Effect on microwave energy absorption of carbon fiber non ...sampe.com.br/emailmkt/v_congresso_sampe/cobertura/unesp.pdf · Equation 2 Source: HALLIDAY et al ... HALLIDAY, D., RESNICK,

Effect on microwave energy absorption of carbon fiber non-woven fabric metallized

with nickel due to aerial weight change and acid attack.

Prof. MSc. Daniel Consoli Silveira

FACE: Daniel Consoli Silveira

[email protected]

V Congresso Internacional SAMPE Brasil

II Semana de Compósitos Avançados SAMPE Brasil

Effect on microwave energy absorption of carbon fiber non-woven fabric metallized

with nickel due to aerial weight change and acid attack.

MSc, Prof. Daniel Consoli Silveira, UNESP

Eng, Prof. Newton A S Gomes, ITA

PhD, Prof. Mirabel C Rezende, UNIFESP

PhD, Prof. Edson C Botelho, UNESP

- Introduction and objectives;

- Brief literature review;

- Materials and Methods;

- Results and Discussions;

- Future ideas;

- Conclusions;

- Acknowledgements;

- References.

Agenda

Introduction

Multifunctional materials

➢ Intrinsically active;

➢ Structural and non-structural functions.

RAS

➢ Physicochemical properties;

➢ RAM.

Objectives

Evaluation of microwave energy absorption(MWEa) of carbon fiber non-woven fabricmetallized with nickel (CF/Ni):

- In the original condition;

- After nitric acid attacks in 5 mol/L dilutedsolution, during different times;

- After aerial weight (mg/cm2) change.

Literature review

Source: KANGAL, 2013.

Fig. 1 – Latest generation aircrafts with stealth features. (a) F-22 Raptor and (b) F-35 Lightning II.

History.

Literature review

Source: MARSH, 2010.

Fig. 2 - Wind turbine blade manufactured with RAM and being coupled to a Vestas V90 turbine at the Swaffham wind farm in Norfolk, UK.

Literature review

Source: SILVEIRA, 2016.

Fig. 3 - Relation for wavelength and frequency of the electromagnetic spectrum,correlating with applications.

Literature review

Source: SILVEIRA, 2016 (Adapted from HALLIDAY et al. 2004).

Fig. 4 - Representation of an instant t of an electromagnetic wave of sinusoidalvariation propagating along the x-axis.

Literature review

Faraday´s law of induction:

𝐸ׯ . 𝑑 Ԧ𝑠 = −𝑑ɸ𝐵/𝑑𝑡 Equation 1

Ampere-Maxwell´s law:

𝐵ׯ . 𝑑 Ԧ𝑠 = µ𝑜𝑖 + µ𝑜ԑ𝑜𝑑ɸ𝐸

𝑑𝑡Equation 2

Source: HALLIDAY et al. 2004.

Literature review

𝑐 =1

µ0ԑ𝑜Equation 3

υ =1

µԑEquation 4

𝜂 =µ

ԑEquation 5

Source: Karmel et al. 1998, Liao 2005 and Lima 2005.

Literature review


Fig. 5 - Incidence and reflection of an electromagnetic wave in a multilayer material,each layer with its permittivity (ԑ), permeability (μ), conductivity (σ) and thickness.

Literature review


Fig. 6 - Energies involved during material & electromagnetic wave interaction.

MWEa = Eincident - Ereflected - Etransmited - Edissipated Equation 6

Literature review

Equation 7

Equation 8

Equation 9

Source: SILVEIRA et al. 2017 apud Karmel et al. 1998, Liao 2005.

Materials and Methods

Fig. 7 - Propagation of an electromagnetic wave in a transmission line (Z0) and incident on a material medium (ZL).



Fig. 8 - Devices used in electromagnetic characterization: (a) vector network analyzer; (b) waveguide and adapters; (c) rectangular sample holder.



Fig. 9 - Scanning electron microscope ZEISS EVO LS15, used in the present study.



