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Effect of Core and Skin Thicknesses of
Bamboo Sandwich Composite on Bending
Strength
Hartoni, Jauhar Fajrin, Buan Anshari, Agus Dwi Catur
Nama Jurnal : International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and
Technology (IJMET)
Volume Jurnal : 8
Nomor Jurnal (Opsional) : 12
Halaman : 551-560
ISSN : 0976-6340 (Print); 0976-6359 (online)
Penerbit : IAEME Publication
Alamat Web Jurnal : http://www.iaeme.com/Ijmet/index.asp
http://www.iaeme.com/citearticle.asp?Ed=
10005&Jtype=IJMET&VType=8&Itype=12
Terindex oleh : Scopus (discontinued), SJR, Google Scholar
Index Copernicus, Mendeley, Thomson Reuters
EBSCO
Quartile : Q3 (saat publikasi); Q2 (sekarang)
SJR/CiteScore : 0.29 (2019)/1.2 (2017)
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 551 [email protected]
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)
Volume 8, Issue 12, December 2017, pp. 551–560, Article ID: IJMET_08_12_056
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=8&IType=12
ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359
© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed
EFFECT OF CORE AND SKIN THICKNESSES
OF BAMBOO SANDWICH COMPOSITE ON
BENDING STRENGTH
Hartoni, J. Fajrin, B. Anshari
Department of Civil Engineering, Mataram University,
Jl. Majapahit no. 62, Mataram, NTB, 83125, Indonesia
A.D. Catur
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mataram University
Jl. Majapahit no. 62, Mataram, NTB, 83125, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
The materials, dimensions, and composition of sandwich composite components
are important parameters that influence the sandwich composite strength. This paper
discusses the effect of sandwich composite skin and core thickness bending strength.
Bamboo was used as a core of sandwich composite panels. The length of the bamboo
was varied by cutting it to 5 cm, 6 cm, and 7 cm. Bamboo was then arranged standing
flanked by multiplex through the process of gluing with epoxy. The Multiplex as the
skin was varied at 3 thicknesses i.e. 4 mm, 6 mm, 9 mm. The strength test of the
sandwich composite was done by a three-point loading method. The maximum load
and the specimen dimensions were used to calculate the composite bending strength.
The effect of skin and core thicknesses against the bending strength was analyzed
using the two-way ANOVA statistic method. Based on the analysis, it is found that the
strength of sandwich composite bending is influenced by the skin and core thicknesses
individually. While the skin and core thicknesses together do not affect the strength of
the sandwich composite bending.
Key words: Composite, sandwich, bamboo, bending strength, ANOVA.
Cite this Article: Hartoni, J. Fajrin, B. Anshari, A.D. Catur, Effect of Core and Skin
Thicknesses of Bamboo Sandwich Composite on Bending Strength, International
Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology 8(12), 2017, pp. 551–560.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=8&IType=12
1. INTRODUCTION
The availability of good quality timbers that are used for floor plates of houses on stilts or
high rise homes is has been decreasing. Meanwhile, the reinforced concrete plate is very
heavy and the price of the construction is expensive. Therefore, the effort to find a
replacement needs to be done. Bamboo is a material that is light, available abundantly and
Hartoni, J. Fajrin, B. Anshari, A.D. Catur
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 552 [email protected]
low prices. Therefore, bamboo is a material that meets the criteria for making floor plates of
houses.
Bamboo is a plant that grows a lot in Indonesia. Bamboo is a plant that can grow
anywhere as in the arid and fertile hills, in the banks of the river and in the forest. Bamboo is
a plant that has a fast growth rate so that its availability can be met quickly, consequently
Bamboo is cheap. Like most plants, bamboo absorbs so much carbon dioxide so that it can
reduce the air pollution. In addition, the carbon content in bamboo is large enough so that the
bamboo becomes strong. The bamboo compressive strength can reach 2.15 - 5.48 kg/cm² in
the longitudinal direction and the bamboo tensile strength reaches 1.37 kg/cm² up to 4.49
kg/cm² Morisco [1]. Development of bamboo in the form of sandwich composites continues
to be made so that it can be an alternative to replacing wood or concrete floor plate in houses.
The sandwich is rigid and light. A consistent sandwich construction is applied in the form
of two laminates flanking a core. This construction is then referred to as a sandwich
composite. The core composite sandwich material has been developed and used with
vegetable materials as environmental demands on biodegradable materials, Satyanarayana [2].
The core of the sandwich can be made from bamboo. Sandwich with bamboo core can be
used as earthquake resistant wall material. In addition, the core can be flanked and glued on
plywood with isocyanate glue, Ardiansyah [3]. The highest mechanical property value of
racking strength is obtained in the bamboo sandwich horizontally arrangements. Based on the
results obtained, it can be concluded that the vertical bamboo sandwich panel walls,
horizontal bamboo sandwich panel walls, and bamboo sandwich panel plus can be applied to
large earthquake zones.
In composite science, the relationship between the properties of the constituent
components and their interactions and their processes is very important and close [4, 5].
