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UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
PARALLEL EVOLUTION OF MICROSTRUCTURE, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS IN Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4
CERAMICS
MUHAMMAD MISBAH BIN MUHAMAD ZULKIMI
ITMA 2013 13
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PARALLEL EVOLUTION OF
MICROSTRUCTURE, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS IN Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4
CERAMICS
MUHAMMAD MISBAH BIN MUHAMAD ZULKIMI
MASTER OF SCIENCE
UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
2013
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PARALLEL EVOLUTION OF MICROSTRUCTURE, PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS IN Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 CERAMICS
By
MUHAMMAD MISBAH BIN MUHAMAD ZULKIMI
Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, in
Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science
November 2013
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All material contained within the thesis, including without limitation text, logos, icons,
photographs and all other artwork, is copyright material of Universiti Putra Malaysia
unless otherwise stated. Use may be made of any material contained within the thesis
for non-commercial purposes from the copyright holder. Commercial use of material
may only be made with the express, prior, written permission of Universiti Putra
Malaysia.
Copyright © Universiti Putra Malaysia
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In appreciation of their love and sacrifices, this thesis is dedicated to Parents
MUHAMAD ZULKIMI AWANG and SUYATI ABD RAZAK.
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Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfillment of
the requirement for the degree of Master of Science
PARALLEL EVOLUTION OF MICROSTRUCTURE, PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS IN Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 CERAMICS
By
MUHAMMAD MISBAH BIN MUHAMAD ZULKIMI
November 2013
Chairman: Associate Professor Mansor Hashim, PhD
Institute: Institute of Advanced Technology
For more than eight past decades, the ferrite research literature has only very
superficially dealt with the question of how the evolving microstructure of a ferrite
material relates to its accompanying, resultant magnetic properties. The literature has
only covered in great detail the answers for the case of ferrite materials obtained from
final sintering. Thus, this work is a fresh attempt to critically track the evolution of
magnetic properties parallel to the microstructural changes in bulk Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4
samples and to relate the properties to the changes wherever possible.
In this study, high energy ball milling (HEBM) was used to prepare Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4
nanoparticles with sintering temperatures from 500 oC to 1350
oC and with a 50
oC
increment. Physical characteristics of the as-prepared and sintered samples were studied
using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and
Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM); characterization of magnetic
properties was carried out by using An Agilent Model 4291B impedance/material
analyser in the frequency range of 1 MHz to 1.0 GHz which was used to measure the
permeability and the loss factor. The magnetic properties of the samples were
investigated using a MATS-2010SD Static Hysteresisgraph.
The XRD results confirm that Cobalt zinc ferrite cannot be formed directly through
milling alone, but heat treatment is necessary. After sintering at 550 oC, the cobalt zinc
ferrite phase was obtained earliest at this temperature with an average grain size in the
nanometric range (0.089µm). The microstructure studies of Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 showed that
the grain size increased, density was increased and porosity was decreased as the
sintering temperature increased. The parallel evolution of hysteresis parameters with
microstructural properties for sintered samples was studied. The saturation induction,
Bs, increased with the enhancement grain size. The highest saturation induction value
for sintered samples is 1486.00 G. The coercivity value was increased with increasing
grain size and reached a maximum value (24.93 Oe) before dropping with further
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increasing grain size. The permeability and loss factor values were observed and can be
classified into three different groups with the utilization the similar B-H hysteresis loop
results: weak ferromagnetic (first group), moderate magnetic (second group) and strong
ferromagnetic (third group) behavior. The resistivity value of the sample under
investigation had semiconductor behavior. The Curie temperature varied slightly for the
samples due to stoichiometric changes allocated with zinc loss.
Finally, after analysing the results and the observations of the work mentioned above, it
is strongly believed that there are three factors found to sensitively influence the
samples content of ordered magnetism –their ferrite-phase crystallinity degree, the
number of grains above the critical grain size and large enough grains for domain wall
accomodation. This research work has shed new light on the microstructure-magnetic
properties evolution in ferrites.