Fig. 10 - Carbon fiber fabric metallized with nickel from HV&AFN®: (a) overview with 200x; (b) detail with nickel coated polyester binder, 500x.


Results and Discussions

Fig. 11 – SEM of carbon fiber fabric metallized with nickel in original condition, magnification 1000x.



Source: SILVEIRA et. al, 2016.

Fig. 12 – SEM of carbon fiber fabric after 45 min attack in HNO3 solution 5 mol/L, magnification1000x.



Fig. 13 – SEM/EDS analyses of the CF/Ni veil as received. (a) Spectrum 1.



Fig. 14 – SEM/EDS analyses of the CF/Ni veil as received. (b) Spectrum 2.



Fig. 15 – SEM/EDS analyses of the CF/Ni veil as received. (c) Spectrum 3.



Fig. 16 – SEM/EDS analyses of the CF/Ni veil after acid attack (a) Spectrum 2 and (b) Spectrum 3.



Table 5 – Chemical contents in mass and atomic percentages determined by EDS of the CF/Ni veil after acid attack.

Source: Adapted from SILVEIRA et al., 2017.


Fig. 17 – S22 curves versus frequency of the CF/Ni veil original and after acid attacks.



-0.43 dB / 90.6%

-1.13 dB / 77.1%

Fig. 18 – S42 curves versus frequency of the CF/Ni veil original and after acid attacks.



Fig. 19 – CF/Ni veil divided into two layers with reduced thickness and aerial weight(mg/cm2).



Fig. 20 – S22 parameter vs frequency of the CF/Ni veil with original and reduced aerial weight (mg/cm2) .



90.7% reflection

30.6% reflection due to~68% reduction in the AW

Fig. 21 – Microwave energy absorption (MWEa) behavior for CF/Ni fabric after acid attacks and AW change.


MWEa = Eincident - Ereflected - Etransmited - Edissipated

Source: SILVEIRA et al., 2017. UNDER PUBLICATION.

- To investigate, by means of themogravimetric analysis (TGA), thermal degradation ofCF/Ni veil in oxidative and nitrogen atmospheres.

Future Ideas

Future Ideas

Fig. 22 – TGA of CF/Ni veil in N2 atmosphere. (a) original sample; (b) after acid attack.



- To investigate, by means of Nicolson-Ross method, the intrinsic parameters of CF/Ni non-woven fabric (εr = ε’ – jε” and µr = µ’ – jµ”).

Future Ideas

Future Ideas

Fig. 24 – Complex parameters of CF/Ni veil as received and after acid attack. (a) real part ofpermittivity; (b) real part of permeability; (c) imaginary part of permittivity and (d) imaginarypart of permeability.




- To produce radar absorbing structure (RAS), by means of hot compression molding,combining strategically positioned layers of glass fiber/epoxy resin, with prior knowledgeof its electromagnetic properties, with layers of CF/Ni fabric with frequency selectivesurface FSS (patterned aerial weight reduction).

Future Ideas

Future Ideas

Fig. 25 – (a) CAD for circular unit cells on FSS CF/Ni sample, (b) composite material in RAS FSSconfiguration, produced by means of hot compression molding and CF/Ni with circular unitcells.




- To produce radar absorbing structure (RAS), by means of hot compression molding,combining strategically positioned layers of glass fiber/epoxy resin, with prior knowledgeof its electromagnetic properties, with layers of CF/Ni fabric with frequency selectivesurface FSS (patterned aerial weight reduction).

- Characterization of RAS in waveguide method (50 Ω) and free space (377 Ω) by means ofinsertion between antennas. Patent of technology.

Future Ideas

Future Ideas

Technology in process of patenting together with governmental entities of Brazil, UNESP and ITA.


Fig. 26 – RAS under characterization for free space application.

Conclusions

• The electromagnetic characterization of the CF/Ni veil in original condition shows highvalues of reflectivity (> 90%), evidencing its metallic behavior. After the acid attacks inHNO3 solution, with the reduction of the nickel content to almost zero, the reflectivitydecreased 13.6%.

