Effects of aliphatic amines on the biology of Musca domestica nebulo Fabr.

DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY IN

ZOOLOGY OF

THE ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, ALIGARH

BY

NUZHAT JAMIL

DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY

ALIGARH XBTO

DS33

X c«rti£y that "Iffacts of al iph«tlc anliitts <m the biology of ifciaca d o w t i c a nttoulo (Fabr).** i s tho orioinai work of Nushat Jsni l and i s suitable for submission Cor the award of the degree of Master of Philosophy in Zoology of the Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. This tfiork has been done by the candidate under my supervision.

NAWAB H . KKAN

Professor Department of Zoology Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh.

MSKKowmxmiEnTs

1 feol gxttat pX«asuc« in placing cm m<30tA the dttbt of g ra t i tud* t o PzoCesaor HAWS^ H« Khsn for h i s nw>st valuable suggestimis^ guidance and keen intejcest during the pxogrems of research without vihlch t h i s t«3rk .jould never have coeae t o l i g h t .

Thanks are ^l&o due t o t b s ffead, Departtnent of Zoology, for providing necessary research f a c i l i t i e s in ths Departj^nt.

Special thanks a re due t o my colleagues for t h e i r ccNDperatioR and encouzmgeinent.

The author i s a l so grateful t o t he un ive r s i ty Grants OGMnmtission for the award of a Janlor Research fel lowship.

COMTIMTS

2 zntjtickhictlon . . . . . . 1

XX RBViaw o f L l t « r « t u x « . . . 3

XX2 Kttthods and f t a t « z i a l a . . . 6 Tttst ina«ct RsarlnQ t«chni<^e Ch«micaJLs xaamd Testing nwthods

^ Susceptibil ity of «KSult house f l i e s to al iphatic amines *. , . . . 9

V effects of nethyl anine« ethyl anine and tribittyl amine cm the biology of bouse f l i e s . . . . . . 14

VI Histological changes induced by aliphatic anines in the eg^s of l»isca dqeesticft niiwilo . . . 23

VIZ Oineral Discussion . . . 36

•VIXI smm^ry . . . • . . 2«

XX Conclusions . . . . . . 11

X i i e f e x e a o e s 4Si%«d • . . • •• 32

Dttspit* •xtensivtt research we have not yet succeeded in

eradicating even a single species of hamful insec t s . Houseflies

are one of such insects which serve as mechanical vectors of a

nunber of disease pathogens in man and domesticated animals.

The advent of DDT opcmed a new era for housefly control and

since the middle of the present century much reliance has been

placed on the spraying of the ir resting s i t e s with organochlorine

and other synthetic insect ides . But instead of giving any

spectacular success the use of these pest ic ides has resulted

in the development of insecticide resistance in pest species as

also in the contMiination of the environment. This has

necessitated the tes t ing and use of toxicants which may be

se lect ive in action and relat ively nontoxic to nontarget species .

The aliphatic aniaes which are a newer group of insect ic ides

and act by adversely ef ieet tog the witsnorphosis of pest species,

offer p o s s i b i l i t i e s for the eontrol of these f l i e s and have been

tested as contaet poisons am! as mpel lents against several species

of insects . Tattersfield and QUMBiB NM (1927) were the f i r s t

to investigate the tox ic i ty of alkyl amines to ^ i s lumicis.

They studied the contact tox i c i ty of the siKlnes and observed that

tetra mithyl ammonitw hydrate and tetra aeithyl ••iii.inium chloride were

•oo i tcwie tlmi coxTttspcmdiny t«tr« ttthyl eopipounds t o «phtd«.

lt>«lciii« 21 !^- (1>940> ^ouad thAt ••cond^ry alkyl 4MBln«s iMir«

More mttmetiv thotn the prinary wid t«rti«ry anlntts for th«

contcol of iMCllia —gjcata whilo Dhw and Koazns (1941)

obaonrad that of th* stright chain alkyl secondary onines.

