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Maham Masood Sadiq

Ahmed Waqas Zubairi

Kumail Abbas

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Supervisor: Dr. Muhammad Sabieh Anwar

EXPERIMENT-1 (INTENSITY OF SUN RAYS)

Apparatus:

1. Balloon

2. Black Marker

3. Torch

Procedure:

1. Blow up a balloon

2. Mark a line with the help of a black marker along the

center of the balloon. The balloon represents the Earth

while the line represents the Equator

3. Hold a torch perpendicular to the balloon’s equator

4. Move the torch vertically upwards without changing its

horizontal distance from the balloon

5. Notice how the bright spot spreads out as the torch

moves upwards

Conclusion:

The spreading of the light shows how the light intensity decreases as we move away from the

equator. The Sun acts in a similar manner on the Earth. The Equator receives the highest

intensity of its rays all year round while the North and the South poles receive very less sunlight

and are hence, the coldest regions on the planet.

EXPERIMENT-2 CLOUDS AND FOG

Apparatus:

1 Glass Jar

Warm water

Black Chart paper

Scotch Tape

Small Shopping bag

Match Stick

Procedure:

1. Take glass jar and tape black chart paper on to its one side.

2. Fill 1/3rd of the jar with warm water

3. Light a match stick, blow it off and throw it into the water once smoke starts coming

from it.

4. Immediately place a shopping bag full of ice on the mouth of the jar to seal it.

5. The condensation of the rising water vapors on to the smoke near the ice bag forms a

cloud on the upper half of the jar. The smoke enables us to see the condensing water

vapors.

Conclusion:

Clouds are formed in the atmosphere when the water vapor condenses at high altitudes on

microscopic particles such as dust or smoke. If a similar condensation takes place on the ground

level in winters then fog is formed.

EXPERIMENT-3

WEATHER FRONTS

Apparatus:

1 Large Glass Jar

Jug

Hot Water

Cold Water

Food Coloring

Thermometer

Procedure:

1. Take a glass jar and fill 3/4th of it with cold water.

2. Now fill a jug with hot water and add food

coloring to it

3. Slightly tilt the glass jar and slowly pour the

colored hot water into it. Make sure the colored

water stays near the surface.

4. Straighten the glass jar, you will observe that the

colored warm water will lie above the cold water

as lighter layer

5. Use a thermometer to measure the difference between the cold and the hot water.

Conclusion:

The experiment shows that the boundary between the cold and the warm colored water in the

jar shows a weather front. In weather patterns, when warm air meets with cold air, the warm

air rises above the cold air, condenses and forms clouds which lead to rain.

EXPERIMENT -4 CREATING A BREEZE

Apparatus:

2 heat proof trays

Sand

Ice

Incense Stick (ارگ یّتب)

Match Stick

Heat Proof Mat

Procedure:

1. Take two heat proof trays, fill one with sand and

place it in the oven to heat it up

2. Fill the second tray with ice and place both the

trays next to each other on a heatproof mat.

3. Take a wooden chip and light it with a

matchstick.

4. Place the chip in between the two trays and

blow it away.

5. The smoke from the wood will move towards the hot sand plate as air above the ice is

dense.

Conclusion:

The experiment shows how warm air moves away from a high-pressure zone such as the dense

air above the ice to a low-pressure zone like the air above the hot sand. This phenomenon gives

rise to the land and sea breeze on coastal areas.

EXPERIMENT-5 INVISIBLE WATER

Apparatus:

Large Glass jar

Cold Water

Bowl with a curved base

Warm metal plate

Procedure:

1. Take a glass and fill it with cold water up till 2

inches.

2. Place a jar on a slightly warm place like a mildly hot

metal tray.

3. Place a bowl in a fridge until it is cold. Then place it

on the mouth of the jar ensuring it is fully sealed.

4. After some time you will observe droplets of water

on the base of the bowl. These are caused by the

condensation of evaporating water from the hot

water in the jar.

Conclusion:

The experiment shows that when water gets hot and starts to evaporate, it is not visible to us.

