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1 大葉大學 分子生物科技學系 黃尉東 助理教授 基因轉殖與複製動物之研究與利用 基因轉殖與複製動物之研究與利用 The Studies and Applications of The Studies and Applications of Transgenic and Cloned Animals Transgenic and Cloned Animals

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Page 1: 냲ꙝ신듞뭐뷆뭳냊ꪫ꒧곣ꡳ뭐ꝑꗎfaculty.ndhu.edu.tw/~wengcf/file/05032005.pdf · 2005-05-06 · ACT3, ACT4, ACT5; 3 weeks of age PCR amplified segment of the pCMV/βGEO

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大葉大學 分子生物科技學系

黃尉東 助理教授

基因轉殖與複製動物之研究與利用基因轉殖與複製動物之研究與利用

The Studies and Applications of The Studies and Applications of Transgenic and Cloned AnimalsTransgenic and Cloned Animals

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Nature (2003) 422:835-847

遺傳學及基因體學上之重要發現遺傳學及基因體學上之重要發現

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James Watson 與 Francis Crick 於1953年提出DNA之雙螺旋(double helix)模型,並於1962年獲得諾貝爾生理醫學獎

Watson and Crick 基因組/體Genome

Gene 基因

Chromosome染色體

+

=

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The future of genomics rests on the foundation of the Human Genomic Project

Nature (2003) 422:835-847

人類基因組計畫人類基因組計畫

生物生物

健康健康

社會社會

資資源源

科科技技發發展展

生生物物資資訊訊

訓訓練練

教教育育

道道德德、、立立法法

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DNA DNA 序列分析序列分析

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核小體

染色質

染色體

DNA雙股螺旋

染色體之組成

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• 基因轉殖動物 (transgenic animal) –

帶有外源遺傳基因或特定之基因組(genome) DNA序列被以人為方式刪除、插入或更改之動物

• 產製基因轉殖動物之方法:

1. 顯微注射法 (microinjection)

2. 反轉錄病毒感染法 (retroviral vector infection)

3. 精子載體法 (sperm vector)

4. 胚幹細胞載體法 (embryonic stem cell)

5. 體細胞核移置法 (nuclear transplantation)

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基因轉殖家畜之應用

• 提高農業生產效率 -改善家畜生產性能及產品品質、增強對疾病之抵抗力;提高纖維之利用率及品質

• 可為生產醫藥蛋白之生物工廠 -人血液之替代品;治療人類疾病之醫藥蛋白等

• 家畜之器官捐贈予人類之可行性研究

• 體型、壽命及生理上與人較接近,適合作為研究人類遺傳疾病之理想模式

• 改變家畜乳汁之成分一增加α-及β-酪蛋白之產量及提高乳汁之熱安定性等 (吳,1999)

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轉殖技術之進展

Jaenisch et al., PNAS 72, 4008注射反轉錄病毒到胚胎中產生轉殖動物1975

Gordon et al., PNAS 77, 7380經由原核注射使得老鼠胚胎轉型1980

Campbell et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 12, 8685

分離出乳漿中的乳酸蛋白1984

Palmiter et al., Nature 300, 611帶有豬生長激素之轉殖老鼠可增快生長1982

Gordon et al., Science 214,1244 Brinster et al., Cell 27, 223

原核注射產生之轉殖老鼠可遺傳給後代1981

Jaenisch et al., Cold Spring Harb. Symp. 39, 375

注射病毒 DNA 進入培育的胚株細胞以產生轉殖鼠

1974

Brackett et al, PNAS 68, 353外來基因經由顯微注射送入受精卵1971

Gardner et al., Nature 220, 596利用囊胚注射胚胎細胞產生嵌合鼠1968

參 考 文 獻進 展年份

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Wilmut et al., Nature 385, 810

Schnieke et al., Science 278, 2130

Paleyanda et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 15, 971

Stromqvist et al., Transgenic Res. 6,271

Petters et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 15, 965

從胎兒及成羊之體細胞中取出之核

轉移至無核之卵產生綿羊

經被轉型之細胞中取出核轉移至無核之卵產生轉殖羊

在豬乳中製造出人類第八因子

在兔乳中表現出人類細胞外之 superoxidedimutase

利用轉殖鼠作出人類視網膜炎色素瘤模型

在山羊中產生之抗凝血因子3進入第一期測試

1997

Campbell et al., Nature 380, 64 Thomson et al., Biol. Reprod.

