1951
(O bserved i n Jan u ary , 1 9 5 2 , a f t e r s to r a g e a t 3 2 ° F)
T reatm entR e p l i c a t i o n
Sugars*3(%)
A cid s (ml .IN NaOH)
C olorr a t i n g
F i rmne s s ( l b s . )
Check 1 1 1 .5 6 .2 3 .3 9 .32 12 .5 6 .6 3.±j- 8 .I4-3 n # 5 6 .6 2 .9 9 .0k 12#5 8 . k 3 .2 9 . 0
Mean 12#0 7 .0 3 .2 8 . 9
NAA 20 ppm 1 1 1 .0 6 .k 3 .1 9 .02 1 2 ,0 7 .0 3.1*- 9 . 43 1 2 .0 6 . 6 3 .3 9 . 0k 12 #0 5 . 4 3*6 9 .0
Mean I I 08 6 .4 3. 4- 9 .1
T o lo x y 20 ppm 1 1 1 . 7a 6 . 0 a 3 . 1 a 9 . 0 a2 1 1 ,5 6 .8 3 .2 Q. k3 1 1 .5 5 .8 . 3 .3 9 .3k 12 .0 6 .k 3 .4 8 .7
Mean 11.7 6 .3 3 .3 8 .9
2,I}.,5-TP "A" 1 11.0 5 .2 3 .2 8 .120 ppm 2 1 1 .5 5 .0 3 .3 8 .3
( a p p l i e d Aug# 30) 3 11 .0 3 .2 7 .7k 1 1 .5 6 .0 3 .5 7 .7
Mean 11.3 5J+ 3 .3 8 . 0
2,14.,5-TP 11 Bw 1 1 1 .5 5 .8 8 .920 ppm 2 1 0 .5 5 .8 3 .3 8 . 9
( a p p l ie d 3 1 2 .0 5 . 2 3 .1 8 . 2S ept# 11) k 1 2 .0 6.1j. 3 .2 9 .6
Mean 1 1 .5 5 .8 3 .3 8 .9
2 ,ij .,5 -T P "C" 1 1 1 .5 5 . 2 2 . 0 8 . 420 ppm 2 11 .0 5 .6 3 . 2 8 .0
( a p p l i e d Aug, 30 3 11.5 6 .0—M 3 .0 8 . 5A Aand S ep t# 11 ) k 1 1 .0 5*2 2 .7 0 0 0
Mean 11.3 5 . 5 2 .7 8 .2
C a l c u l a t e d m is s in g v a lu e ^ S o lu b le s o l i d s e x p r e s s e d a s su g a rs
86
TABLE 19
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR AND FIRMNESS OPMcINTOSH APPLES HARVESTED SEPTEMBER 2 8 , 1951
(O bserved i n March, 1952 , a f t e r s t o r a g e a t 32° P)
T reatm ent R e p l i - S u g a rs1 c a t i o n (%)
A cid s (ml .IN NaOH)
C olorr a t in g
F irm ness( l b s . )
Check
NAA 20 ppm
T o lo x y 20 ppm
2 ,4 » 5 -T P "A"20 ppm
( a p p l i e d Aug,
2 ,4 ,5 - T P "Bw 20 ppm
( a p p l i e d S e p t . 11)
2 ,4 ,5 - T P *Cn 20 ppm
( a p p l i e d Aug.