Various composition and processing variables produce different material properties such as
matrix type, strengthener type, strengthener/booster percentage, and type of manufacturing
process. Other important parameters that may affect the properties of composite materials are
the shape, size, orientation, and distribution of the strengthener. Physical and mechanical
properties depend on these parameters.
Composite sandwiches with bamboo cores and multiplex skins have been created and
tested. Experimental studies to obtain composite sandwiches with sufficient bending strength
were performed by varying the thickness of the skin and the composite sandwich core. The
value of the composite sandwich curve properties is analyzed in this paper in relating to the
effect of skin and core thicknesses.
2. MATERIALS & EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
The type of bamboo used as a cores composite sandwich is bamboo apus (Gigantochloa
Apus). Bamboo used is old bamboo with a cross-section of 5 ± 0.5 cm in diameter and a
thickness of 0.5 ± 0.1 cm. Bamboo is cut using an electrical circle saw. The length of cuts was
varied according to the thickness of each core of composite sandwich 5 cm, 6 cm, and 7 cm.
When the bamboo is cutting, one thing to note is the cross-section. The cross section must be
completely perpendicular to the length of the bamboo. The uniformity of the size and quality
of the bamboo pieces are quality instruments of specimens and the resulting data. Checking
the dimensions of the cut is done by measuring the diameter of bamboo, the length of bamboo
pieces, and the thickness of bamboo.
Effect of Core and Skin Thicknesses of Bamboo Sandwich Composite on Bending Strength
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 553 [email protected]
The composite skin sandwich is made of the multiplex with varying thickness 4 mm, 6
mm, 9 mm. The uniformity of the multiplex fiber direction produces good data so that the
multiplex must be selected carefully and the multiplex must have the same visual. The
multiplex is cut parallel to the inner layer of length and width according to the size of the
bending specimen. The variations of the skin and core thickness are presented in Table 1.
Each composite variation is tested 3 times. Labeling on each specimen is done in order to
avoid mistaken data.
Table 1 Variations of composite sandwich
No Core thickness
(cm)
Skin thickness
(mm)
Code
1 5 4 C5S4
2 5 6 C5S6
3 5 9 C5S9
4 6 4 C6S4
5 6 6 C6S6
6 6 9 C6S9
7 9 4 C9S4
8 9 6 C9S6
9 9 9 C9S9
The adhesive between the skin and the core is an epoxy consisting of resin and hardener
with a 1: 1 ratio. The technical specifications of the resin and hardener resin are shown in
Table 2.
Table 2 Technical data of the epoxy
Technical data Resin Hardener
Appearance Liquid Viscous fluid
Colour Clear Yellow Transparent Yellowish
Viscosity at 30°C 135 - 140 Poise 250 - 350 Poise
Density at 30°C 1.1- 1.3 kg/l 0.96 - 0.98 kg/l
Solid levels 95 - 100% 90 - 95%
Mixing ratio 1 part 1 part
Diluent Without diluent
Mixed age at 30°C 3 h
Maximum thickness 2 mm
Half drying time 30 minute
Hardening time 24 h
Device used Brush, plastic scraper
Referring to ASTM C 393-00 standard, the specimen panel-shaped test dimension shall be
not less than twice the thickness of the core. The thickness of the core varies i.e. 5 cm, 6 cm, 7
cm, of the three thickness is obtained the width of 20 cm still meet the standard requirements.
To ensure that the standard composite sandwich bending test is applicable, the practical rule
of the three-point bending test is the span length divided by the thickness of the sandwich (d =
5.8 cm to 8.8 cm) should be greater than 17 [6]. The length of span L = 150 cm meets the
requirement that is L / d = 17.05-25.9. The length of the specimen should be the same as the
150 cm span length plus 2 x 5 cm to 160 cm. Based on the calculation results, the size of the
specimen length is 160 cm and the width is 20 cm.
Composite sandwich making is done by hand lay-up technique. The composite skin is
made of multiplex and the composite core is made of bamboo pieces, both combined with
epoxy glue to form a sandwich composite. The thickness of the epoxy to unite the core and
skin is approximately 0.5 mm, with length and width of the specimen of 160 cm, and 20 cm,
Hartoni, J. Fajrin, B. Anshari, A.D. Catur
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 554 [email protected]
resulting in the volume of epoxy required of 160 ml. The mixing of the binding agent i.e.
epoxy and its catalyst by volume ratio is 1: 1 or 80 ml of resin and 80 ml of hardener. Mixing
is done by stirring the two substances (resin and hardener) in a pan until the substance evenly
indicates the color change. To ensure that the thickness of the epoxy is 0.5 mm, a 0.5 mm
diameter copper wire is enclosed along with the multiplex. With this guiding wire, a 0.5 mm
thick space between the grading bucket and the multiplex is smeared over the multiplex, this
cavity is filled with epoxy.