N, n*hM(yl«^«-hsptyl mklne waa tha moat effactlva compound and

produced 61.0)6 mortality in Muaca doaeetica dooeatica. Zt has

also been found that alkyl seccmddry main&a having identical

alkyl groups or differing in only one CR2-group nay be nore

toxic than the isomers in which t%K> alkyl groups differed by

more than two CHj-groups*

The aiaove observation relates to Musca domeaticd dopestic^

«±nd the author i s not aware of any such studies in the case of

Xndicin forrfiS of housMflies* Zt was therefore considered

dssirdble t o tes t the effectiveness of these compounds against

Husct* doBiestica o#>ulo in the hops of evolving suitable

strategies for the control of Zndi m forms of housef l ies .

II

RBVIBW OF LZTBfUffURS

Control of diattase bearing or annoying insects depends

on a nmnber of factors including senit«ition and the control

agent used. Insecticides are one of these and in spite of

a l l the abuses they are s t i l l eieployed in large measures for

the control of insec t s . The development of insect ic ide resistance

in pests of medical, vetemary and agricultural importance and

the tox ic i ty haearda of the organochlorine, and other aynth«rt:ic

ir^secticides hus« ^ r i n g the recent years in i t iated the search

of target speci f ic and non-persistant insecticides* During the

course of such i n v e s t i ^ t i o n s the aliphatic amines showed

considerable insect ic idal properties and found as general

acceptance as contact poisons.

Tattersfield and 6ininghun> (1927) wxm the f i r s t workers

to study the ineect ie idal properties of wiines. They ISound that

tetra methyl •—onium hydrate end te tre methyl iiimwpniqm chloride

lieve mere tonic then the eerreepending tetra ethyl deriiretiees

against Aohie jwmicie. Melle <1947) showed that primary amines were

b io log ice l ly mere eetive than the secondary enines against the

lanrae of fi^^ft FiB&lBI <lllff<iyfgfff<P^f^af but were ineffect ive

egeinet the ympee while tert iary smines were ef fect ive against

t>oth the lervee MMI ptkpam. I t wee e lee feumd thirti the ac t iv i ty

of m&cmyAmsy catf t«zt iary amines dmcwmmmtA with «n inci»«»« ixk

tvm maalb«r of caiibon atona In th« eonpound whil* tha ac t iv i ty of

srinary anina toeraaaad with an iacjraaMi in tha niiMbar of eaibon

atoaui in tha coaipoiind,

MuUa and chaudhury (XfCe) xapoxted that nost of tha long

chain priinary alkylaminaa wara highly ef fect iva against tha

agga of the APOPhalaa albiaanna, while caine at j ^ , (X9i9) found

a Bixttira of 1*0% apolar aliphatic amine and 1,0% ethaiiol amine

to be a good ovicide for Aedea aeovpti>

Wilton and Fay (196$) sprayed mixtures of ethanol amine

plus e i ther decylaroine , aaanuMn I*-!!, Adogen 583 or di .n-octyl

amine on t}H» eggs of Aedes aeovpti and found thet hatching of the

eggs %fas considerably raduced. The comparative effectiveness of

al iphatic amines to several species of mosguitoes was evaluated

by Mulla and his associates (1970) who fmmd that both the larvae

and the pupae of mosguitoes belonging t o the genera Anopheles*

Aedes and OaieK «iere susceptible to these compounds.

Cline (1972) observed that 6.0X aqueous formulations of

€*amiiio»l-heaaiel with O.IX deoyl alcohol and 6.0% uraa was a

poor lawicidki but a good evieide for the control of igii§§, —ow*fci-'

ftadsom (1931) used aamonia and trimethyl amine as attractants

and mpellants for jmthBaamua araadia and found that at low

concentrationa ammonia was a stronger attraetant than methyl

amiaa while at high concentrations was a bet ter xapallmeit. Tcavis

(1939) flbsaxvod that tha maloa of P^lmrtiaaa ismooalat^ oeald bo

atioraotad t o tha iaoamyl amine.