30)
30and S e p t . 11)
1 1 2 .0 3 .9 3 .6 7 . 52 12 . 5 ft 4 . 4 3 .1 8 . 93 1 2 .3 4 . 5 a 2 .8 8 .84 1 2 .0 5 .o 2 .8 7 . 5
Mean 1 2 .2 4 . 5 3 .1 8 . 2
1 1 1 .5 4 . 6 2 .4 8 . 92 11 .8 4* 4 3 .3 7 . 53 11 .8 4 . 4 3 .1 8 .24 11 .8 4 .2 3 .2 7 .8
Mean 1 1 .7 4 . 4 3 .0 8 .1
1 1 1 . 3 a 3 . 9 a 3 * l a 8 . 0a2 12 .0 3 .8 3 .1 7 . 63 11 .0 4 . 4 3 .2 8 . 44 1 1 .5 4 .0 3 .1 8 . 4
Mean 1 1 .5 4»2 3 .1 8.1
1 11 .0 3 .2 3 .3 6.82 1 1 .3 3 .9 3 .3 8 . 33 11 .0 3 .8 2 .9 7 .94 1 1 .0 3 .7 3 .0 7 . 6
Mean 11.1 3 .7 3 .1 7 .7
1 1 1 .0 3 .9 3 .3 8 .02 1 0 . S 3 .3 3 .2 6*63 1 2 .3 4 .1 3 .0 7 . 54 1 1 .5 4 .5 2 3 .1 8 . 9
Mean 1 1 .3 4 . 0 3 .2 7 .8
1 1 1 .5 3 . 4 2 . 5 7 . 22 11 .0 4 .4 3 .7 7 .73 1 1 .5 3 .8 2.8 7 . 44 1 1 .5 4 .1 2 . 4 6 .9
Mean 11 .4 3 .9 2 . 9 7 . 3
C a l c u l a t e d m is s in g v a lu e b S o lu b le s o l i d s e x p r e s s e d as su gars
87
TABLE 20
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR AND FIRMNESS OF NORTHERNSPY APPLES HARVESTED OCTOBER 1 0 -1 2 , 1949
(O bserved a t h a r v e s t )
. R e p l i - T reatm ent c a t i o n
I n v e r tsu g a rs
(* )
A c id s (ml .IN NaOH)
P r o t e in M o istu re(* ) i t )
C o lo r F irm - r a t i n g n e s s
( l b s . )
Check 1 1 1 .9 7 7 .6 0 .2 2 8 3 .8 2 . 2 1 8 .52 1 1 .7 4 6 .6 0 .2 3 8 4 .3 2 . 4 16 .63 1 1 .8 4 7 .7 0 .2 5 8 3 . 4 3 . 0 1 8 .54 1 2 . l i 7 .7 0 .2 3 8 4 .1 3 .1 1 9 .7
Mean 1 1 .9 2 7 . 4 0 .2 3 8 3 .9 2 .7 1 8 .3
NAA 10 ppm 1 1 2 .3 9 7 .5 0 .2 2 2 . 5 2 0 .92 1 0 .9 2 7 . 2 0 .3 1 — 1 .7 1 7 .2 ,3 1 2 .8 0 7 . 0 0 .2 8 - - 2 .3 1 8 . 01k 1 2 .3 7 a 6*4 0 . 2 7 a — 2 .2 1 8 . 4
Mean 1 2 .1 1 7 .0 0 .2 7 M* ■» 2 .2 1 8 .8
NAA 20 ppm 1 1 1 .5 3 8 .1 0 .2 4 8 4 .2 2 .0 1 8 .42 1 1 .1 3 8 . 3 0 .3 3 8 5 .1 2 .3 1 5 .13 1 1 .2 0 7 .2 0 .2 7 8 4 .1 2 .7 2 1 .54 1 1 .1 2 6 . 9 0 .2 5 8 4 .6 2 .1 20.5*
Mean 1 1 .2 3 7 .6 0 .2 7 8 4 .5 2 .6 1 8 .9
T o lo x y 20 ppm 1 1 1 .9 4 7 .2 0 .2 5 8 3 .8 2 .2 1 8 .92 1 1 .4 7 7 .8 0 .2 2 8 3 .9 2 . 2 1 8 .63 1 2 .1 5 8 . 0 0 .2 5 8 3 .4 1 . 9 1 6 .24 1 1 .6 7 6 .2 0 .2 8 8 3 .5 2 . 4 1 9 .9
Mean 11.81 7 .3 0 .2 5 8 3 .7 2 . 2 1 8 .4