Sticking the core with the skin is done by gluing bamboo pieces onto the multiplex that
has been smeared epoxy. The attachment is done carefully so that the attachment is flat and
uniform. Composite skin for the other side is also made of the multiplex with the same
thickness. The multiplex is smeared epoxy adhesive using a plastic scraper with an average
thickness of 0.5 mm. The multiplex is then pasted over the core that has been stuck to the skin
on the other side. In order to the sticking occurs perfectly, the composite is clamped. The
clamping was done with a rigid board so that the force can be even on the surface of the
composite skin. The clamps are only opened after 10 hours for the epoxy to dry and the
connection between the skin and core is perfectly sealed. The process of sandwich making is
shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 The scheme of unification of sandwich composite components
The three-point bending test was performed using a universal testing machine model 70-
C0820/C. The size of the specimen was determined or planned, however, measuring the
specimen after being made might be conducted to obtain the real dimension. Installing the
specimen on the support must be performed correctly so that the suppressor is exactly in the
middle of the support. The diameter of the support is 1 inch and the width of the span is 150
cm. Bending emphases is conducted with a speed of 5 mm/minute. Recording the force
magnitude is given to the sandwich composite specimen until the specimen is almost broken,
that is the maximum curve of F.
Figure 2 Bending test performed using the universal testing machine
Effect of Core and Skin Thicknesses of Bamboo Sandwich Composite on Bending Strength
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 555 [email protected]
Once the test data are obtained, calculations of the bending strength ( b) can be
performed. The bending strength of the sandwich composite is the strength that is based on
the average skin strength that can be estimated using Eq. (1). This equation was also used in
[6].
bcdt
FLb
2 (1)
Where σb is the bending strength of the sandwich composite (MPa), F represents the
bending load (N), L is the span length (mm), d indicates the sandwich thickness (mm), c is the
core thickness (mm) and b is the sandwich width (mm). To ensure the effect of the skin and
core thickness of the sandwich composite, a statistical analysis using the ANOVA should be
conducted. Statistical significance can be used for rejecting or accepting the first hypothesis.
Null hypothesis is that the skin or core thickness of the sandwich composite does not affect
the bending strength. The ANOVA analysis used is the two way of variance analysis. Table
3 shows the two way of variance analysis with n replications, and numbers of row b and
column k. If F0 is greater than F table at the significance of 5%, then the first hypothesis is
rejected. In this study, the replication is performed 3 times with 3 rows of the skin thickness
variation and 3 columns of the core thickness variation.
Table 3 Two way analysis of variant, taken from [7]
Source of
variation
Sum square Degree of
freedom (db)
mean squared F0
Mean row JKB b-1
db
JKBS 2
1 2
4
2
11
S
Sf
Mean column JKK k-1
db
JKKS 2
2 2
4
2
22
S
Sf
Interaction JK (BK) (k-1)(b-1)
db
BKJKS
)(2
3 2
4
2
33
S
Sf
Error JKE bk (n-1)
db
JKES 2
4
Total JKT N
If Xijk is the bending strength for the skin thickness at i, and the core thickness j with the
replication k, then the total al of sum square can be expressed as:
bkn
TXJKT
b
i
k
j
n
k
ijk
2
1 1 1
2
(2)
Sum of row square :
bkn
T
kn
T
JKB
b
i
i 2
1
2
(3)
Sum of column square :
Hartoni, J. Fajrin, B. Anshari, A.D. Catur
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 556 [email protected]
bkn
T
kn
T
JKK
k
j
j 21
2
(4)
Sum of column-row interaction square :
bkn
T
bn
T
kn
T
n
T
BKJK
k
j
j
b
i
i
b
i
k
j
ij 21
2
1
2
1 1
2
(5)
Sum of error square:
)(BKJKJKKJKBJKTJKE (6)
Where T is the value of all rows, columns and replications, Ti is the total row i, Tj
indicates the total column j, and Tij is the total row i and column j.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Figure 3 shows the curve of the force deflection sandwich composite with the core thickness
of 5 cm and the skin thickness of 4 mm. From the figure 3, it can be seen that a constant
gradient occurs at the preliminary loading. This indicates that sandwich composite is still in
the elastic region. Skin and core components give the wide elastic area. This trend also
occurs at eight variations of the sandwich composite. The increase in the force is in line with
the increase in the deflection. Adding the load for bending test is performed with increasing
the deflection. At the maximum load, although the adding to the deflection is conducted, the
curve force decreases and on the specific part of the sandwich composite gets broken and the
curve declines suddenly. This maximum load is used to calculate the bending strength.
Specimen dimension measurement results, and maximum bending force data are utilized
to obtain the bending strength, see equation (1). The sandwich composite bending strength
with the core made of bamboo and the skin made of multiplex is presented in figure 4. The
strength of the sandwich composites is different when the core thickness is dissimilar.
Increasing the core thickness seem to elevate the flexure stress.
Figure 3 Curve force deflection of the sandwich composite with the core thickness of 5 cm and the
skin thickness of 4 mm
Effect of Core and Skin Thicknesses of Bamboo Sandwich Composite on Bending Strength
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 557 [email protected]
Figure 4 The relationship between the bending strength of the sandwich composite and the core
thickness.
Similar trends were also found at the sandwich composite with honeycomb core and skin
made of epoxy-fibber glass as studied by Murty et al. [8]. However, this composite has an
optimum bending strength when the ratio of the core weight to the skin weight is equal to 1.