55, 254

經由核轉移到培養的胚株細胞中

產生複製羊

建立非人類之靈長類 ES 細胞株

1996

Drews et al., PNAS 92, 10462 Schellander et al., Nat.

Biotechnol. 6, 41

在哺乳類動物-老鼠中造成 enzymatic modification

利用精子載體產生轉殖牛

1995

Velander et al., PNAS 89, 12003

在豬體內表現出人類蛋白 C1993

參 考 文 獻進 展年份

Dolly

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Galli et al., Nature 424, 635

Woods et al., Science 301, 1063

Zhou et al., Science 302, 1179

從培養之體細胞經核轉移產生複製

大鼠

2003

Kono et al. Nature 428:860-864

自剔除銘印基因之卵經核轉移產生複製

小鼠 (孤雌生殖)2004

Shin et al., Nature 418, 732Chesne et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 20, 366

從培養之體細胞經核轉移產生複製貓及兔2002

Lee et al. Nature Biotechnol. 20:795-799

自培養之胚細胞經核轉移產生複製斑馬魚

Loi et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 19, 962

Wakamatsu et al., PNAS 98, 1071

從死亡野山羊之卵巢細胞產生複製羊

自培養之胚細胞經核轉移產生複製稻田魚

2001

參 考 文 獻進 展年份

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脊椎動物胚之發育Development of Vertebrate Embryos

1 天 1 天

60 天 90 天21 天 50 天

4 天 10 天

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有性繁殖週期有性繁殖週期

精子

卵子

合子

減數分裂

受精

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1st Polar body

1st Polar body

Meiotic spindle

第一極體

第一極體

紡錘體

受精卵

成熟之卵母細胞

四細胞期之胚

應用於基因

轉殖及複製

動物所用之

卵母細胞及

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立體顯微鏡

Stereo microscope

•倍率: 1~100X•應用於:1. 物體之觀察2. 胚之收集3. 胚之顯微操作(兩棲、爬蟲或魚類之胚)

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•動物之飼養照顧, 外科手術、無菌細胞培養及顯微操作等之知識

•轉殖基因(transgene)之準備 :構築DNA →啟動子(promoter), polyadenylation site,

complete coding region, at least one intron,Linearizaton of the cloned DNA, The removal of plasmid vector sequences

•準備供胚受胚之母畜-發情同期化•胚之收集•基因顯微注射 - 0.5 µL of DNA (1 to 5 µg/mL)•胚移置•基因轉殖動物(transgenic animal)之檢驗– PCR, Southern blot,

Western blot, Immunohistochemistry…….

產製基因轉殖動物之基本條件

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•基因轉殖哺乳動物產製之效率 (出生動物/基因轉殖動物):

牛- 4.9%;山羊- 6.9%;綿羊- 8.39%;豬- 9.2%;小鼠- 10-20%

•影響基因轉殖效率之因子:

DNA之形式及濃度、製備基因所使用之緩衝液成分、動物之種別及品系、顯微操作之熟練度、注射位置、

胚之期別、顯微鏡之光源強度、注射微管之品質、供胚

動物之年齡、顯微注射之時機等

(吳,1999)

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兩棲、爬蟲或魚類胚之

顯微操作

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倒立式螢光

顯微鏡及顯

微操作設備

•倍率: 40~1,000 X•應用於:1. 細胞及胚之觀察2. 細胞及胚之顯微操作

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Female pronucleus Male pronucleus

外源性基因之導入Foreign Gene Microinjection

雌原核 雄原核

正常小鼠 基因轉殖小鼠

Palmiter et al. (1982) / Science 385:810-813

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拉針器 (Puller)磨針器 (Grinder)

鍛燒器 (Microforge) 注射器 (Injector)

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顯微注射針

(injection pipette)

頭髮

(hair)

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顯微注射針

白金絲

顯微注射針

磨石

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直立式螢光顯微鏡

•倍率: 40~1,000 X•應用於:

1. 細胞及胚之觀察2.細胞及胚之顯微操作

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Wheeler & Walters (2001) Theriogenology 56:1345-1369

卵母細胞或胚於培養液中與病毒顆粒共同培養,病毒顆粒經由隙縫進入卵黃膜間隙

病毒顆粒經由顯微注射法進入卵母細胞或胚之卵黃膜間隙

反轉錄病毒感染法(retroviral vector infection)