T o lo x y 30 PPm 1 1 1 .0 3 8 .1 0 .3 1 8 4 .7 2 . 5 1 8 .62 1 0 .9 7 8 .1 0 .2 8 8 4 .6 1 .7 1 6 .83 1 2 .1 2 7 .5 0 .2 6 8 2 .8 2 .2 1 4 .94 1 2 .7 7 6 . 5 0 .2 8 8 3 .1 2 .7 2 1 .9
Mean 1 1 .7 2 7 .6 0 .2 8 8 3 .8 2 .3 1 8 .1
C a l c u l a t e d m is s in g v a lu e
88
TABLE 21
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR AND FIRMNESS OF NORTHERNSPY APPLES HARVESTED OCTOBER 1 0 -1 2 , 191*9
(O bserved a f t e r t h r e e months o f s to r a g e a t 32° F)
R e p l i -T reatm en t c a t i o n
I n v e r tsu g a rs
(%)
A cid s (ml .IN NaOH)
P r o t e in M o is tu re {%) (%)
C olo r F irm - r a t i n g n e s s
( l b s . )
Check 1 1 1 .2 2 7 . 5 0 .1 9 8 3 .9 1 .8 l i* .02 1 0 .7 8 - 6 .8 0 .2 5 81**1 2 .0 1 3 . 23 1 0 .8 5 7 .2 0 .2 6 81*.5 2 . 6 1 3 .8k 1 2 .2 7 7 .0 0 .2 5 8 3 .7 2 . 9 li*«9
Mean 1 1 .2 8 7 .1 0.21* 81*.0 2 .3 11*.0
NAA 10 ppm 1 1 2 .1 5 6 .7 0 .2 0 8 2 .5 ' 2 . 5 1 5 .52 1 1 .0 5 7 .2 0 .2 3 81*.l 1 . 5 1 3 .63 1 1 .6 5 .7 .0 0 .2 3 8 3 .8 2 .1 l l* .61* 1 0 .9 3 8 .1 0 .2 5 83.1* 1 . 9 11*. 0
Mean 11.1*5 7 .3 0 .2 3 83.1* 2 .0 ll*.i*
NAA 20 ppm 1 1 0 .6 3 7 .6 0 .2 5 81**3 1 . 9 11*. 02 - 9 .7 1 7 .2 0 .2 6 8 5 .3 2 *°* 1 2 .33 1 1 .1 5 7 .0 0 .2 8 83 .6 1 . 9 1 5 .8I* 1 0 .9 0 7.1* 0 . 2 k 81*.1 1 . 9 1 2 .7
Mean 1 0 .6 0 7 .3 0 .2 6 81+.3 1 . 9 1 3 .7
T o loxy 20 ppm 1 11.1*5 7 .2 0 .2 k 83.1+ 2 .0 11*.12 1 1 .3 3 8 .1 0 .2 0 8 3 .6 1 .8 1 3 .93 1 0 .7 6 8 . 5 0 .2 5 8i*02 1 . 9 1 3 .01* 1 1 .0 3 6 .6 0 .2 2 8 3 .7 2 . 0 1 5 .0
Mean 1 1 . 1 k 7 .6 0 .2 3 8 3 .7 1 . 9 11*.0
T o lo x y 30 ppm 1 1 0 .7 9 8.1* 0 .2 1 81*.3 2 .2 1 2 .92 1 0 .6 8 8 .7 0 .2 1 81*.0 1 .7 1 3 .73 10.61* 7 .8 0 .3 6 8 3 .9 1 .7 13.1*k 1 1 .7 9 7 .0 0 .2 7 82.1* 2 .7 1 5 .3
Mean 1 0 .9 8 8 . 0 0 .2 6 8 3 .7 2 .1 1 3 .8
C a l c u l a t e d m is s in g v a lu e
89
TABLE 22
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR AND FIRMNESS OF NORTHERNSPY APPLES HARVESTED OCTOBER 2 5 , 1950
(O bserved a t h a r v e s t )
Treatm ent R e p l i c a t i o n
I n v e r tsu g a rs
(? )
A c id s (ml .IN NaOH)
M o is tu re C o lor (%) r a t i n g
b c
F irm ness( l b s . )
