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Egypt. J. Agron. Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 67 - 81 (2011)
5 Effect of Magnesium Sulphate and Copper
Sulphate Foliar Application on Wheat under
Sandy Soil Conditions
El-Met. A. El-Metwally, S.A. Safina, F.E. Abdalla* and Sara
S. A. EI-Sawy*
Agronomy Deptartment, Facult of Agriculture, Cairo University and *Fertilization Technology Deptartment, National Research Centre
(NRC), Giza, Egypt.
WO FIELD experiments were conducted at Ismailia Exp. Sta.,
Agric. Res. Centre, Egypt, in 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 seasons to
study the effect of foliar application of copper sulphate (CuSO4) and
magnesium sulphate (Mg) on growth, yield and grain quality of wheat
(Triticum aestivum L. cv. Sakha 94) under sandy soil conditions. The
results indicated that foliar application of 6.72 kg MgSO4 + 1.68 kg
CuSO4/fed produced the highest values of growth attributes such as
plant height, tillers/m2, flag leaf area, chlorophyll contents and dry
matter/m2. The highest positive significant effects on spike/m2, spike
length, no. of grains/spike, grains weight/spike, 1000-grains weight,
grain yield/fed and straw yield/fed were achieved by spraying copper
sulphate and magnesium sulphate treatments. The highest increment in
grain yield was obtained by spraying wheat plants by 1.68 kg
CuSO4/fed. Results also showed that the most of both macro and
micronutrients content in wheat shoot increased markedly due to
spraying wheat plants with 6.72 kg MgSO4 + 1.68 kg CuSO4/fed. On
the other hand, the highest wheat grains content of protein, N, Mg, Cu
and Zn contents (15.45 %, 2.65 %, 0.35 %, 7.90 ppm and 54.40 ppm,
respectively) were achieved with spraying wheat plants by 6.72 kg
MgSO4 + 1.68 kg CuSO4/fed. However, spraying wheat plants with
0.84 kg CuSO4/fed gave the highest grain carbohydrate percentage
(69.33 %). Spraying wheat plants with 6.72 kg MgSO4 + 1.68 kg
CuSO4/fed gave the highest magnesium, copper and Zn content (0.28 %,
3.80 ppm and 46.20 ppm, respectively) in wheat straw as compared
with unsprayed plants. The correlation coefficient between wheat
yield and number of spike/m2, 1000-grains weight and harvest index
was highly positive significant (0.953**, 0.895** and 0.826**,
respectively) under this conditions.
Keywords: Wheat, Triticum aestivum L., Magnesium sulphate,
Copper sulphate, Foliar application, Yield, Quality,
sandy soil.
In Egypt, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most important cereal crop. The
cultivated area of wheat reached to about 1.2 million hectare which produced
about 7.9 million tons (FAO, 2008). It is clear that there is a great shortage in
the production of wheat in Egypt. However, this production do not meet
T
EL-MET.A. EL-METWALLY et al.
Egypt. J. Agron. 33, No. 1 (2011)
68
consumption partly due to over growing population and hence, consumption.
The intensive competition between wheat and winter clover and sugar beet
during the winter season limits the possibility of more extension in wheat-
cultivated area to more than 2.4 million fed in the old land. In addition, water
resources and cultivated areas are limited. This reflects the dimension of the
problem that shows the need of increasing vertical expansion in new desert
area.
Cropping intensity in Egypt accompanied with shortage in fertilization led
to a serious depletion of both macro and micronutrients from soil, especially
in sandy soil. Magnesium has major physiological and molecular roles in
plants, such as being a component of the chlorophyll molecule, a cofactor for
many enzymatic processes associated with phosphorylation,
dephosphorylation, and the hydrolysis of various compounds, and as a
structural stabilizer for various nucleotides. Studies indicate that 15 to 30%
of the total magnesium in plants is associated with the chlorophyll molecule
(Marschner, 1995). Hanna & Abdel Mottaleb (1998) concluded that the
Magnesium fertilization as foliar application tended to increase grain, straw
yield and 1000-kernel weight, number of grains/spike and grain content of
Mg2+
P, K, and crude protein. El-Amry et al. (2001) reported that maximum
grain yield and protein and total carbohydrate contents of wheat grains were
obtained with application of 5 - 10 kg MgSO4 /fed. In Egypt, Mg decrease
year after year in cultivated soils (Nofal & El-Fouly, 2003) may be because,
after constructing the High Dame, large quantities of Nile mud, which was
renewing soil fertility annually, were decanted in Lake Nasser.