The bending strength decreases when the core weight is further increased [8]. The increased
bending strength happens at the sandwich composites with the core thicknesses of 5 cm, 6 cm
and 7 cm. The highest bending strength belongs to the core thickness of 7 cm. The value of
the highest bending strength obtained from the core thickness of 6 and 7 cm is approximately
9.9 MPa, see figure 4.
The damage occurring at the bending testing is on the skin only, because the core made of
bamboo is not taped to each other. When the composite is broken, the bamboo is just
separated one from another. The core made of bamboo is almost never broken. This is
different with the sandwich composite constructed from foam (polyurethane) or solid wood.
The cantula fiber-polyethylene sandwich composite can have a core sheared after tested,
Setiadi et al. [9]. The failure modes of the sandwich composite is dependent on the load,
material properties and dimensional of sandwich composite. Failure of the honeycomb-carbon
fiber sandwich occurs by failure of the facing in compression of the core in shear and never
due to face wrinkling, Lister [10].
The visualization observation shows that the first failure occurs on the top skin composite.
On the top sandwich skin, the top part of the multiplex cannot stand with the pressure so as to
it is broken first. The crack spreads and divides the upper skin into two parts and is followed
by the breaking of the lower skin. Figure 5a indicates the sandwich composite that has
broken. The upper and lower skins broke without core damage. The upper skin is also shrink,
as shown in figure 5b, this indicates that the upper skin undergoes pressure when it is tested.
The failure of all bending tests of the specimens is the same i.e. broken on the composite
sandwich skin without core damage. Inside the composite skin, there are fibers that hold the
load. This fact is seen in the force chart versus deflection, see figure 3. The composite can
withstand the bending load on the elastic boundary area, and then the composite becomes
slightly plastic and eventually gets broken. Sandwich composite bending failures occur with
the lower skin fracture mode when the composite is usually loaded under peak load. The
composite skin that looks broken tends to be brittle. Graph of bending versus deflection load
Hartoni, J. Fajrin, B. Anshari, A.D. Catur
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 558 [email protected]
also shows a sudden brittle fracture shortly after the peak load, this is supported by the
damage of the bottom skin of specimen after tested.
(a) (b)
Figure 5 Visualization observation; (a) fracture of the bending test, (b) failure of the upper skin
The ability of the core to withstand the load is better than the ability of the skin to hold the
bending, because bamboo is very stiff. This is evidenced by the breaking of the lower
composite skin just after the maximum bending load is reached. The technique of making a
composite (hand lay-up) can be done by taped the ends of bamboo into the epoxy adhesive.
Then bamboo becomes difficult to shift from its skin. This is very advantageous, when the
bending load works on the composite, usually there is a shift between the skins with a
composite core. The end of the bamboo embedded in the adhesive retains the shear, so the
release of the skin ties and the core only can be carried out with a larger bending load. The
strength of the sandwich composite in holding the bending load depends greatly on the
retention of material core moving from the skin or between the cores. This is due to the shear
stress along the composite cross section. However, because the bond between the cores with
the skin is very strong, then the failure of the separation of cores with the skin does not occur.
Only composite skin is broken because it cannot resist the bending force.
Although the statistical test in this study is a quantitative approach, this quantitative data
are needed to produce conclusions. The quantitative data are analyzed using ANOVA
analysis. This study uses two way analysis method because it has two independent variables;
core thickness and skin thickness and one dependent variable (bending strength). ANOVA is
used to determine the main effect and interaction effect of independent variable to dependent
variable. The main effect is the direct influence of the independent variable on the dependent
variable. While the effect of interaction is the mutual influence of two independent variables
to the dependent variable. Hypothesis test is done using F test by first determining the null
hypothesis (Ho) and alternative hypothesis (Ha).
The null hypothesis (Ho) in this study are:
The thickness of the sandwich composite core has no effect on the composite bending strength
of the sandwich.
The composite sandwich skin has no effect on the composite bending strength of the
sandwich.
The interaction of the thickness of the sandwich composite cores together with the thickness
of the sandwich composite skin had no effect on the composite sandwich bending strength.
Effect of Core and Skin Thicknesses of Bamboo Sandwich Composite on Bending Strength
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 559 [email protected]
The ANOVA test can not only measure the influence of independent variable to the
dependent variable, but also test its significance using F test. Bending strength data
(dependent variable) and the core and skin thickness (free variables) are given in Table 4:
Table 4 Bending strength, core and skin thicknesses of the sandwich composite
Bending strength Core thickness Total
Skin thickness 5 cm 6 cm 7 cm
4 mm
7.698 8.066 8.456
69.843 7.698 7.682 8.086
7.275 7.221 7.658
Total 22.672 22.970 24.200
6 mm
8.130 7.957 9.389
76.797 7.850 7.957 10.388
7.429 7.709 9.988
Total 23.409 23.624 29.764
9 mm
6.190 5.288 8.266
61.709 5.913 6.945 7.715
6.375 7.577 7.439
Total 18.479 19.810 23.420
Total 64.560 66.404 77.385 208.349
Fo calculation results are shown in Table 5.