Check 1 1 0 .4 9 9.88 84*6 3 .3 2.8 1 3 .52 10*22 9 .8 5 8 4 .5 1 . 9 2 . 5 a 14*63 10.42 1 0 .5 8 8 5 .1 2 . 4 2.1 14 .64 10*30 9.68 84 .8 2 .9 2 .5 1 4 .7
Mean 10.36 10.00 8 4 .7 2.6 2 .5 1 4 .4
NAA 1 0 ppm 1 10*34 11.00 8 4 .9 2.1 2 .2 14*52 1 1 .6 5 11.60 8 4 .5 2 .7 2 .3 1 6 .93 10*46 9 .1 8 8 4 .9 2 .1 2 . 4 1 4 .54 1 0 .5 2 1 0 .0 5 8 5 .3 2 .1 1 .7 14.1
Mean 1 0 .7 4 10.46 8 4 .9 2 .3 2 .2 15 .0
NAA 20 ppm 1 1 0 .4 9 10 .45 8 4 .1 2 .8 2 .8 1 5 . 52 1 0 .3 5 1 0 .2 8 8 4 .5 2 .1 2 . 4 1 5 . 43 1 0 .2 5 10.45 84.6 2 .3 2 .2 I4 o 04 1 0 .5 9 11.05 8 4 .7 2 .3 2 . 0 1 4 .7
Mean 1 0 .4 2 1 0 .5 6 8 4 .5 2 . 4 2 . 4 1 4 .9
T o loxy 20 ppm 1 1 0 .9 4 9 .5 5 8 5 .0 2 .3 2 . 5 15.12 1 0 .0 1 1 0 .1 0 8 5 .3 2 .3 2 .5 I4 o 03 9 .9 8 9 .8 5 84.8 2 .9 2 .5 14 .64 1 1 .0 1 8 .9 5 8 4 .5 2 .3 2 .0 14o8
Mean 1 0 .4 9 9 .6 1 8 4 .9 2 .4 2 .4 14*6
2 ,4 ,5 - T P 1 1 0 .3 9 1 0 .6 5 9 4 .3 2 .6 2 .6 15 .220 ppm 2 1 0 .3 4 9 .6 5 8 5 .3 2 .9 2 .2 1 4 .3
3 10.30 1 0 .9 0 84.6 2 .2 2 .3 1 5 .64 10 .30 10.40 8 4 .9 2 .2 2 . 4 14.8
Mean 1 0 .3 3 10.40 84.8 2 .5 2 . 4 1 5 .0
C a l c u l a t e d m is s in g v a lu eC o l o r r e a d in g f o r f r u i t s t o r e d a t 32 FC o l o r r e a d in g f o r f r u i t s t o r e d a t 70 F
90
TABLE 23
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR AND FIRMNESS OF NORTHERNSPY APPLES HARVESTED OCTOBER 2 5 , 1950
(O bserved a f t e r s t o r a g e f o r 10 days a t 70° F)
T reatm entR e p l i c a t i o n
I n v e r tsu g a rs
(%)
A cid s (ml .IN NaOH)
M o is tu r e(%)
C olorr a t i n g
F irm ness( l b s . )
Check 1 1 0 ,7 9 7 .7 8 o 8 5 .7 & 1 . 8 1 0 . 7 -2 1 0 .3 7 a 7*52 8 5 .5 1 . 7 1 1 . 2 a3 l O . l i i 7 .6 5 8 5 .1 1 4 1 1 .1k 10.61* 7 .7 5 8 5 .0 1 .8 1 2 .1
Mean 1 0 .5 6 7 . 7 8 5 .3 1 .7 1 1 .3
NAA 1 0 ppm 1 1 1 .0 8 8 .7 5 84 .6 1 . 4 1 2 .02 1 1 .0 3 8 .2 5 84.0 1 . 6 1 3 .43 1 0 .2 7 7 4 5 8 5 .2 1 . 5 ! 2 . 5 ak 10 .30 7 .8 8 8 5 .0 1 . 4 1 2 . 8 a
Mean 1 0 .6 7 8 .1 8 4 .7 1 . 5 1 2 .7
NAA 20 ppm 1 1 0 .7 6 8 .0 5 84.8 1 .7 1 2 .02 1 0 .5 9 7 .6 5 8 5 .0 1 .6 1 2 .83 1 0 .4 4 8 .6 5 8 5 .0 1 . 6 1 2 .0k 1 0 .5 6 8 .0 0 8 5 .0 . 1 . 3 1 2 . 5
Mean 1 0 .5 9 8 .1 8 5 .0 1 .6 1 2 .3
