가스흡수이론과 실제

(Gas absorption theory & its actual application)

황 유 성 著

- 2 -

머 리 말

1994년 ‘가스흡수와 충전탑’이라는 이름으로 책을 쓴지도 벌써 18년이나 흘렀습니다.

그동안 몇 번이고 책에 대해 개정을 하고자 마음은 먹었지만, 현실이 바쁘다는 핑계로 차일피일 미

루다, 드디어 새롭게 개정된 내용으로 다시 한 번 책을 쓰게 됐습니다.

기존의 ‘가스흡수와 충전탑’은 거의 가스 흡수탑에 대한 기본적인 내용으로만 구성되었습니다. 하지

만 필자가 실제 실무에서 많은 경험을 하게 되면서, 순수한 가스흡수 이론만으로는 실제에서 발생되

는 문제점들을 해결하는 데에 있어 역부족을 느끼고 주변의 또 다른 기술이 많이 보강되지 않으면 온

전한 기술이 될 수 없다고 생각되었습니다.

그래서 이번에는 가스 흡수탑에만 국한하지 않고, 실제 가스 흡수탑 설계에 있어 현실적으로 부딪

히는 문제에 대해서도 논해 보고자 노력하였습니다.

이러한 노력의 일환으로 습식 장치에 있어 거의 필연적인 ‘단열증습공정’에 대한 내용과 기존에 경

험하기 힘들었던 ‘고농도 특수가스’에 대한 처리 방법 그리고 미세입자를 고효율로 처리하여 가스 흡

수탑의 처리효율을 제고해줄 수 있는 ‘전기집진장치’에 대한 내용을 보완하였다.

또한 부록에 계산에 도움이 될 만한 몇 개의 자료를 수록하여 독자들의 편의를 도모하였습니다.

본書는 분명 가스흡수 관련분야에 종사하거나 아니면 종사하고자 공부하시는 전문엔지니어를 위한

책입니다. 다소 어려운 내용이 있더라도 포기하지 마시고 읽고 또 읽고, 생각하고 또 생각하여 깨달음

의 기쁨을 얻을 수 있었으면 합니다.

필자의 작은 바램은 본書가 우리나라의 ‘대기오염 방지산업 발전’에 있어 조금이나마 보탬이 되고,

또 본 분야를 공부하고자하는 분들께 작은 지침이라도 되었으면 하는 것입니다.

2013. 7.

황 유 성 (黃 裕 成) 씀

- 3 -

참 고 문 헌

1. Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook 6'th Edition Robert H. Perry, Don Green, Mc Graw

Hill, 1984

2. Gas Absorption Manual -for the design of packed columns- Yoichi Shimoi, Nittetu

Chemical Engineering LTD. 1991

3. Mass Transfer, J.A. Wesselingh & R. Krishna, Ellis Horwood Limited., 1990

4. 化學工學便覽

5. 廢가스의 吸收處理, 김병우 譯 , 弘文館, 1994

6. Entrainment Separation, Otto H. York

7. The properties of Gases & Liquid 4'th Edition, Robert C Reid, John M. Prousnitz, Bruce E.

Poling, Mc Graw Hill, 1987

8. The role of Diffusion in catalysis, Satterfield/Sherwood. 1963

9. 반응공학, 설수덕 編譯, 대영사, 1993

10. 單位操作, 이화영, 전해수, 조영일 共譯, 喜重堂, 1992

11. Applied Process Design for Chemical & Petrochemical Plants -PACKED TOWER-12. Mass

Transfer Operation Third Edition, Robert E. Treybal, Mc Graw Hill, 1980

13. Boundary Layer Theory Seventh Edition, Hermann Schlichting, Mc Graw Hill, 1979

14. Electrostatic Precipitation, J.H. Davidson, ME 5115, Fall 2000

15. Power plus Presentation, NWL Pacific, 2006

16. Electrostatics Lecture Notes Rev.1, J. Volckens, 2001

- 4 -

차 례

제1장 충전탑 개론 ······························································································································· 6

1-1. 가스 흡수 장치 ····················································································································· 6

1-2. 충전탑(Packing Tower) ······································································································ 6

1-3. 충전탑 설계의 기본과정 ······································································································· 9

제2장 가스흡수에 관한 기본 이론 ····································································································· 24

2-1. 가스흡수의 기본개념 ············································································································ 24

2-2. 확산현상과 이중경막설 ········································································································ 25

2-3. 용해도 ··································································································································· 29

제3장 충전층에서의 가스흡수 ············································································································· 34

3-1. HOG와 NOG ···························································································································· 34

3-2. 기상지배와 액상지배 ············································································································ 45

3-3. 확산계수의 실험식 ················································································································ 47

제4장 화학적 반응흡수 ······················································································································· 57

4-1. 서 론 ······························································································································ 57

4-2. 기-액 반응의 영역 ··············································································································· 57

4-3. 기-액 반응의 총괄 속도식 ·································································································· 60

4-4. 충전탑에서의 반응흡수 ········································································································ 66

4-5. 순간반응의 경우에 있어서의 충전탑 설계 ·········································································· 68

제5장 충전물과 충전층에서의 유동특성 ···························································································· 70

5-1. 충전물 ··································································································································· 70

5-2. Loading & Flooding ··········································································································· 72

5-3. 충전물 인자와 flooding-ΔP 상관선도 ················································································ 74

5-4. 충전층에서의 압력손실 ········································································································ 77

5-5. 운전 액기비의 결정 및 충전층의 습윤 ··············································································· 79

5-6. 충전층에서의 Liquid Holdup ······························································································ 81

제6장 액적분리장치 ····························································································································· 85

6-1. 개 요 ·································································································································· 85

6-2. 와이머 메쉬 패드 미스트 세퍼레이터 ················································································· 86

6-3. Zigzag Baffle Plate(Chevron) Mist Separator ································································ 95

제7장 기타 탑내 장치 ························································································································· 99

7-1. 액분배 장치 ·························································································································· 99

7-2. 액 재분배 장치 ····················································································································· 105

7-3. 충전물 지지대 ······················································································································· 105

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제8장 충전탑의 강도설계 ···················································································································· 107

8-1. 충전탑의 재질 ······················································································································· 107

8-2. 충전탑에 작용하는 하중 ······································································································· 108

8-3. 압궤와 처짐 ·························································································································· 117

제9장 단열증습 냉각공정 (Adiabatic cooling process) ·································································· 122

9-1. 단열증습에 의한 냉각공정이란? ·························································································· 122

9-2. 습도도표의 이용 ··················································································································· 122

9-3. 단열포화온도 ························································································································· 126

9-4. 기-액 접촉장치에서의 단열증습에 관한 식 ······································································· 128

9-5. 단열증습 식의 실제 계산을 위한 각 요소(Factor)의 계산 ··············································· 131

9-6. 물방울의 운동 ······················································································································· 133

9-7. 스프레이의 의한 가스 냉각탑의 실제 계산 ········································································ 137

제10장 충전탑 설계 예 ······················································································································· 142

10-1. 물리적 흡수 ························································································································ 143

10-2. 화학적 흡수 ························································································································ 156

제11장 특수가스의 처리 ····················································································································· 161

11-1. 특수가스의 종류 및 처리방법 ··························································································· 161

11-2. 반응열에 대한 고려 ············································································································ 162

11-3. 고농도 특수가스 흡수 시스템 ··························································································· 165

제12장 에어로졸 문제와 효율부족현상 ······························································································ 168

12-1. 개요 ····································································································································· 168

12-2. 효율 부족 현상 ··················································································································· 169

12-3. 에어로졸의 특징과 문제점 ································································································· 173

제13장 습식 전기집진장치 ·················································································································· 176

13-1. 개요 ····································································································································· 176

13-2. 코로나 생성 기전 ··············································································································· 177

13-3. 부분 집진 효율 ··················································································································· 182

13-4. 전기적 입자 이동속도 ········································································································ 184

13-5. 입자의 하전 ························································································································ 185

13-6. 입자의 포화하전량 ············································································································· 188

13-7. 고전압 파워 시스템 ············································································································ 193

부록(Appendix) ··································································································································· 196

- 196 -

부록(Appendix)

- 197 -

차 례

Page

A1. 단위환산표 (Unit Conversions) ··························································· 198

A2. 대기압 하에서의 공기의 물성치 ························································· 199

A3. 물(포화수)의 물성치 ·············································································· 201

A4. 습공기의 특성 ························································································· 202

A5. 무기물질의 물에 대한 용해도 ····························································· 204

A6. 대표적 무기물질의 용액의 밀도 ························································· 206

A7. 확산계수의 실험값 ················································································· 211

A8. 각종가스의 임계점 자료 ······································································· 218

A9. 가스의 기-액평형(용해도)자료, 물질전달자료 ·································· 229

부록

- 198 -

A1. 단위환산표 (Unit Conversions)

Quantity Equivalent Values

Mass

1 kg = 1000 g = 0.001 metric ton = 2.20462 lbm = 35.27392 oz

1 lbm = 16 oz = 5×10-4 ton = 453.598 g = 0.453593 kg

Length

1 m = 100 cm = 1,000 mm = 106 μm = 1010Å = 39.37 in. = 3.2808 ft

= 1.0936 yd = 0.0006214 mile

1 ft = 12 in. = 1/3 yd = 0.3048 m = 30.48 cm

Volume

1 m3 = 1000 ℓ = 106 cc(mℓ, cm3) = 35.3145 ft3 = 220.83 imperial gallons

= 264.17 gal = 1056.68 qt

1 ft3 = 1728 in3 = 7.4805 gal = 0.028317 m3 = 28.317 ℓ = 28317 cm3

Froce

1 N = 1 kg·m/s2 = 105 dynes = 105 g·cm/s2 = 0.22481 lbf = 0.10197 kgf

1 lbf = 32.174 lbm·ft/s2 = 4.4482 N = 4.4482×105 dynes

Pressure

1 atm = 1.01325×105 N/m2 (Pa) = 101.325 kPa = 1.1023 bars

= 1.01325×106 dynes/cm2 = 760 mmHg at 0℃(torr) = 10.333 mAq at 4℃

= 14.696 lbf/in2 (psi) = 33.9 ftAq at 4℃ = 29.921 inHg at 0℃

Energy1 J = 1 N·m = 107 erg = 107 dyne·cm = 2.778×10-7 kWh = 0.23901 cal

= 0.7376 ft-lbf = 9.486×10-4 Btu

Power1 W = 1 J/s = 0.23901 cal/s = 0.7376 ft·lbf/s = 9.486×10

-4 Btu/s

= 1.341×10-3 hp

A2. 대기압 하에서 공기의 물성치

- 199 -

A2. 대기압 하에서 공기의 물성치

온도 밀도(ρ)

kg/m3정압비열(cp)

kJ/kg·℃

점성계수(μ)

kg/m·s

×105

동점성계수(ν)

m2/s

×106

열전도도(k)

W/m·℃Pr No.

