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Journal of International Society of Life Information Science (ISLIS) J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci. Vol.34, No.2, September 2016 109 EEG Measurements on Relaxation Caused by Essence of Colloidal Platinum for Skin Care - A Discussion Using dB Analysis - Hideyuki KOKUBO, Kimiko KAWANO Institute for Living Body Measurements, International Research Institute (Chiba, Japan) (Received on June 2nd, 2016: Final Revised and Accepted on July 5th, 2016) Abstract: Through EEG measurements, the authors tried to measure relaxation effects when persons apply a cosmetic for skin care to their face. Experiments were done from July to August 2015. The experimental sample for the facial application was an essence which has a high concentration of colloidal platinum (200ppm; average diameter, 10nm), and the control sample was an essence without colloidal platinum. Participants were categorized into two groups. Group A consisted of 8 women (average age, 43.1y) who had previously used cosmetics containing platinum and Group B consisted of 8 women (average age, 40.6y) who had not used such cosmetics. The authors measured participants' EEG on a single-blind condition before and after the participants applied samples (0.45g) to their faces, and compared the averaged power of the alpha wave. Before applying the samples, a stress task was given to each participant. For application of the control sample, the EEG spectrum (alpha waves) of both Groups A and B recovered to the initial level. For application of the experimental sample, the EEG spectrum of Group B recovered to the initial level, but that of Group A increased to 0.56dB. The essence which contained colloidal platinum provided an additional relaxation effect caused by the colloidal platinum, not only the relaxation effects caused by the behavior of applying the essence and the base components of the essence. However, more studies are needed to reveal the details of relaxation mechanisms caused by the colloidal platinum. Keywords: relaxation, EEG, alpha wave, dB analysis, colloidal platinum, skin care, essence, cosmetics 1. Introduction Application of cosmetics is one of the behaviors which human beings have exhibited since ancient times. Application of cosmetics is a communication tool, and it has been used to attract a partner or to show social status. In modern times, many people have shown an interest in another psychophysiological effect of applying cosmetics; their happiness increases through applying cosmetics 1,2) . Application of cosmetics can be categorized as promoting three kinds of aims 3) : 1) skin care aim which promotes maintenance of skin and of a person’s health; 2) make-up aim which promotes improvement in appearance; and 3) fragrance aim which promotes change of feelings and improvement in a person’s self-image. Especially, the first and second categories of aims have been studied extensively for their psychological and physiological effects. Skin care provides effects to control emotions (such as relaxation) and make-up offers effects such as an increase in a positive attitude, an upsurge of emotions, and a sense of security through improvement in appearance. Therefore, it is often said symbolically that skin care is about "healing" and make-up is about "encouragement". In the present study, the authors studied a skin care cosmetic which is an essence containing colloidal platinum by measuring its relaxation effect through measurements of the EEG spectrum, that is, alpha waves. The target essence (experimental sample) contained 200ppm colloidal platinum (average diameter of colloidal particles: 10nm). Many users of the essence claim that they can feel more relaxed when applying this cosmetic in comparison to other cosmetics which do not have colloidal platinum. The authors wanted to consider the possibility that the relaxation effect is caused by colloidal platinum. However, the relaxation effect is a combination of three different effects; 1) a behavioral effect which is caused by applying the essence to the face; 2) a material effect which is due to the base material used for the essence; and 3) a material effect which is due to the colloidal platinum. Therefore, it is necessary to compare ______________________________________________________ Hideyuki KOKUBO, International Research Institute, 40A, Yuuki Bldg., Sonno 1108-2, Inage, Chiba 263-0051 JAPAN Phone: +81-43-255-5481 FAX +81-43-255-5482 E-mail: [email protected] * This paper is based on a presentation at the 41st Symposium on Life Information Science, March 2016. Original Research Paper

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Journal of International Society of Life Information Science (ISLIS) J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci.    Vol.34, No.2, September 2016

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EEG Measurements on Relaxation Caused

by Essence of Colloidal Platinum for Skin Care - A Discussion Using dB Analysis -

Hideyuki KOKUBO, Kimiko KAWANO

Institute for Living Body Measurements, International Research Institute (Chiba, Japan)

(Received on June 2nd, 2016: Final Revised and Accepted on July 5th, 2016)

Abstract: Through EEG measurements, the authors tried to measure relaxation effects when persons apply a cosmetic for skin care to their face. Experiments were done from July to August 2015. The experimental sample for the facial application was an essence which has a high concentration of colloidal platinum (200ppm; average diameter, 10nm), and the control sample was an essence without colloidal platinum. Participants were categorized into two groups. Group A consisted of 8 women (average age, 43.1y) who had previously used cosmetics containing platinum and Group B consisted of 8 women (average age, 40.6y) who had not used such cosmetics. The authors measured participants' EEG on a single-blind condition before and after the participants applied samples (0.45g) to their faces, and compared the averaged power of the alpha wave. Before applying the samples, a stress task was given to each participant. For application of the control sample, the EEG spectrum (alpha waves) of both Groups A and B recovered to the initial level. For application of the experimental sample, the EEG spectrum of Group B recovered to the initial level, but that of Group A increased to 0.56dB. The essence which contained colloidal platinum provided an additional relaxation effect caused by the colloidal platinum, not only the relaxation effects caused by the behavior of applying the essence and the base components of the essence. However, more studies are needed to reveal the details of relaxation mechanisms caused by the colloidal platinum. Keywords: relaxation, EEG, alpha wave, dB analysis, colloidal platinum, skin care, essence, cosmetics