The air around us contains this invisible water as water vapors that play an important role in

the formation of clouds and are the cause of humidity in our environment.

EXPERIMENT-6 EXPANDING AIR

Apparatus:

1 small 250ml Plastic bottle

Pebbles

Cold and boiling water

Food Coloring

Children’s play dough or flour dough

Drinking Straw

Safety Pin

Large Jug

Procedure:

1. Take a small plastic bottle and fill 1/3rd of it with pebbles

2. Now half fill it with cold water and add food coloring to it

3. Place a straw inside the bottle and make sure it is fully immersed into the water

4. Seal the opening of the bottle and the straw with play dough to make bottle airtight

5. Make a tiny whole with the help of a pin in the opening of the straw

6. Fill a jug with boiling water and place the bottle inside it. Ensure that the water comes

up till the neck of the bottle.

7. The hot water will cause the pin on the straw to fly away and colored water will come

out.

Conclusion:

The heat from the boiling water in the jug made the air inside the bottle to expand and push

the colored water out of the straw. The heat from the Sun similarly causes the air on the Earth

to expand and rise. This movement of air forms clouds and thus causes various weather

changes around us.

EXPERIMENT-7

RISING WARM AIR

Apparatus:

Cold and Hot water

Food Coloring

Small tea cup

Glass Jar

Cling film

Rubber band

Knife

Procedure:

1. Take a teacup and fill it with hot water.

2. Add food coloring to the water and cover the cup with

cling film. Wrap it with a rubber band to ensure it is

sealed.

3. Take a clear glass jar and place the cup inside it

4. Now fill the jug with cold water

5. Cut the cling film from the center with a knife to form a

hole

6. You will observe that a thin line of colored water will

rise up in the jar and spread out at the top

7. The colored water will then gradually cool and spread

in the bottle.

Conclusion:

This experiment once again proved that warm air rises and

generates air currents on our planet.

EXPERIMENT-8 THUNDERSTORMS

Apparatus:

1. Rubber Glove

2. Artificial fiber cloth

3. Metal Plate/Tray

4. Scissors with plastic handle

5. Stopwatch

Procedure:

1. Put on the rubber glove on your hand and

lay a cloth on the table.

2. Rub the metal plate on the cloth for 6

minutes until the static charge is gathered

on it.

3. Switch off the lights of your room and

slowly lower the tip of your scissors on the

plate.

4. The moment the scissors touch the plate, a

spark will produce between the plate and

the tips of scissor and you may hear a faint

sound of thunder.

Conclusion:

The experiment simulates the lightning formed during thunderstorms due to a difference in

voltage between the ground and the clouds. The charged plate acts as the highly charged up

clouds and when an uncharged conducting scissors approaches the plate, a spark is produced to

meet up the voltage gap. This is exactly what happens during a real time thunderstorm.

EXPERIMENT-9 MEASURING RAINFALL

Apparatus:

1. 2.5 liter Clear Plastic Bottle

2. Colored Scotch Tape

3. Pebbles

4. Scissors

5. Ruler

6. Water

Procedure:

1. Make a straight cut through the bottle from the point the curved part ends

2. Add some pebbles to the bottle

3. Stick the colored tape above the point from where the pebbles end

4. Add water to the bottle until it reaches top of the tape

5. Turn the top section of the bottle up-side down and fit it inside the bottle

6. Put the bottle outside when it is raining. Measure the water level with the help of a

ruler above the tape in centimeters once it stops raining

7. The measured height is the amount of rainfall received by the area

Conclusion:

What you just made out of the bottle is called a rain gauge and is used to measure the amount

of the rainfall received by a city or a town. The standard units for measuring rainfall are

centimeters.

EXPERIMENT-10 WINTER FROST

Apparatus:

1 Glass

Crushed Ice

Salt

Procedure:

1. Fill a glass with crushed ice and add salt to it. The salt aids in the melting of the ice.

2. Leave the glass at room temperature for a while and you will observe ice crystals on the

outside of the glass. They have been caused by the chilling of the water vapors in the

surrounding air of the glass.