℃ K

-173.15 100 3.6010 1.0266 0.6924 1.923 0.009246 0.770

-123.15 150 2.3675 1.0099 1.0283 4.343 0.013735 0.753

-73.15 200 1.7684 1.0061 1.3289 7.490 0.01809 0.739

-23.15 250 1.4128 1.0053 1.5990 11.31 0.02227 0.722

0 273.15 1.293 1.0054 1.7866 13.82

26.85 300 1.1774 1.0057 1.8462 15.69 0.02624 0.708

76.85 350 0.9980 1.0090 2.075 20.76 0.03003 0.697

126.85 400 0.8826 1.0140 2.286 25.90 0.03365 0.689

176.85 450 0.7833 1.0207 2.484 31.71 0.03707 0.683

226.85 500 0.7048 1.0295 2.671 37.09 0.04038 0.680

276.85 550 0.6423 1.0392 2.848 44.34 0.04360 0.680

326.85 600 0.5879 1.0551 3.018 51.34 0.04659 0.680

376.85 650 0.5430 1.0635 3.177 58.51 0.04953 0.682

426.85 700 0.5030 1.0752 3.332 66.25 0.05230 0.684

476.85 750 0.4709 1.0856 3.481 73.91 0.05509 0.686

526.85 800 0.4405 1.0978 3.625 82.29 0.05779 0.689

576.85 850 0.4149 1.1095 3.765 90.75 0.06028 0.692

626.85 900 0.3925 1.1212 3.899 99.3 0.06279 0.696

676.85 950 0.3724 1.1321 4.023 108.2 0.06525 0.699

726.85 1000 0.3524 1.1417 4.152 117.8 0.06752 0.702

826.85 1100 0.3204 1.160 4.44 138.6 0.0732 0.704

926.85 1200 0.2947 1.179 4.69 159.1 0.0782 0.707

1026.85 1300 0.2707 1.197 4.93 182.1 0.0837 0.705

1126.85 1400 0.2515 1.214 5.17 205.5 0.0891 0.705

1226.85 1500 0.2355 1.230 5.40 229.1 0.0946 0.705

1326.85 1600 0.2211 1.248 5.63 254.5 0.100 0.705

1426.85 1700 0.2082 1.267 5.85 280.5 0.105 0.705

1526.85 1800 0.1970 1.287 6.07 308.1 0.111 0.704

1626.85 1900 0.1858 1.309 6.29 338.5 0.117 0.704

1726.85 2000 0.1762 1.338 6.50 369.0 0.124 0.702

1826.85 2100 0.1682 1.372 6.72 399.6 0.131 0.700

1926.85 2200 0.1602 1.419 6.93 432.6 0.139 0.707

2026.85 2300 0.1538 1.482 7.14 464.0 0.149 0.710

2126.85 2500 0.1458 1.574 7.35 504.5 0.161 0.718

2226.85 2500 0.1394 1.688 7.57 543.5 0.175 0.730

† Natl. Rur. Stand. (U.S.) Circ. 564. 1955에서 인용

부록

- 200 -

건공기의 물리적 성질에 대한 간이식

1) 공기의 밀도(ρ) - 대기압 하에서

ρ × T

(kg/m3)

T : 계의 온도(℃)

2) 점성계수(μ)

μ × × T

× T

(kg/m·s)

T : 계의 온도(℃)

3) 동점성계수

ν ＝ μ / ρ (m2/s)

4) 정압비열(cp)

cp × ×T × ×T × ×T (cal/mol·℃)

T : 계의 온도(℃)

A3. 물(포화수)의 물성치

- 201 -

A3. 물(포화수)의 물성치

온도(T)℃

밀도(ρ)kg/m3

정압비열(cp)kJ/kg·℃

점성계수(μ)kg/m·s

열전도도(k)W/m·℃

Pr No.표면장력(σ)

N/m×102

0 999.8 4.225 1.79×10-3 0.566 13.25 7.62

4.44 999.8 4.208 1.55 0.575 11.35

5 1000.0 1.549 7.54

10 999.7 4.195 1.31 0.585 9.40 7.48

15 999.1 1.16 7.41

15.56 999.1 4.186 1.12 0.595 7.88

20 998.2 1.024 7.36

21.11 997.4 4.179 9.8×10-4 0.604 6.78

25 997.1 9.12 7.26

26.67 995.8 4.179 8.6 0.614 5.85

30 995.7 8.17 7.18

32.22 994.9 4.174 7.65 0.623 5.12

35 994.1 7.37 7.10

37.78 993.0 4.174 6.82 0.630 4.53

40 992.2 6.69 7.01

43.33 990.6 4.174 6.16 0.637 4.04

45 990.2 6.11 6.92

48.89 988.8 4.174 5.62 0.644 3.64

50 988.1 5.60 6.82

54.44 985.7 4.179 5.13 0.649 3.30

55 985.7 5.16 6.74

60 983.2 4.179 4.78 0.654 3.01 6.68

65 980.6 4.45 6.58

65.55 980.3 4.183 4.3 0.659 2.73

70 977.8 4.14 6.50

71.11 977.3 4.186 4.01 0.665 2.53

75 974.9 3.87 6.40

76.67 973.7 4.191 3.72 0.668 2.33

80 971.8 3.64 6.30

82.22 970.2 4.195 3.47 0.673 2.16

85 968.6 3.43 6.20

87.78 966.7 4.199 3.27 0.675 2.03

90 965.3 3.23 6.12

93.33 963.2 4.204 3.06 0.678 1.90

95 961.9 3.05 6.02

100 958.4 2.90 5.94

104.4 955.1 4.216 2.67 0.684 1.66

† A. I. Brouwn and S. M. Marco, "Introduction to Heat Transfer" 3d ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York,

1958과 趙鏞喆, 蔡載宇, 金光龍 編著, “流體力學” 淸文閣, 1985에서 발췌

1) 얼음의 융해잠열 ＝ 80 kcal/kg

2) 물의 증발잠열 (λ)

λ (kcal/kg)

T (℃)

부록

- 202 -

A4. 습공기의 특성

포화습공기표 (대기압 760 mmHg, 0 ℃이하는 얼음과 닿는 포화공기)

온도(T)

℃

수증기압(Ps)

mmHg

절대습도(xs)

kg/kg

엔탈피(is)

kcal/kg

습비용(Vs)

m3/kg

온도(T)

℃

수증기압(Ps)

mmHg

절대습도(xs)

kg/kg

엔탈피(is)

kcal/kg

습비용(Vs)

m3/kg

-20

-19

-18

-17

-16

-15

-14

-13

-12

-11

-10

-9

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

0.7739

0.8515

0.9362

1.029

1.129

1.239

1.358

1.488

1.290

1.782

1.948

2.128

2.323

2.535

2.764

3.011

3.279

3.568

3.880

4.217

4.581

4.925

5.292

5.682

6.098

6.540

7.010

7.511

8.042

8.606

9.205

9.840

10.514

11.23

11.98

12.78

13.61

14.53

15.47

16.47

17.53

18.55

19.82

21.07

22.38

23.75

25.21

26.74

28.35

30.04

31.83

33.70

35.67

37.73

39.90

42.18

44.57

47.08

49.70

52.45

55.34

0.634×10-3

0.6976 〃

0.7671 〃

0.8429 〃

0.9255 〃

1.016 〃

1.113 〃

1.220 〃

1.336 〃

1.462 〃

1.598 〃

1.746 〃

1.907 〃

2.081 〃

2.270 〃

2.474 〃

2.695 〃

2.934 〃

3.192 〃

3.471 〃

3.772 〃

4.057 〃

4.361 〃

4.685 〃

5.031 〃

5.399 〃

5.791 〃

6.208 〃

6.652 〃

7.124 〃

7.625 〃

8.159 〃

8.725 〃

9.326 〃

9.964 〃

0.01064

001136

0.01212

001293

0.01378

0.01469

0.01564

0.01666

0.01773

0.01887

0.02007

0.02134

0.02268

0.02410

0.02560

0.02718

0.02885

0.03063

0.03249

0.03447

0.03655

0.03875

0.04109

0.04352

0.04611

0.04884

-4.427

-4.149

-3.868

-3.583

-3.294

-3.000

-2.702

-2.398

-2.089

-1.774

-1.452

-1.124

-0.7875

-0.4432

-0.09015

0.2724

0.6450

1.029

1.424

1.832

2.253

2.665

3.089

3.525

3.974

4.437

4.914

5.407

5.917

6.443

6.988

7.553

8.138

8.744

9.373

10.03

10.70

11.41

12.14

12.91

13.70

14.53

15.39

16.29

17.23

18.21

19.23

20.30

21.41

22.58

23.80

25.07

26.41

27.80

29.26

30.80

32.40

34.08

35.84

37.70

39.64

0.7179

0.7208

0.7237

0.7266

0.7296

0.7325

0.7355

0.7384

0.7414

0.7444

0.7474

0.7504

0.7535

0.7565

0.7596

0.7627

0.7658

0.7689

0.7721

0.7753

0.7786

0.7817

0.7850

0.7882

0.7915

0.7948

0.7982

0.8016

0.8050

0.8085

0.8120

0.8155

0.8192

0.8228

0.8265

0.8303

0.8341

0.8380

0.8420

0.8460

0.8501

0.8543

0.8585

0.8629

0.8673

0.8719

0.8766

0.8813

0.8862

0.8912

0.8963

0.9016

0.9070

0.9126

0.9183

0.9242

0.9304

0.9367

0.9431

0.9499

0.9568

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

58.36

61.52

64.82

68.29

71.90

75.68

79.62

83.75

88.06

92.56

97.25

102.I4

107.24

112.6

1181

123.9

129.9

136.2

142.7

149.5

156.5

163.8

171.5

179.5

187.6

196.2

205.1

214.3

223.9

233.8

244.1

254.8

265.8

277.3

289.2

301.5

314.3

327.5

341.1

355.3

369.9

385.1

400.7

416.9

433.6

450.9

468.8

487.2

506.2

525.9

546.2

567.1

588.7

611.0

634.0

657.7

682.1

707.3

733.3

760.0

0.05173

0.05478

0.05800

0.06140

0.06499

0.06878

0.07279

0.07703

0.08151

0.08625

0.09126

0.09657

0.1022

0.1081

0.1144

0.1211

0.1282

0.1358

0.1438

0.1523

0.1613

0.1709

0.1812

0.1922

0.2039

0.2164

0.2293

0.2442

0.2597

0.2763

0.2943

0.3136

0.3346

0.3573

0.3820

0.4090

0.4385

0.4709

0.5066

0.5460

0.5898

0.6387

0.6936

0.7557

0.8263

0.9072

1.001

1.111

1.241

1.397

1.589

1.829

2.138

2.551

3.130

3.999

5.449

8.352

17.06

-

41.67

43.81

46.06

48.43

50.91

53.52

56.27

59.16

62.21

65.42

68.81

72.37

76.14

80.12

84.33

88.78

93.49

98.48

103.76

109.37

115.3

121.7

128.4

135.6

143.2

151.4

160.2

169.5

179.6

190.4

202.0

214.6

228.1

242.8

258.8

276.3

295.3

316.2

339.2

364.6

392.8

424.3

459.6

499.5

544.9

597.0

657.2

727.7

811.2

911.6

1,035

1,189

1,387

1,652

2,023

2,581

3,511

5,373

10,960

-

0.9640

0.9714

0.9792

0.9872

0.9955

1.004

1.013

1.022

1.032

1.042

1.053

1.064

1.076

1.088

1.101

1.114

1.128

1.143

1.158

1.175

1.192

1.210

1.230

1.250

1.272

1.295

1.320

1.346

1.374

1.404

1.436

1.471

1.508

1.548

1.592

1.640

1.691

1.748

1.810

1.879

1.955

2.040

2.134

2.241

2.362

2.502

2.662

2.850

3.073

3.340

3.667

4.076

4.603

5.306

6.291

7.770

10.24

15.17

29.98

-

A4. 습공기의 특성

- 203 -

습 도 ( 濕 度 )