1. Introduction

Application of cosmetics is one of the behaviors which human beings have exhibited since ancient times. Application of cosmetics is a communication tool, and it has been used to attract a partner or to show social status. In modern times, many people have shown an interest in another psychophysiological effect of applying cosmetics; their happiness increases through applying cosmetics 1,2). Application of cosmetics can be categorized as promoting three kinds of aims3): 1) skin care aim which promotes maintenance of skin and of a person’s health; 2) make-up aim which promotes improvement in appearance; and 3) fragrance aim which promotes change of feelings and improvement in a person’s self-image. Especially, the first and second categories of aims have been studied extensively for their psychological and

physiological effects. Skin care provides effects to control emotions (such as relaxation) and make-up offers effects such as an increase in a positive attitude, an upsurge of emotions, and a sense of security through improvement in appearance. Therefore, it is often said symbolically that skin care is about "healing" and make-up is about "encouragement". In the present study, the authors studied a skin care cosmetic which is an essence containing colloidal platinum by measuring its relaxation effect through measurements of the EEG spectrum, that is, alpha waves. The target essence (experimental sample) contained 200ppm colloidal platinum (average diameter of colloidal particles: 10nm). Many users of the essence claim that they can feel more relaxed when applying this cosmetic in comparison to other cosmetics which do not have colloidal platinum. The authors wanted to consider the possibility that the relaxation effect is caused by colloidal platinum. However, the relaxation effect is a combination of three different effects; 1) a behavioral effect which is caused by applying the essence to the face; 2) a material effect which is due to the base material used for the essence; and 3) a material effect which is due to the colloidal platinum. Therefore, it is necessary to compare

______________________________________________________ Hideyuki KOKUBO, International Research Institute, 40A, Yuuki Bldg., Sonno 1108-2, Inage, Chiba 263-0051 JAPAN Phone: +81-43-255-5481 FAX +81-43-255-5482 E-mail: [email protected] * This paper is based on a presentation at the 41st Symposium on Life Information Science, March 2016.

Original Research Paper

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the experimental sample with a control sample which has the same components as the experimental sample except for the colloidal platinum. Individual differences among EEG spectra often make it difficult to estimate relaxation effects in EEG measurements. In order to reduce the influence of individual differences for a relatively small number of participants in the experiment, the simplest method is to use a parameter for the relative change of the average power of the alpha waves of each participant. Through a preliminary test with two participants, the authors found that a decibel (dB) unit is useful for displaying of the relative change of the average power of the alpha wave if it is based on the average power during the initial control task (resting). Therefore, the authors used a dB analysis method in the present study. From the viewpoint of business, consumers' feelings toward use of the essence are obtained in daily life. It was necessary to make the experimental situation as similar to the daily life situation as possible, and it was necessary to reproduce consumers' feelings of use. Thus, after applying the essence to the face, the authors gave the participants various tasks, such as doing a mental arithmetic problem and listening to music, in order to make the experimental situation similar to the daily life situation.

2. Methods 2-1. Date and Place The experiment was done at the Institute for Living Body Measurements of the International Research Institute (Chiba, Japan) during July and August of 2015. The room temperature was 24.5 to 26.5˚C and humidity was 61 to 85%. 2-2. Samples Essences for the samples were provided by Inovex Co. Ltd. (Japan) which was a maker of colloidal platinum. The experimental sample was the essence which contained 200ppm colloidal platinum (average diameter: 10nm); it is commercially available under the brand name of Premium Brilliant Essence Vuvu (Toyo Beauty Co. Ltd, Japan), and the control sample was an essence which did not contain colloidal platinum, but had all other components the same as the experimental sample; it was the semi-manufactured essence of Vuvu (Lot No. 150404-1-68; Toyo Beauty Co. Ltd.). The experimental sample did not contain any perfumes, and it was a semi-transparent dark brown liquid with a viscosity of cP = 0.8872. The control sample was colorless-transparent and did not contain any perfumes. Its viscosity was not measured but it was considered to be the same as the experimental sample.