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Holding Pipette

細胞質內單一精子注射Intracytoplasmic sperm

injection (ICSI)

Injection

精子載體法精子載體法 (sperm vector)(sperm vector)

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胚幹細胞載體法(embryonic stem cell)

Donovan and Gearhart (2001)Nature 414, 92 - 97

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將轉殖基因與

受精卵混合,

利用外加電場

讓帶負電荷之

DNA往電場正極瞬間泳動進

入受精卵

優點:可一次處理大量受精卵

缺點:對受精卵傷害較大

電破法 /電穿孔法 (electroporation)

(陸,2004)

Before During After

Electron micrographs of cells before and after brief electric pulses confirm that electroporation causes pores to open and close.

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電穿孔/融合之設備

(Equipments for Electroporation/

fusion)

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基因槍法

(gene/particle gun)

利用氣體加壓,將附著在微粒載體(通常為惰性金屬)上之DNA快速射入目標細胞中

優點:可一次處理大量細胞,較常用於植物細胞轉殖

缺點:對細胞傷害較大

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胚複製

Cloning of

Embryos

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嵌合羊 -綿羊+山羊

嵌合鼠 -129/SvJ+C57BL/6

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Zebhund oder Seera Kängaffe oder Girruh

嵌合動物 Chimeras

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Techniques of nuclear transfer in mammals

Keith et al. (1996) / Reviews of Reproduction 1:40-46

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去核(Enucleation)

核轉置(Nuclear Transplantation)

PB1

A

B

PB1

C

Donor cell

D

Donor cell

(沈,2004)

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38Procedures of nuclear transfer in cattle (沈,2004)

電融合 (Electrofusion)

C D

A B

50μm

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39Wilmut et al. (1997) / Nature 385:810-813

複製綿羊Cloning of Sheep

Dolly and her mother

乳腺細胞Mammary cells

核轉置Nuclear transplantation

供核

供卵

電融合

移置至代理孕母

體外培養

1/277

= 0.4%

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Megan and Morag – first animals cloned from cultured cells

Dolly and her 3 lambs born in April 1998

複製綿羊Cloning of Sheep

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Procedure of cattle cloning

Culture and passages

Donor cells

Matured oocyte

Enucleation

Nuclear transferElectrofusion and

Activation

Embryo culture

Starvation

Frozen

(沈,2004)

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複製牛 (Cloning of Transgenic Calves)

ACT3, ACT4, ACT5; 3 weeks of age

PCR amplified segment of the pCMV/βGEO construct of DNA from cell line and calf

Southern blot of genomic DNA

A,B. Transgenic fibroblast C,D. Nontransgenic fibroblast

N C A D Normal

Cibelli et al. (1998)Science 280:1256-1258

5/276 =1.8%

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複製小鼠 Cloning of Mouse

Wakayama et al., (1998) Nature 394:369-374

31/1385= 2.2%No. Oocyte- 2468

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複製豬Cloning of Pig

Polejaeva et al. (2000) Nature 407:86-90

Single NT

0/185 = 0% - 3 Recipients

No. oocytes - 283

Double NT

5/401 = 1.3% - 7 Recipients

No. oocytes - 1869

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CLONING PROCEDURECLONING PROCEDUREBisection of embryos

Production of bisected blastocyst

Blastocyst2-cell embryos

Transfer into recipient

Chimeras with ES cells Nuclear transfer

Cultured cellsBlastomeresES cells

Injected into host embryos

Transferred into recipient

Slection and mating of germ-line chimeras

Cloned pigs

Transferred into enucleated oocyte

Transferred into recipient

(吳,2004)

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Provide endogenic cells

Therapeutic cloning

Drug screening

Transgenic cloning

Animal models (gene targetting)

Gender and genetic consistent

Clone elite animals

Endangered breed

Xenotransplanation

Research models

Animals as bioreactor

Disease-resistant animals

Improve production performance

Xenotransplanation

Transgenic animal technology Nuclear transfer technology

Transgenic animals Animal cloning Embryonic stem cells

Applications of transgenic and cloning techniques

(吳,2004)

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Loi et al. (2002) Nature Biotechnology 19:962-964

Shin et al. (2002) Nature 415:859

Cloned female mouflon with the sheep foster mother

Nuclear source:

Granulosa cells from dead ones

1/22 = 4.5%

a. Nuclear-donor (cumulus cells) cat;b. cloned kitten with its surrogate

mother. 1/87 = 1.2%

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Chesne et al. (2002)

Nature Biotechnology

20:366-369

6/755 = 0.8% (2 died)

A1 – EGFP protein

Rabbits born from somatic

nuclear transfer

Nuclear source:Cumulus cells

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Kono et al. (2004)

Nature 428:860-864

2/371= 0.6 % (survived)

No. Oocytes- 457

Mouse created without father

Kaguya

輝夜姬 Parthenogenesis(孤雌生殖)

Imprinted genes(銘印基因)

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斑馬魚之發育

Bar = 250 µm

0.75 h 1 h 1.25 h

1.5 h 1.75 h 2 h

2.5 h 3.3 h 3.5 h

3.8 h 4.3 h 4.7 h

40 min

10 min

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24 h 28 h 28 h 3.3 h 3.3 h 36 h 36 h 42 h 42 h

48h 48 h 60 h 60 h 72 h 72 h

120 h

120 h

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Saga and Takeda (2002)

Nature Reviews Genetics

2:835-845

鼠胚與斑馬魚胚發育之比較

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斑馬魚

產卵水槽

產卵魚箱

循環殺菌獨

立飼養水槽

種魚養成

飼養水槽

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產卵之步驟

a b

c

a. 公母魚隔開飼養(前一晚放置)

b. 抽起隔板(追尾,約30分鐘)

c. 將內套移至另一外套中

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已產卵之斑馬魚

於外套底部可見斑馬魚卵

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斑馬魚卵之顯微

注射操作手臂

(針筒式注射)

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1 ACCATGGCTC TCTCACTTTT CACTGTCGGA CAATTGATTT CTTATTTTG 51 GACAATGAGA ATCACTGAAG CCAACCCCGA CCCCGCAGCC AAGCCGTCC

101 CTGCCGCAGC CGCCCCAGAC ACCGCCTCTG ATGCCGCCGC GCAGCCGCC 151 GCCACCGCAG CCACCGCCGC CGCAGCAGCC GCCGCCACCG AGTCACCGC 201 TGCCAAAGCC GCAGCCCTCA CCGCCGCCAA CGCCGCCGCC CCGCAGCAG251 CCACCGCCGC CGCAGCCGCC AGAGGTTAA

The Construction of Expression SystemsThe Construction of Expression Systems

PCR

報導基因

(Reporter gene)

載體

(Vector)

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DNA之吸取

A

B

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置卵盤

以 1% agarose製作

將魚卵整齊置於盤之溝中

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A B

C1 C2

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EGFPEGFP--N1 N1 質體之表現質體之表現 (Vector alone)(Vector alone)

a1

a2

b1

b2

c1

c2

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經顯微注經顯微注

射後產生射後產生

之畸形斑之畸形斑

馬仔魚馬仔魚

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28 h

48 h

144 h

108 h

120 h

168 h

36 h

60 h

72 h

84 h

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Ju et al. (1999) Devel. Genetics

25:158-167

斑馬魚於發斑馬魚於發

育生物學上育生物學上

之應用之應用

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斑馬魚於基因失活斑馬魚於基因失活

(gene knockdown)(gene knockdown)研究之應用研究之應用

MorpholinoMorpholinoor or RNAiRNAi

抑制轉譯作用抑制轉譯作用

((translationtranslation))之進行之進行

Nature Genetics (2000) 26:216-220

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Nuclear Transplantation in Fish

Niwa et al. (1999) / Develop Growth Differ 41:163-172

Medaka

DonorWild type

RecipientOrange red

D R F1 MD FD FR

29/845

= 3.4%

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67Lee et al. (2002) / Nature Biotechnol. 20:795-799

複製斑馬魚

Cloned Zebrafish

~ 2%

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Devlin et al. (2001)

Nature 409, 781 - 782

基因轉殖基因轉殖

vsvs育種育種

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應用基因轉殖技術之其它考慮因素

• 開發基因轉殖家畜之成本昂貴

• 政府之法規管制

• 食品安全性問題:(a) 利用遺傳學技術無法測到轉殖基因之存在

(b) 測不到轉殖基因表現之產物

(c) 無與轉殖基因相關之特徵

(d) 此等動物於屠宰前之外表及生理狀況正常

• 對環境之影響:破壞生態平衡

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謝 謝!Thank you!Vielen Dank! Merci!