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Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai
memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Master Sains
EVOLUSI SEIRING SIFAT-SIFAT MORFOLOGI, FIZIKAL DAN
HUBUNGANNYA DALAM SERAMIK Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4
Oleh
MUHAMMAD MISBAH BIN MUHAMAD ZULKIMI
November 2013
Pengerusi: Profesor Madya Mansor Hashim, PhD
Institut: Institut Teknologi Maju
Sejak daripada lapan dekad yang lampau, kajian penyelidikan ferit hanya menangani
persoalan bagaimana sesuatu mikrostruktur ferit yang sedang mengalami evolusi berkait
dengan sifat magnet yang terhasil seiring dengannya dengan tidak begitu mendalam.
Maka projek ini adalah cubaan terbaru untuk mencerap secara kritikal evolusi pencirian
magnet seiring dengan perubahan mikrostruktur bagi sampel Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4.
Dalam kajian ini, pengisaran bola bertenaga tinggi (HEBM) telah digunakan untuk
menyediakan Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 bersaiz nano dengan suhu pensinteran bermula dari 500 oC 1350
oC dan kenaikan 50
oC. Ciri-ciri fizikal sampel dikaji menggunakan pembiasan
sinar-X (XRD), mikroskop pengimbas elektron (STEM) dan mikroskop pengimbas
medan elekron (FESEM) dan pencirian sifat magnet dengan menggunakan Agilent
Model 4291B Rangkaian / Spectrum analyzer dalam julat frekuensi 1 MHz hingga 1.0
GHz telah digunakan untuk mengukur ketelapan dan faktor kehilangannya. Sifat-sifat
magnet sampel telah dikaji dengan menggunakan Hysteresisgraph statik Mats-2010SD.
Keputusan XRD mengesahkan bahawa Cobalt zink ferit tidak boleh dibentuk secara
langsung melalui pengisaran sahaja, tetapi rawatan haba diperlukan. Selepas persinteran
sampel pada 550 oC, fasa kobalt zink ferit diperolehi pada suhu ini dengan saiz purata
mikrostruktur dalam lingkungan nano (0.089 μm). Kajian mikrostruktur Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4
menunjukkan bahawa saiz butiran meningkat bersama dengan peningkatan nilai
ketumpatan dan liang-liang udara menurun apabila suhu pensinteran meningkat. Evolusi
selari parameter histerisis dengan ciri-ciri mikrostruktur untuk sampel tersinter telah
dikaji. Induksi tepu, Bs, meningkat dengan peningkatan saiz butiran. Nilai tertinggi
induksi tepu untuk sampel tersinter adalah 1486.00 G. Nilai daya paksa (Hc) meningkat
dengan peningkatan saiz butiran dan mencapai nilai maksimum 24.93 Oe sebelum ia
menurun dengan peningkatan saiz butiran. Ketelapan dan nilai-nilai faktor kehilangan
diperhatikan dan boleh dikelaskan kepada tiga kumpulan yang berbeza dengan
penggunaan BH keputusan gelung histerisis yang sama iaitu: feromagnet lemah
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(kumpulan pertama), magnet sederhana (kumpulan kedua) dan tingkah laku feromagnet
yang tinggi (kumpulan ketiga). Nilai kerintangan sampel yang dikaji pula mempunyai
sifat semikonduktor. Suhu Curie berubah sedikit untuk sampel yang disebabkan oleh
perubahan stoikiometri yang berlaku kerana kehilangan zink.
Akhir sekali, selepas menganalisis keputusan dan pemerhatian kerja yang dilakukan,
diyakini bahawa terdapat tiga faktor yang secara sensitif mempengaruhi kandungan
kemagnetan bertertib sampel iaitu darjah fasa kehabluran, jumlah butiran melepasi saiz
kritikal butiran dan butiran yang cukup besar untuk penempatan dinding domain. Kajian
penyelidikan ini telah menyumbangkan pengetahuan baharu tentang terhadap evolusi
mikrostruktur-sifat magnet dalam bahan ferit.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
It is neither my strength nor my wisdom, but Allah‟s mercies that made this work a
success, thus, I glorify Him. May all praises and salutations of the Lord be upon the
Messenger of Allah and upon his Family and Companions, and those who are guided by
the light of his „sunnah‟ till the Day of Judgment.