Table 5 Fo calculation results using ANOVA formulas
Varian source The sum of
squares
Freedom
degree
Average
squares
F
calculated F table
Average row 10.684 2 5.342 19.831 3.55
Average column 12.673 2 6.336 23.522 3.55
Interaction 2.795 4 0.699 2.594 2.93
Error 4.849 18 0.269
Total 31.001 26
While F table obtained by looking at F distribution table. The data needed to determine F
table are:
The number of samples mad and tested, n = 27.
The degree of significance is taken, α =0,05
The number of independent variables is 2 i.e. skin thickness, and core thickness, while the
number of the dependent variables is 1 i.e. bending strength. The core thickness variations are
3, and the skin thickness variations are also 3.
To obtain the F table for the core thickness, the numerator degree of freedom df1 = b-1 = 2,
and the denominator degree of freedom, df2 = bk(n-1) = 18, then the F table of 3.55 is found.
To obtain the F table for the skin thickness, the numerator degree of freedom, df1 = k-1 = 2,
and the denominator degree of freedom, df2 = bk(n-1) = 18, then F table of about 3.55 is
attained.
While to determine the F table for the interaction hypothesis, numerator degree of freedom df1
= (k-1)(b-1)= 4, and the denominator degree of freedom, df2 = bk(n-1) = 18, then the F table
of 2.93 is obtained.
The results show that Fcalculated > Ftable for both core thickness (19.831 > 3.55), and skin
thickness (23.522 > 3.55), this means that the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected. Then the effect
of core and skin thicknesses separately is significant on the bending strength. However, the
interaction variables (core and skin thicknesses) gives FCalculation < FTable, ( 2.594 < 2.93 ), this
Hartoni, J. Fajrin, B. Anshari, A.D. Catur
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 560 [email protected]
means that altogether the core and the skin thicknesses does not affect the bending strength of
the sandwich composite.
4. CONCLUSIONS
The bending strength of the sandwich composite increases with increasing the core thickness,
the highest bending strength is owned by the composite sandwich with 7 cm thick core and
with 6 mm thick skin of 9.921 N/mm2, while the lowest bending strength of about 6.16
M/mm² is owned by the sandwich composite with a core thickness of 5 cm and skin thickness
of 9 mm. Statistically, the bending strength of the sandwich composite is influenced by core
and skin thicknesses separately. However, the thickness of core and skin all together does not
affect the bending strength of the sandwich composite.
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[10] Lister, J.M. Study The Effects of Core Orientation and Different Face Thicknesses on
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[12] Amanana Venkatesh and S. Sivakamasundari, Experimental Study of Concrete Filled
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[13] Amla Dash and D. Arul Prakash, Structural Behaviour of Hollow Steel Sections Under
Combined Axial Compression and Bending. International Journal of Civil Engineering
and Technology, 8(3), 2017, pp. 868–877.
[14] Hartono Yudo, Wilma Amiruddin and Sarjito Jokosisworo, The Effect of Geometric on
Buckling Strength of Rectangular Hollow Pipe Under Pure Bending, International Journal
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HARTONI, J. FAJRIN, B. ANSHARI, A.D. CATUR, 2017. EFFECT OF CORE AND SKIN THICKNESSES OF BAMBOOSANDWICH COMPOSITE ON BENDING STRENGTH .International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology(IJMET).Volume:8,Issue:12,Pages:551-560.
International Journal of Mechanical Engineeringand Technology (IJMET)ISSN Print : 0976 – 6340 ISSN Online: 0976 - 6359Volume 8, Issue 12 (2017)Copyright ©IAEME, 2010
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Journal Impact Factor (JIF)
2020 : 11.21842019 : 10.68792018 : 10.25732017 : 9.81242016 : 9.22862015 : 8.82932014 : 7.53772013 : 5.77312012 : 3.80712011 : 1.20832010 : 0.8218
Imprint: IAEME PublicationISSN PRINT : 0976 – 6340
ISSN ONLINE : 0976 - 6359
INTERNATIONAL JOURNALOF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING ANDTECHNOLOGY
(IJMET)
Journal ID : 2121-030111 Volumes 85 Issues 5168 Articles
available from 2010 to 2020.SJR Indexed journal-Scimago
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Current IssueVolume 11 Issue 6 June 2020 Link
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJMET)
ISSN Print: 0976 – 6340 ISSN Online: 0976 - 6359 Journal ID : 30111 Volumes 85 Issues 5168 Articlesavailable from 2010 to 2020.
Aim and Scope: International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) is an international journal dedicatethe latest advancements in mechanical engineering. The goal of this journal is to provide a platform for scienand academicians all over the world to promote, share, and discuss various new issues and developmendifferent areas of mechanical engineering.
IJMET is an online and print journal, which publishes research articles, reviews, and letters in all areamechanical engineering. It is peer-reviewed journal, aims to provide the most complete and reliable sourcinformation on current developments in the field. The emphasis will be on publishing quality papers rapidlyavailable to researchers worldwide.