T o loxy 20 ppm 1 1 1 .8 2 7 .9 0 84 .6 1 . 6 1 3 .52
I9 .9 8
10 .641 0 .9 3
8 .1 57 .9 07 .2 3
85*48 5 .584 .2
1 . 51 .81 .7
1 1 .41 1 .5 1 1 .8
Mean 1 0 .8 4 7 .8 8 4 .9 1 .7 1 2 .1
2 ,4 ,5 - T P 20 ppm 1 1 0 .6 6 8 .2 5 84 .2 1 .7 1 3 .42 10.47 7 .3 0 8 5 .3 1 . 5 11 .53 1 0 .9 6 8 .4 0 84.8 1 . 5 1 2 .5if 1 0 .8 8 8 .0 5 8 5 .3 1 . 5 12 .3
Mean 1 0 .7 4 8 . 0 8 4 .9 1 .7 1 2 .4
C a l c u l a t e d m is s in g v a lu e
91
TABLE 2k
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR AND FIRMNESS OF NORTHERNSPY APPLES HARVESTED OCTOBER 2 5 , 1950
(O bserved a f t e r s t o r a g e f o r 3i? months a t 32° F)
T reatm ent R e p l i c a t i o n
I n v e r tsu g a rs
<#)
A cid s (ml .IN NaOH)
M oistu re(%)
C olorr a t in g
F irm ness( l b s . )
Check 1 9*72 7 .0 5 8 6 .0 2 .0 9 .02 10o25 7 .2 3 8 k . 8 1 . 3 1 1 . k3 9 .k 7 7 .9 5 8 5 .2 1 . 3 1 0 .9k 10*81 7 .0 8 8 5 .1 1 . 5 9 .7
Mean 1 0 .0 6 7 .3 3 8 5 .3 1 . 5 1 0 .3
NAA 10 ppm 1 1 0 .3 k 8 .k 5 1 .3 1 1 .22 1 1 .2 8 7 .60 8 k . 5 l . k 1 2 .13 10*25 8 .2 0 8 5 .3 1 . 3 1 1 .1k 1 0 .6 k 7 .0 5 8 5 .7 1 .3 1 0 .7
Mean 10*63 7 .8 3 8 5 .1 1 .3 1 1 .3
NAA 20 ppm 1 1 0 .0 6 9 .1 8 8 5 .0 1 . 6 1 0 .52 9*02 6 .3 5 8 5 .0 i * k 1 1 .83 1 1 .5 0 7 .5 5 8 5 .3 1 .3 1 0 .6k 10*8k 6 ,k o 8 k . 7 1 . 2 1 1 .7
Mean 1 0 .3 6 7 .3 7 8 5 .0 l «k 1 1 .2
T o loxy 20 ppm 1 10*81 6 .8 0 8 k . 9 l . k 1 1 .32 1 0 .8 1 7.18 8 5 .8 1 . 2 1 0 .33 1 0 .8 6 6 .7 5 8 5 .5 1 . 6 1 0 .8k 1 1 .0 6 6 .3 8 8 5 .3 l . k 1 1 ,0
Mean 10*89 6 .7 8 8 5 .k l . k 1 0 .9
2 .k .5 - T P 20 com 1 1 0 .6 6 7 .6 8 8 k .9 1 . 5 1 1 .62 1 0 .2 5 8 .5 8 8 5 .3 l . k 1 0 .93 1 0 .1 5 7 .8 0 8 5 .2 1 .3 1 1 .0k 9 .7 6 8 .7 3 8 5 .3 1 .3 1 1 .1
Mean 1 0 .2 1 8 .2 0 8 5 .2 l . k 1 1 .2
92
TABLE 2^
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR AND FIRMNESS OF NORTHERN SPY APPLES HARVESTED OCTOBER 1 8 , 1951
(O bserved a t h a r v e s t )
T reatm ent R e p l i c a t i o n
S u g a rsa (%)
A cid s (ml .IN NaOH)
C olo rr a t i n g
F irm ness ( l b s . )
Check 1 1 3 .5 9 .3 2 .7 13.62 1*4.0 9 . 4 2.14 1 3 .83 1 3 .0 10 o0 2 . 9 114.9*4 13 .0 9 .6 1 . 9 1 3 .6