The tflitieity mti9et» of « nmber of alkyl soeondary wiinos

to housoflitts wore ctudlod by Dham and Koazns (1941) who

Qboomid that M n-hwxyl-n-haptyl amino was noro toxic t o those

f l i e s than the lower or higher nenaaers of the s er i e s .

I l l

MBTHODS AND MATBRZAL8

Tha £ l i «8 used during th» present s t u d i e s belonged to the

spec i e s Musca domestica nebulo and were obtained from a

laboratory colony o r i g i n a l l y developed from f i e l d c o l l e c t e d

f l i e s in Aligaxii.

Rearing techaioue

The f l i e s were reared at a temperature of 28j|22^C and 70jh5

per cent r e l a t i v e humidity. They were kept in cages , e x **

in s i z e and made of wire frames and covered with meshed c l o t h .

A p e t r i d i s h containing d i lu ted milk soaked in cotton was kept

in each cage for feeding and ov ipos i t i on purposes and the

pe tr id i shes were changed at twenty-four hours i n t e r v a l s . The

eggs were l a i d in pe tr id i shes and enisedded in g l a s s Jars,

Q^xA" in s i s e and containing layers of cot ton wool soaked in

d i l u t e d milk. The jars were ecwered over by muslin c l o t h t o

avoid o v i p o s i t i o n by outs ide f l i e s and for preventing the

larvae from escaping from the j a r s . Fresh milk was added d a i l y

t o each j a r . On the f i f t h day of the embedding of the eggs a

l a y e r of dry cotton was added t o each j a r t o al low the f u l l y

gxDun l«xv«tt to pupat* in I t . lAter pap4Mi wars sortdd out «n<3

wBf kmpt in pstridiahes. As th« f l i « s wMroBd thay ware trana-

farxttd to the c loth cagas.

Chawicala uaad

Tha chanicals used during tha prsa«nt atudiea were

methyl amine (CK^NH ), ethyl amine (C f NH ) and tr ibutyl

amine (€.2^7^)* Methyl amine was supplied by Knockdown TA^t

Laboratories in t l » £ozm of a 40.0?( solution in water while

SO.0% solution of ethyl amine and pure tr ibutyl amine were

obtained from Riedel Oe Haeung. The desired concentrations of

the chemicals were made in water.

Testing methods

The f l i e s were s l i gh t ly imimA>ilised by keeping them in the

freezer and equal n\imbers of both the sexes were sorted out.

These were then allowed to feed cm cotton soaked in isucrose

dissolved in the desired concentration of the toxicant for 24

hours after which mortality counts were made.

Fleshly laid eggs were dipped in petridishes containiUSg the

desired concentrations of tha chwaical for a known period of

tiaie. They tiere th<m placed mt moist black c loth for observing

the rate of hatching. Another lo t of treated eggs was placed in

Jars containing cotton so«ked in diluted milk. The pupae obtained

from these egpi were socted out and the adults obtained from

thsM were tnuMdNincMl t e eagas and fed on eetton soaked in

diluted n i lk . Observations «rare ztscorded on th« incubation

poriod, psrcantags hatching, larral duration, iMireentagt

population, pupal duration, percentage «nergence of adult f l i e s ,

pce-«irip«sition, oviposition and post^oviposition periods and on

the longivity of the f l i e s . Histological changes indxiced in

the eggs by these chemicals tiere also iRade by cutting sections

of 5 . 0 ^ thickness with a rotalrary nicrotone.

IV

msacEVfiBihstr or ADUST NOUSI WUMB TO AhlPHKtXC MtZNfS

Tlw awasitivity of both th« nowly «Mirg>d and thmo day old

f l i a s balan9ing to tha foxm |(.^. nibulo was datasninad by faadlng

thaiB on aucroaa 6iaaoXve6 in abacus solutions of mathyl amlna,

athyl anlna and tributyl amli a* The f l i e s Mere s l i gh t ly inm^biliaad

by Xaaping thaiR in the fraasar, 25 males axtd 25 famalas ware aortad

out and ware kapt in c loth cages 4" x 4** in s iaa . Thasa f l iaa 'imxB

alloviad to feed for tvianty'.four hours on the tzeated diet which

had been prepared by dissolving 5.0 grams of sucrose in 10,0 ml

o£ the desired aqueous solution of t t ^ {ffsine* Percentage

mortalitiaa ware recorded at the and of the feeding period. ID^^

values were dariv~ad ftcm dosaga-«iortality ragressiiM) l ines f i t ted

by aye ( F i b r e s 1 and 2 ) .