2-3. Participants Sixteen healthy adult women who had the custom of applying cosmetics participated in the study, and they were divided into two groups A and B. Group A consisted of 8 women (average age, 43.1y) who had previously used cosmetics containing platinum and Group B consisted of 8 women (average age, 40.6y) who had not used cosmetics containing platinum. 2-4. Measurements of EEG Measurements were made using Polymate EEG meters (TEAC, Japan) and Syanfit 2500 EEG meters (NEC, Japan). EEGs of 12 monopolar signals were measured with the ear lobes as references, according to the international 10-20 method. Points of electrodes were Fp1, Fp2, F7, F8, C3, C4, T5, T6, O1, O2, Fz, Pz, and sampling rate was 200Hz. 2-5. Procedure Each participant did an experimental trial in which she applied the experimental sample to her face and a control trial in which she similarly applied the control sample under the single blind condition. Two participants were measured simultaneously per day to cancel any order effect. The details of the experiment flow are shown in Table 1. Participants washed their faces about 10 minutes before the 1st trial. Then, electrodes for the EEG measurement were attached, and a 2-min initial resting task was done with the eyes closed (Rest 1), 1-min resting task with the eyes opened, and 2-min listening to music task with the eyes closed, For the listening task, a recording of the Adagio in G minor by Tomaso Albinoni was played at a noise level LA = 47-56dB, sound pressure level Lp = 57-67dB. Next, participants took the Uchida-Kraepelin test (Nisseiken, Japan) for 10 minutes as a stress task, aiming at easy detection of relaxation effects. After the Uchida-Kraepelin test, they did a 2-min mental arithmetic task with the eyes closed. Next, participants put on eye masks. One of the two participants was chosen at random and 0.45g±0.04g of the experimental sample was put into her palm; for the other participant, 0.45g±0.04g of the control sample was put into her palm. Participants then applied the samples to their faces, excluding their foreheads. After applying the samples, the eye-masks were removed, and participants did 2-min resting task with the eyes closed (Rest 2). Next, they repeated tasks of resting (eyes closed), doing mental arithmetic, resting (eyes opened), and listening to music until the last 2-min resting task (eyes closed) (Rest 3) which was done 17 minutes after applying the cosmetic sample. After the 1st trial, participants washed their faces as preparation for the 2nd trial. The 2nd trial was done in the same way as the 1st

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trial, but experimental and control samples were reversed for the two participants. After the 2nd trial, experimenters interviewed the participants.

Table 1 Experiment flow

1st trial

Preparation Washing the face 15 min Attaching electrodes. 2 min Initial resting (eyes closed). [Rest 1] 1 min Resting (eyes opened).

2 min Listening to music: Adagio in G minor by Tomaso Albinoni (eyes closed).

10 min Stress task (Uchida-Kraepelin test) 2 min Mental arithmetic (eyes closed) 1000-7

1-2 min

Applying the experimental sample to Participant X and applying the control sample to Participant Y. Samples were applied to their jaws and cheeks, but not their foreheads.

19 min

2-min resting (eyes closed) [Rest 2] 2-min mental arithmetic (eyes closed) 999-7 1-min resting (eyes opened) 2-min listening music (eyes closed) 3-min resting (eyes opened) 2-min mental arithmetic (eyes closed) 1001-7 2-min resting (eyes opened) 2-min listening music (eyes closed) 1-min resting (eyes opened) 2-min resting (eyes closed) [Rest 3]

2nd trial

Preparation Washing the face 15 min Attaching electrodes. 2 min Initial resting (eyes closed). [Rest 1] 1 min Resting (eyes opened).

2 min Listening to music: Adagio in G minor by Tomaso Albinoni (eyes closed).

10 min Stress task (Uchida-Kraepelin test) 2 min Mental arithmetic (eyes closed) 1003-7

1-2 min

Applying the experimental sample to Participant Y and applying the control sample to Participant X. Samples were applied to their jaws and cheeks, but not their foreheads.

19 min

2-min resting (eyes closed) [Rest 2] 2-min mental arithmetic (eyes closed) 998-7 1-min resting (eyes opened) 2-min listening music (eyes closed) 3-min resting (eyes opened) 2-min mental arithmetic (eyes closed) 1004-7 2-min resting (eyes opened) 2-min listening music (eyes closed) 1-min resting (eyes opened) 2-min resting (eyes closed) [Rest 3]

2-6. Data Analysis The software ATAMAP II (Kissei Co., Japan) was used to obtain a power spectrum from the average of six FFT epochs (one epoch was 5.12s, 1024 points, hamming window), excluding artifacts. Frequency bands used in the present study were: 2.0-3.8Hz for delta waves, 4.0-7.8Hz for theta waves, 8.0-12.8Hz for alpha waves, and 13.0-

29.8Hz for beta waves. To standardize the magnitude of the alpha waves, the average power of alpha waves (Fp1, Fp2, O1, O2, Fz, Pz) during Rest 1 was calculated for each participant, and then the power of Rest 2 (just after applying samples) and Rest 3 (17 minutes after applying) were converted to dB unit which was based on Rest 1. Data analyses were separately conducted for Groups A and B.

3. Results 3-1. Transition Fig. 1 shows the relative change [dB] of the average power of the alpha waves in Groups A and B. Psychological and physiological states of participants were considered to be changed from their initial states after the stress task. For the control sample, in Group B, power levels of alpha waves after applying the sample recovered to the same level as at the initial resting task. In Group A, power levels of alpha waves became lower at Rest 2 but they recovered to the same level at Rest 3. For the experimental sample, in Group B, power levels of alpha waves after applying the sample recovered to the same level as at the initial resting task. However, in Group A, power levels of alpha waves increased beyond the initial level.

Fig. 1 Level of Average Power of Alpha Waves

(Error bars: standard deviation). Left: Group A. Right: Group B.

3-2. Comparison of Samples Levels of average power of alpha waves in Group A were 0.29dB (experiment) and -0.34dB (control) at Rest 2, and they were 0.56dB (experiment) and -0.10dB (control) at Rest 3. Differences between both experimental and control samples were significant statistically (Wilcoxon signed rank test, p = 0.025, p = 0.025, one-tail). Fig. 2 shows the results at Rest 3 (17 minutes after applying the sample).

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Fig. 2 Level of Average Power of Alpha Waves at

Rest 3 (Group A). Error bars are standard errors.