Mean 13.14- 9 .7 2 .5 1*4.0
NAA 20 ppm 1 1 3 .6 11.8 2 .9 1 2 .92 1 3 . 5 1 0 .2 2 .6 15 .23 114.0 12 .8 3 .2 1 4 .5k II4-.0 10 .2 2 .8 1 6 .0
Mean 1 3 .8 1 1 .3 2 .9 114.7
T o lo x y 20 ppm 1 1 3 . 5 1 4 . 4 2 .9 1 6 ,02 1 3 .5 11 .2 2 .9 1 3 .73 1 3 .5 8 .8 2 .7 1 3 .9k 13 .0 8*14- 2 .6 1 3 .9
Mean 13.14- 1 0 .7 2.8 II4.I4
2 ,l4 ,5 -T P "A" 1 IL4.0 10 .0 3 .0 1 5 .520 ppm 2 1 5 .6 14*0 2 .6 II4.8
( a p p l i e d Oct* 1) 3 1 3 .0 13 .0 2 .7 12.8kr 1 3 .8 9 .0 2 . 5 1 3 .3
• Mean 1I4.2 i i . 5 2 .7 114.1
2,1|.,5-TP "b " 1 114.2 11 .2 2.8 1 5 .920 ppm 2 1 3 .5 9 . 4 2.8 1 5 .5
( a p p l i e d O c t . 1 2 ) 3 1 4 .0 8 .2 2 .7 1I4.I4k UJ..5 1 0 .2 2 .9 13.8
Mean 1I4..1 9 .8 2.8 114.9
2 , if.,5~TP "C,r 1 1 3 .5 1 4 .2 2 .9 1I4.I420 ppm 2 U 4.O 10 .2 3 .0 1I4.7
4 1 ^
( a p p l i e d O ct . 1 3 1 3 .5 1 2 .2 2*7 114.5and O c t . 12) k 14 .0 1 1 .2 2 .3 15.1
Mean 13 .8 1 2 .0 2 .7 11+.7
aS o lu b le s o l i d s e x p r e s s e d a s su g a rs
93
TABLE 26
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR AND FIRMNESS OF NORTHERN SPY APPLES HARVESTED OCTOBER 1 8 , 1951
(O bserved i n F eb ru a ry , 195 2 , a f t e r s to r a g e a t 32° F)
T reatm entR e p l i c a t i o n
Sugars®-(?)
A c id s (ml ,1N NaOH)
C olorr a t in g
F irm ness ( l b s , )
Check 1 1 3 .0 9 . 2 2 .3 1 2 .12 14*3 8 . 2 1 .7 1 2 .03 1 3 .5 7 .6 2 .1 1 1 .94 1 4 .0 8 , 4 1 .6 1 2 .7
Mean 1 3 .7 8 .1 1 . 9 1 2 .2
NAA 20 ppm 1 lit-.O 7 .8 2 . 0 1 1 . 42 1 3 .5 7 .9 2 .3 1 2 .53 1 3 .9 7 . 9 1 . 9 1 2 . 44 1 3 .9 7 .9 2 .1 1 2 .3
Mean 1 3 .9 7 .9 2 . 1 1 2 .2
T o lo x y 20 ppm 1 1 3 .8 7 .9 2 . 2 1 1 .82 1 3 .8 7 .2 1 . 9 n . 53 lit..O 8 .0 2 .0 1 3 .14 1 3 .0 6 .5 1 .7 1 0 .7
Mean 1 3 .7 7 .4 2 .0 1 1 .8
2 ,4 ,5 - T P "A" 1 lii- .o 8 .9 1 . 9 1 2 .620 ppm 2 1 3 .0 7 .9 2 .3 1 1 .8
( a p p l i e d O ct . 1 ) 3 1 3 .8 8 .1 2 .1 1 2 .94 1 3 .5 8 .0 1 . 9 1 1 .3
Mean 1 3 .6 8 . 2 2 .1 1 2 .2
2 , 4 , 5 - t p "b " 1 lit-.O 8 .0 1 .8 1 2 .720 ppm 2 1 3 .3 9 .2 1 .7 1 3 .3
( a p p l i e d O c t . 1 3 1 3 .0 7 .5 2 .8 1 2 .1and O c t . 12) 4 1 4 .0 7 .7 2 . 4 1 1 .2
Mean 1 3 .6 8 .1 2 . 2 1 2 .3