Tha results obtained (Tables 1 and 2} c learly ahow that tha

newly ooMirgad f l iaa ware more susceptible to the aninea than tha

three day old onmm. It i s possible that aa pointed out by

Mataiamira (197C} tha nawly anarged f l i e s may lack «irtain datoxi-

f ieation procaaaaa. Of tha two saxaa tha malaa ware mora auscapAlbla

then tha feaialas to tha alkyl amines. Tributyl amine piovwa to ba

tha most affect ive cliamical tasted* mathyl amine %ras next in tha

order of tox i c i ty while att^lemina was tha leas t affect ive of tha

three ehamicala teatad.

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i m c T s or MKTfnrx. AMXMS, iTiiyL mmE MUD vmrnmiL mm m THE SXOIDGY OF NOUSS FLZSS

Th» aliphatic amines which have found ganeral accaptanca for act

tha ccmtxol of insects pzobably/by advarsaly affecting the

nataimrphoais of insec t s . Thesa zepresent a series of cosipotinds

in which tox ic i ty i s largely due to the praaance of amino

•-(MH2)-> group. This i s true because the corresponding hydro-

caitoons in the paraffin ser ies are known to be n<m-to3cic to tha

insects . Dham and Kaaxns (1941) investigated the relationship

between the nolecular structure and tox ic i ty for several

aliphatic secondary esnines to the M.d. doweftica and found that

N« n-hexyl-n-haptyl amine was more toxic than the higher or lower

members of the ser i e s . The e f fec t s of lower aliphatic amines

on tha biology of the Vidian form of house f l y U..^. nabulo «iere

observed by dipping freshly la id e|igs in l i l and i t 5 aqfuaous

solutions of th« chamicals in the cavity blocks for a period of

one and f ive minutes respectively. 200 of the eggs so treated

were put en moist pieces of black c loth to obsorve the percentage

of hatching. Miethsr l o t of 200 treated eggs was aaibedded in

jars d'xB" in s i s e and containing cotton soaked in diluted milk.

Xn t h i s way observations were siade en the durations of the

larval and pupal pariods. Pupae were sorted out and kept in

ptttridislies for secsosding the rate of emerfsnce of the aAults

14

IS

obMtrvatioiis IMV* a lso nad* on tho pz«HiMriposltion« oviposltiyiMi

and po«t«i.ovlpoaition periods as also on tha Xonfsrity of the

adults .

The ce« i l t s obtained (Pigace 3} sho%#ed that ths duration of

dipfdng aid e f fect the rate anci duration of hatching of the eggs.

The eff iciency of the aminfiia tras direct ly dep^ident on the

duration of dipping in the case of a l l the thrae amines tested

(Tables 3 to 5 ) . While a lesaer nunber of pupae was obtained in

the case of the treated populcitic»i^ there was no effect of such

treattoents on the oviposit ion and the post-oviposition periods

as also on tlm longevity of the adults. The results obtained also

indicate that tert iary antines may be more ef fect ive than the

primary ones for the control of house f l i e s . The Mi findings

are in ccmfimity with the observations made by Hoskins and

his associates (1940) in the case of l o c i l i a ser icata . Perhaps

the tert iary aURines behave l ike an o i l and may have greater

penetrating power which results in the ir increasad tox ic i ty to

the f l i e s .

