EFFECT OF THE REAR FOOT AND BACK PLATE IN THE … · 2. Angular momentum in the Kick Start 1. Grab start and Kick Start: Differences and similarities Introduction 1.1. Characteristics

Sonia Taladriz, PhD Student

Physical Activity and Sports in the Aquatic Enviroment Group (CTS-527),

University of Granada, Spain

EFFECT OF THE REAR FOOT AND BACK PLATE IN

THE SWIMMING START PERFORMANCE

Thesis Supervisors: Raúl Arellano & Blanca de la Fuente

Summary

2. Angular momentum in the Kick Start

1. Grab start and Kick Start: Differences and similarities

Introduction

1.1. Characteristics of the body position of the grab start and kick start

1.3. Analysis of the temporal parameters

1.2. Kinematic parameters

2. 1. Characteristics of the angular momentum in the block phase

2. 2. Angular momentum in the entry phase

Introduction

Three techniques are the most popular:

Grab start (1960) Track start (1973) Kick start (2009)

Introduction G

RA

B S

TA

RT

Contradictory results Superiority of the Kick Start

> average horizontal force

> take-off velocity

< block time

< reaction time

Beretić, Durović & Okičić (2012); García-Hermoso et al. (2013); Honda et al. (2010); Nomura, Takeda & Takagi (2010); Ozeki, Sakurai,

Taguchi & Takise (2012); Vint et al. (2009)

< T10m-T15m

< T5m-7.5m

KIC

K S

TA

RT

TR

AC

K S

TA

RT

Flight time

Take-off angle

Flight distance

Block time

Reaction time

Entry angle

Introduction

Biel, Fischer & Kibele (2010)

GRAB START vs KICK START

Why do we have to compare them?

To know the differences due to the back plate and the

feet position

Key points of the kick start

< block time

> horizontal take-off velocity

< 7.5m time

Introduction

H (Kg.m²/s) = ω (rad/s) x I (Kg.m²)

Angular momentum = angular velocity x momentum of inertia

I = m. r² ω = Δθ . Δt

Introduction

I (kg.m2) = m (kg) x r2 (m)

Bigger momentum of inertia Smaller momentum of inertia

ω (rad/s) = dӨ (rad) x dt (s)

Lower angular velocity Higher angular velocity

Introduction

To produce angular momentum is required an external force

(torque/momentum of force)

H = ∫ M (N.m) . dt (s)

H = (F . d) dt

H = const

d d

Counterclockwise

rotation

F

Clockwise

rotation F

AXIS OF ROTATION

Introduction

Transversal axis Longitudinal axis

Introduction

Angular momentum determines the entry position into the water

Vantorre et al. (2010)

Pike Start

Flat Start technique with lower angular momentum

Flat Start

Smaller entry angle Longer entry angle

Summary



Introduction




2. 2. Angular momentum in the entry phase



9 swimmers of the Spanish National Swimming Team

Shoulder

Set position

Take-off Entry hands

Elbow

Hip

Knee Shoulder

Shoulder Hip Hip

Knee

105.75° 103.85°

Shoulder angle Hip angle

1.33 ± 0.03 m 1.33 ± 0.03 m

Height CM

1. GRAB START AND KICK START: DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES

KS

KS KS GS

GS

GS


130.31° 111.07°

Shoulder angle

139.66° 139.94°

139.66° 172.16°

Hip-front leg angle

Hip-rear leg angle*

1.16 ± 0.08 m

Height CM

1.11 ± 0.08 m


GS

GS

GS

GS

KS

KS

KS

KS


165.42° 166.62°

154.24° 165.16°

175.32°

Shoulder angle

Hip-front leg angle

Hip-rear leg angle*

154.24°

0.71 ± 0.34 m

Height CM

0.67 ± 0.04 m


GS

GS

GS

KS

GS

KS

KS

KS

KS


Kick start reachs the same distance

regarding the grab start in 0.18s less.

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

0.00 0.17 0.33 0.50 0.67 0.83 1.00

Hori

zon

tal

Dis

pla

cem

ent

(m)

Time (s)

GS

KS

0.00

0.70

1.40

2.10

2.80

3.50

4.20

4.90

0.00 0.17 0.33 0.50 0.67 0.83 1.00

Hori

zon

tal V

eloci

ty (

m/s

)

Time (s)

GS

KS

Flight Phase Block Phase

Block Phase Flight Phase


GS KS

VyCM (m/s) -1.77 ± 0.09 -1.99 ± 0.20

VxCM (m/s) 4.05 ± 0.21* 4.12 ± 0.31*

VrCM (m/s) 4.46 ± 0.33* 4.63 ± 0.33*


1.2. Kinematic parameters 1. GRAB START AND KICK START: DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES

Take-off hands

Take-off hands

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

0.00 0.17 0.33 0.50 0.67 0.83 1.00

Hori

zon

tal A

ccel

erati

on

(m

/s²)

Time (s)

11.81 ± 2.05 m/s²

8.97 ± 1.02 m/s²

Grab Start Kick Start

Take-off Hands* 0.51 ± 0.04 s 0.38 ± 0.07 s 0.13 s

Block Time* 0.83 ± 0.07 s 0.66 ± 0.59 s 0.17 s

Flight Time 0.24 ± 0.05 s 0.22 ± 0.49 s 0.02 s

Entry Time* 1.07 ± 0.06 s 0.89 ± 0.06 s 0.18 s

5m Time* 1.71 ± 0.13 s 1.56 ± 0.15 s 0.15 s

1.3. Analysis of the temporal variables 1. GRAB START AND KICK START: DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES

Summary



Introduction




2.2. Angular momentum in the entry phase


2.1. Characteristics of the angular momentum in the block phase

-0.02

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101

An

gu

lar

Mo

men

tum

(s

-1)

Time (%)

Cluster 1

Cluster 2

Cluster 3

Cluster 4

n = 10

n= 13

n = 6

n = 7

0.10 ± 0.02

0.11 ± 0.01

0.09 ± 0.01

0.13 ± 0.01

OBJECTIVE: cluster analysis to identify the different profiles of angular momentum

produced in the block phase.