Countless of people contribute to this thesis; mentors and /or supervisors, family,
friends and even some strangers have set off trains of thought and spark ideas or
understandings. This means that, by mentioning names, I would be omitting someone.
Never the less, my unreserved appreciation goes to my able supervisor Associate
Professor Dr. Mansor Hashim for his guidance and suggestions, without which, this
work would not have been a success. This thesis is, but a fraction of evidence reflecting
his vast insight into magnetism and magnetic materials. I am highly indebted and
eternally grateful. To my co-supervisors, Dr.Raba‟ah Syahidah Azis, I thank to her for
keeping me right on track and contributions would forever remain indelible in my
memories.
To my colleagues in the magnetic materials research group.I appreciate the memorable
interactions that we had from where I drew my strength, thank you very much for
lighting my path; „please lets keep the ball rolling, and bit faster, if possible‟. To my
numerous friends, I say thanks for everything.
In measuring the characteristics of my samples, Institute of Advance Technology
(ITMA,UPM) and Physics Dept. UPM (XRD) are highly acknowledged.
My particular thanks are owed to my beloved family who were always there when in
need. Thank you for all you support. May ALLAH s.w.t will always bless you
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I certify that a Thesis Examination Committee has met on 19 November 2013 to
conduct the final examination of Muhammad Misbah bin Muhamad Zulkimi on his
thesis entitled “Parallel Evolution of Microstructure, Physical Properties, and Their
Relationships in Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 Ceramics” in accordance with the Universities and
University Colleges Act 1971 and the Constitution of the Universiti Putra Malaysia
[P.U.(A) 106] 15 March 1998. The Committee recommends that the student be awarded
the master science
Members of the Thesis Examination Committee were as follows:
Zaidan bin Abdul Wahab, PhD Associate Professor
Faculty of Science
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Chairman)
Jumiah binti Hassan, PhD Associate Professor
Faculty of Science
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Internal Examiner)
Khamirul Amin bin Matori, PhD Senior Lecturer
Faculty of Science
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Internal Examiner)
Ahmad Fauzi Mohd Noor, PhD Professor
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Malaysia
(External Examiner)
_________________________________
NORITAH OMAR, PhD
Associate Professor and Deputy Dean
School of Graduate Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date: 21 January 2014
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This thesis was submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been
accepted as fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science. The
members of the Supervisory Committee are as follows:
Mansor Hashim, PhD
Associate Professor
Institute of Advance Technology
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Chairman)
Raba’ah Syahidah Azis, PhD
Senior Lecturer
Faculty of Science
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Member)
BUJANG BIN KIM HUAT, PhD Professor and Dean
School of Graduate Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date:
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DECLARATION
Declaration by graduate student
I hereby confirm that:
this thesis is my original work;
quotations, illustrations and citations have been duly referenced;
this thesis has not been submitted previously or concurrently for any other
degree at any other institutions;
intellectual property from the thesis and copyright of thesis are fully-owned by
Universiti Putra Malaysia, as according to the Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Research) Rules 2012;
written permission must be obtained from supervisor and the office of Deputy
Vice-Chancellor (Research and Innovation) before thesis is published (in the
form of written, printed or in electronic form) including books, journals,
modules, proceedings, popular writings, seminar papers, manuscripts, posters,
reports, lecture notes, learning modules or any other materials as stated in the
Universiti Putra Malaysia (Research) Rules 2012;
there is no plagiarism or data falsification/fabrication in the thesis, and scholarly
integrity is upheld as according to the Universiti Putra Malaysia (Graduate
Studies) Rules 2003 (Revision 2012-2013) and the Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Research) Rules 2012. The thesis has undergone plagiarism detection software.
Signature: _______________________ Date: __19 November 2013
Name and Matric No.: Muhammad Misbah Bin Muhamad Zulkimi (GS31274)
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Declaration by Members of Supervisory Committee
This is to confirm that:
the research conducted and the writing of this thesis was under our
supervision;
supervision responsibilities as stated in the Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Graduate Studies) Rules 2003 (Revision 2012-2013) are adhered to.