Levels of average power of alpha waves in Group B were -0.10dB (experiment) and -0.07dB (control) at Rest 2, and they were -0.13dB (experiment) and 0.03dB (control) at Rest 3. Differences between both experimental and control samples were not significant statistically (Wilcoxon signed rank test). Fig. 3 shows the results at Rest 3 (17 minutes after applying).

Fig. 3 Level of Average Power of Alpha waves at

Rest 3 (Group B). Error bars are standard errors.

3-3. Comments by Participants Table 2 shows comments and judgements made by

participants after the experiment. Six among 8 participants of Group A succeeded to distinguish experimental and control samples correctly. However, discussion was not available in statistic because the sample size of the present study was small. Two participants claimed that they felt smell of samples. It suggested a possibility that colloidal platinum stimulated directly or indirectly to sensitive persons

although the samples did not contain any perfumes. Table 2 Comments and Judgements by Participants

After Experiment

Group ID Experimental sample Control sample Judge-

ment

A

A012

I felt s had a clear feeling that the sample adapted to my skin. This may be Vuvu.

x

I006

I felt that the sample was absorbed into my skin.

I felt that the sample remained on my skin. o

M016 I could recognize it by smell. o

N013 I felt warm. o

M017

I think this is platinum because I did mental arithmetic easily.

o

S022 The sample flowed smoothly on my skin.

o

N014 I thought this was platinum. But I am not sure.

I felt sleepy. o

T015

I felt sleepy. I thought this was Vuvu because I did not feel sleepy after applying it.

x

B

H009 I had a clear feeling.

N012 I had a familiar feeling.

Clear. No smell and no taste.

I007 I felt slightly sleepy.

I was comfortable, but I could not feel any differences between samples.

M015 I felt clear.

Y009 I felt that it stuck on my skin.

O007 Maybe, this was platinum.

O008 I didn’t like this smell.

I did not feel anything was wrong.

H010 Maybe, this was platinum. I liked this.

4. Discussion

4-1. Usefulness of dB Analysis In both Groups A and B, the average alpha wave power after applying the control sample was the same level as at the initial resting task. Psychological and physiological states of participants were considered to be changed from their initial state because of the stress task before applying the control sample. However, the power level recovered to the same level of the initial states by relaxation effects caused by the behavior of applying and the material effect of the base of the essence. The level of alpha wave power in Group A after applying the

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-2.00-1.50-1.00-0.500.000.501.001.502.002.50

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p = 0.025

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experimental sample increased beyond the initial level. This suggested an additional relaxation effect was caused by colloidal platinum. This supported consumers' claims that the experimental sample gave much relaxation. For conditions similar to daily situations, the dB analysis method was considered as useful to obtain data to support consumers' impressions. 4-2. Mechanisms of Relaxation by Colloidal Platinum and Difference between Groups The relaxation effect by colloidal platinum was considered to be sustained for a relatively long time because it continued to increase until 17 minutes after applying the product. Sustainability was possibly caused by the colloidal platinum remaining on the skin surface, not being absorbed into it. However, the mechanisms by which colloidal platinum caused the comfortable stimuli were not known. One possibility was that colloidal platinum had a negative charge (zeta potential: -40mV)9) and it affected the electric state of the skin surface. However, more studies are needed to reveal details of any mechanisms. Consideration was given to the additional relaxation effect that was detected in Group A but not detected in Group B. One possible explanation was that participants of Group A had become sensitive to the effects of colloidal platinum because their skin conditions had been changed by long-term use of platinum-containing cosmetics. In other words, the additional effect of colloidal platinum was not so strong that users felt it significantly after only one use. It might be necessary to continue use for a long time to feel an additional relaxation effect. Another possible explanation was the influence of consumers' selections. Usually, when purchasing cosmetics, consumers make their choices based on desirable use feelings gotten from a shop display or by a trial use. Platinum-containing cosmetics would also be expected to be chosen through this process. Kumano and Nakayama10) reported that the feeling of use of skin-care products (which is felt as ideal) depended on a person's skin properties; therefore, Group A could possibly consist of persons whose skin properties were specific to make desirable use feelings for platinum-containing cosmetics. On the other hand, the addition effect was not detected in Group B because these persons had widely differing skin properties. If this speculation is correct, it is expected that Group B would also show an additional relaxation effect if the base of the essence is adjusted to skin properties of each person and colloidal platinum is added to the adjusted base. Therefore, further studies should be done considering participant's skin properties. Moreover, the authors could not deny a possibility that a faint smell of samples induced relaxation effects because two participants made comments on fragrance although the samples did not involve any perfumes. It is

necessary to test whether smell stimuli of samples can cause the same relaxation effects.

5. Conclusions Application of the essence which contained colloidal platinum showed an additional relaxation effect, not only the relaxation effects which were caused by application of cosmetics and the material which is the base of the essence. However, details of the relaxation mechanisms provided by colloidal platinum were not known. Further studies are needed. Moreover, the dB analysis method of average alpha wave power was considered as useful to detect specific relaxation effects of cosmetics in experiments which are similar to daily life situations.

Acknowledgement The present study was supported financially by Inovex. Co. Ltd.