2 ,!j.,5-TP "C" 1 1 3 .5 8 .6 2 .3 1 1 .920 ppm 2 1 3 .5 7 .5 2 .0 1 1 ,8
( a p p l i e d O c t . 1 3 lit.. 5 8 . 0 2 .2 1 1 .3and O c t . 12 ) 4 l i t - 5 8 .3 1 .2 1 3 .0
Mean lit-.O 8 .1 1 . 9 1 2 .0
aS o lu b le s o l i d s e x p r e s s e d a s su gars
9i|-
TABLE 27
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, GROUND COLOR AND FIRMNESS OF NORTHERN SPY APPLES HARVESTED OCTOBER 1 8 , 1951
(O bserved i n A p r i l , 1 9 5 2 , a f t e r s t o r a g e a t 32° F)
T reatm ent R e p l i c a t i o n
Sugars13(%)
A c id s (ml *1N NaOH)
C olorr a t i n g
F irm ness( l b s . )
Check 1 1 3 .0 6*3 1 .7 10*92 1 3 .5 7 .2 1 .8 1 1 .23 12*5 7 .8 2*0 1 1 .34 13o0 6 .6 1 . 6 11*1
Mean 1 3 .0 7 .2 1 .8 1 1 .1
NAA 20 ppm 1 13*0 6 o9 2*5 1 0 .72 1 3 . 4 a 7 . 3 a 2*0 1 1 .33 1 3 .5 7 .3 2 .3 1 1 .74 1 3 .5 8 . 2 2 .1 10*3
Mean 13* 4 7.4- 2 .2 1 1 .0
T o lo x y 20 ppm 1 1 3 . 5 7 .0 1 . 9 1 1 .32 1 3 .0 7 .1 1 .8 1 1 .63 1 3 .5 6*2 1 .8 1 1 .64 1 3 .0 5 .8 1*8 1 1 .1
Mean 1 3 .3 6*5 1 . 9 1 1 .3
2 ,4 ,5 - T P "A" 1 1 ^ .0 7 .7 2*3 1 0 . 420 ppm 2 1 3 .0 6*6 1 . 8 1 0 .9
( a p p l i e d Oct* 1) 3 12*5 7 .8 1 . 9 1 1 .44 1 3 . 0 7 .5 1 . 5 1 1 .0
Mean 1 3 .1 7 . 4 1 . 9 1 0 .9
2 ,4 * 5 - tp "b " 1 1 3 .0 6.72 1*7 1 2 .120 ppm 2 1 4 - 3 6*8 1 . 5 1 1 .8
( a p p l i e d Oct* 12) 3 1 3 .5 6*2 2 . 4 10*84 1 3 .5 6*4 1 .6 1 1 . 4
Mean 1 3 .6 6 . 5 1 .8 1 1 .5
2 ,4 * 5 -T P "CH 1 1 3 .5 6*5 2 .0 10*720 ppm 2 1 3 .0 6*11 1 .7 11*6
( a p p l i e d Oct* 1 3 1 3 .5 7 .6 1 .7 11*6_ - ftand Oct* 12) 4 3 4 .3 7 .3 2 1 .5 1 1 .8
Mean 1 3 .6 7 .0 1 .7 1 1 .4
^•C alculated m is s in g v a lu e ^ S o lu b le s o l i d s e x p r e s s e d as su g a rs
2
3
5
6
7
8
19
20
21
22
23
2if
25
27
28
30
95
TABLE 28
RESPIRATION RATES AT 7 1 ° F FOR McINTOSH APPLES HARVESTED IN 1951
(V a lu e s e x p r e s s e d as mg* C O o/kg./hr* f o r two r e p l i c a t e t r e e s p er tre a tm e n t)
Check NAA T oloxy 2 , if, 5-TP "A" 2 , if, 5-TP "Bf1 3 2 if 2 k 1 3 2 1
At h a r v e s t
7 - 5 1 1 .3 11 .6 6 , ij. 6 .5 8 .2 7 . 0 10 .0 i o . 5 8 .8
8 .2 7 . 5 8 .0 7 .1 6.8 9 .8 6 .5 9 .1 9 .1 8 .0
9 .0 6 .5 8 .0 6.8 6 ,5 7 .8 6 .0 8 .if 7 .2 8 . if.