Collaboration with Sebastian Fischer & Armin Kibele. Institute for Sports and Sport Science, University of Kassel.

36 elite swimmers, Germany National Swimming Team and Spanish National Swimming

Team.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Hip

Fro

nt

Foot

An

gle

(d

egre

e)

Time (%)

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4

30

50

70

90

110

130

150

170

190

1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Hip

An

gle

_R

ear L

eg (d

egre

e)

Time (%)

Cluster 1

Cluster 2

Cluster 3

Cluster 4


Knee

Hip

Shoulder


80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Kn

ee F

ron

t F

oo

t A

ngle

(d

egree)

Time (%)


60

80

100

120

140

160

180

1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Kn

ee R

ear

Foot

An

gle

(d

egre

e)

Time (%)



Knee

Hip

Ankle


20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Sh

ou

lder

An

gle

(d

egre

e)

Time (%)

Cluster 1

Cluster 2

Cluster 3

Cluster 4



-0.02

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

85 105 125 145 165 185

An

gu

lar

Mom

entu

m

(s-1

)

Knee Front foot Angle (degree)

Cluster 1

Cluster 2

Cluster 3

Cluster 4



-0.02

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

30 50 70 90 110 130 150

An

gu

lar

Mom

entu

m

(s-1

)

Shoulder Angle (degree)

Cluster 1

Cluster 2

Cluster 3

Cluster 4



0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

-0.06 0.94 1.94 2.94 3.94 4.94

An

gu

lar

Mom

entu

m

(s-1

)

CM Horizontal Velocity (m/s)

Cluster 1

Cluster 2

Cluster 3

Cluster 4





OBJECTIVE: to analyze the characteristics of the entry phase regarding the different profiles

obtained in the production of the angular momentum in the block phase.





THANK YOU FOR YOUR

ATTENTION

•Beretić, I., Durović, M., & Okičić, T. (2012). Influence of the back plate on kinematical starting

parameter changes in elite male serbian swimmers. Physical Education and Sport, 10(2), 135-140.

•Biel, K., Fischer, S., & Kibele, A. (2010) Kinematic analysis of take-off performance in elite swimmers:

New OSB11 versus traditional starting block. In: P. Kjendlie, R.K. Stallman & J. Cabri (Eds.),

Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming XI (pp. 91). Oslo, Norwegian School of Sport Science.

• García-Hermoso, A., Escalante, Y., Arellano, R., Navarro, F., Domínguez, A. M., & Saavedra, J. M.

(2013). Relationship between final performance and block times with the traditional and the new starting

platforms with a back plate international swimming championship 50-M and 100-M freestyle events.

Journal of sports science and medicine, 12.

•Honda, K. E., Sinclair, P. J., Mason, B. R., & Pease, D. L. (2010). A Biomechanical Comparison of Elite

Swimmers Start Performance Using the Traditional Track Start and the New Kick Start. In P. Kjendlie, R.

K. Stallman & J. Cabri (Eds.), XIth International Symposium Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming

(pp. 94-96). Oslo, Norway Norwegian school of sports sciences.

•McLean, S. P., Holthe, M. J., Vint, P. F., Beckett, K. D., and Hinrichs, R. N. (2000). Addition of an

approach to a swimming relay start. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 16(4), 342-355.

•Nomura, T., Takeda, T., & Takagi, H. (2010). Influences of the back plate on competitive swimming

starting motion in particular projection skill. In P. Kjendlie, R. K. Stallman & J. Cabri (Eds.), XIth

International Symposium Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming (pp. 135-137). Oslo, Norway

Norwegian school of sports sciences.

References

References

•Ozeki, K., Sakurai, S., Taguchi, M., & Takise, S. (2012). Kicking the back plate of the starting block

improves start phase performance in competitive swimming. In E. J. Bradshaw, A. Burnett & P. A.

Hume (Eds.), 30th annual conference of the international society of biomechanics in sports (pp. 373-

376). Melbourne, Australia.

•Vantorre, J., Seifert, L., Bideau, B., Nicolas, G., Fernandes, R. J., Vilas-Boas, J. P., & Chollet, D.

(2010). Influence of swimming start styles on biomechanics and angular momentum. In P. Kjendlie, R.

K. Stallman & J. Cabri (Eds.), XIth International Symposium Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming

(pp. 180-182). Oslo, Norway Norwegian school of sports sciences.

• Vint, P. F., Hinrich, R. N., Riewald, S. A., Mason, R. K., & McLean, S. P. (2009). Effects of handle and

block configuration on swim start performance. In A. J. Harrison, R. Anderson & I. Kenny (Eds.), XXVII

international society of biomechanics in sports conference. Limerick, Ireland.

Documents

EFFECT OF THE REAR FOOT AND BACK PLATE IN THE … · 2. Angular momentum in the Kick Start 1. Grab start and Kick Start: Differences and similarities Introduction 1.1. Characteristics