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• I CONTROL

\:--:.\ METHYL AMINE

1 ; * ' I ETHYL AMINE

I I IRIBUTYL AMINE

8 0.0 - I O z X (J < 6 0.0-X u o <

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AQUEOUS CONC, DIPPING TIME

T l •••• ••

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ONE MINUTE FIVE MINUTES

FIG.3 PERCENTAGE HATCHING OF EGGS DIPPED IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF A L IPHAT I C AMINE S

VI

tnavoLOGxcAX. CKAMGES INDUCED BY AUPMATZC mwKs IN Tf« tOOS OP miSCA O0MS8TZCA HtBUIA

Sine* ths aliphatic aninea ant knowi to causa ift>noxnal

mmtamoKphonia in inaacts by diaxupting tha cut ie la an attampt .

was mada to find out the hiatologicaX changes which could be

induced by primary, methyl amine and ethyl amine and tert iary

tributyl anine in the eggs of the house f ly , M.d. niawlo. Egcs

deposited within a period of two hours were dipped in I t l a<9ieous

soaAition of the desired amine in cavity blocks for f ive minutes

and tiere then put on moist pieces of black c loth to observe

their rate of hatching. The unhatched treated and untreated

eggs were then fixed in Zenker's fluid for 24 hours. Secticms

of S . O ^ thickness tmxe cut with the help of a rotatary nicrotcame*

These were stained in haematoxylin and eosine and were studied micro,

acopically. Vocuolation though very pzominant in the case of the

eggs which were treated with tributyl «Mine, was not so d i s t inct

in the eggs treated with methyl amine and ethyl amine. Zt

seams that tr ibutyl «mine penetxated more in the eggs and

inhibited further development (figures 4 to 7 ) . The degiee of

penetratien was not d i s t inc t In the eese of the eggs treated with

•ethyl amine and ethyl amine and thia can be the veason of a h i | ^ r

rate of hatching which was obsexved in the eese of the eggs tseated

with metlqrl Miine and • thyl m i n e .

23

24

fAgue* 4. Stction thzougb •09 of a hou«« f l y ^tmt mthyl aminm ^OminiMtixatUm,

WXgaxm 5 . asction through ogo of a houso f l y after • thyl anine adPBlniatration.

it^

.1 JTAH.

25

Figure 6. section through egg ot a housefly a f t e r t r i b u t y l amine adnBinitftr^ition.

F i ^ r e 7 . section through egg of a house f l y .

vir

mHMMh 0tSCII88S0lf

Aliphatic «iiin«s «dhr*r««ly e f fec t th* biology of inaocts by

disrupting th* euticular »«RdE>r«n« and inhibit ing aaibiryunie

dovttlopnant. Thia became clear whan freshly la id eggs of Mttsca

dOBiestica otfEmlo %iere dipped in aciaeous solutions of siethyl

onine* ethyl amine and tributyl anine and the rate of the ir

hatching wras found to have been conaldenJ^ly zeduced. The larval

and pupal periods were prolonged while the incubation and pra-

oviposition periods were not s ignif icantly effected. Percentage

pupaticKt and percmitage emergence of the f l i e s was adversaly

effected. These e f fec t s becaaie mora pronounced when the

duraticxn of tha tzeatments was increasad. The tox ic i ty was greater

in the casa of a compound in which a l l tha hydrogen atoms of

onaionia were replaced by the alkyl groups th«i in those in which

only one of tha hydrogen atom of aMMmia was replaced by an

alkyl gsMip* This means that tert iary tminmm mm bettor IfUMNSticidas

than ths primsry ones. Theso findings aru in oonfianity with

thoso of MMikiiis o t a . (X»40)i» the «««• of | i £ U l f t • f l l f i i t t

Tha tojcieity of the ti>9wm oompeunds to adult hmaau f l i o s was

tostod by foedlng freshly emergad and thiaa day old f l i e s on

sueroao dissolved la a^aous aelutions of tha three aninea. Tha

f i iaa wars allmwad tm faad for 34 hours on ths treated diet

ps^^rad by 4iaaaiviB« S*« grama of oueroaa in 10,0 mlo of the

«tairad a<|ia*ua a«l«tiMi mf tha w l a a . Kawly amar«sd f l iaa were

36

27

aertt stt«c«ptibl« th«n thK«« d«y old ait«s and th« f«nai«s mxm

found to b« iioxo teloMiit to tlw offoets of tha «Rln«s than tho

inal«9« B»jeli«ps tlio noirjty o n w r ^ f l i«« loek dotoKiflctttlon

mochanlim which i s prosont in tho caoo of tho oldor f l i « « .