Conclusion:

The crystals outside the glass depict the frost seen in winters on cars, plants, roads and

windows. The low temperatures cause the water vapors to solidify into ice.

Experiment 11

Measuring Air Pressure

Apparatus:

Bowl/Beaker

Large Balloon

Scissors

Scotch Tape

2 Drinking Straws

A4 Colored Card

Black Marker

Ruler

Procedure:

1. Cut the neck of a balloon and place it over bowl. Fix it over the bowl with the help of

a scotch tape.

2. Join the 2 straws together with a tape and stick it on the center of the bowl, above

the balloon.

3. Fold the colored card and horizontal lines on it, 6mm apart to make an air pressure

scale.

4. Place the bowl on a table and put the card next to the ending of the straw.

5. If the room pressure goes up, the pointer straw would move up the scale and vice

versa.

Conclusion:

The device that you just made is called a barometer and is used to measure air pressure. If the

room pressure increases, the balloon is pushed down which causes the straw to move up and

an increase in the scale reading where as if the pressure decreases, the balloon inflates and

causes the straw to move down the scale. Barometers play an important role in weather

forecasting since low pressure causes the rising warm air to carry moisture and form clouds

which leads to cloudy weather.

Experiment 12

Measuring Wind Speed

Apparatus:

1 Paper Plate

4 Paper Cups

Eraser tipped pencil

Colored Scotch Tape

Soft board pin

Double sided tape

Stopwatch

Procedure:

1. Stick a colored scotch tape around one of the cups to

mark it.

2. Mark a cross on the plate with the help of a ruler to

find its center.

3. Stick the 4 cups at equal distance at the edges of the

paper plate.

4. Pass the pin through the center of the plate and

attach it to the rubber end of the pencil.

5. Place the apparatus outside and calculate with the

help of a stopwatch, how many times the marked cup

passes in 30 seconds.

6. Record the values for different times of the day and

make a chart.

Conclusion:

The instrument that you just built is called an anemometer

and is used to calculate the wind speed in an area. Wind is

produced due to air pressure difference between two areas

and leads to various weather forms.

Experiment 13 Making a Wind Vane

Apparatus:

A4 sized chart paper

Pencil

Scissors

Scotch tape

2 Kitchen skewers

4 clips

Pen cap

Compass

Procedure:

1. Find the top center of the chart paper, mark 2 diagonal

lines from it to opposite ends and cut out a triangle.

2. Neatly fold the triangle and stick 2 coins with the help of

a scotch tape inside the thinner side of the triangle.

3. Balance the folded triangle on a pencil and mark is center

of gravity. Stick a pen cap with the help of a scotch tape

on this center.

4. Stick the 2 kitchen skewers together and place the 4 clips

in opposite directions at the center of the skewers.

5. Insert the top of the skewer into the pen cap attached to

the card triangle.

6. The pointed vane of the triangle points in the direction

from which the wind is coming. Use a compass to

determine the direction of the wind.

Conclusion:

What you just made is called a wind vane and is used to

determine the direction of the wind.

Experiment 14 Snowflake

Apparatus:

Beaker/Transparent Jug

White Thread

Sugar/Salt

Metal wire

Ruler

Scissors

Food Coloring

Procedure:

1. Take a metal wire and shape it in the form of a snowflake. Wrap it around with white

thread.

2. Take boiling water in a beaker and mix sugar in it until the water saturates.

3. Add food color to the water in order to make the snowflake visible

4. Tie the snowflake to a ruler and suspend it in saturated water

5. Leave the beaker for 24 hours and then take out the snowflake.

6. It should have crystals of sugar deposited on it, which make it look like a real winter

snowflake.

Conclusion:

The accumulation of sugar that you see on the snowflake is due to a process called

crystallization. Ice crystals are a common sight in winters in the northern areas of Pakistan

where rainwater freezes due to low temperatures while water droplets are drawn together in

the clouds due to electrostatic forces in the clouds to form a variety of shapes of crystals.