(1) 절대습도(χ)

χ ＝ 0.622 × P p p

(kg-H2O / kg-Dry air)

포화습도 : 포화증기압에서의 절대습도

χs ＝ 0.622 × P ps ps

(kg/kg)

여기서 x ＝ 절대습도, p ＝ 수증기의 증기압(mmHg), P ＝ 계의 전압( 760 mmHg )

pxx

mmHg

(2) 비교습도(포화도, ψ)

ψ ＝ × 100 (%)

(3) 상대습도(관계습도, r)

r ＝ × 100 (%)

습한공기의 성질

(1) 물의 포화증기압에 대한 근사식(Antoin's Eq.)

ps

T

(mmHg)

여기서 T ; 온도(℃)

(2) 습공기의 엔탈피

i ＝ 0.24T + ( 597 + 0.45T )χ

(3) 습한비열

cp ＝ 0.24 + 0.45χ

(4) 습공기의 비중량(γ)

γ

여기서 P ＝ 대기압( 10332 kg/m2 ), Rm ＝ 습공기의 기체상수, T ＝ 절대온도 ( K )

Rm p p

p ＝ 수증기 분압 ( mmHg )

(5) 건습구온도계

w w

T Tw χ ＝ 공기의 습도 ( kg/kg ), χw ＝ 습구온도에서의 포화습도 ( kg/kg )

λw ＝ 습구온도에서의 증발잠열 ( kcal/kg ), T ＝ 건구온도(℃), Tw ＝ 습구온도 (℃)

부록

- 204 -

A5. 무기물질의 물에 대한 용해도 "Perry's Chemical Eng. Hand Book", 6'th Ed., p3-97~3-100

no Substance FormularSolid phase

0℃ 10℃ 20℃ 30℃ 40℃ 50℃ 60℃ 70℃ 80℃ 90℃ 100℃

1 Ammonium chloride NH4Cl 29.4 33.3 37.2 41.4 45.8 50.4 55.2 60.2 65.6 71.3 77.3

2 Calcium chloride CaCl2 6H2O 59.5 65.0 74.5 102

3 chloride CaCl2 2H2O 136.8 141.7 147.0 152.7 159

4 fluoride CaF2 0.001618℃ 0.001726℃

5 hydroxide Ca(OH)2 0.185 0.176 0.165 0.153 0.141 0.128 0.116 0.106 0.094 0.085 0.077

6 sulfate CaSO4 2H2O 0.1759 0.1928 0.2090 0.2097 0.2047 0.1966 0.1619

7 Chromic anhydride CrO3 164.9 174.0 182.1 217.5 206.8

8 Cupric chloride CuCl2 2H2O 70.7 73.7 77.0 80.34 83.8 87.44 91.2 99.2 107.9

9 sulfate CuSO4 5H2O 14.3 17.4 20.7 25 28.5 33.3 40 55 75.4

10 Cuprous chloride CuCl 1.5225℃

11 Ferric chloride FeCl3 74.4 81.9 91.8 315.1 525.8 535.7

12 Ferrous chloride FeCl2 4H2O 64.5 73.0 77.4 82.5 88.7 100

13 chloride FeCl2 105.3 105.8

14 sulfate FeSO4 7H2O 15.65 20.51 26.5 32.9 40.2 48.6

15 sulfate FeSO4 1H2O 50.9 43.6 37.3

16 Potassium chloride KCl 27.6 31.0 34.0 37.0 40.0 42.6 45.5 48.3 51.1 54.0 56.7

17 hydroxide KOH 2H2O 97 103 112 126

18 hydroxide KOH 1H2O 140 178

19 nitrate KNO3 13.3 20.9 31.6 45.8 63.9 85.5 110.0 138 169 202 246

20 nitrite KNO2 278.8 298.4 334.9 412.8

21 permanganate KMnO4 2.83 4.4 6.4 9.0 12.56 16.89 22.2

22 sulfate K2SO4 7.35 9.22 11.11 12.97 14.76 16.50 18.17 19.75 21.4 22.8 24.1

23 Sodium acetate NaC2H3O2 3H2O 36.3 40.8 46.5 54.5 65.5 83 139

24 acetate NaC2H3O2 119 121 123.5 126 129.5 134 139.5 146 153 161 170

25 bicarbonate NaHCO3 6.9 8.15 9.6 11.1 12.7 14.45 16.4

26 carbonate Na2CO3 50.5 48.5 46.4 45.8 45.5

27 chlorate NaClO3 79 89 101 113 126 140 155 172 189 230

28 chloride NaCl 35.7 35.8 36.0 36.3 36.6 37.0 37.3 37.8 38.4 39.0 39.8

29 chromate Na2CrO4 10H2O 31.70 50.17 88.7

30 chromate Na2CrO4 4H2O 88.7 95.96 104 114.6

31 chromate Na2CrO4 4H2O 123.0 124.8 125.9

32 dichromate Na2Cr2O7 2H2O 163.0 177.8 244.8 316.7 376.2

33 dichromate Na2Cr2O7 426.3

34 fluoride NaF 4 5

A5. 무기물질의 물에 대한 용해도

- 205 -

no Substance FormularSolid phase

0℃ 10℃ 20℃ 30℃ 40℃ 50℃ 60℃ 70℃ 80℃ 90℃ 100℃

35 hydrogen arsenate Na2AsO4 12H2O 7.3 15.5 26.5 37 47 65 85

36 hydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4 2H2O 57.9 69.9 85.2 106.5 138.2

37 hydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4 1H2O 158.6

38 hydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4 179.3 190.3 207.3 225.3 246.6

39 hydrogen phosphate Na2HPO4 12H2O 1.67 3.6 7.7 20.8

40 hydrogen phosphate Na2HPO4 7H2O 51.8

41 hydrogen phosphate Na2HPO4 2H2O 80.2 82.9 88.1 92.4 102.9

42 hydrogen phosphate Na2HPO4 102.2

43 hydroxide NaOH 4H2O 42

44 hydroxide NaOH 3½H2O 51.5

45 hydroxide NaOH 1H2O 109 119 129 145 174

46 hydroxide NaOH 313 347

47 nitrate NaNO3 73 80 88 96 104 114 124 148 180

48 nitrite NaNO2 72.1 78.0 84.5 91.6 98.4 104.1 132.6 163.2

49 oxalate Na2C2O4 3.7 6.33

50 phosphate tri- Na3PO4 12H2O 1.5 4.1 11 20 31 43 55 81 108

51 pyrophosphate Na4P2O7 10H2O 3.16 3.95 6.23 9.95 13.50 17.45 21.83 30.04 40.26

52 sulfate Na2SO4 10H2O 5.0 9.0 19.4 40.8

53 sulfate Na2SO4 7H2O 19.5 30 44

54 sulfate Na2SO4 48.8 46.7 45.3 43.7 42.5

55 sulfide Na2S 9H2O 15.42 18.8 22.5 28.5

56 sulfide Na2S 5½H2O 39.82 42.69 45.73 51.40 59.23

57 sulfide Na2S 6H2O 36.4 39.1 43.31 49.14 57.28

58 sulfite Na2SO3 7H2O 13.9 20 26.9 36

59 sulfite Na2SO3 28 28.2 28.8 28.3

60 tetraborate Na2B4O7 10H2O 1.3 1.6 1.7 3.9 10.5 20.3

61 tetraborate Na2B4O7 5H2O 24.4 31.5 41 52.5

62 vanadate(meta) NaVO3 2H2O 15.325℃ 30.2 68.4

63 Zinc chlorate ZnClO3 6H2O 145.0 152.5

64 chlorate ZnClO3 4H2O 200.3 209.2 223.2 273.1

65 nitrate Zn(NO3)2 6H2O 94.78 118.3

66 nitrate Zn(NO3)2 3H2O 206.9

67 sulfate ZnSO4 7H2O 41.9 47 54.4

68 sulfate ZnSO4 6H2O 70.1 76.8

69 sulfate ZnSO4 1H2O 86.6 83.7 80.8

부록

- 206 -

A6. 대표적 무기물질 용액의 밀도

Perry's Chemical Eng. Hand Book 중에서

% 0℃ 20℃ 40℃

1 1.0104 1.0086 1.0024

4 1.0429 1.0401 1.0332

8 1.0887 1.084 1.0764

12 1.1379 1.1308 1.1222

16 1.180

18 1.206

Copper Sulfate (CuSO4)

% 0℃ 20℃ 40℃

1 1.0095 1.0072 1.002

4 1.0387 1.036 1.0305

8 1.0788 1.0754 1.0682

12 1.1208 1.1165 1.107

16 1.1653 1.1595 1.151

20 1.2121 1.2052 1.1953

Coprous Chloride (Cu2Cl2)

% 0℃ 10℃ 20℃ 30℃

1 1.0086 1.0084 1.0068 1.0040

2 1.0174 1.0168 1.0152 1.0122

4 1.0347 1.0341 1.0324 1.0292

8 1.0793 1.0692 1.0669 1.0636

12 1.1088 1.107 1.1040 1.1006

16 1.1475 1.1449 1.1418 1.1386

20 1.1870 1.8747 1.1820 1.1786

25 1.2400 1.2380 1.2340 1.2290

30 1.2970 1.2950 1.2910 1.2850

35 1.3605 1.3580 1.3530 1.3475

40 1.4280 1.4235 1.4175 1.4115

45 1.4920 1.4850

50 1.5610 1.5510

Ferric Chloride (FeCl3)

℃ 1％ 2％ 4％ 6％ 8％ 10％

0 1.0066 1.0134 1.0270

1.0396 1.0534 1.0674

10 1.0064 1.0132 1.0268

15 1.0058 1.0125 1.0260

20 1.0049 1.0117 1.0252

30 1.0024 1.0092 1.0228

40 0.9990 1.0058 1.0195

50 0.9949 1.0017 1.0154

60 0.9901 0.9969 1.0106

80 0.9786 0.9855 0.9993

100 0.9653 0.9722 0.9860

Potassium Bicarbonate (KHCO3)

％ P420

1 1.0054

2 1.0127

6 1.0426

12 1.0903

20 1.1601

30 1.2593

40 1.3746

Potassium Bromide

(KBr)

% 0℃ 10℃ 20℃ 40℃ 60℃ 80℃ 100℃

1 1.0094 1.0089 1.0072 1.0010 0.9919 0.9803 0.9670

2 1.0189 1.0182 1.0163 1.0098 1.0005 0.9889 0.9756

4 1.0381 1.0369 1.0345 1.0276 1.0180 1.0063 0.9931

8 1.0768 1.0746 1.0715 1.0640 1.0538 1.0418 1.0291

12 1.1160 1.1131 1.1096 1.1013 1.0906 1.0786 1.0663

16 1.5262 1.1530 1.1490 1.1399 1.1290 1.1170 1.1049

20 1.1977 1.1941 1.1898 1.1801 1.1690 1.1570 1.1451

24 1.2405 1.2366 1.2320 1.2219 1.2106 1.1986 1.1869

28 1.2846 1.2804 1.2756 1.2652 1.2538 1.2418 1.2301

30 1.3071 1.3028 1.2979 1.2873 1.2759 1.2640 1.2522

35 1.3646 1.3600 1.3548 1.3440 1.3324 1.3206 1.3089

40 1.4244 1.4195 1.4141 1.429 1.3913 1.3795 1.3678

45 1.4867 1.4815 1.4759 1.4644 1.4528 1.4408 1.4290

50 1.5517 1.5404 1.5404 1.5285 1.5169 1.5048 1.4928

Potassium Carbonte

(K2CO3)