References 1. Shiseido Beauty Science Center (Ed.): The

Psychology of Cosmetic Behavior. Tokyo: Fragrance Journal Ltd., 1993. [In Japanese]

2. Iwata K.: Beauty treatment cheers up elderly women. Journal of Japanese Cosmetic Science Society, 37(3): 187 – 191, 2013. [In Japanese with an English abstract] http://doi.org/10.11469/koshohin.37.187

3. Hatta T., Hatta J., Iwahara A., Nagahara N., Ito E.: The influence of age on the self-consciousness and cosmetic behavior of Japanese females. Journal of Human Environmental Studies, 7(1): 61-66, 2009. [in Japanese with an English abstract] http://doi.org/10.4189/shes.7.61

4. Horikawa H., Kuroda S., Tsunoda K., Yuasa S.: Measurements of mental relaxation through skin treatment (Stress reduction and skin treatment). Journal of Society of Cosmetic Chemists of Japan, 18(1): 26-31, 1984. [In Japanese with an English abstract] http://doi.org/10.5107/sccj.18.26

5. Hirao N.: Psychological Effects of Skin Care -From the Perspectives of Somatosensory Function, Emotional Response and Skin Care Condition-. Journal of Society of Cosmetic Chemists of Japan, 36(1): 1-9, 2002. [In Japanese with an English abstract] http://doi.org/10.5107/sccj.36.1

6. Morichi E., Hirose O., Nakata S., Kuze J.: The effect of biophylactic function on psychological impact of makeup. Journal of Social and Information Sciences, Nihon Fukushi University, 9: 111-116, 2006. [In Japanese]

7. Abe T.: Sukinkea heno kitai no hensen to shinrigaku

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kouka (Psychological effects and transition of expectation for skin care). Daibo I ed.: Keshou Koudou no Shakai Shinrigaku (Sociopsychology of Cosmetic Behavior), 9: 148-157, Kyoto: Kitaohji shobou, 2001. [in Japanese]

8. Abe T.: The Social Psychophysiology of Stress and Cosmetic Behavior. Tokyo: Fragrance Journal Ltd., 2002. [in Japanese]

9. Sudo S.: A study of the spectra related to the motion of platinum colloidal particles dispersed in water. Journal of Liberal Arts and Sciences at Tokyo City University, 7: 167-172, 2014. [in Japanese]

10. Kumano Y., Nakayama Y.: Kashouhin no hinsistu hosho (Guarantee of quality of cosmetics). Fragrance Journal, 90(3): 14-19, 1988. [in Japanese]

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白金コロイド美容液によるリラックス効果の脳波測定

-dB 表示解析による検討- (EEG Measurements on Relaxation Caused by Essence of Colloidal Platinum for Skin Care

- A Discussion Using dB Analysis)

小久保秀之、河野貴美子 (Hideyuki KOKUBO, Kimiko KAWANO)

国際総合研究機構 生体計測研究所(日本、千葉)

(2016 年 6 月 2 日受付: 2016 年 7 月 5 日最終稿受理)

要旨:筆者らはスキンケア美容液の顔面塗布によって起こるリラックス効果を脳波変化で捉え

ることを試みた。実験は 2015 年 7 月から 8 月に実施し、平均粒子径 10nm の白金コロイドを

200ppm 含有する美容液(実験試料)と白金コロイドを含まない美容液(対照試料)を用いた。

実験協力者は白金コロイドを含有する化粧品を常用する群(使用群、女 8 名、平均年齢 43.1 歳)