All manuscripts must be prepared in English and are subject to a rigorous and fair peer-review procAccepted papers will immediately appear online followed by printed hard copy.
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EDITORIAL BOARD
Chief Editor
Dr. Ajeet Kumar Rai SSET, SHIATS-DU, Allahabad
Managing Editors
Dr. Mohammad Israr Principal, Balaji Engineering College, Gujarat
Dr. M.Narayana Rao Shri Sapthagiri Institute Of Technology,Chennai
Dr. G. Arthanareeswaran NIT Trichy, India
Associate Editors
Dr. V.Antony Joe Raja Sri Muthukumaran Institute of Technology, India
Prof. B. Arthi Gandhimathi IAEME Publication, India
Dr. N. Tamil Selvan IAEME Publication, India
Er. D. S. Chengalvarayam IAEME Publication, India
Copy Editors
Mr. K.Prasanth IAEME Publication, India
Mr. T.Nagarajan IAEME Publication, India
Editorial Board
Dr. Barish Dantal Application Development Engineer, Momentive Performance Materials,USA.
Dr. Mohamed Saber National Research Center (NRC) El Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
Dr. H. N. Reddappa Bangalore Institute of Technology, Karnataka, India.
Dr. Fateh Mebarek-Oudina Skikda University, Algeria.
Dr. Audai Hussein Al-Abbas Al-Musaib Technical College, Babylon, Iraq.
Dr. Mohd Azman Bin Abdullah Universitiy Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia.
Dr. T.R.Vijayaram VIT University,Chennai.
Dr. M. Chithirai Pon Selvan Amity University, Dubai.
Dr. Chao Wang Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
Dr. Madhu D Govt. Engineering College, KRPET, India.
Dr. R. Dilli babu Anna University, India.
Dr. A.Elaya perumal Anna University, India.
Dr. Mohamed Kchaou University Of Sousse, Tunisia.
Dr. Anan Suebsomran King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok , Thailand.
Dr. A. G. Matani Govt. College of Engineering, Amravati ,India.
Dr. Vivek Sachan SHIATS, Allahabad, India
Dr. Pallavi.H.Agarwal Babaria Institute of Technology, Gujarat, India
Prof. Raj Kumar Yadav Adina Institute Of Science And Technology, Sagar, M.P
Dr. İlhan ASİLTÜRK Selcuk University, Turkey
Dr. Sudarshan Rao K Shri Madhwa Vadiraja Institute of Technology and Management, Karnataka,India
Dr. Kondaveeti Srinivasa Rao CMR College of Engineering & Technology, Hyderabad, India
Dr. Ravi Burla Autodesk Inc., Novi, MI
Dr. Jingchao Zhang University of Nebraska-Lincoln,USA
Dr. Nilaj N. Deshmukh Fr.C.Rodrigues Institute of Technology, India
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Dr. Nadia MOUHIB National School of Electricity and Mechanic MOROCCO
Dr. M. L. Meena Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India
Dr. Raffi Mohammed NRI Institute of Technology, Indian
Dr. Ajay Verma Padmashri Dr. V.B. Kolte College of Engineering, Maharashtra, India
Dr. Sathish Rao U Manipal University,Karnataka-India
Dr. Irfan. G Akshaya Institute of Technology, Karnataka, India
Dr. Sunada Chakravarthy Sunedison Inc, USA
Prof. S. Sathish Kumar Vel Tech, Chennai, India
Dr. M. Ganesan Saranathan College of Engineering, Trichy, India
Dr. CH V K N S N MOORTHY Institute of Aeronautical Engineering(Autonomous), Telangana State, INDIA
Er. Anshul Singhal Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA
Dr. Ornella Chiavola ROMA TRE University, Rome, Italy
Dr. H. Erdem Çamurlu Akdeniz University, TÜRKİYE
Dr. GIRISHA L PES Institute of Technology and Management, Karnataka, India
Dr. M. Mubarak MEA Engineering College, Kerala, India
Dr. Ahmed Daabo University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
Dr. Ambarish Maji MLR Institute of Technology, India
Dr. Hao Yi Chongqing University, China
Dr. Bambang Leo Handoko Bina Nusantara University of Indonesia
Prof. Jaafar Jaber Abdulhameed Almustansiririyah University, College of Engineering, Baghdad, Iraq
Dr. S A Mojhan Krishna Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,Vidyavardhaka College of Engineering, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
Dr. Prateek Nigam Bansal College of Engineering, Madhya Pradesh, India
Dr. Ehsaan Bagherian Inspection Technology & Quality Assurance National Institute (ITQAN),Saudi Arabia
Dr. Mohamed KCHAOU College of Engineering, University of Bisha, Saudi Arabia; NationalEngineering School of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia
Dr. Shubham R Suryawanshi MET’s Institute of Engineering, Bhujbal Knowledge City, Nashik, India
Dr. Diwan Mohit Balkrishna Shankersinh Vaghela Bapu Institute of Technology, Gujarat India
Dr. Maryam Sadri Sharif University of Technology and Aerospace Research Institute, Tehran-Iran.