A6. 대표적 무기물질 용액의 밀도

- 207 -

℃ 1％ 2％ 4％

0 1.0061 1.0134 1.0270

10 1.0059 1.0132 1.0268

20 1.0045 1.0117 1.0252

30 1.0020 1.0092 1.0228

40 0.9986 1.0058 1.0195

60 0.9895 0.9969 1.0106

80 0.9781 0.9855 0.9993

100 0.9646 0.9722 0.9860

Potassium Chlorate (KClO3)

% 0℃ 20℃ 25℃ 40℃ 60℃ 80℃ 100℃

1.0 1.00661 1.00462 1.00342 0.99847 0.9894 0.9780 0.9646

2.0 1.01335 1.01103 1.00977 1.00471 0.9956 0.9842 0.9708

4.0 1.02690 1.02391 1.02255 1.01727 1.0080 0.9966 0.9834

8.0 1.05431 1.05003 1.04847 1.04278 1.0333 1.0219 1.0668

12.0 1.08222 1.07679 1.07506 1.06897 1.0592 1.0478 1.0350

16.0 1.11068 1.10434 1.10245 1.09600 1.0861 1.0746 1.0619

20.0 1.13973 1.13280 1.13072 1.12399 1.1138 1.1024 1.0897

24.0 1.16226 1.15995 1.15299 1.1425 1.1311 1.1185

28.0 1.18304 1.1723 1.1609 1.1493

Potassium Chloride (KCl)

％ P415 P4

18

1 1.0073 1.0066

2 1.0155 1.0147

6 1.0321 1.0311

8 1.0659 1.0647

12 1.0009 1.0999

16 1.1366

20 1.1748

24 1.2147

28 1.2566

30 1.2784

Potassium Chromate

(K2CrO4)

% d420

1 1.0052

2 1.0122

4 1.0264

6 1.0408

8 1.0554

10 1.0703

Potassium Dichromate

(K2Cr2O7)

% 0℃ 10℃ 20℃ 40℃ 60℃ 80℃ 100℃

1 1.00654 1.00615 1.00447 0.99825 0.9890 0.9776 0.9641

2 1.01326 1.01262 1.01075 1.00430 0.9949 0.9834 0.9699

4 1.02677 1.02566 1.02344 1.01652 1.0068 0.9951 0.9816

8 1.05419 1.05226 1.04940 1.04152 1.0313 1.0192 1.0056

12 1.08221 1.07963 1.07620 1.06740 1.0567 1.0442 1.0304

16 - - 1.10392 1.10392 1.0831 1.0730 1.0562

20 - - 1.13261 1.13261 1.1106 1.0974 1.0831

24 - - 1.16233 1.16233 1.1391 1.1256 1.1110

Potassium Nitrate

(KNO3)

부록

- 208 -

% d420

1 1.0063

2 1.0145

4 1.0310

6 1.0477

8 1.0646

10 1.0817

Potassium Sulfate

(K2SO4)

% d415

1 1.0073

2 1.0155

4 1.0322

8 1.0677

12 1.1026

16 1.1402

20 1.1793

24 1.2197

26 1.2404

Potassium Sulfite

(K2SO3)

% d420

1 1.0033

2 1.0084

4 1.0186

8 1.0392

12 1.0598

18 1.0807

20 1.1021

26 1.1351

28 1.1462

Sodium Acetate

(NaC2H3O2

% d420

1 1.0097

2 1.0207

4 1.0431

8 1.0892

10 1.1130

12 1.1373

Sodium Arsenate

(K2AsO4)

% d417

1 1.0060

2 1.0139

4 1.0631

8 1.0803

10 1.0981

12 1.1745

20 1.2841

30 1.4138

Sodium Bromide

(NaBr)

% 0℃ 10℃ 20℃ 30℃ 40℃ 60℃ 80℃ 100℃

1 1.0109 1.0103 1.0086 1.0058 1.0022 0.9929 0.9814 0.9683

2 1.0219 1.0210 1.0190 1.0159 1.0122 1.0027 0.9910 0.9782

4 1.0439 1.0423 1.0398 1.0363 1.0323 1.0223 1.0105 0.9980

8 1.0878 1.0850 1.0816 1.0775 1.0732 1.0625 1.0503 1.0380

12 1.1319 1.1284 1.1284 1.1200 1.1150 1.1039 1.0914 1.0787

14 1.1543 1.1506 1.1463 1.1417 1.1365 1.1251 1.1125 1.0996

16 1.1636

18 1.1859

20 1.2086

24 1.2552

28 1.3031

30 1.3274

Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3)

% 0℃ 10℃ 25℃ 40℃ 60℃ 80℃ 100℃

1 1.00747 1.00707 1.00409 0.99908 0.9900 0.9785 0.9651

2 1.01509 1.01442 1.01112 1.00593 0.9967 0.9852 0.9717

4 1.03038 1.02920 1.02530 1.01977 1.0103 0.9988 0.9855

8 1.06121 1.05907 1.05412 1.04798 1.0381 1.0264 1.0134

12 1.09244 1.08946 1.08365 1.07699 1.0667 1.0549 1.0420

16 1.12419 1.12056 1.11401 1.10688 1.0962 1.0842 1.0713

20 1.15663 1.15254 1.14533 1.13774 1.1268 1.1146 1.1017

24 1.18999 1.18557 1.17776 1.16971 1.1584 1.1463 1.1331

28 1.20709 1.20254 1.19443 1.18614 1.1747 1.1626 1.1092

Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

A6. 대표적 무기물질 용액의 밀도

- 209 -

% d418

1 1.0074

2 1.0164

4 1.0344

8 1.0718

12 1.1110

16 1.1518

20 1.1942

24 1.2383

26 1.2611

Sodium Chromate

(Na2CrO4)

% d425

1 1.003

2 1.009

4 1.022

8 1.048

12 1.074

16 1.100

20 1.127

24 1.155

28 1.184

30 1.199

35 1.236

40 1.274

Sodium Formate

(HCONa)

% 0℃ 15℃ 20℃ 40℃ 60℃ 80℃ 100℃

1 1.0124 1.01065 1.0095 1.0033 0.9941 0.9824 0.9693

2 1.0244 1.02198 1.0207 1.0139 1.0045 0.9929 0.9797

4 1.0482 1.04441 1.0428 1.0352 1.0254 1.0139 1.0009

8 1.0943 1.08887 1.0869 1.0780 1.0676 1.0560 1.0432

12 1.0399 1.13327 1.1309 1.1210 1.1101 1.0983 1.0855

16 1.1849 1.17761 1.1751 1.1645 1.1531 1.1408 1.1277

20 1.2296 1.22183 1.2191 1.2079 1.1960 1.1833 1.1700

24 1.2741 1.26582 1.2629 1.2511 1.2388 1.2259 1.2124

28 1.3182 1.3094 1.3064 1.2942 1.2814 1.2682 1.2546

32 1.3614 1.3520 1.3490 1.3362 1.3232 1.3097 1.2960

36 1.4030 1.3933 1.3900 1.3768 1.3634 1.3498 1.3360

40 1.4435 1.4334 1.4300 1.4164 1.4027 1.3889 1.3750

44 1.4825 1.4720 1.4685 1.4545 1.4405 1.4266 1.4127

48 1.5210 1.5102 1.5065 1.4922 1.4781 1.4641 1.4503

50 1.5400 1.5290 1.5253 1.5109 1.4967 1.4827 1.4690

Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)

% 0℃ 20℃ 40℃ 60℃ 80℃ 100℃

1 1.0071 1.0049 0.9986 0.9894 0.9779 0.9644

2 1.0144 1.0117 1.0050 0.9956 0.9840 0.9704

4 1.0290 1.0254 1.0180 1.0082 0.9964 0.9826

8 1.0587 1.0532 1.0447 1.0340 1.0218 1.0078

12 1.0891 1.0819 1.0724 1.0609 1.0481 1.0340

16 1.1203 1.1118 1.1013 1.0892 1.0757 1.0614

20 1.1526 1.1429 1.1314 1.1876 1.1048 1.0901

24 1.1860 1.1752 1.1629 1.1496 1.1351 1.1200

28 1.2204 1.2085 1.9552 1.8169 1.6674 1.1513

30 1.23807 1.2256 1.2122 1.1980 1.1830 1.1674

35 1.28349 1.2701 1.2560 1.2413 1.2258 1.2100

40 1.33161 1.3175 1.3027 1.2875 1.2715 1.2555

45 - 1.3683 1.3528 1.3371 1.3206 1.3044

Sodium Nitrate

(NaNO3)

% d415

1 1.0058

2 1.0125

4 1.0260

8 1.0535

12 1.0816

16 1.1103

20 1.1394

Sodium Nitrite

(NaNO2)

부록

- 210 -

% d418

1 1.0098

2 1.0211

4 1.0440

8 1.0907

12 1.1388

16 1.1885

18 1.2140

Sodium Sulfide (Na2S)

% 0℃ 20℃ 30℃ 40℃ 60℃ 800℃ 100℃

1 1.0094 1.0073 1.0046 1.0010 0.9919 0.9805 0.9671

2 1.0189 1.0164 1.0135 1.0098 1.0007 0.9892 0.9758

4 1.0381 1.0348 1.0315 1.0276 1.0184 1.0068 0.9934

8 1.0773 1.0724 1.0682 1.0639 1.0544 1.0426 1.0292

12 1.1174 1.1109 1.1062 1.1015 1.0915 1.0795 1.0661

16 1.1585 1.1506 1.1456 1.1406 1.1299 1.1176 1.1042

20 1.2008 1.1915 1.1865 1.1813 1.1696 1.1569

24 1.2443 1.2336 1.2292 1.2237

Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4)

% d419

1 1.0078

2 1.0172

4 1.0363

8 1.0757

12 1.1146

16 1.1549

18 1.1755

Sodium Sulfite

(Na2SO3)

% d420

1 1.0065

2 1.0148

4 1.0315

8 1.0654

12 1.1003

16 1.1365

20 1.1740

24 1.2128

28 1.2532

30 1.2739

35 1.3273

40 1.3827

Sodium Thiosulfate

(Na2S2O3)

% d419

1 1.0052

2 1.0105

4 1.0211

8 1.0423

12 1.0639

16 1.0863

20 1.1087

24 1.1322

28 1.1558

30 1.1676

40 1.2297

50 1.2954

Sodium Thiosulfate

Pentahydrate

(Na2S2O3․5H2O))

A7. 확산계수의 실험값

- 211 -

A7. 확산계수의 실험값"참고문헌 중에서 편집하여 정리"

S o l u t e temp.Diffusion coefficient

( DG cm2/s )