とそれの使用経験のない群(未使用群、女 8 名、平均年齢 40.6 歳)とし、美容液 0.45g を顔面に

塗布する前後の脳波のアルファ波平均パワーを単純盲検条件で測定した。試料のもたらす効果

の評価には、初期安静のアルファ波平均パワーを基準として実験協力者ごとの相対変化を dB 表

示で解析する手法を採用した。また、美容液を塗布する前にストレス課題を実施した。結果、使

用群、未使用群とも、対照試料塗布後のアルファ波平均パワーは初期安静の水準に回復した。実

験試料の場合、未使用群の塗布後のパワーは初期安静の水準に回復したが、使用群はさらに

0.56dB まで増大した。白金コロイド含有美容液は、化粧行動と美容液基剤によるリラックス効

果に加え、白金コロイドによるリラックス効果も持つことが示された。ただし、白金コロイドの

作用機序の詳細は不明であり、今後の研究が必要と考えられた。 キーワード:リラックス、脳波、アルファ波、dB 表示解析、白金コロイド、スキンケア、美容

液、化粧品

1. はじめに 化粧は人類が原始的生活を営んでいた頃から行

われている行為である。化粧はコミュニケーション

ツールとしての役割があり、化粧することで配偶者

の獲得や社会的地位の表示が行われてきたが、現代

では化粧の心理生理効果がその人の生活をより豊

かにするという側面も注目されるようになってい

る 1,2)。 化粧行動は素肌の手入れや健康維持を目的とす

るスキンケア、外観向上のためのメイクアップ、香

水などの気分変容や自己イメージ向上のためのフ

レグランスに大別され 3)、特に前 2 者の心理生理効

果が多数研究されている 4-8)。スキンケアは「いやし」、

メイクアップは「はげみ」の心理効果と端的に表現

されることがあるように、スキンケアにはリラクゼ

ーションのような感情調整効果が、メイクアップに

は外観の向上による積極性の向上、気分の高揚、安

心感の増加などの心理効果がある。 本研究で筆者らは白金コロイドを含有するスキ

ンケア製品(美容液)を取り上げ、その顔面塗布に

よって起こるリラックス効果をアルファ波脳波で

測定することを試みた。 対象とした製品は平均粒子径 10nm の白金コロイ

ドを 200ppm 含有する美容液(実験試料)である。

この美容液の使用者から他の製品よりもリラック

スできるという感想がしばしば寄せられており、そ

のリラックス効果に白金コロイドの関与が推定さ

れていた。ただし、この効果は、1) 美容液の塗布行

動による効果、2) 美容液の基剤による物質的効果、

3) 白金コロイドによる物質的効果、の 3 種類の混在

が想定されるため、3 番目の効果を確認するには白

______________________________________________________ 小久保秀之、263-0051 千葉市稲毛区園生町 1108-2 40A 電話:043-255-5481 FAX 043-255-5482 E-mail: [email protected] *本論文は 2016 年 3 月の第 41 回生命情報科学シンポジウムでの

発表に基づく。

原著論文

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金コロイドを含有する以外は同一成分の対照試料

と比較する必要があった。 リラックス効果を脳波で評価する場合、障害にな

るのが脳波の個人差が大きいことである。比較的小

規模の実験で個人差の影響を除去するには、実験協

力者(被験者)ごとに脳波の相対変化値を算出して

検討するのが最も簡便である。被験者 2 名の予備実

験の結果から、安静時のアルファ波平均パワーを基

準とするパワーの相対変化を dB 表示で解析する手

法が効果検出に有望と思われたため、本研究の解析

法として採用した。 また、使用実感は日常生活の営みの中で得られる

ものなので、できるだけ日常の状況に近い実験状況

を作って使用実感の裏付けを取る必要があった。そ

こで美容液塗布後に暗算、音楽聴取などの課題を与

えて日常の状況に近い実験状況を設定した。

2. 方 法 2-1. 実験期間、場所 実験は 2015 年 7 月から 8 月に国際総合研究機構

生体計測研究所(日本、千葉)で実施した。実験時

の室温は 24.5~26.5℃、湿度は 61~85%だった。 2-2. 美容液試料 美容液試料はアイノベックス社(白金コロイドの

製造元)から提供されたものを使用した。実験試料

は平均粒子径 10nm の白金コロイドを 200ppm 含有

する美容液(商品名:プレミアムブリリアントエッ

センス vuvu、東洋ビューティ株式会社)、対照試料

は白金コロイドを含まない以外は実験試料と同一

成分の美容液(半製品。Lot 番号 No. 150404-1-68、東洋ビューティ株式会社)であった。実験試料は無

香料、黒に近い焦げ茶色の半透明で、粘度 cP は 0.8872、対照試料は無香料、無色透明であった。対照

試料の粘度の測定データはないが、実験試料と同じ

と考えられた。 2-3. 実験協力者

実験協力者(被験者)は化粧の習慣を持つ健康な

成人女性 16 名とし、白金コロイドを含有する化粧

品を常用する群(使用群。女 8 名、平均年齢 43.1 歳)

とそれの使用経験のない群(未使用群。女 8 名、平

均年齢 40.6 歳)の 2 群に分けた。 2-4. 脳波測定

脳波計は Polymate(TEAC)と Synafit 2500(NEC)を用いた。脳波測定は両耳朶を基準電極とした国際

10-20法による12極単極誘導で、測定極はFp1、Fp2、

F7、F8、C3、C4、T5、T6、O1、O2、Fz、Pz、サン

プリング周波数は 200Hz であった。 2-5. 実験手順 実験は 1 日に 2 名ずつ同時に行い、顔面に実験試

料を塗布する試行と対照試料を塗布する試行を単

純盲検法で順序効果を相殺するよう実施した。実験

スケジュールの詳細を Table 1 に示す。

Table 1 実験進行

第一試行

事前準備 洗顔 15 分 電極装着 2 分 安静閉眼(安静 1) 1 分 安静開眼 2 分 音楽閉眼

10 分 ストレス課題(クレペリン) 2 分 暗算閉眼 1000-7

1~2 分 実験試料(被験者 X)、対照試料

(被験者 Y)の塗布。 顎、頬など、額を除く顔面。

19 分

安静閉眼 2 分(安静 2) 暗算閉眼 2 分 999-7 安静開眼 1 分 音楽閉眼 2 分 安静開眼 3 分 暗算閉眼 2 分 1001-7 安静開眼 2 分 音楽閉眼 2 分 安静開眼 1 分 安静閉眼 2 分(安静 3)

事前準備 洗顔 10 分 電極の再調整 2 分 安静閉眼(安静 1) 1 分 安静開眼 2 分 音楽閉眼

10 分 ストレス課題(クレペリン) 2 分 暗算閉眼 1003-7

1~2 分 実験試料(被験者 Y)、対照試料

(被験者 X)の塗布。 顎、頬など、額を除く顔面。

19 分

安静閉眼 2 分(安静 2) 暗算閉眼 2 分 998-7 安静開眼 1 分 音楽閉眼 2 分 安静開眼 3 分 暗算閉眼 2 分 1004-7 安静開眼 2 分 音楽閉眼 2 分 安静開眼 1 分 安静閉眼 2 分(安静 3)