Dr. A R Pradeep Kumar Dhanalakshmi College of Engineering, Tamilnadu, India
Dr. Siamak Hosseinzadeh University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
Dr. Eriki Ananda kumar Associate Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty ofEngineering, Science and Technology, Nilai University, Malaysia
Dr. Dhanasekaran S Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India
Reviewer Board
Dr. K.S.Zakiuddin Priyadarshini College of Engineering, India
Dr. R.Edison Chandraseelan SMKFIT,India
Dr. Syed Anisuddin Caledonian College of Engineering, Sultanate of Oman
Er. Vinod Singh Yadav MNIT, India
Dr. S.Sreenatha Reddy Universal College of Engineering and Technology, India
Dr. M. Victor Raj Sardar Raja College of Engineering, India
Dr. V.Baskaran Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, India
Dr. Ratri Parida IIT Kharagpur, India
Dr. G.Kalivarathan PSN Institute of Technology and Science,India
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Er. N.Vijayponraj PSN Institute of Technology and Science, India
Dr. R.Uday Kumar Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology, India
Prof. Manikandapirapu P.K Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, India
Dr. Srinivasa G.R Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, India
Dr. Sudhakar K.G K L University, India
Dr. Chavan Dattatraya K. MMCOE, Karvenagar, Pune
Dr. Rahul Davis SHIATS-DU, Allahabad
Prof. Potnuru Govinda Rao GMR Institute of Technology,Rajam
Dr. Velamala Rambabu G.M.R.Institute of Technology,Rajam
Dr. V. Chitti Babu GMR Institute of Technology, Rajam, A.P
Dr. Ravindra D. Jilte Vidyavardhini’s College of Engineering and Technology,MSQ
Dr. Gurudutt Sahni DGM & HOD Leader Valves Ltd, Punjab, India
Dr. Prashant H.S Sir M Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India
Er. Fares Mohammed Laid REKBI Research Center in Industrial Technologies CRTI, Algeria, India
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (International) Licence. (CC BY-NC 4.0)
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJMET)
ISSN Print: 0976 – 6340 ISSN Online: 0976 - 6359 Journal ID : 30111 Volumes 85 Issues 5168 Articlesavailable from 2010 to 2020.
Abstracting and indexing:Google ScholarJournal Impact Factor (JIF)CiteSeerxInfoBASE IndexMicrosoft Academic Search SystemAcademia.eduIndex CopernicusarXiv.orgciteulikeScholar SteerResearchGateMendeleyScribdJournalTOCsResearchBibAcademicKeys.comOpen Academic Journals IndexSocial Science Research Network (SSRN)The Electronic Journals LibraryDocSlideOALibSlideShareCitefactorORCID Research ID : 0000-0001-9500-6074Thomson Reuters ResearcherID : H-3771-2015The Directory of Research Journal IndexingChina National Knowledge Infrastructure and Genamics JournalSeekPublicationlist.orgDocstocComputer Science DirectoryJour InformaticsEBSCOEpernicusThe Internet ArchiveJ-GateGaleUniversal Impact Factor (UIF)Advanced Science IndexIndian Citation Index (ICI)National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR)Chemical Abstracts Service
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International Journal of Mechanical Engineeringand Technology
discontinued in Scopus as of 2019
Country India - SIR Ranking of India 18H Index
Subject Area and Category EngineeringIndustrial and Manufacturing EngineeringMechanical EngineeringMechanics of Materials
Publisher IAEME Publication
Publication type Journals
ISSN 09766340, 09766359
Coverage 2016-2019
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The set of journals have been ranked according to their SJR and divided into four equal groups, four quartiles. Q1 (green)comprises the quarter of the journals with the highest values, Q2 (yellow) the second highest values, Q3 (orange) the thirdhighest values and Q4 (red) the lowest values.
Category Year QuartileIndustrial and Manufacturing Engineering 2017 Q3Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering 2018 Q3Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering 2019 Q2M h i l E i i 2017 Q3
SJR
The SJR is a size-independent prestige indicator thatranks journals by their 'average prestige per article'. It isbased on the idea that 'all citations are not createdequal'. SJR is a measure of scienti�c in�uence ofjournals that accounts for both the number of citationsreceived by a journal and the importance or prestige ofthe journals where such citations come from Itmeasures the scienti�c in�uence of the average articlein a journal it expresses how central to the global
Citations per document
This indicator counts the number of citations received bydocuments from a journal and divides them by the totalnumber of documents published in that journal. Thechart shows the evolution of the average number oftimes documents published in a journal in the past two,three and four years have been cited in the current year.The two years line is equivalent to journal impact factor™ (Thomson Reuters) metric.
Cites per document Year ValueCites / Doc. (4 years) 2016 0.000Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2017 2.129Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2018 0.739Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2019 0.713Cites / Doc. (3 years) 2016 0.000Cites / Doc. (3 years) 2017 2.129Cites / Doc. (3 years) 2018 0.739Cites / Doc. (3 years) 2019 0.713Cites / Doc. (2 years) 2016 0.000Cites / Doc. (2 years) 2017 2.129
Total Cites Self-Cites
Evolution of the total number of citations and journal'sself-citations received by a journal's publisheddocuments during the three previous years.Journal Self-citation is de�ned as the number of citationfrom a journal citing article to articles published by thesame journal.