비 고

Acetic acid (CH3COOH) 0 ℃ 0.1064

25 ℃ 0.113

Acetone (CH3COCH3) 0 ℃ 0.109

Ammonia (NH3) 0 ℃ 0.198

22 ℃ 0.247

25 ℃ 0.236(0.28)

n-Amyl alcohol (C5H11OH) 0 ℃ 0.0589

sec-Amyl alcohol 25 ℃ 0.07

30 ℃ 0.072

Amyl butyrate (CH3(CH2)2CO2C5H11) 0 ℃ 0.040

Amyl formate(C5H12O) 0 ℃ 0.0543

i-Amyl formate 0 ℃ 0.058

Amyl isobutyrate 0 ℃ 0.0419

Amyl propionate 0 ℃ 0.046

Aniline (C6H5NH2) 0 ℃ 0.061

25 ℃ 0.072

25.9 ℃ 0.074

30 ℃ 0.075

59 ℃ 0.090

Anthracene (C14H10) 0 ℃ 0.0421

Benzene (C6H6) 0 ℃ 0.077

25 ℃ 0.088(0.0962)

Benzidine (NH2-C6H6-C6H6-NH2) 0 ℃ 0.0298

Benzyl chloride (C6H5COCl) 0 ℃ 0.066

n-Butanol (CH3(CH2)OH) 0 ℃ 0.0703

25.9 ℃ 0.087

59 ℃ 0.104

n-Butyl acetate (CH3COO(CH2)3CH3→C6H12O2) 0 ℃ 0.058

i-Butyl acetate (C6H12O2) 0 ℃ 0.0612

n-Butyl alcohol 0 ℃ 0.0703

30 ℃ 0.088

i-Butyl alcohol 0 ℃ 0.0727

25 ℃ 0.090

Butyl amine 0 ℃ 0.0821

25 ℃ 0.101

i-Butyl amine 0 ℃ 0.0853

i-Butyl butyrate 0 ℃ 0.0468

i-Butyl formate 0 ℃ 0.0705

i-Butyl isobutyrate 0 ℃ 0.0457

i-Butyl proprionate 0 ℃ 0.0529

i-Butyl valerate 0 ℃ 0.0424

Butyric acid (C4H8O2) 0 ℃ 0.0679

25 ℃ 0.081

Caproic acid (C5H11COOH) 0 ℃ 0.050

기상확산계수 ( in Air, 1 ATM ) - 1/4

부록

- 212 -

S o l u t e temp.Diffusion coefficient

( DG cm2/s )

비 고

i-Caproic acid 0 ℃ 0.0513

Carbon dioxide (CO2) 0 ℃ 0.138(0.136)

3 ℃ 0.142

25 ℃ 0.164

44 ℃ 0.177

727 ℃ 1.32

Carbon disulfide (CS2) 0 ℃ 0.0892

25 ℃ 0.107

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) 0 ℃ 0.070

Carbon monoxide (CO) 12 ℃ 0.198

25 ℃ 0.107

Chlorine (Cl2) 0 ℃ 0.124

Chlorobenzene (C6H5Cl) 25 ℃ 0.073

25.9 ℃ 0.074

30 ℃ 0.075

59 ℃ 0.090

Chloroform (CHCl3) 0 ℃ 0.091

Chloropicrin (CCl3NO2) 25 ℃ 0.088

m-Chlorotoluene 0 ℃ 0.054

25 ℃ 0.065

o-Chlorotoluene 0 ℃ 0.059

p-Chlorotoluene 0 ℃ 0.051

Cynogen chloride 0 ℃ 0.111

Cyclohexane 45 ℃ 0.086

Diethylamine 0 ℃ 0.0884

25 ℃ 0.105

Diphenyl 0 ℃ 0.061

25 ℃ 0.068

218 ℃ 0.160

Ethanol (C2H5OH) 0 ℃ 0.102

25 ℃ 0.132(0.135)

42 ℃ 0.145

Ether(diethyl) (R-O-R) 0 ℃ 0.0778

Ethyl acetate 0 ℃ 0.0715

25.9 ℃ 0.087

59 ℃ 0.106

Ethyl alcohol 0 ℃ 0.102

25 ℃ 0.119

Ethyl benzene 0 ℃ 0.0658

25 ℃ 0.077

Ethyl n-butyrate 0 ℃ 0.0579

Ethyl i-butyrate 0 ℃ 0.0591

Ethylene 25 ℃ 0.093

Ethyl ether 0 ℃ 0.0778

25 ℃ 0.093

Ethyl formate 0 ℃ 0.0840

기상확산계수 ( in Air, 1 ATM ) - 2/4

A7. 확산계수의 실험값

- 213 -

S o l u t e temp.Diffusion coefficient

( DG cm2/s )

비 고

Ethyl propionate 0 ℃ 0.068

Ethyl valerate 0 ℃ 0.0512

Eugenol 0 ℃ 0.0337

Formic acid 0 ℃ 0.1308

25 ℃ 0.159

n-Hextane 21 ℃ 0.080

Hexyl alcohol 0 ℃ 0.0499

25 ℃ 0.059

Hydrogen (H2) 0 ℃ 0.611

25 ℃ 0.410

Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) 0 ℃ 0.173

Hydrogen peroxide 60 ℃ 0.188

Iodine 0 ℃ 0.07

25 ℃ 0.0834

Krypton (Kr) 341 ℃ 0.473

Mercury 0 ℃ 0.112

341 ℃ 0.473

Mesitylene 0 ℃ 0.056

25 ℃ 0.067

Methane (CH4) 0 ℃ 0.196

Methyl acetate 0 ℃ 0.084

Methyl alcohol 0 ℃ 0.132

25 ℃ 0.159(0.162)

Methyl butyrate 0 ℃ 0.0633

Methyl i-butyrate 0 ℃ 0.0639

Methyl formate 0 ℃ 0.0872

Methyl proponate 0 ℃ 0.0735

Methyl valerate 0 ℃ 0.0569

Naphthalene 0 ℃ 0.0513

25 ℃ 0.0611

n-Octane 0 ℃ 0.0505

25 ℃ 0.060

Oxigen 0 ℃ 0.178

25 ℃ 0.206

Phosgene 0 ℃ 0.095

Propionic acid 0 ℃ 0.0829

25 ℃ 0.099

Propyl acetate 0 ℃ 0.067

n-Propyl alcohol 0 ℃ 0.085

i-Propyl alcohol 0 ℃ 0.0818

25 ℃ 0.1

30 ℃ 0.101

n-Propyl benzene 0 ℃ 0.0481

기상확산계수 ( in Air, 1 ATM) - 3/4

부록

- 214 -

S o l u t e temp.Diffusion coefficient

( DG cm2/s )

비 고

i-Propyl benzene 0 ℃ 0.0489

25 ℃ 0.059

n-Propyl bromide 0 ℃ 0.085

i-Propyl bromide 0 ℃ 0.0902

25 ℃ 0.105

Propyl butyrate 0 ℃ 0.0530

Propyl formate 0 ℃ 0.0712

n-Propyl iodide 0 ℃ 0.079

n-Propyl isobutyrate 0 ℃ 0.0549

25 ℃ 0.096

i-Propyl isobutyrate 0 ℃ 0.059

Propyl propionate 0 ℃ 0.057

Propyl valerate 0 ℃ 0.0466

Safrol(CH2CH=CH2) 0 ℃ 0.0434

i-Safrol 0 ℃ 0.0455

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 20 ℃ 0.122

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) 55 ℃ 0.117

Toluene (C6H5CH3) 0 ℃ 0.076

25 ℃ 0.084(0.0844)

25.9 ℃ 0.086

30 ℃ 0.088

59 ℃ 0.092

Trimethyl carbinol 0 ℃ 0.087

n-Valeric acid (CH3CHCH2CO2H) 0 ℃ 0.050

i-Valeric acid 0 ℃ 0.0544

25 ℃ 0.067

Water (H2O) 0 ℃ 0.220

25 ℃ 0.256(0.26)

25.9 ℃ 0.258

42 ℃ 0.288

59 ℃ 0.305

1000 ℃ 3.253

Xenon (Xe) 16 ℃ 0.102

Xylene (C6H4(CH3)2) 25 ℃ 0.071

기상확산계수 ( in Air, 1 ATM ) - 4/4

A7. 확산계수의 실험값

- 215 -

S o l u t e temp.Diffusion coefficient

( DL×105 cm2/s )

비 고

Acetamide 25 ℃ 1.19 dilute

Acetic acid 14 ℃ 0.9 1N

15 ℃ 0.88 1 wt%

20 ℃ 0.88, 1.19

25 ℃ 1.24 dilute

Acetic ether 20 ℃ 1.00 dilute

Aceton 17 ℃ 1.25 0.5 vol%

17 ℃ 1.00 20 vol%

Acetonitrile 25 ℃ 1.66 dilute

Acetylene 20 ℃ 1.56, 1.81

25 ℃ 1.78(2.11) dilute

Amyl alcohol 20 ℃ 0.93

25 ℃ 1.19 dilute

Ammonia 12 ℃ 1.64 dilute

20 ℃ 1.76, 2.04 dilute

25 ℃ 1.7, 2.0, 2.3 dilute

i-Amyl alcohol 25 ℃ 1.0 dilute

Benzene (C6H6) 2 ℃ 0.58 dilute

10 ℃ 0.75 dilute

20 ℃ 1.02 dilute

60 ℃ 2.55 dilute

n-Butane 4 ℃ 0.50 dilute

20 ℃ 0.89 dilute

60 ℃ 2.51 dilute

n-Butanol 1 ℃ 0.435 0.0501 mol/ℓ

1 ℃ 0.393 0.3 mol/ℓ

1 ℃ 0.345 0.7 mol/ℓ

20 ℃ 0.77 dilute

20 ℃ 0.77 dilute

25 ℃ 0.96 dilute

25 ℃ 0.956 0.0501 mol/ℓ

25 ℃ 0.876 0.3 mol/ℓ

25 ℃ 0.756 0.3 mol/ℓ

Caffeine 25 ℃ 0.63 dilute

Carbon dioxide (CO2) 20 ℃ 1.5 dilute

25 ℃ 1.96, 2.0 dilute

Chloral hydrate 25 ℃ 0.77 dilute

Chlorine (Cl2) 20 ℃ 1.41(1.22) dilute

25 ℃ 1.44 dilute

total - no correction for hydrolysis 25 ℃ 1.51 0.02~0.07 mol/ℓ

free - in dilute HCl, negligible hydrolysis 25 ℃ 1.48 0.0~0.05 mg·mol/ℓ

1,1′-Dichloropropanol 25 ℃ 1.0 dilute

Dicyanodiamine 25 ℃ 1.08 dilute

Diethyl ether 25 ℃ 0.85 dilute

액상확산계수 ( in Water ) - 1/3

부록

- 216 -

S o l u t e temp.Diffusion coefficient

( DL×105 cm2/s )