Copper is an essential micronutrient required for the functioning of more
than 30 enzymes, all of which are either redox catalysts (e.g., cytochrome
oxidase and nitrate reductase) or dioxygen carriers (e.g., haemocyanin).
Ziaeian & Malakouti (2001) reported that copper, as well as other
micronutrient application, led to significantly increase in their concentration
and uptake in grain and flag leaf of wheat. Such nutrient application
increased significantly grain protein content. Shaaban (2002) showed that
foliar fertilizer feeding containing 5.2 % Mn, 0.65 % Zn and 0.65 % Cu
increased the concentration of Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in the leaves of
wheat. Zeidan & Nofal (2003) showed that application of copper alone or
adding 1% urea caused significant increases in grain protein content, yield
and quality of wheat. Karamanos et al. (2004) reported that maximum grain
yield of wheat was obtained by foliar application of Cu. Korzeniowska
(2008) found that wheat plants after Cu application showed higher N
concentration than control plants. Moreover, high correlation between Cu and
N concentration in wheat shoots were obtained.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of magnesium sulphate
and copper sulphate levels sprayed as foliar applications on growth, yield and
quality of grain wheat under sandy soil condition.
EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM SULPHATE …
Egypt. J. Agron. 33, No. 1 (2011)
69
Material and Methods
Two field experiments were carried out at Ismailia exp. Sta., Agric. Res.
Center, Egypt in 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 seasons to study the effect of two
levels of copper sulphate and magnesium sulphate on growth, yield and quality of
wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Sakha 94). A representative soil sample from the
experimental sites (0-30 cm depth) was taken after soil preparation and before
fertilization. Physical and chemical characteristics of soil (0 – 30 cm depth) are
shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1. Physical and chemical characteristics of soil (0 – 30 cm depth) for both
2007/2008 and 2008/2009 seasons.
Characteristics 2007/2008 2008/2009
Sand ( % ) 88.4 90.0
Silt ( % ) 4.0 3.2
Clay ( % ) 7.6 6.8
Texture Sand Sand
Electric conductivity (dS/m) 0.20 0.35
pH 8.95 9.15
CaCO3 (%) 1.20 1.84
Organic matter (%) 0.544 0.09
Macronutrients ( mg /100 g soil)
P 0.36 0.62
K 7.60 4.24
Na 18.03 41.4
Ca 240 308
Mg 9.0 3.64
Micronutrients ( ppm )
Fe 3.70 3.83
Mn 2.80 1.13
Zn 0.22 0.15
Cu 0.10 0.25
The experimental design was randomize complete block (RCBD) with six
replicates.
In both seasons super phosphate (15.5 % P2O5) and potassium sulphate (50 %
K2O) fertilizers were added during preparation of the experimental land at the
rate of 37 kg P2O5/fed and 24 kg K2O/fed. Ammonium sulphate (20.6 % N)
fertilizer at a rate of 106 kg N/fed was applied as soil application in three equal
splits at seeding, 30 and 50 day after sowing in both seasons. Magnesium in form
of magnesium sulphate (9 % Mg) and copper in form of copper sulphate (25 %
Cu) with mixture of Fe, Mn and Zn micronutrients in form of EDTA 13% Fe,
EDTA 13.5% Mn and EDTA 13.5% Zn at a rate of 0.5 g/l from each nutrient
were sprayed of in 350 and 400-liter water/fed twice at 45 and 60 days after
sowing in both seasons.
EL-MET.A. EL-METWALLY et al.
Egypt. J. Agron. 33, No. 1 (2011)
70
Grains (60 kg/fed) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Sakha 94) were drilled
by hand in rows spaced 20 cm. Plants were irrigated at 6 days interval using
sprinkler system.
The tested nine foliar spray treatments were as follow:
1. Control (water spray)
2. Magnesium sulphate at a rate of 3.36 kg/fed.
3. Magnesium sulphate at a rate of 6.72 kg /fed.
4. Copper sulphate at a rate of 0.84 kg/fed.
5. Copper sulphate at a rate of 1.68 kg /fed.
6. Magnesium sulphate at a rate of 3.36 + copper sulphate at a rate of
0.84 kg/fed.