Signature: _____________________ Signature: ________________________
Name of
Chairman of
Supervisory
Committee:
Mansor Hashim, PhD
Name of
Member of
Supervisory
Committee:
Raba‟ah Syahidah Azis, PhD
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
DEDICATION i
ABSTRACT ii
ABSTRAK iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi
APPROVAL vii
DECLARATION ix
LIST OF TABLES xiv
LIST OF FIGURES xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvii
CHAPTER
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Ferrite Materials 1
1.3 Problem Statement 2
1.4 Objectives 2
1.5 Thesis Outline
3
2. LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORY
4
2.1 Introduction 4
2.2 Preparation of spinel ferrite 4
2.2.1 Wet chemical method 4
2.2.2 Physical method 6
2.3 Structure of ferrite 7
2.4 Fundamentals of Magnetism 8
2.5 Classification of Magnetic Materials 8
2.6 Magnetic properties of ferrites 9
2.6.1 Intrinsic Properties 10
2.6.1.1 Saturation Magnetization 10
2.6.1.2 Curie Temperature 10
2.6.2 Extrinsic Properties 10
2.6.2.1 Domains Walls 10
2.6.2.2 Grain Size 11
2.6.2.3 Hysteresis loop 11
2.6.2.4 Permeability, µ‟ 12
2.6.2.5 Magnetic losses 13
2.6.2.6 Resistivity 14
2.7 Mechanical Alloying 14
2.7.1 Mechanism of mechanical alloying
15
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3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 17
3.0 Introduction 17
3.1 Research Design 17
3.2 Raw materials and preparations of nanoparticles 18
3.2.1 Chemical formula and weighing of constituent
powder
18
3.2.2 High Energy Ball Milling (HEBM) and toroidal
preparation
18
3.2.3Heat treatment (sintering) 19
3.3 Material characterization measurements 21
3.3.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 21
3.3.2 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope
(STEM)
22
3.3.3 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope
(FESEM)
22
3.3.4 BH Hysteresis graph Measurement 23
3.3.5 Complex Permeability 23
3.3.6 Material Density Measurement 24
3.3.7 Resistivity Measurement 24
3.3.8 Curie Temperature 26
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 27
4.1 Introduction 27
4.2 Microstructure-related analysis 27
4.2.1 Particle size analysis 27
4.2.2 Phase analysis 28
4.2.3 Microstructure Properties 31
4.2.3.1 Grain size distribution
4.2.3.2 Density and Porosity
4.2.3.3 Activation Energy
34
35
36
4.3 Magnetic Properties 38
4.3.1 B-H Hysteresis Loop 38
4.3.2 Complex permeability 43
4.3.2.1 Real permeability, µ‟ 43
4.3.2.2 Loss Factor, µ” 46
4.3.3 Temperature dependent Resistivity 50
4.3.4 Curie Temperature 53
4.4 Summary
54
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5.
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 57
5.1 Conclusions 57
5.2 Suggestions 57
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
BIODATA OF STUDENT
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS,CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOP
58
62
63
64
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
2.1 Descriptions of orientations of the magnetic moment in
materials help to identify different forms of magnetism in
nature
9
4.1 Theoretical Density, Measured Density, Porosity and
Average Grain Size for cobalt zinc ferrite.
36
4.2 The Activation Energy for sintered sample of cobalt zinc
ferrite
38
4.3 Saturation Induction, Bs, and Coercivity, Hc, of sintered
sample
42
4.4 Summary of the initial permeability and loss factor of
sintered sample of Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4
49
4.5 Curie temperature of Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 for samples sintered
800 oC to 1350
oC different sintering temperature
54
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
2.1 Schematic of partial unit cell of spinel ferrite structure.
7
2.2 Typical hysteresis loop of ferrite.
12
2.3 Stages of mechanical alloying process. 16
3.1 Flowchart for the preparation and characterization of
morphological and magnetic properties of the
Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4
20
3.2 XRD machine
21
3.3 FEI NOVA NanoSEM 230 machine
22
3.4 MATS-2010SD Static Hysteresisgraph
23
3.5 Agilent Impedance Analyzer Instrument 4291B
24
3.6 Temperature dependence Resistivity measurement set-up
25
3.7 Schematic diagram for Temperature dependence Resistivity
measurement.
26
3.8 Curie temperature measurement set-up
26
4.1 STEM image of the as-milled Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4, (b) grain
distribution of the as-milled Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4.