That those compounds may also bo usod as ovicidos was cloar

when mazked histolOQic^^kl changes were v i s i b l e in the oggs of

H* * nobulo after dipping then in oQuoeus solutions of the thxee

amines for fiire minutes. 3och a tzeatnent seems to inhibit

anbryonic deveioiment probably by oeting on the egg chorion.

The degree of penetration was more pronounced when trsatntents

were made with tribvtyl amine. It seems that an increase in alkyl

groups renders the cc»ipound l e s s soluble in water and i t acts

l i k e an o i l in i t s physical properties (Keams and Flint, 1937}.

VlII

flmmARY

Thtt rath«r indiseriminat* us« of cmiir«ntional pest icides

has resulted in thm deyelopnent of insect ic ide zesistance in

Snidian foxms of hcwse f l i e s and we have to find out other chonicals

which could be mnployed for the ir control. Aliphatic amines seeei

to possess good insect ic idal properties and have been found

effect ive against Musca dtynestica doaestica. Since no attempt

has yet been made to detennine the tox ic i ty o£ methyl amine,

ethyl amine and tributyl antine to the predominant form of Xndian

house fly« Musca dom^stjca nrfsulo. present studies were mads

to detexsnine the tox ic i ty and the biological e f fec t s of three

chemicals on th is form of house f l y .

A l<d>oratory colony of |9.d. nrtaulo was reared at a temperature

of tBji^^C and 70j 5 per cent relat ive huanidity and freshly la id

egg» trare dipped in aiiaeoiis ( I t l end 1|5} soluticms of ths mine

in csnrity blocks for one and five minutes. 200 treated eggs were

pat on pieces of noist black «loth for observing the percentage

of hstehteg and the inetibatien period. Mother l o t of 200 treated

•g^B were enbedaed in J a n containing cotton soaked in diluted

• i lk* l he pttpee obtained fron the treated eggs were sorted out

«id kept iji petridishos for eiMirgsnee* the f l i e s being l a t e r

timefoaMd to c loth e«fe«. tkmf were fed en cwtteo eosfced ia

ailttted n i l k . zt wee tmmA %toa« theM was • p«»l«ng«ki«n in the

ia i ra l and pupal, aaiet ions, Imt t l » hatching of the egvi*

pummMmm fMpetiwi sAd fgBtwtagi wwjfince of the a * a t f i i e e wee

2$

29

mdttosd in th» t n « t « d pojwlatlon. Them WAS no significant

dittrnxmicm in tlw inod>ation period. Th» pxv-oviposition period

of tho f l i e s enorgad fron the oggs tJOMtted » i th isrHwtyl wiino

was s l i gh t ly inexosssd but no offset could bo ebsoxvod cm the

ovipositimi and post<-oviposition periods as also the lon^^rity of

the adult f l i e s . The e f fec t s of tributyl anlAe were nore

pronounced than those of methyl amine and ethyl amine.

The suscept ibi l i ty l eve l of the adults, newly mnerged as

«fell as three day old ones* to these compounds was studied by

feeding 25 pairs on 5.0 grams of sucrose dissolved in 10.0 ml of

the desired amine solution for a period of 24 hours. I t vas

found that the newly emerged f l i e s were more susceptible than

three day old ones. Of the two sexes* males were found t c be more

susceptible than the females. ^^Q values showed that tributyl

amine was the most toxic compound, Hext in the tonic i ty was

methyl onine while ethyl amine was the l eas t toxic of the three

compounds tes ted .