7. Magnesium sulphate at a rate of 3.36 + copper sulphate at a rate of
1.68 kg/fed.
8. Magnesium sulphate at a rate of 6.72 + copper sulphate at a rate of
0.84 kg/fed.
9. Magnesium sulphate at a rate of 6.72 + copper sulphate at a rate of
1.68 kg/fed.
Recorded data
Growth characteristics
At 75 days after sowing, plants of 25 x 25 cm2/plot were taken to determine
flag leaf area/plant and dry weight of shoots/unit area. Flag leaf area/plant was
calculated using the formula (Length x maximum width x 0.79) according to
Voldeng & Simpson (1967) Also, Chlorophyll content (mg/g) was recorded as a
mean of 30 random readings. At harvest, plant height, number of tillers/m2 and
straw yield were determined.
Plant elements extraction
Plant shoots at 75 days age and grains after harvesting were dried in a
ventilated oven at 70 °C till constant weight. The samples were ground in
stainless steel mill with 0.5 mm sieve and kept in plastic containers for chemical
analysis to determine the following traits:
a. Total nitrogen percentage: was determined using Micro-Kjeldahl
method as described by Peter & Young (1980). Protein content was
obtained by multiplying the nitrogen content by 5.8 according to the
method described by A.O.A.C. (2000).
b. Carbohydrate percentage in grains was measured using the method
described by Duis et al. (1956).
c. Macro and micronutrients were extracted as described by Chapman
& Pratt (1978), using atomic absorption spectrophotometer apparatus
(Zeiss PMQ3). Phosphorus was measured in the digested solution using
vanado-molybdate color reaction, according to the method described by
Jackson (1973). Potassium, calcium and sodium were measured using
the Flamephotometer, (Eppendorof, DR Lang).
EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM SULPHATE …
Egypt. J. Agron. 33, No. 1 (2011)
71
Yield and its components
At maturity, plants of two square meters /plot were harvested to determine
grain and straw yields as well as some agronomic attributes.
Collected data were subjected to the proper statistical analysis according to
Snedecor & Cochoran (1967). Since the data in both seasons took similar trends
and variances were homogeneous according to Bartlett’s test, the combined
analysis of both seasons' data was done. LSD test at 5 % level was used for
comparing the numerical averages according to Waller & Duncan (1969).
Correlation coefficients were calculated for yield and yield components using the
average among the two seasons.
Results and Discussion
Effect of Magnesium sulphate and copper sulphate foliar application on wheat
growth attributes
Data in Table 2 show that all magnesium sulphate and/or copper sulphate
levels significantly affected wheat plant height, number of tillers/m2, flag leaf
area, chlorophyll and total dry weight /m2 at 75 days after sowing. The increment
ranged between 4.14-10.89 % in plant height, 0.49 - 21.68 % in tillers/plant, 19-
31% in flag leaf area, 7-29 % in chlorophyll content and 22-88 % in total dry
weight, over control treatment. The highest increment of the mentioned
parameters was recorded with spraying wheat plants by 6.72 kg MgSO4 + 1.68 kg
CuSO4/fed.
TABLE 2. Effect of MgSO4 and CuSO4 on some growth characteristics of wheat
(combined data of 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 seasons).
Treatments
Plant
height
(cm)
Tillers /
m2
(no)
Flag leaf
area
(cm2)
Shoots
dry /m2
(g)
Chlorophyll
(mg/g)
Straw
yield
(ton/fed)*
MgSO4 CuSO4
(kg/fed.*)
0 0 84.5 690.3 19.23 463.4 2.22 2.63
3.36 0 88.0 693.7 22.85 567.3 2.38 4.35
6.72 0 89.3 734.0 24.00 604.6 2.52 4.59
0 0.84 87.7 767.3 23.25 577.3 2.55 5.01
0 1.68 89.5 826.7 24.23 632.0 2.60 4.45
3.36 0.84 90.3 840.0 24.42 686.4 2.57 4.70
3.36 1.68 90.8 778.3 24.53 766.8 2.70 4.80
6.72 0.84 89.8 757.0 24.07 810.4 2.78 4.32
6.72 1.68 94.8 826.7 25.13 871.8 2.85 4.78
LSD at 0.05 3.4 77.4 1.78 40. 5 0.15 0.91 *Feddan= 4200 m2
Positive effect of magnesium and copper sulphate applied as foliar application
on wheat growth can be attributed to the important function of copper in plant
EL-MET.A. EL-METWALLY et al.