8 .2 7 .8 8.8 8 .2 6 .0 8 .6 6 .5 1 1 .3 6 .6 7 .7
9 . i f 6.8 9 .7 8 .6 6 .2 7 .if 7 . 0 7 .6 7 .9 9 .2
8 .2 7 .3 8 . if 9 .8 5 . if 7 .1 6 .if 8 .0 6 .2 6 .7
9 . i f 7 .8 8 .8 11 .3 6 .5 8 . if 7 .0 1 0 .3 6 .9 8 . if
A f t e r s t o r a g e a t 32° F
1 3 2 if 2 if 1 3 2 if
8 .8 7 . 7 9 .1 6 .7 7 .7 7 .7 8 .3 7 .8 • i f .9 7 .9
8 .0 7 . 2 8 . 5 6 .1 7 .2 7 . if 7 .8 7 .3 i f . 7 7 .9
8 .if 7 . 9 9 . 5 7 . 0 8 .2 7 .9 7 .9 7 .8 5 .2 9 .3
7 .8 7 . 2 8 . 9 6 . 3 8 ,0 8 ,3 7 .6 8 .0 i f .9 9 .0
8 .6 7 . 9 9 .5 8 . if 8 . if 7 .7 7 .8 7 .3 5 .2 8 .6
8 .1 7 . 5 8 . 3 6 .3 7 .2 7 .7 7 .8 7 .1 5 .2 9 .0
7 . 3 6 .7 7 .i f 5 .7 6 .7 7 .0 7 .1 6 .5 if .7 7 .3
7 . 5 6 .7 7 . 9 6*0 7 . 0 7 .0 8 .1 6 .8 5 .5 7 . 3
7 .1 6 .if. 7 . 7 5 . i f 6 . 5 6 .7 7 . 2 6 . if if .7 8 . if
7 . 3 6 .!+ 7 . 2 6 .1 6 .2 6 .7 6 .9 6 . if if 06 7 .2
96
TABLE 29
RESPIRATION RATES AT 71° P FOR NORTHERN SPY APPLESHARVESTED IN 1951
( V a lu e s e x p re s s e d , a s mg, C O p / k g . / h r . f o r two r e p l i c a t e t r e e s p e r t r e a t m e n t )
D a te Check NAA T o loxy 2 , 4 , 5 - t p " a ” 2 , 4 , 5 - t p "b '1 4 1 3 1 2 3 4 1 3
O c t . 25 8*7 7.1* 1 0 , 0
At
9 , 9
h a r v e s t
1 1 .8 8 , 7 9 .0 9 . 6 1 2 . 4 9 . 2
26 9 . 5 6 . 4 8 , 7 9 , 2 9 . 0 8 . 5 8 , 4 1 3 . 6 1 3 . 4 8 . 6
27 8 , 5 6 , 1), 9 . 1 9 , 0 8 , 6 7 . 4 8 . 8 9 . 0 1 0 .7 8 . 0
28 9 . 1 6 , 7 1 0 . 3 9 . 0 9 . 6 9 ,1 9 ,0 9 . 6 1 1 .7 8 . 8
29 7 . 7 5*6 7 . 6 7 , 8 8 . 4 7 .1 7 . 3 7 <.8 1 0 . 2 7 .1
31 7«4 5 - 9 8 . 5 7 . 8 CD » O'
7 , 4 7 , 5 8 . 2 1 1 . 4 7 .1
Nov. 1 1 3 . 1 8 , 9 1 5 . 2 1 5 . 3 1 5 , 9 1 3 .8 14*6 1 9 . 2 1 2 . 0 1 3 . 6
2 6 , 0 14-. 1 6 , 0 5 . 4 5 . 9 5 . 5 5 . 2 5 . 7 6 . 4 5 . 3
4 5 . 1 4 . 0 4 . 8 4 . 9 4 . 9 4 . 8 4 . 4 5 . 2 5 . 7 4 . 0
A f t e r s t o r a g e a t 32° P
1 3 1 4 1 2 2 4 1 3
F e b . 19 5 .1 4 . 9 5 . 3 5 . 2 5 .1 5 . 6 7 . 3 5 . 3 5 . 2 3 . 8
20 7 . 6 7 . 4 8 , 0 8 . 1 8 . 9 8 . 7 1 1 .3 8 . 0 8 , 4 5 .8
21 8 . 0 8 . 2 8 .8 . 8 . 8 9 . 0 9 .3 1 2 .1 9 . 0 9 . 0 6 . 0
22 9 . 0 8 . 9 9 .7 9 . 5 l p . O
00O1—1 1 3 . 3 9 . 2 9 .6 6 . 3
23 9 . 2 8 . 9 9 . 9 9 . 9 1 0 , 9 1 0 , 2 1 3 ,3 9 . 6 9 . 9 6 . 3
25 8 . 0 1 0 . 8 8 . 6 1 2 . 5 9 . 3 9 . 3 1 2 .1 8 . 6 8 . 8 6 . 2
26 7 . 6 7 . 6 7 . 9 7 .7
O'.
CO 8 , 0 1 0 .8 8 . 6 8 . 0 5.4
27 8 . 7 8 . 4 8 , 6 7 . 7 8 . 7 8 . 9 1 1 .3 7 . 6 8 . 6 6 . 0
28 9 . 0 9 . 4 9 . 7 8 . 6 9 .7 9.-3 1 3 . 3 7 . 6 9 . 4 —
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