Cites Year ValueS lf Cit 2016 0
External Cites per Doc Cites per Doc
Evolution of the number of total citation per documentand external citation per document (i.e. journal self-citations removed) received by a journal's publisheddocuments during the three previous years. Externalcitations are calculated by subtracting the number ofself-citations from the total number of citations receivedby the journal’s documents.
Cit Y V l
% International Collaboration
International Collaboration accounts for the articles thathave been produced by researchers from severalcountries. The chart shows the ratio of a journal'sdocuments signed by researchers from more than onecountry; that is including more than one country address.
Year International Collaboration2016 1.722017 3 05
Citable documents Non-citable documents
Not every article in a journal is considered primaryresearch and therefore "citable", this chart shows theratio of a journal's articles including substantial research(research articles, conference papers and reviews) inthree year windows vs. those documents other thanresearch articles, reviews and conference papers.
Documents Year ValueN it bl d t 2016 0
Cited documents Uncited documents
Ratio of a journal's items, grouped in three yearswindows, that have been cited at least once vs. thosenot cited during the following year.
Documents Year ValueUncited documents 2016 0Uncited documents 2017 59Uncited documents 2018 902Uncited documents 2019 2391
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2017 2018 2019
Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics of Materials
2017 2018 2019
0.2
0.25
0.3
Cites / Doc. (4 years)Cites / Doc. (3 years)Cites / Doc. (2 years)
2016 2017 2018 2019
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
2016 2017 2018 2019
0
2k
4k
2016 2017 2018 2019
0
2
4
2016 2017 2018 2019
0
4
8
12
2016 2017 2018 2019
0
2k
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2016 2017 2018 2019
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6/27/2020 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology
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Antypas 5 months ago
I wrote in this journal 4 months ago and have not yet indexed it because it is no longer scopus and
the editors are not responding to our letter
reply
Abtypas 5 months ago
this this journal is no longer in his sсopгs, no �ve months ago journal
reply
Basavaraj M S 6 months ago
Is this journal type be treated as paid journal
reply
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Melanie Ortiz 5 months ago
Dear Abtypas, thanks for your participation! Best Regards, SCImago Team
MSCImago Team
B
Melanie Ortiz 6 months ago
Dear Basavaraj,
thank you for contacting us.
Sorry to tell you that SCImago Journal & Country Rank is not a journal. SJR is a portal with
scientometric indicators of journals indexed in Elsevier/Scopus.
MSCImago Team
Author details
Fajrin, JauharAffiliation(s):
Mataram University, Mataram, Indonesia
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10Total citations
17 by 13 documents
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Document title Authors Year Source Cited by
Characterisation of swellability andcompressive and impact strengthproperties of corn husk fibre composites
Sari, N.H.,Fajrin, J.,Suteja, Fudholi,A.
2020 Composites Communications 0
Shear properties evaluation of natural fibrereinforced epoxy composites using V-notchshear test Open Access
Fajrin, J.,Herlina Sari, N.
2018 MATEC Web of Conferences 2
Experimental investigation on flexuralproperties of glulam timber beamreinforced by bamboo strips
Khadafi, M.,Anshari, B.,Fajrin, J.
2018 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology 1
10 Documents Cited by 13 documents 11 co-authors Topics
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Acoustic properties of sound absorber frommodified polyester with filler sodiumbicarbonate Open Access
Sari, N.H.,Fajrin, J.
2018 Oriental Journal of Chemistry 0
Effect of core and skin thicknesses ofbamboo sandwich composite on bendingstrength
Hartoni, H.,Fajrin, J.,Anshari, B.,Catur, A.D.
2017 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology 1
The structural behavior of hybrid structuralinsulated panels under pure bending load Open Access
Fajrin, J.,Zhuge, Y.,Bullen, F.,Wang, H.
2017 International Journal of Technology 3
Flexural behaviour of hybrid sandwichpanel with natural fiber composites as theintermediate layer Open Access
Fajrin, J.,Zhuge, Y.,Bullen, F.,Wang, H.
2016 Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences 6
Flexural behaviour of a sustainable hybridcomposite panel using natural fibres
Fajrin, J.,Zhuge, Y.
2015 FRPRCS-12/APFIS-2015 - Joint Conference of the 12th International Symposium onFiber Reinforced Polymers for Reinforced Concrete Structures, FRPRCS 2015 and the5th Asia-Pacific Conference on Fiber Reinforced Polymers in Structures, APFIS 2015
0
Flexural strength of sandwich panel withlignocellulosic composites intermediatelayer-a statistic approach
Fajrin, J.,Zhuge, Y.,Bullen, F.,Wang, H.
2011 International Journal of Protective Structures 2
The implementation of statistical inferenceto study the bending strength ofsustainable hybrid sandwich panelcomposite
Fajrin, J., Yan,Z., Bullen, F.,Hao, W.
2011 Advanced Materials Research 2
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