Egypt. J. Agron. 33, No. 1 (2011)
72
metabolism since copper participates in photosynthesis and chloroplast
development (Amberger, 1974). Since magnesium is the central atom in the
chlorophyll molecule it is essential for photosynthesis and plays a critical role in
plant growth.
Marschner (1995) and El-Magid et al. (2000) reported that application of Cu
at 0.1% with other micronutrients increased the number of shoots/ wheat plants.
Kumar et al. (2009) found that production of wheat dry matter enhanced with
increasing Cu levels and reached to the maximum at 1.5 MgSO4 kg/fed.
Yield and its components
Foliar application with magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) and/or copper sulphate
(CuSO4) had a significant effect on number of spikes/m2, spike length, and
number of grains/spike of wheat (Table 3). Spraying wheat plants with 3.36 kg
MgSO4 + 0.84 kg CuSO4 /fed produced the greatest increase in spike length as
compared with control and other treatments. Meanwhile, the highest number of
grains/spike was obtained by application of 6.72 kg MgSO4 + 0.84 kg CuSO4 /
fed. The highest values for grains weight/spike and 1000-grain weight were
determined by 6.72 kg MgSO4 + 0.84 kg CuSO4 /fed. High level of copper
sulphate (1.68 kg/fed) produced the greatest grain yield and harvest index. The
lowest grain yield, harvest index and yield components were resulted from the
untreated plants.
TABLE 3. Yield and yield components of wheat plant as affected by copper sulphate
(CuSO4) and magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) foliar applications (combined
data of 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 seasons).
Treatments Spikes
No. / m2
(no)
Spike
length
(cm)
Grains/
spike
(no)
Grains/
spike
(g)
1000-
grains
weight
(g)
Grain
yield/
fed
(ard)*
Harvest
index MgSO4 CuSO4
(kg/fed)
0 0 581.3 7.72 22.3 0.77 30.6 7.9 0.29
3.36 0 621.3 8.77 31.5 1.15 33.0 10.2 0.29
6.72 0 680.5 9.17 33.5 1.27 36.2 10.8 0.28
0 0.84 733.3 9.03 29.8 1.18 39.1 13.1 0.34
0 1.68 773.3 8.80 36.5 1.25 40.4 14.5 0.37
3.36 0.84 768.0 9.13 35.7 1.40 37.0 13.2 0.32
3.36 1.68 678.0 9.13 34.8 1.13 37.6 12.4 0.30
6.72 0.84 691.2 9.08 36.5 1.45 41.1 12.2 0.32
6.72 1.68 757.3 8.90 32.7 1.25 40.9 13.8 0.34
LSD at 0.05 48.9 0.75 3.8 0.20 3.8 1.9 0.04
* Ardab = 155 kg
EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM SULPHATE …
Egypt. J. Agron. 33, No. 1 (2011)
73
The increase in grain yield /fed due to copper sulphate and magnesium
sulphate treatments can be attributed to the increase in yield components of
wheat. The increase in number of grains due to copper sulphate and magnesium
sulphate application may be attributed to copper and magnesium efficiency in
addition to more fertile-spikelets which ought to be not formed in case of copper
and magnesium deficiency.
Such effects of foliar application with MgSO4 and/or CuSO4 might be due to
their critical role in crop growth, implicated in photosynthesis processes,
respiration and other biochemical and physiological activates. These results are
similar to those of Zeidan & Nofal (2003), El-Maghraby (2004) and Kumar et al.
(2009). Whereas, El-Amry et al. (2001) and Hussein (2005) showed that grain
yield of wheat plants was affected positively by application of magnesium.