27
4.2 XRD pattern (a) for cobalt zinc ferrite sintered at 500 oC to
800 oC, (b) sintered at 850
oC to 1350
oC.
29
4.3 FESEM micrograph for cobalt zinc ferrite sintered samples
32
4.4 Grain size distribution for cobalt zinc ferrite sintered samples
34
4.5 Plots of log D versus the reciprocal of absolute temperature
(1/T)
38
4.6(a) B-H Hysteresis loop for the sintered samples. 40
4.6(b) Three B-H Hysteresis shape groups for sintered sample for:
(1) First group, (2) second group, and (3) third group
41
4.6(c) Coercivity versus average grain size for sintered samples
42
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4.7(a) Graph of real permeability, μ‟against frequency for sintered
sample at 500 oC to 1350
oC.
44
4.7(b) Three real permebility shape groups for sintered sample for:
(1) first group, (2) second group, and (3) third group
45
4.8(a) Graph of loss factor,μ” against frequency for sintered sample at
500 oC to 1350
oC.
47
4.8(b) Three loss Factor shape groups for sintered sample for:
(1) first group, (2) second group, and (3) third group
48
4.9 The temperature dependence of electrical resistivity for sintered
sample
51
4.10 The temperature dependence of electrical resistivity for sintered
sample: (a) first part, and (b) second part
52
4.11 Curie temperature for samples sintered 800 oC to 1350
oC at
different sintering temperature
53
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
XRD X-ray diffraction
STEM Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy
HEBM High Energy Ball Milling
kHz kilohertz
MHz megahertz
GHz gigahertz
wt % Weight percent
hkl Miller indices
ICDD Joint Committee on Power Diffraction Standard
BPR Ball-to-powder weight ratio
MA Mechanical alloying
a.u Arbitrary unit
H Magnetic field strength
HC Coercivity
M Mass magnetization
BS Saturation induction
θC Curie temperature
2θ 2 theta degree
µm microns
µ‟ Real permeability
µ” Loss factor
Ms Saturation magnetization
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Microstructure similar to any single-phase polycrystalline ceramic, complex systems
of magnetic oxide consisting of crystals pores and grain boundaries are called
polycrystalline ferrites. For these materials, their microstructure is strongly affected
by few factors such as the calcination temperature, quality raw materials and the
sintering temperature regime.
In most cases, the grains, the pore size, the porosity, the density, intra-granular and
inter granular distribution of pores and grains are the parameters of microstructure.
The quantity, size, shape and distribution of both crystal grains and pores of a ferrite
are influenced by different techniques and preparation conditions.
The magnetic properties of these ferrites are determined and strongly influenced by
the chemical composition, the crystal structure and the microstructural parameters
such as grain size, grain size distribution, porosity, etc. obtained at a particular
sintering temperature. Unfortunately, for several decades, studies of the relationship
between magnetic properties and morphological properties have been focusing only
on the product of the final sintering temperature. These studies abandoned any
detailed tracking of the parallel evolutions of morphology and magnetic properties in
the 1 nm-to-1µm grain materials, which could have been observed by the early ferrite
researchers using wet-chemistry synthesis methods.
The question in the recent work is whether we are able to provide a good explanation
of the evolution relationships between magnetic properties and morphological
properties of a particular ferrite (Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4) to be prepared by mechanical
alloying.
1.2 Ferrite materials
In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the study of properties of
nanosized ferrite particles because of the importance in the fundamental
understanding of the physics of the properties as well as their proposed applications
for many technological purposes (Sharma et al., 2005). For example, these
applications include high frequency (HF) choke filters, HF transformer, antenna rods,
etc. (Moulson and Herbert, 1990).
Generally, the mixed oxides containing iron oxides as their main component are
called ferrite materials. Unlike most materials, they possess both high permeability
and moderate permittivity at frequencies from direct current (DC) to the millimeter
wavelengths (Harris et al., 2009).