비 고

Ethanol (C2H5OH) 10 ℃ 0.84 dilute

10 ℃ 0.84 1 vol%

10 ℃ 0.57 21 vol%

10 ℃ 0.30 75 vol%

15 ℃ 1.00 dilute

20 ℃ 1.00 dilute

25 ℃ 1.28, 1.24 dilute

25 ℃ 1.24 0 mg/100cc

25 ℃ 0.935 10 mg/100cc

25 ℃ 0.595 25 mg/100cc

25 ℃ 0.372 50 mg/100cc

25 ℃ 0.551 65 mg/100cc

25 ℃ 1.132 78.5 mg/100cc

Ethyl benzene 2 ℃ 0.44 dilute

10 ℃ 0.61 dilute

20 ℃ 0.81 dilute

60 ℃ 1.95 dilute

Ethylene glycohol 20 ℃ 1.04 dilute

25 ℃ 1.16 dilute

40 ℃ 1.71 dilute

55 ℃ 2.26 dilute

70 ℃ 2.75 dilute

Formic acid 25 ℃ 1.37 dilute

Glucose 15 ℃ 0.52 dilute

25 ℃ 0.67 dilute

Glycerol 20 ℃ 0.72 dilute

25 ℃ 0.94 dilute

Helium (He2) 25 ℃ 6.30 dilute

Hexamethylene tetramine 25 ℃ 0.67 dilute

Hydrogen (H2) 25 ℃ 5.85(4.4?), 5.94, 4.80 dilute

Hydrogen chloride (HCl) 20 ℃ 2.64 dilute

25 ℃ 3.10 dilute

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) 20 ℃ 1.41, 1.63 dilute

25 ℃ 1.61 dilute

Hydroquinone 25 ℃ 0.88, 1.12 dilute

Lactose 20 ℃ 0.46 dilute

25 ℃ 0.49 dilute

Maltose 25 ℃ 0.48 dilute

Methane (CH4) 2 ℃ 0.85 dilute

20 ℃ 1.49 dilute

60 ℃ 3.55 dilute

Methanol (CH3OH) 15 ℃ 1.26 dilute

15 ℃ 1.26 0.5 vol%

15 ℃ 0.99 22 vol%

15 ℃ 0.77 46 vol%

15 ℃ 1.22 84 vol%

15 ℃ 1.75 99.5 vol%

20 ℃ 1.28 dilute

25 ℃ 1.6 dilute

Micotine 25 ℃ 0.60 dilute

Nitric acid (HNO3) 20 ℃ 2.60 dilute

25 ℃ 2.98 dilute

Nitrogen (N2) 20 ℃ 1.90 dilute

25 ℃ 1.9, 2.02 dilute

29.6 ℃ 3.47 dilute

액상확산계수 ( in Water ) - 2/3

A7. 확산계수의 실험값

- 217 -

S o l u t e temp.Diffusion coefficient

( DL×105 cm2/s )

비 고

Nitrous oxide (N2O) 20 ℃ 1.75 dilute

25 ℃ 1.8, 2.67 dilute

Oxalic acid 25 ℃ 1.61 dilute

Oxygen (O2) 20 ℃ 2.08 dilute

25 ℃ 2.5, 2.41 dilute

29.6 ℃ 3.49 dilute

Pentaerythritol 25 ℃ 0.77 dilute

Propanol 20 ℃ 0.87 dilute

n-Propanol 15 ℃ 0.87 dilute

25 ℃ 1.1 dilute

Propylene 20 ℃ 0.85 dilute

25 ℃ 1.44 dilute

60 ℃ 1.92 dilute

Pyridine 25 ℃ 0.76 dilute

Pyrogallol 25 ℃ 0.74 dilute

Raffinose 25 ℃ 0.41 dilute

Resorcinol 25 ℃ 0.87 dilute

Saccharose 12 ℃ 0.36 dilute

25 ℃ 0.49 dilute

Sodium chloride (NaCl) 20 ℃ 1.35 dilute

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 20 ℃ 1.51 dilute

Succinic acid 25 ℃ 0.94 dilute

Sucrose 25 ℃ 0.56 dilute

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 25 ℃ 1.7 dilute

25 ℃ 1.83 0.01~0.10 mg·mol/ℓ

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) 20 ℃ 1.73 dilute

25 ℃ 1.97 dilute

Tartaric acid 25 ℃ 0.80 dilute

Urea 25 ℃ 1.37 dilute

Urethane 25 ℃ 1.06 dilute

액상확산계수 ( in Water ) - 3/3

부록

- 218 -

A8. 각종가스의 임계점자료

본 자료는 "The properties of gases & Liquids" 4'th Ed., Robert C. Reid, MaGraw-Hill, 1987

에 실린 Property Data Bank중 p656~732에서 발췌하였으며 시용된 기호의 의미는 다음과 같다.

Molwt ＝ 분자량 ( molecular weight, g / g-mol )

Tfp ＝ 표준어는점 ( normal freezing point, K)

Tb ＝ 표준끓는점 ( normal boiling point at 1 atm, K)

Pc ＝ 임계압력 ( critical pressure, bar, 1.013 bar ＝ 1 atm )

Vc ＝ 임계부피 ( critical volume, cm3 / mole, Vb ＝ 0.285Vc1.048 )

Dimp ＝ 쌍극자모우멘트 ( dipole moment, debyes )

LDEN ＝ 액비중 ( liquid density, g / cm3 )

TDEN ＝ 액비중 값에서의 온도 ( temperature fot LDEN, K)

본 자료는 주로 확산계수를 구할 때 필요한 자료이며, 쌍극자모우멘트 값은 분자극성의 세기를 예

측할 수 있게 해준다.

여기서 참고적으로 임계상수에 대한 물리적인 의미는 다음과 같다. 만일 비교적 낮은 온도 하에서

단일성분의 가스를 압축하게 되면 어느 순간부터 응축이 일어나게 된다. 여기서 다시 계의 온도를 높

이게 되면 응축했던 가스는 다시 증발하게 된다. 이렇게 증발된 가스를 다시 압축하여 응축시키기 위

해서는 더 높은 압력이 필요로 하게 되고 계의 압력이 상승함에 따라 가스상의 밀도가 높아지게 된

다. 이러한 압축과 승온을 반복하게 되면, 어느 순간 액밀도와 가스의 밀도가 같아지게 되는 순간이

존재하게 되는데 이때를 “임계점”이라 한다. 또한 이때의 온도, 압력, 몰부피를 임계온도(Tc), 임계압

력(Pc), 임계몰부피(Vc)라 한다. 이때는 이론적으로 단일상만 존재하게 되며 계의 온도가 임계온도 이

상이라면 아무리 압축하여도 상변화는 일어나지 않는다.