Macronutrient and Micronutrient contents in wheat shoots at 75 days age
Results in Table 4 show that macronutrient concentration in wheat shoots
were differed significantly with different treatments. The highest percent of N, P,
K, Mg and Ca in wheat shoots were recorded as a result of adding 6.72 kg
MgSO4 + 1.68 kg CuSO4/fed as foliar application. From the above-mentioned
results, it could be concluded that MgSO4 and CuSO4 application to plants of
wheat at 75 days after sowing increased N, P, K, Mg and Ca contents in wheat
shoots. The highest N, P, K, Mg and Ca contents in wheat shoots were obtained
by spraying wheat plants with 6.72 kg MgSO4 + 1.68 kg CuSO4/fed at 75 days
after sowing. The increase in macronutrient contents may be due to Mg and
CuSO4 plays a major role in photosynthesis. The formation of important
synthesates like ATP, ADP, chlorophyll and other pigments, sugar, DNA,
RNA,…etc,. Proper magnesium and copper doses increased nutrient contents
through proper uptake and assimilation. These results are in agreement with those
of El-Magid et al. (2000), Moussa (2000), Shaaban (2002), Abdel-Maguid et al.
(2004), and Korzeniowska (2008) whom found that application of Cu in wheat
plants led to the increase of macronutrient contents in wheat shoots. While, Brohi
et al. (2000) showed that foliar application of Mg on rice and wheat plants
increased the concentrations of macronutrients in plant shoots.
Micronutrient concentrations in wheat shoots were significantly differed
according to applied magnesium and copper sulphate rates (Table 4). It is
obvious that the highest Fe, Mn and Zn concentrations were found in wheat
plants sprayed with 6.72 kg MgSO4 + 1.68 kg CuSO4/fed. Meanwhile, the
highest Cu content in wheat shoots was obtained from 3.36 kg MgSO4 + 1.68 kg
CuSO4/fed application (19.3 ppm). From the above mentioned results, it could be
concluded that MgSO4 and CuSO4 application to wheat plants increased the
contents of Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu in wheat shoots at 75 days after sowing. The
obtained results support those of Ibrahim & Shalaby (1994), El-Badry (1995),
Moussa (2000), Shaaban (2002), Abdel-Maguid et al. (2004) and El-Maghraby
(2004) with Cu application to wheat plants, while Brohi et al. (2000) found that
uptake of all nutrients in wheat straw was higher with Mg application.
EL-MET.A. EL-METWALLY et al.
Egypt. J. Agron. 33, No. 1 (2011)
74
TABLE 4. Effect of magnesium sulphate and copper sulphate on macronutrient and
micronutrient contents of wheat shoots at 75 days after sowing (combined
of 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 seasons).
Treatments
Macronutrient (%) Micronutrient (ppm)
MgSO4 CuSO4
kg/fed (N) (P) (K) (Mg) (Ca) (Fe) (Zn) (Mn) (Cu)
0 0 1.73 0.21 2.70 0.14 0.32 114.0 31.2 18.0 5.2
3.36 0 2.49 0.24 3.32 0.15 0.35 139.6 38.4 21.2 6.0
6.72 0 2.70 0.28 3.94 0.17 0.44 153.0 40.4 25.3 6.3
0 0.84 2.55 0.26 3.67 0.14 0.41 135.4 38.6 23.5 10.6
0 1.68 2.71 0.26 3.95 0.14 0.45 155.7 40.8 24.8 17.1
3.36 0.84 2.40 0.29 3.26 0.16 0.50 156.9 41.9 25.2 12.1
3.36 1.68 2.68 0.29 3.57 0.16 0.50 163.8 48.2 25.7 19.3
6.72 0.84 2.85 0.29 3.47 0.18 0.51 164.5 48.0 26.3 12.5
6.72 1.68 3.06 0.30 3.84 0.18 0.51 176.5 50.0 27.0 18.9
LSD at 0.05
0.07 0.01 0.35 0.01 0.06 7.6 6.7 2.4 1.5
Grain quality
Quality parameters of wheat grains (protein and carbohydrates) showed
significant response to magnesium sulphate and/or copper sulphate foliar
application treatments (Table 5). Spraying wheat plants with the mixture of
magnesium sulphate and copper sulphate at the higher rate (6.72 kg MgSO4 +
1.68 kg CuSO4/fed) resulted in achieving the highest value of grain protein
content (14.98 %) compared with other treatments. Magnesium has functions in
protein synthesis that can affect the size, structure, and function of chloroplasts
(Marschner, 1995). But, magnesium and copper sufficient levels increased
protein content indirectly through its role in nutrients balance in plant tissues.