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In commercial industry, ferrites materials can be classified in three important types,
each one having a specific crystal structure listed below:
a) Spinel ferrites, for example NiZn-, MnZn- and MgMnZn ferrite.
b) Garnet structure microwave ferrites, for example Yitrium iron garnet
c) Magnetoplumbite (Hexagonal) ferrites, for example Barium (Ba) and Sr
hexaferrites
In general, types a) and b) can be grouped in one group of “soft” ferrites, while type
c) can be grouped into “hard” ferrites. The terms of “soft” and “hard” refer to the
characteristics and properties of the ferrites. The “soft” ferrites means that it‟s easy to
magnetise and easy to dimagnetise the ferrite materials; meanwhile, the “hard”
ferrites are difficult to magnetise and also difficult to dimagnetise.
In the present work, the only interest on the soft ferrite and are just focused on the
spinel ferrites (type a).
1.3 Problem Statement
Many researchers just focused on the sintering and synthesis to get the better material
in the studies of spinel ferrites. However, what would be the composition-
microstructure relationship at the various intermediate sintering conditions during the
parallel evolutions of the morphology and the materials properties? After more than
eight decades of ferrite research, this question has been hardly answered. Hence it is
now taken as the problem statement of this research work with specific form an the
Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 ferrite
1.4 Objectives
The ultimate goals of this research to determine the relationship between magnetic
properties and microstructure parameter which exists during any states of their
parallel evolution and to explain the underlying science for their relationship, it is
interesting to study the evolution of the magnetic properties starting with and from
nano material powder. However, to achieve the goals above, the necessary work has
to be carried out and these research-work steps have the following objectives:
1. To prepare Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 using mechanically alloyed nanoparticles
2. To study the phase formation of the as-prepared ferrite using X-ray
diffraction (XRD)
3. To study the effect of the sintering temperature on the microstructure
evolution and magnetic properties
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1.5 Thesis outline
This thesis consists of six chapters. First chapter introduces the ferrite material, the
problem statement and the objectives of this research. Chapter two is devoted to the
literature review on preparation of ferrite, structure of spinel ferrite and application
of the theory that will be used for this research. The Methodology of this research is
presented in Chapter three. Meanwhile, results and discussion are covered in Chapter
four. Finally Chapter five provides the summary of this research and suggestions for
future work.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Azadmanjiri, J. (2008). Structural and electromagnetic properties of Ni–Zn ferrites
prepared by sol–gel combustion method. Materials Chemistry and Physics,
109(1), 109-112. doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.11.001
Bean, C. P. (1955). Hysteresis Loops of Mixtures of Ferromagnetic Micropowders.
Journal of Applied Physics, 26(11), 1381-1383.
Bas, J. A., Calero, J. A., and Dougan, M. J. (2003). Sintered soft magnetic materials .
Properties and applications, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,
255, 391-398.
Coble, R.L. (1961). Sintering crystalline solids. I. intermediate and final state
diffusion models, J. Appl. Phys. 32, 787-792.
Gul, I. H., Abbasi, a. Z., Amin, F., Anis-ur-Rehman, M., & Maqsood, a. (2007).
Structural, magnetic and electrical properties of Co1−xZnxFe2O4 synthesized by
co-precipitation method. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 311(2),
494-499
Goldman, A. (1990). Modern Ferrite Technology, second ed. Springer, Pittsburg,
PA, USA.
Goldman A., (1999) Handbook of Modern Ferromagnetic Materials, Kluwer
Academic Publishers.
Goldman, A. (2006). Modern Ferrite Technology (2nd ed.). Pittsburgh: Springer
Science and Business Media, Inc.
Guillaud,C., Paulus, M. (1956). Handbook of Modern Ferromagnetic Materials. In A.
Goldman (Ed.), Handbook of Modern Ferromagnetic Materials.
Massachusetts: Kluwer Academic Publihers.
Han, Z., Li, D., Liu, X., Geng, D., Li, J., & Zhang, Z. (2009). Microwave-absorption
properties of Fe(Mn)/ferrite nanocapsules. Journal of Physics D: Applied
Physics, 42(5), 055008.
Harris, V. G., Geiler, A., Chen, Y., Yoon, S. D., Wu, M., Yang, A., Chen, Z., et al.
(2009). Recent advances in processing and applications of microwave ferrites.
Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 321(14), 2035-2047.
Halliday, D., Resnick, R., and Walker, J. (1997). Fundamentals of Physics
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