第 1 試行の前に被験者は実験開始 10 分ほど前に

洗顔し、脳波電極の装着後、安静閉眼 2 分(安静 1)、安静開眼 1 分、閉眼による音楽聴取 2 分(アルビノ

ーニのアダージョ。騒音レベル LA 47-56 dB、音圧レ

ベル Lp 57-67 dB)を行った。次にリラックス効果を

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検出しやすくするために、ストレス課題として内田

クレペリン検査(日本・精神技術研究所)を 10 分間

実施した。 内田クレペリン検査終了後、暗算 2 分を行った。

その後、被験者は目隠しをし、実験者は無作為に選

んだ被験者 1 名の手のひらに実験試料を、もう 1 名

の手のひらに対照試料をそれぞれ 0.45g±0.04g 乗せ

た。被験者は目隠しをしたまま頬・顎など額を除く

顔面に試料を塗布した。試料の塗布後、被験者は目

隠しをはずし、安静閉眼 2 分(安静 2)を測定した。

塗布 17 分後の安静閉眼 2 分(安静 3)の測定まで、

安静閉眼、暗算、安静開眼、音楽聴取を繰り返した。 第 1 試行終了後、被験者は洗顔し、第 2 試行に備

えた。 第 2 試行は第 1 試行と同様の手順で実施したが、

被験者に与える試料を第 1 試行と逆にした。 第 2 試行終了後に被験者の感想の聞き取りを行っ

た。 2-6. データ解析

データ解析には ATAMAP-II(キッセイコムテック)

を用いた。実験課題ごとにアーティファクトがなく、

脳波がきれいに出現している個所を選んで 1024 ポ

イントを 1 単位とした高速フーリエ変換(FFT)を

窓関数ハミングで行い、その 6 単位の平均(約 30 秒

間)からパワースペクトラムを求めて周波数帯域ご

とのパワー値(電位表示)を計算した。アルファ波

(8.0~12.8 Hz)の大きさは人によって異なるため、

被験者ごとに各試行の最初の安静閉眼(安静 1)の

Fp1, Fp2, O1, O2, Fz, Pz 極のアルファ波帯域の平均

パワーを基準として塗布直後(安静 2)、塗布 17 分

後(安静 3)の平均パワーの相対変化をデシベル dBで表した。解析は群別に行った。

3. 結 果 3-1. 経時的変化 Fig. 1 に初期安静(安静 1)、塗布直後(安静 2)、塗布 17 分後(安静 3)のアルファ波平均パワーの相

対変化値 [dB] を群別に示す。 試料の塗布前に実施したストレス課題によって

被験者の状態は初期状態から変化していたはずだ

が、対照試料塗布後のアルファ波平均パワーは、未

使用群では初期安静と同水準にまで回復した。使用

群は塗布直後にやや低下していたが、塗布 17 分後

には初期安静と同水準にまで回復した。 実験試料の場合、未使用群のアルファ波平均パワ

ーは初期安静と同水準にまで回復し、使用群はさら

に増大する傾向が見られた。

Fig. 1 アルファ波平均パワーの水準変化 左:使用群。右:未使用群。 エラーバーは標準偏差。

3-2. 実験試料と対照試料の比較 使用群のアルファ波平均パワーは、塗布直後(安

静 2)の実験試料は 0.29dB で対照試料は-0.34dB、塗布 17 分後(安静 3)の実験試料は 0.56dB で対照

試料は-0.10dB となり、いずれの場合も実験試料と

対照試料との間で統計的に有意な差があった(ウィ

ルコクソン符号付順位検定、p = 0.025、p = 0.025、片

側)。Fig. 2 は塗布 17 分後のグラフである。

Fig. 2 塗布 17 分後の平均パワーの比較(使用群) エラーバーは標準誤差

未使用群のアルファ波平均パワーは、塗布直後

(安静 2)の実験試料は-0.10dB で対照試料は-

-1.50

-1.00

-0.50

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

安静1安静2安静3

アル

ファ

波パワー

の水準

[dB]

実験対照

-1.50

-1.00

-0.50

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

安静1 安静2 安静3

アル

ファ

波パワー

の水準

[dB]

実験対照

-0.75

-0.50

-0.25

0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

実験 対照

アル

ファ

波平均パ

ワー

の水

準[d

B]

-2.00

-1.50

-1.00

-0.50

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

実験 対照

アルファ波平均パワーの

水準

[dB]

p = 0.025

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0.07dB、塗布 17 分後(安静 3)の実験試料は-0.13dBで対照試料は 0.03dB となり、いずれの場合も実験試

料と対照試料との間で統計的有意な差はなかった

(ウィルコクソン符号付順位検定)。未使用群の塗

布 17 分後のアルファ波平均パワーを Fig. 3 に示す。

Fig. 3 塗布 17 分後の平均パワーの比較(未使用群)

エラーバーは標準誤差

3-3. 被験者の感想 Table 2 に実験終了後の被験者の感想と判断を示

す。 使用群 8 名中の 6 名は第 1 試行と第 2 試行のどち

らが普段使用している製品(実験試料)なのか正し

く判断できたが、サンプル数が少ないため統計的議

論には至らなかった。 また、実験試料に対して 2 名が匂いを感じており、

無香料であっても人によっては白金コロイドによ

る直接的、あるいは間接的な匂い刺激が生じていた

と考えられる。

4. 考 察 4-1. dB 表示解析法の有効性 使用群・未使用群のいずれにおいても、対照試料

の塗布後のアルファ波平均パワーは初期安静と同

水準であった。試料の塗布前に実施したストレス課

題によって被験者の状態は初期状態から変化して

いたはずだが、化粧行動と美容液基剤のリラックス

効果によって初期安静と同水準にまでアルファ波

平均パワーが回復したと考えられる。一方、実験試

料の塗布後に見られた使用群のアルファ波平均パ

ワーの増大は、白金コロイドによるリラックス効果

の上乗せを意味する。これはリラックス効果をより

-0.75

-0.50

-0.25

0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

実験 対照

アル

ファ

波平均パ

ワーの

水準

[dB]