The present results are in the same direction with those reported by Ziaeian
& Malakouti (2001) and Zeidan & Nofal (2003) with copper application on
wheat plants and El-Amry et al. (2001) and LiXin et al. (2003) with magnesium
application on wheat plants.
Concerning results in Table 5, they indicate that 0.84 kg CuSO4 /fed gave the
highest carbohydrate in grains (69.33 %) as compared with untreated plants and
other treatments. This indicates that no increase in copper sulphate and
magnesium sulphate level more than 0.84 kg CuSO4 and 3.36 kg MgSO4/fed is
needed for obtaining high carbohydrate content of grains. Even the contribution
EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM SULPHATE …
Egypt. J. Agron. 33, No. 1 (2011)
75
of these minerals in photosynthesis and enzymes controlling carbohydrate
formation, the minimum requirements of copper and magnesium were enough to
accumulate suitable carbohydrate contents. Migahid & Sadek (1994) found that
carbohydrate content in wheat plants was significantly increased by copper
application. Also, El-Amry et al. (2001) reported that maximum grain total
carbohydrate of wheat was obtained by application of MgSO4 with 5 or 10 kg /fed.
Grain chemical constituents
Grains contents of N, Mg, Cu and Zn showed significant response to
magnesium sulphate and copper sulphate foliar application treatments (Table 5).
Spraying wheat plants with 6.72 kg MgSO4 + 1.68 kg CuSO4 /fed produced the
highest increase in grains nitrogen content.
TABLE 5. Wheat grain contents of protein, carbohydrate, N, Mg, Cu and Zn as
affected by magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) and copper sulphate (CuSO4)
foliar applications (combined data of 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 seasons).
Treatments
Protein
(%)
Carbohydrate
(%)
N
(%)
Mg
(%)
Cu
(ppm)
Zn
(ppm) CuSO4 CuSO4
kg/fed
0 0 6.37 61.67 1.12 0.26 3.30 34.80
3.36 0 11.90 63.67 2.07 0.27 4.40 39.70
6.72 0 12.82 65.33 2.22 0.29 4.50 42.40
0 0.84 12.03 69.33 2.08 0.29 5.30 45.80
0 1.68 12.78 68.17 2.23 0.29 7.20 48.70
3.36 0.84 13.52 67.83 2.33 0.32 5.40 46.90
3.36 1.68 14.07 67.33 2.42 0.33 7.50 48.30
6.72 0.84 14.98 67.17 2.58 0.35 5.60 50.90
6.72 1.68 15.45 67.33 2.65 0.35 7.90 54.40
LSD at 0.05
0.43 0.75 0.07 0.01 0.97 3.60
Sufficient levels of magnesium and copper increased nitrogen content
indirectly through their role in nutrients uptake and balance in plant tissues. The
present results are in the same direction with those reported by Ziaeian
& Malakouti (2001) and Zeidan & Nofal (2003) with copper application and El-
Amry et al. (2001) and Lixin et al. (2003).
Application of magnesium sulphate, copper sulphate or both of them
increased grain magnesium content (%) as compared with control plants. The
EL-MET.A. EL-METWALLY et al.
Egypt. J. Agron. 33, No. 1 (2011)
76
differences between 6.72 kg MgSO4 + 0.84 kg CuSO4 and 6.72 kg MgSO4 + 1.68 kg
CuSO4/fed treatments did not reach to the level of significance. Spraying wheat
plants with 6.72 kg MgSO4 + 0.84 kg CuSO4 and 6.72 kg MgSO4 + 1.68 kg
CuSO4/fed produced the highest increment in magnesium content (0.35 and 0.35 %),
while, the lowest values (0.26 %) were recorded with control plants.
From the above mentioned results, it could be concluded that magnesium
sulphate and copper sulphate application produced wheat grains with high
contents of Mg in the second season and combined analysis of the two seasons.
Similar results were also obtained by Hanna & Abdel Mottaleb (1998) who
reported that application of magnesium as a soil application increased the grain
content of Mg. Brohi et al. (2000) found that application of magnesium
increased rice Mg content in grains.