That aliphatic amines could be used as ovicides was svidMEit

wh«n eggs collected with a period of two houcs wore dipped in

•qCMKWs ( I t l ) solution of an amine fcur f ivo mliNites. Niexooeopie

•luminations were mmSm of the sectiMis of «Bhatched txoatod and

the vufttxeated eggs. When dipped in solutions of the asiines ttm

degsnontion of the c e l l s was notieoablo and could be xespoBsible

for the decxoased rate of hatching of the eggs, gueh degsnoxation

of the c e l l s was a»ve psminaiit in the easo of the oggt txo«t«d

30

with tr lbytyi aniii* %h«i in syg* traat«d with ncthyl m^inm and

•thyl «i l i i«. This indic«ttts that tributyl w i n e could b« «

battar ovieida than nathyl anina and athyi «iina*

IX

COMCXJUSZOIIS

1. Thm «l iph«tic «Bin«s« iMthyl amina, ethyl amiR« and txilHityl aPin* h«v« d«l«t«rious effocta cm th* biology of Mmca doiiw»<^ c* mtoulo, Tho l«xv«l and papal duratlcma axe pzDlongad but tha oviposition period and the longevity of the adults xeiRains uneffected.

2 . Newly emerged adults are more susceptible to aliphatic onines than thrae day old ones.

3 . Males are mora susceptible to the amines than the females.

4. The aliphatic amines can also be used as ovic ides .

5 . Of the three compounds tested, tributyl amine caused most pnmounced e f fec t s showing thand>y that tert iary amines may be more ef fect ive than primary ones for the control of house f l i e s .

6. Xt i s possible that stvon^ir doses of higher tert iary amines may eoiapletely inhibit the development of houeefly eggs.

31

3 ^

KSPERBNCSS CX7ID

dlntt , it.B. and at §J^» 1 9 ^ Aliphatic aninea ovicidal for y«llow-f«v«r noaijaitoea.

Jour. aco. Vit. 631 981-98S.

Cline* R.B. 1972 Lathal affacts o£ acjuaoua fornralatlona containing

fatty aminaa or acids againat agoa and lazvaa of Aadaa nfovpti. Jour. aco. Ent. 65t 177«181.

Dham, P.A. and K«azns« C.W. 1941 The tox ic i ty of alkyl aeccmdciry amines to t !^ houae

f l y . Jour. eco. £nt. 34t 462->466.

1931 A chenetropometer. Jour, eco* mt, 24s 627-633.

Hoskins, W.M. and a t §j^. 1940 The insact ic idal affects of organic compounds. JOur.

eco. Ent. 33t 875-881.

Keaxns« C.W. and Flint, w.P. 1937 Contact insact ic idal propertias of various derivaties

of cyclohaacyl anina. Jour. aco. Bat. 30t 158-166.

Matmmira. F. 1976 VoKicology of iniNieticides* pp* 25.

IMUa, M.S. 1967 Bieeidal and b ios ta t i e ac t iv i ty of aliphatic amines

•OaiRst aenthmm houM • • • ^ i t o larraa and pupae. Jour, aeo. i n t . 60t Sl,S»i23.

Miilla* M«s. and Chaudhasy* il«F«8. 1968 Ovleidal ac t iv i ty 9f al iphatic «tiaea and petxoliun

a i l s avaiiMt twa apaeiaa of MW^piltaas. oour, eoa. mt . 61t S l O - i i l .

32

33

iniUa, M.S. and s | , §1,. 1970 ivalviatlen of •Xiphatie anin** against laxvaia and

pttpaa of Moa^ltoas. Jbur. aco. ttst. 63t 1472-1475.

Tattarafiald, r. and QUiinf0iiw« C.T, 1927 studlaoi on contact Inaocticldas. Baxt V. Tha tox ic i ty

o£ avines ««d N>hatozocycllc coaipounds to Aphia ruwAcia. Min. app. Biol . 14s 217-239.

Travia« B.V.

in Iowa* Jour. oco. Snt. 1939 Hal lta of the Jkme bott la Phallophaoa lancoolata

Milton. D.P. and Pay, R.w. 1969 Mction o£ amine ovlcidea on Aiadea aoovpti laosqfuitoea,

MoaqfUito n«ws. 291 361-365.