• On the other hand, the study of the aerial weight reduction proved to be more effectivein reducing the reflectivity of CF/Ni veil (max obtained reduction on microwavesreflection equals to ~60%).

• Results show that even after nickel layer removal by the acid attacks the CF/Ni fabric issuitable for EMI applications, mainly due to the high percentage of reflected energy,consequently low MWEa (MAX MWEa of 18.8% at 8.65 GHz).

• The original CF/Ni, with AW of 2.68 mg/cm2, presents reflector behavior, with maximumMWEa of 14.4% at 12.33 GHz, reduction of AW to 0.87 mg/cm2 increases the MWEa to47.6% at 8.99 GHz, , suggesting future applications in radar absorbing structures (RAS).

Acknowledgements

Thank you!

References

Global Wind Energy Council, Global wind report 2015, accessible in:http://www.gwec.net/publications/global-wind-report-2/. Accessed in April.22.2017.

HALLIDAY, D., RESNICK, R., KRANE, K. S., 2004, “Física 4”, 5ª Edição, LTC, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, p. 4-5.

KANGAL, S., 2013, “Development of radar-absorbing composite structures”, Thesis, IzmirInstitute of Technology, p. 1-114.

KARMEL, P. R., COLEF, G. D., CAMISA, R. L., 1998, “Introduction to Electromagnetic andMicrowave Engineering”, John Wiley & Sons, INC, EUA & Canada. p. 150-155, 293-335,560–595, 614.

LIAO, S. Y., 1990, “Microwave devices & circuits”, 3rd Ed., Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper SaddleRiver, New Jersey, 18-19, p. 61-101.

LIMA, A. C. C., 2005, “Fundamentos de telecomunicações: teoria eletromagnética eaplicações”, P&A Editora, Salvador, Brasil.

http://www.gwec.net/publications/global-wind-report-2/

References

MARSH, G., 2010, “Going stealthy with composites”, Reinforced plastics, Volume 54, Issue6, p. 30 – 33.

SILVEIRA, D. C., GOMES, N. A. S., REZENDE, M. C., BOTELHO, E. C., 2017, “Electromagneticproperties of multifunctional composites based on glass fiber prepreg and Ni/Carbonfiber veil”, Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management (JATM) 9 (2) (2017) 222 –231. doi: 10.5028/jatm.v9i2.657

SILVEIRA, D. C., GOMES, N. A. S., REZENDE, M. C., BOTELHO, E. C., “ELECTROMAGNETICCHARACTERIZATION OF EPOXY/GLASS FIBER PREPREG AND CARBON FIBER/Ni VEIL”,Conference Paper: BCCM-3 – 3rd Brazilian Conference on Composite Materials, AtGramado RS, Brazil, Volume: Vol. 3, p. 154, ISSN 2316-1345

SILVEIRA, D. C., 2016, “Obtenção e caracterização de estruturas absorvedoras de micro-ondas baseadas em laminado de fibra de vidro/resina epóxi/véu de C/Ni”, Master ofScience Thesis (in portuguese), 2016, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School ofEngineering of Guaratinguetá (FEG), 172p.http://repositorio.unesp.br/handle/11449/142858.

http://repositorio.unesp.br/handle/11449/142858

References

SILVEIRA, D. C., GOMES, N. A. S., REZENDE, M. C., BOTELHO, E. C. Botelho, “Redução docaráter refletor de véu de C/Ni via divisão multicamadas e alteração da gramatura”,Proceedingsand Book of Abstracts XVIII SIGE, 2016, ISSN: 1983 7402.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308741536

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Effect on microwave energy absorption of carbon fiber non ...sampe.com.br/emailmkt/v_congresso_sampe/cobertura/unesp.pdf · Equation 2 Source: HALLIDAY et al ... HALLIDAY, D., RESNICK,