Data in Table 5 showed that foliar spray of magnesium sulphate and copper
sulphate significantly increased Cu content of wheat grains compared to control
treatment. Application of 3.6 kg MgSO4 + 1.68 kg CuSO4 /fed and 6.72 kg MgSO4 +
1.68 kg CuSO4 /fed gave the highest grain Cu content (7.50 and 7.90 ppm,
respectively). Similar positive effects of wheat copper content of grains were
obtained by Ibrahim & Shalaby (1994) and El-Badry (1995). In contrast, El-
Magid et al. (2000) reported that Cu content was declined in wheat grains as the
plants received copper.
Straw chemical constituents
Chemical composition of straw i.e, Mg, Cu and Zn concentrations showed
significant response to magnesium sulphate and copper sulphate foliar
application treatments (Table 6). Wheat plants sprayed with magnesium sulphate
or copper sulphate or magnesium sulphate + copper sulphate significantly
increased magnesium concentration of wheat straw as compared with unsprayed
plants. Spraying wheat plants with 6.72 kg MgSO4 + 0.84 kg CuSO4/fed and 6.72 kg
MgSO4 + 1.68 kg CuSO4/fed produced the highest magnesium concentration of
wheat straw (0.28 %). From the above-mentioned results, it could be concluded
that application of 6.72 kg MgSO4 + 1.68 kg CuSO4/fed gave the highest
magnesium, copper and Zn content (0.28 %, 3.80 ppm and 46.20 ppm,
respectively) in wheat straw as compared with unsprayed plants. Spraying wheat
plants with each of 1.68 kg CuSO4/fed, 3.36 kg MgSO4 + 1.68 kg CuSO4/fed and
6.72 kg MgSO4 + 1.68 kg CuSO4/fed produced the highest copper concentration
(3.80 ppm) in wheat straw.
From the above-mentioned results, it could be concluded that MgSO4 and/or
CuSO4 applications increased Mg, Cu and Zn concentration in wheat straw. The
positive effect of magnesium sulphate and/or copper sulphate foliar application
on Mg, Cu and Zn concentration in wheat straw may be due to copper and
magnesium sufficient levels in the plant tissues (Brohi et al., 2000).
EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM SULPHATE …
Egypt. J. Agron. 33, No. 1 (2011)
77
TABLE 6. Effect of copper sulphate (CuSO4) and magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) on
macro-micronutrient contents of wheat straw at harvesting (combined of
2007/2008 and 2008/2009 seasons).
Treatments Mg
( %)
Cu
(ppm)
Zn
(ppm) MgSO4 CuSO4
kg/fed
0 0 0.19 1.60 24.90
3.36 0 0.23 2.30 29.60
6.72 0 0.26 2.40 32.20
0 0.84 0.20 2.80 33.30
0 1.68 0.20 3.80 38.10
3.36 0.84 0.26 2.90 37.50
3.36 1.68 0.27 3.80 41.30
6.72 0.84 0.28 2.90 43.70
6.72 1.68 0.28 3.80 46.20
LSD at 0.05
0.01 0.30 4.80
Data in Table 7 indicate that correlation coefficients were significant between
grain yield/fed and plant height, number of spike/m2, spike length, number of
grains/spike, grains weight /spike, 1000-grains weight, harvest index, straw
yield/fed and grain protein percentage. All of the calculated correlation
coefficients were positive. Correlation coefficients were significant and/or highly
significant between all studied characters except the correlation coefficients
between plant height and each of number of spike/m2, spike length, number of
grains/spike, grains weight/spike and harvest index and also between harvest
index and spike length, number of grains/spike, grains weight/spike, straw
yield/fed and grain protein percentage.
Correlation coefficients were not significant between spike length and
number of spike /m2. In this concern, Rady et al. (1981) and Salem et al. (1990)
found that the phenotypic correlation coefficients were highly significant and
positive between wheat grain yield and each of spike grains weight, 1000-grains
weight, number of grains/spike, number of spikelets/spike and straw
yield/feddan.
EL-MET.A. EL-METWALLY et al.
Egypt. J. Agron. 33, No. 1 (2011)
78
TABLE 7. Correlation coefficients between grain yield and yield components.