공기의 임계상수

No Formula N a m e MolwtTfpK

TbK

TcK

Pcbar

Vc㎤/mole

Dipmdebye

LDEN TDEN

- - Air 28.97 - 79.15 132.42 37.2 82.77 - - -

A8. 각종가스의 임계점자료

- 219 -

No Formula Name MolwtTfpK

TbK

TcK

Pcbar

Vc㎤/mole

Dipmdebye

LDEN TDEN

1 AlBr3 Aluminum Tribromide 266.694 370.7 528 763 28.9 310 5.0

2 AlCl3 Aluminum Trichloride 133.341 467. 453. 620. 26.3 259 2.0 1.31 473

3 AlI3 Aluminum TriIodide 407.697 464. 655. 983. 408 2.3

4 Ar Argon 39.948 83.8 87.3 150.8 48.7 74.9 0.0 1.373 90

5 As Arsenic 74.922 888. 1673. 223. 34.9

6 AsCl3 Arsenic Trichloride 181.281 264.7 403 654 252 1.6 2.163 293

7 BBr3 Boron Tribromide 250.568 227 364 581 272 0.0 2.643 291

8 BCl3 Boron Trichloride 117.191 165.9 285.8 455 38.7 239.5 0.0 1.349 284

9 BF3 Boron Trifluoride 67.805 146.5 172 260.8 49.9 114.7 0.0 2.811 293

10 BI3 Boron Triiodide 391.55 323.1 483 773 356 3.35 323

11 Br2 Bromine 159.808 266.0 331.9 588 103 127.2 0.2 3.119 293

12 BrI Iodine Bromine 206.813 315 389 719 139 1.2

13 Br3P Phosphorus Tribromide 270.723 233 446.1 711 300 0.5 2.852 288

14 Br4Si Silicon Tetrabromide 347.702 278.6 427 663 382 0.0 2.772 298

15 Br4Ti Titanium Tetrabromide 367.536 312 503 795.7 391

16 ClFO3 Perchloryl Fluoride 102.448 125.5 226.4 368.4 53.7 160.8 0.0

17 ClF2N Nitrogen chloride difluoride 87.456 207 337.5 51.5

18 ClF2P Phosphorus chloride difluoride 104.423 225.9 362.4 45.2

19 ClF2PS Thiophosphoryl Chloride difluoride 136.489 279 439.2 41.1

20 ClF5 Chlorine Pentafluoride 130.443 260.0 416 52.7 233

21 ClNO Nitrosyl Chloride 65.459 213.5 267.7 440 1.8 1.42 261

22 Cl2 Chlorine 70.906 172.2 239.2 416.9 79.8 123.8 0.0 1.563 239

23 Cl2FP Phosphorus Dichloride fluoride 120.878 287.0 463.0 49.6

24 Cl3P Phosphorus Trichloride 137.333 161 349.1 563 264 0.9 1.574 294

25 Cl4Si Silicon Tetrachloride 169.898 204.3 330.8 508.1 35.9 325.7 0.0 1.48 293

26 Cl4Ti Titanium Tetrachloride 189.712 243 409.6 638 46.6 339.2 0.0 1.70 298

27 Cl5P Phosphorus Pentachloride 208.260 148 433 646 0.8

28 D2 Deuterium (Equilibrium) 4.032 18.7 23.6 38.2 16.5 60.3 0.0 0.165 22.7

29 D2 Deuterium (Normal) 4.032 18.6 23.5 38.4 16.6 0.0

30 D2O Deuterium Oxide 20.031 277.0 374.6 644.0 216.6 56.6 1.9 1.105 298

31 FNO2 Nitryl fluoride 65.003 312.2 349.5 0.5

32 F2 Fluorine 37.997 53.5 85.0 144.3 52.2 66.3 0.0 1.51 85

33 F2N2 Cis-difluorodiazine 66.010 167.5 272 70.9

34 F2N2 Trans-difluorodiazine 66.010 161.7

35 F2O Oxygen Difluoride 53.995 50 128.4 215 49.6 0.2 1.521 128

36 F2Xe Xenon Difluoride 169.296 387.5 631 93.2 148.6

37 F3N Nitrogen Trifluoride 71.002 66.4 144.4 234.0 45.3 0.2 1.54 144

38 F3NO Trifluoroamine Oxide 87.001 186 303 64.3 146.9

39 F3P Phosphorus Trifluoride 87.968 178 271.2 43.3 3.1 172

40 F3PS Thiophosphoryl Trifluoride 120.034 220.9 346.0 38.2 0.6

41 F4N2 Tetrafluorohydrazine 104.016 105 199 309 37.5 0.3 1.5 163

42 F4S Sulfur Tetrafluoride 108.058 152 232.7 364 1.0 1.936 195

43 F4Si Silicon tetrafluoride 104.09 183.0 187 259.0 37.2 0.0

44 F4Xe Xenon Tetrafluoride 207.292 387 388.9 612 70.4 188.6

45 F6S Sulfur Hexafluoride 146.054 222.5 209.6 318.7 37.6 198.8 0.0 1.83 223

46 F6U Uranium Hexafluoride 352.018 337 329 505.8 46.6 250.0 0.0

47 He Helium-3 3.017 3.19 3.31 1.14 72.9 0.0

48 He Helium-4 4.003 4.25 5.19 2.27 57.4 0.0 0.123 4.3

49 Hg Mercury 200.61 234.3 630 1765 1510 42.7 13.594 293

50 I2 Iodine 253.82 386.8 457.5 819 155 1.3 3.74 453

51 I4Si Silicon Tetraiodide 535.706 393.7 560.5 944 558

52 I4Ti Titanium Tetraiodide 555.520 423 650 1040 505

53 Kr Drypton 83.800 115.8 119.9 209.4 55.0 91.2 0.0 2.42 120

54 NO Nitric Oxide 30.006 109.5 121.4 180 64.8 57.7 0.2 1.28 121

55 NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide 46.006 261.9 294.3 431 101 167.8 0.4 1.45 293

56 N2 Nitrogen 28.013 63.3 77.4 126.2 33.9 89.8 0.0 0.804 78

57 N2O Nitrous Oxide 44.013 182.3 184.7 309.6 72.4 97.4 0.2 1.226 184

58 Ne neon 20.183 24.5 27.1 44.4 27.6 41.6 0.0 1.204 27

59 O2 Oxygen 31.999 54.4 90.2 154.6 50.4 73.4 0.0 1.149 90

60 O2S Sulfur dioxide 64.063 197.7 263.2 430.8 78.8 122.2 1.6 1.455 263

61 O3 Ozone 47.998 80.5 181.2 261.1 55.7 88.9 0.6 1.356 161

62 O3S Sulfur Trioxide 80.058 290 318 491.0 82.1 127.3 0.0 1.78 318

부록

- 220 -

No Formula Name MolwtTfpK

TbK

TcK

Pcbar

Vc㎤/mole

Dipmdebye

LDEN TDEN

63 P Phosphorous 30.974 553 994

64 Rn Radon 222.00 202 211.4 377 62.8 4.4 211

65 S Sulfur 32.006 717.8 1314 207

66 Se Selenium 78.96 1010 1766 272

67 Tz Tritium 6.32 25.0 40.0 58 0.0

68 Xe Xenon 131.300 161.3 165.0 289.7 58.4 118.4 0.0 3.06 165

69 HBr Hydrogen Bromide 80.912 187.1 206.8 363.2 85.5 0.8 2.16 216

70 HCl Hydrogen Chloride 36.461 159.0 188.1 324.7 83.1 80.9 1.1 1.193 188

71 HD Hydrogen Deuteride 3.023 16.6 22.1 36.0 14.8 62.7 0.0

72 HF Hydrogen Fluoride 20.006 190 293 461 64.8 69.2 1.9 0.967 293

73 HI Hydrogen Iodide 127.912 222.4 237.6 424.0 83.1 0.5 2.80 237

74 HF2N Difluoriamine 53.011 250 403

75 H2 Hydrogen (Equilibrium) 2.016 14.0 20.3 33.0 12.9 64.3 0.0 0.071 20

76 H2 Hydrogen (Nomal) 2.016 14.0 20.4 33.2 13.0 65.1 0.0

77 H2O Water 18.015 273.2 373.2 647.3 221.2 57.1 1.8 0.998 293

78 H2S Hydrogen Sulfide 34.080 189.6 213.5 373.2 89.4 98.6 0.9 0.993 214

79 H3As Arsine 77.946 159.7 218 373.1 0.2 1.604 209

80 H3N Ammonia 17.031 195.4 239.8 405.5 113.5 72.5 1.5 0.639 273

81 H3P Phosphine 33.998 140 185.4 324.5 65.4 0.6 1.529 298

82 H4CiN Ammonium Chloride 53.492 793 882 16.4

83 H4CiP Phosphonium Chloride 70.459 246 322.3 73.7

84 H4N2 Hydrazine 32.045 274.7 386.7 653 147 3.0 1.008 293

85 H4Si Silane 32.122 88.2 161 269.7 48.4 0.0 0.68 88

86 H6B2 Diborane 27.668 108 185.6 289.8 40.5 0.0 0.470 153

87 CBrCiF2 Bromochlorodifluormethane 165.364 269 426.9 42.5 245.5

88 CBr2F2 Dibromodifluormethane 209.815 132 298 471.3 41.3 0.7 2.462 288

89 CBrF3 Trifluorobromomethane 148.910 215.3 340.2 39.7 195.9 0.7 1.538 298

90 CClF3 Chlorotrifluoromethane 104.459 92.0 193.2 302.0 38.7 180.4 0.5 1.298 243

91 CCl2F2 Dichlorodifluormethane 120.914 115.4 245.2 385.0 41.1 216.7 0.5 1.750 158

92 CCl2O Phosgene 98.916 145.0 281 455 56.7 190.1 1.1 1.381 293

93 CCl3P Trichlorofluoromethane 137.368 162.0 296.9 471.2 44.1 247.8 0.5 1.494 290

94 CCl4 Carbon Tetrachloride 153.823 250 349.9 556.4 45.6 275.9 0.0 1.584 298

95 CD4 Deuteromethane 20.071 111.7 189.2 46.6 98.2 0.0

96 CF4 Carbon Tetrafluoride 88.005 86.4 145.1 227.6 37.4 139.6 0.0 1.33 193

97 CO Carbon Monoxide 28.010 68.1 81.7 132.9 35.0 93.2 0.1 0.803 81

98 COS Carbonyl Sulfide 60.070 134.3 223 378.8 63.5 136.3 0.7 1.274 174

99 CO2 Carbon Dioxide 44.010 216.6 304.1 73.8 93.9 0.0

100 CS2 Carbon Disulfide 76.131 161.3 319 552 79.0 160 0.0 1.293 273

101 CHClF2 Chlorodifluoromethane 86.469 113 232.4 369.3 49.7 165.6 1.4 1.23 289

102 CHCl2F Dichloromonofluoromethane 102.923 138 282.1 451.6 51.8 196.4 1.3 1.38 282

103 CHClF2 Chloroform 119.378 209.6 334.3 536.4 53.7 238.9 1.1 1.489 293

104 CHF3 Fluoroform 70.013 110 191.0 299.3 48.6 132.7 1.6 1.246 239

105 CHN Hydrogen Cyanide 27.026 259.9 298.9 456.7 53.9 138.8 3.0 0.688 293

106 CHBr2 Dibromomethane 173.835 220.6 370 583 71 1.9 2.50 293

107 CH2Cl2 Dichloromethane 84.933 178.1 313.0 510 63 1.8 1.317 298

108 CH2F2 Difluoromethane 52.023 221.5 351.6 58.3 120.8 2.0

109 CH2O Formaldehyde 30.026 156 254 408 65.9 2.3 0.815 253

110 CH2O2 Formic Acid 46.025 281.5 373.8 580 1.5 1.226 288

111 CH3Br Methyl Bromide 94.039 179.5 276.6 464 66.1 1.8 1.737 268

112 CH3Cl Methyl Chloride 50.488 175.4 249.1 416.3 67.0 138.9 1.9 0.915 293

113 CH3F Methyl Fuloride 34.033 131.4 194.7 315.0 56 113.2 1.8 0.843 213

114 CH3I Methyl Iodide 141.939 206.7 315.7 528 65.9 1.6 2.279 293

115 CH3NO2 Nitromethane 61.041 244.6 374.3 588 63.1 173.2 3.1 1.138 293

116 CH4 Methane 16.043 90.7 111.6 190.4 46.0 99.2 0.0 0.425 112

117 CH4O Methanol 32.042 175.5 337.7 512.6 80.9 118.0 1.7 0.791 293

118 CH4S Methyl Mercaptan 48.107 150 279.1 470.0 72.3 144.8 1.3 0.866 293

119 CH5N Methyl Amine 31.058 179.7 266.8 430.0 74.3 1.3 0.703 260

120 CH6N2 Methyl Hydrazine 46.072 362 567 82.4 271.2 1.7

121 CH6Si Methyl Silane 46.145 116.7 215.6 352.5 0.7

122 C2Br2ClF3 1,2-Dibromo-1-Chlorotrifluoroethane 276.277 182.7 366 560.7 36.1 368

123 C2Br2F4 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane 259.822 163 320.4 487.8 33.9 341 2.175 294

124 C2ClF3 Chlorotrifluoroethane 116.469 116 245.3 379 40.5 212 0.4 1.305 293

A8. 각종가스의 임계점자료

- 221 -

No Formula Name MolwtTfpK

TbK

TcK

Pcbar

Vc㎤/mole

Dipmdebye

LDEN TDEN

125 C2ClF5 Chloropentafluoroethane 154.467 167 235.2 353.2 32.3 251.8 0.3 1.26 303

126 C2Cl2F4 1,1-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 170.922 179 277.0 418.6 33.0 294.2 1.455 298

127 C2Cl2F4 1,1-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 170.922 179 276.2 418.9 32.6 293.8 0.5 1.48 277

128 C2Cl3F3 1,2,2-Trichlorotetrafluoroethane 187.380 238.2 320.8 487.3 34.1 325.5 1.580 289

129 C2Cl4 Tetrachloroethene 165.834 251 394.4 620.2 47.6 289.6 0.0 1.62 293