-2.00

-1.50

-1.00

-0.50

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

実験 対照

アル

ファ波

平均

パワーの水準

[dB]

Table 2 実験終了後の感想と判断

群 ID 実験試料 対照試料 使用者の判

断の正誤

使

A012 ぴりぴりなじむ感じでこっちが

Vuvu かなぁ。 ×

I006 吸い込む感じ。 そのまま残る感じ。 ○

M016 においでわかった。 ○

N013 あったかくなった。 ○

M017 こっちだと思う。計算もやりや

すかった。 ○

S022 軽く流れる。 ○

N014 こっちだと思った、確信はない 眠い ○

T015 眠かった。 こっちだと思った、こちらをつけ

てから眠気もなくなりスッキリ。 ×

使

H009 ぴりぴりした感じ。

N012 慣れた感じ クリアー、無味無臭。

I007 少し眠気。 気持ちいいとは思ったが、違い

はわからない。

M015 目が冴えた、すっきりして。 Y009 肌に吸い付く感じ。

O007 こっちが本物かな。

O008 好きじゃない匂い。 いやな感じはしなかった。

H010 こっちが本物かな。 こっちの方がいいな。

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感じられるという消費者の使用実感を裏付ける。本

研究のような日常を模した実験条件下では、dB 表示

解析は使用実感の裏付けデータを取得するのに有

効と考えられる。 4-2. 白金コロイドの作用機序と使用群・未使用群の

違い 使用群におけるアルファ波平均パワーの増大が

塗布 17 分後まで続いたことから、白金コロイドの

リラックス効果は持続性が高いと考えられる。高持

続性は、白金コロイドが皮膚から吸収されないため

塗布後も長時間皮膚表面に残るからと推定される

が、白金コロイドが快刺激を生じさせるメカニズム

自体は不明である。白金コロイドは負に帯電(ゼー

タ電位は-40mV)9)しており、これによって皮膚の

帯電状態が変化したからなどの可能性が考えられ

るが、詳細は今後の研究に待たれる。 では、リラックス効果の上乗せが使用群で検出さ

れたのに、未使用群で検出されなかったのはなぜだ

ろうか。 1 つ考えられるのは、使用群の被験者は美容液の

連用によって肌の状態が変化し、白金コロイドの作

用に敏感になっていた可能性である。逆に言うと、

白金コロイドの作用は 1 回試しただけで誰でも顕著

に感じられるほどの強さはなく、効果を感じられる

ようになるまで、ある程度の慣れが必要なのかもし

れない。 もう 1 つ考えられるのは選択行動の影響である。

通常、化粧品を購入する場合、消費者は店頭での試

しや試供品の試しで使用実感が好ましかったもの

を選ぶ。白金コロイド化粧品もこの過程を経て選択

されるはずである。熊野ら 10)が理想的と感じられる

スキンケア化粧品の使用感が被験者の肌質によっ

て異なると報告していることから、使用群は特定の

使用実感を好む肌質の類似した人で構成されてい

た可能性がある。これに対して未使用群は肌質の異

なる被験者が混在していたので、群全体として上乗

せ効果が出なかったのだろう。この推定が正しけれ

ば、肌質に合わせて美容液の基剤を調整し、そこに

白金コロイドを添加したなら、未使用群でもリラッ

クス効果の上乗せ分の検出が期待できることにな

る。したがって、今後の研究は肌質の違いを考慮し

た実験デザインにする必要がある。 また、実験試料は無臭のはずであるが、2 名が匂

いについて感想を述べていることから、微量の匂い

刺激がリラックス効果を誘導した可能性を否定で

きない。今後、試料の匂い刺激だけで同様のリラッ

クス効果が生じるか確認する必要があるだろう。

5. 結 論 白金コロイドを含有する美容液は、化粧行動と美

容液基剤によるリラックス効果に加えて白金コロ

イドによるリラックス効果も持つことが示された。

ただし、白金コロイドがリラックス効果を生じさせ

る機序の詳細は不明であり、今後の研究が必要と考

えられた。また、アルファ波平均パワーの dB 表示

解析は、日常の生活状況に近い実験条件下で化粧品

のもつ特有のリラックス効果を検出するのに有効

と考えられた。

謝 辞 本研究の実施に当たりアイノベックス社の資金

協力を得ました。御礼申し上げます。

参考文献 1. 資生堂ビューティーサイエンス研究所編:化粧心理学

- 化粧と心のサイエンス. 東京:フレグランスジャー

ナル社, 1993. 2. 岩田喜美枝:化粧の力で高齢者を元気にする. 日本香

粧品学会誌, 37(3): 187–191, 2013. http://doi.org/10.11469/koshohin.37.187

3. 八田武俊、八田純子、岩原昭彦、永原直子、伊藤恵美:

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