Characters
Grain
yield /
fed
Plant
heigh
t
(cm)
Spike
/ m2
(no)
Spike
length
(cm)
Grain
/ spike
(no)
Grain
/ spike
(g)
1000-
grain
s (g)
Harves
t index
(%)
Stra
w
yield
/ fed
Grain yield/fed 1.00
Plant height 0.72* 1.00
Spikes/m2 0.95*
* 0.66 1.00
Spike length 0.68* 0.63 0.62 1.00
Grains/spike(no
) 0.75* 0.66 0.68* 0.85*
* 1.00
Grains /spike
(g) 0.69* 0.62 0.70* 0.85*
* 0.89** 1.00
1000-grains (g) 0.90*
* 0.72* 0.82*
* 0.67* 0.73* 0.74* 1.00
Harvest index 0.83*
* 0.37 0.80* 0.19 0.38 0.35 0.74* 1.00
Straw yield/fed 0.79* 0.68* 0.72* 0.93*
* 0.73* 0.73* 0.70* 0.37 1.00
Conclusions
From the present work it could be concluded that magnesium sulphate and
copper sulphate fertilization is very important for the growth of wheat plants
under sandy condition. 6.72 kg MgSO4 + 1.68 kg CuSO4/fed could be used as
foliar fertilizer rates to obtain high wheat growth parameters (e.g. leaf flag area,
chlorophyll and dry matter accumulation).
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81
تأثير اإلضافة الورقية بسلفات الماغنسيوم والنحاس علي القمح تحت ظروف األراضي الرملية
المتولي عبدهللا المتولي،
و سارة سيد *سيد أحمد سفينة ، فؤاد السيد عبد هللا
*علي الصاوي
-قسم تكنولوجيا التسميد وجامعة القاهرة –كلية الزراعة –قسم المحاصيل .مصر –الجيزة -بحوثالمركز القومى لل*
أجريت تجربتان حقليتان بمحطة التجارب الزراعية باإلسماعيلية لمركز البحوث
7002/7002 ىالزراعية، بمحافظة اإلسماعيلية ، مصر خالل الموسم الشتو لدراسة تأثير اإلضافة الورقية لمستويين من سلفات الماغنسيوم. 7002/7002و
النمو و المحصول و جودة ىحدة أو مجتمعين عل ىوسلفات النحاس كال علن أعلي القيم من طول النبات، اأوضحت النتائج . 29الحبوب لصنف القمح سخا
الكلوروفيل و المادة الجافة للمتر ى،مساحة ورقة العلم و محتو 7م/عدد األفرع ت كجم سلفا 8722+ كجم سلفات ماغنسيوم 2727المربع تم التوصل إليها بإضافة
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حبة، محصول حبوب الفدان ومحصول القش 8000وزن حبوب السنبلة ، وزن 8722)ن سلفات النحاس م ىاألعل ىأن الرش بالمستو ىللفدان باإلضافة إل
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الصغري في المجموع و ىالعناصر الكبر ىأوضحت النتائج أيضا أن معظم محتومن سلفات ىلنباتات القمح أزداد بدرجة كبيرة بالرش بأعلي مستو ىالخضر
(. فدان/كجم نحاس 8722+ كجم ماغنسيوم 2727)الماغنسيوم وسلفات النحاس كجم سلفات 2727)من الماغنسيوم و النحاس ىاالعل ىأعطت المعاملة بالرش للمستو
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، بينما الرش ( الترتيب ىجزء في المليون عل 19790جزء في المليون و 2720قيمة في نسبة ىاعل ىأعط( فدان/كجم 0729)المنخفض من سلفات النحاس ىبالمستو
النتائج أيضا أن الرش كما أوضحت(. ٪ ..227) الكربوهيدرات في الحبوب كجم سلفات 8727+ فدان /كجم سلفات ماغنسيوم 2727بإضافة ىالورق، ٪0772)والزنك و النحاس الماغنسيوم ىقيمة من محتو ىفدان أعطت أعل/نحاسمحصول ىف( الترتيب ىالمليون عل ىجزء ف 92770جزء في المليون و 720.
أوضحت معامالت اإلرتباط بين . بعدم الرش بالعناصرالقش للقمح بالمقارنة حبة 8000و وزن محصول الحبوب للفدان و عدد السنابل في المتر المربع و 0720**، 0721)**ودليل الحصاد وجود عالقات إرتباطية عالية موجبة
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