130 C2Cl4F2 1,1,2,2-Tetrachlorodifluoroethane 203.831 298.0 366.0 551 38.7 1.65 298

131 C2F3N Trifluoroacetonitrile 95.023 205.5 311.1 36.2 202

132 C2F4 Perfluoroethene 100.016 130.7 197.2 306.5 39.4 172 1.519 197

133 C2F6 Perfluoroethane 138.012 172.4 194.9 293.0 30.6 222 0.0 1.590 195

134 C2N2 Cyanogen 52.035 245.3 252.0 400 59.8 0.2 0.954 252

135 C2HClF2 1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethane 98.479 254.6 400.6 44.6 197

136 C2HClF4 Chloro-1,1,2,2,-Tetrafluoroethane 136.475 263 399.9 37.2 244

137 C2HCl3 Trichloroethene 131.389 186.8 360.4 572 50.5 256 0.9 1.462 293

138 C2HCl5 Pentachloroethane 202.295 244 435 646 34.8 1.0 1.671 298

139 C2HF302 Trifluoroacetic Acid 114.024 257.9 346 491.3 32.6 204 2.3 1.535 273

140 C2H2 Acetylene 26.038 188.4 308.3 61.4 112.7 0.0 0.615 189

141 C2H2Cl2 Cis-1,2-Dichloroethene 96.944 192.7 333.3 537 56 1.8 1.282 298

142 C2H2Cl2 Trans-1,2-Dichloroethene 96.944 223 321.9 513 48.1 0.0 1.255 293

143 C2H2Cl4 1,1-Difluoroethene 167.850 237 419.4 661.2 58.4 1.5 1.600 293

144 C2H2F2 1,1-Difluoroethene 64.035 129 187.5 302.9 44.6 154.1 1.4 0.617 297

145 C2H2O Ketene 42.038 138 232 380 65 145 1.4

146 C2H2Cl Vynyl Chloride 62.499 119.4 259.8 525 51.5 169 1.5 0.969 259

147 C2H2ClF2 1-Chloro-1,1-Difluoroethane 100.496 142 263.4 409.6 43.3 231 2.1 1.10 303

148 C2H3ClO Acetyl Chloride 78.498 160.2 323.9 508.0 58.7 204 2.4 1.104 293

149 C2H3Cl3 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 133.405 240 347.2 545 43.0 1.7 1.339 298

150 C2H3Cl3 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 133.405 235.8 386.7 606 51.4 1.4 1.441 293

151 C2H3F Viny Fluoride 46.044 130.0 201.0 327.9 52.41 144 1.4 0.681 263

152 C2H3F3 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane 84.041 161.9 225.6 346.3 37.6 194 2.3

153 C2H3N Acetonitrile 41.053 229.3 354.8 545.5 48.3 173 3.5 0.781 293

154 C2H3NO Methyl Isocyanate 57.052 229.3 354.8 545.5 55.7 0.958 293

155 C2H4 Ethylene 28.054 104.0 169.3 282.4 50.4 130.4 0.0 0.577 163

156 C2H4Rr2 1,2-Didromethane 187.862 283.3 404.7 646 53.5 1.0 2.180 293

157 C2H4Cl2 1,2-Dichlorethane 98.960 176.2 330.5 523 50.7 236 2.0 1.168 298

158 C2H4Cl2 1,2-Dichlorethane 98.960 237.5 356.7 566 53.7 225 1.8 1.250 289

159 C2H4F2 1,1-Difluoroethane 66.051 156.2 248.2 386.7 45.0 181 2.3 1.012 247

160 C2H4O Acetaldehyde 44.054 150.2 294 461 55.7 154 2.5 0.778 293

161 C2H4O Ethylene Oxide 44.054 161 283.7 469 71.9 140 1.9 0.899 273

162 C2H4O2 Acetic Acid 60.052 289.8 391.1 592.7 57.9 171 1.3 1.049 293

163 C2H4O2 Methyl Formate 60.052 174.2 304.9 487.2 60.0 172 1.8 0.974 293

164 C2H5Br Ethyl Bromide 108.966 154.6 311.5 503.9 62.3 215 2.0 1.451 298

165 C2H5Cl Ethyl Chloride 64.515 136.8 285.5 460.4 52.7 199 2.5 0.896 293

166 C2H5F Ethyl Fluoride 48.060 129.9 235.5 375.3 50.2 169 2.0 1.950 293

167 C2H5I Ethyl Iodide 155.967 165. 345.6 554. 47. 1.7 0.548 183

168 C2H6 Ethane 30.070 89.9 184.6 305.4 48.8 148.3 0.0 0.667 293

169 C2H5O Ethylene Glycol 46.069 131.7 248.3 400.0 52.4 178 1.3 0.667 293

170 C2H5O Ethanol 46.069 159.1 351.4 513.9 61.4 167.1 1.7 0.789 293

171 C2H5O2 Ethylene Glycol 62.069 260.2 470.5 (645) (77) 2.2 1.114 293

172 C2H5S Ethyl Mercaptan 62.134 125.3 308.2 499 54.9 207 1.5 0.839 293

173 C2H5S Dimethyl Ether 62.130 174.9 310.5 503.0 55.3 201 1.5 0.848 293

174 C2H7N Ethyl Amine 45.085 192 289.7 465.4 56.4 182 1.3 0.683 293

175 C2H7N Dimethyl Lamine 45.085 181.0 280.0 438.7 53.1 1.0 0.656 293

176 C2H7NO Monoethanolamine 61.084 283.5 443.5 614 44.5 196 2.6 1.016 293

177 C2H8N2 Ethylelnediamine 60.099 284 390.4 593 62.8 206 1.9 0.896 293

178 C3ClF5O Chloropentafluoroactone 182.475 281.0 410.6 28.8

179 C3F6O Perfluoracetone 166.020 245.7 357.1 28.4 329

180 C3F8 Perfluoracetone 188.017 90. 236.5 345.1 26.8 299.8 1.350 293

181 C3H3F3 Trifluoracetone 96.051 244. 376.2 38.0 211

182 C3H3F5 1,1,1,2,2-Pentafluoracetone 134.047 255.7 380.1 31.4 273

183 C3H3N Acrylonitrile 53.064 189.5 350.5 536 45.6 210 3.5 0.806 293

184 C3H3NO Isoxazole 69.063 368 552 2.8 1.078 293

185 C3H4 Propadiene 40.065 136.9 238.7 393 54.7 162 0.2 0.658 238

186 C3H4O Methyl Acethylene 40.065 170.5 249.9 402.4 56.3 164 0.7 0.706 223

부록

- 222 -

No Formula Name MolwtTfpK

TbK

TcK

Pcbar

Vc㎤/mole

Dipmdebye

LDEN TDEN

186 C3H4O Methyl Acethylene 40.065 170.5 249.9 402.4 56.3 164 0.7 0.706 223

187 C3H4O2 Acrolein 56.064 186 326. 506 51.6 2.9 0.839 293

188 C3H4O2 Acrolein 72.064 185 414 615 56.7 210 1.051 293

189 C3H4O2 Acrylic Acid 72.064 215.5 319.9 475 57.7 210 0.963 293

190 C3H5Cl Vinyl Formate 76.0526 138.7 328.3 514 47.6 234 2.0 0.937 293

191 C3H5Cl3 Allyl Chloride 147.432 258.5 429 651 39.5 348 1.6 1.389 293

192 C3H5N 1,2,3-Trichloropropane 55.050 180.3 370.3 564.4 41.8 229 3.7 0.782 293

193 C3H6 Propionitrile 42.081 145.7 240.3 397.8 54.9 163 0.0 0.563 288

194 C3H6 Cyclopropane 42.081 87.9 225.5 364.9 46.0 181 0.4 0.612 223

195 C3H6Cl2 Propylene 122.987 172.7 369.5 577 44.0 226 1.9 1.15 293

196 C3H6O 1,2-dichloropropane 58.080 178.2 329.2 508.1 47.0 209 2.9 0.790 293

197 C3H6O Acetone 58.080 144 370.2 543.0 0.855 288

198 C3H6O Allyl Alcohol 58.080 193 321 515.3 63.3 2.7 0.797 293

199 C3H6O 1,2-Propylene Oxide 58.080 161 308 482.2 49.2 186 2.0 0.829 293

200 C3H6O Vinyl Methyl Ether 58.080 151.5 278 436 47.6 205 0.750 293

201 C3H6O2 Propionic Acid 74.080 252.5 414.5 612 54 222 1.5 0.993 293

202 C3H6O2 Ethyl Formate 74.080 193.8 327.5 508.5 47.4 229 2.0 0.927 289

203 C3H6O2 Methyl Acetate 74.080 175 330.4 506.8 46.9 228 1.7 0.934 293

204 C2H7Cl Propyl Chloride 78.542 150.4 320.4 503 45.8 254 2.0 0.891 293

205 C3H7Cl Isopropyl Chloride 78.542 156.0 308.9 485.0 47.2 230 2.1 0.862 293

206 C3H8 Propane 44.094 85.5 231.1 369.8 42.5 203 0.0 0.582 231

207 C3H8O 1-Propanol 60.096 146.9 370.3 536.8 51.7 219 1.7 0.804 293

208 C3H8O Isopropyl Alcohol 60.096 184.7 355.4 508.3 47.6 220 1.7 0.786 293

209 C3H8O Methyl Ethyl Enter 60.096 134 280.6 437.8 44.0 221 1.2 0.700 293

210 C3H8O2 Methylal 76.096 168 315 480.6 39.5 213 1.0 0.888 291

211 C3H8O2 1,2-Propanediol 76.069 213 460.5 625 60.7 237 3.6 1.036 293

212 C3H8O2 1,3-Propanediol 76.069 246.4 487.6 724 89.5 3.7 1.053 293

213 C3H8O3 Glycerol 92.095 291 563 726 66.8 255 3.0 1.261 293

214 C3H8S Methyl Ethyl Sulfide 76.157 167.2 339.8 533 42.6 0.837 293

215 C3H9BO3 Trimethyl Borate 103.922 342 501.7 35.9 0.8 0.915 293

216 C3H9N N-Propyl Amine 59.112 190. 321.7 497.0 48.1 233 1.3 0.717 293

217 C3H9N Isopropyl Amine 59.112 177.9 305.6 471.8 45.4 221 0.688 293

218 C3H9N Trimethyl Amine 59.112 156 276.0 433.3 40.9 254 0.6 0.633 293

219 C3F8 Perfluorocyclbueane 200.028 267.2 388.5 27.8 324 1.654 253

220 C3F10 Perfluorobutane 238.024 145 271.2 386.4 23.2 378 1.517 293

221 C4H4 Vinylacetylene 52.076 227.6 278.1 455 49.6 202 0.710 273

222 C4H4O Furan 68.075 187.5 304.5 490.2 55.0 218 0.7 0.938 293

223 C4H4S Thiophene 84.136 234.9 357.2 579.4 56.9 219 0.5 1.071 289

224 C4H5N Allyl Cyanide 67.091 186.7 392 585 39.5 265 3.4 0.835 293

225 C4H5N Pyrrole 67.091 403.0 639.8 1.8 0.967 294

226 C4H6 1-Butyne 54.092 147.4 281.2 463.7 47.1 220 0.8 0.650 289

227 C4H6 2-Butyne 54.092 240.9 300.1 488.7 50.8 221 0.8 0.691 293

228 C4H6 1,2-Butadine 54.092 137.9 284.0 443.7 44.9 219 0.4 0.652 293

229 C4H6 1,3-Butadine 54.092 164.2 268.7 425. 43.3 221 0.0 0.621 293

230 C4H6O2 Vinyl Acetate 86.091 173 346. 525. 43.5 265 1.7 0.932 293

231 C4H6O3 Acetic Anhydride 102.089 199 413.2 569. 46.8 3.0 1.087 293

232 C4H6O4 Dimethyl Oxalate 118.090 327 436.5 628. 39.8 1.15 288

233 C4H6O4 Succinic Acid 118.090 456 508. 2.2

234 C4H7N Butyronictrile 69.107 161.0 391.1 582.2 37.9 2.8 0.792 293

235 C4H6O2 Methyl Acrylate 86.091 196.7 535.5 536. 43. 265 0.595 293

236 C4H8 1-Butene 56.108 87.8 266.9 419.6 40.2 240 0.3 0.595 293

237 C4H8 2-Butene,Cis 56.108 134.3 276.9 435.6 42.0 234 0.3 0.621 293

238 C4H8 2-Butene,Trans 56.108 167.6 274.0 428.6 39.9 238 0.0 0.604 293

239 C4H8 Cyclobutane 56.108 182.4 285.7 460.0 49.9 210 0.694 293

240 C4H8 Isobutylene 56.108 132.8 266.2 417.9 40.0 239 0.5 0.594 293

241 C4H8O N-Butyraldehyde 72.107 176.8 348.0 545.4 53.8 2.6 0.802 293

242 C4H8O Isobutylaldehyde 72.107 208.2 337. 513. 41.5 274 0.789 293

243 C4H8O Methyl Ethyl Ketone 72.107 186.5 352.7 536.8 42.1 267 3.3 0.805 293

244 C4H8O Tetrahydrofuran 72.107 164.7 338. 540.1 51.9 224 1.7 0.889 293

245 C4H8O Vinyl Ethyl Ether 72.107 157.9 308.7 475. 40.7 1.3 0.793 293

246 C4H8O2 N-Butyric Acid 88.107 267.9 437.2 628. 52.7 290 1.5 0.958 293

247 C4H8O2 Isobutyric Acid 88.107 227.2 427.9 609. 40.5 292 1.3 0.968 293

A8. 각종가스의 임계점자료

- 223 -

No Formula Name MolwtTfpK

TbK

TcK

Pcbar

Vc㎤/mole

Dipmdebye

LDEN TDEN

248 C4H8O2 1,4-Dioxane 88.107 285 374.6 587. 52.1 238 0.4 1.033 293

249 C4H8O2 Ethyl Acetate 88.107 189.6 350.3 523.2 38.3 286 1.9 0.901 293

250 C4H8O2 Methyl Propionate 88.107 185.7 352.8 530.6 40.0 282 1.7 0.915 293

251 C4H8O2 N-Propyl Formate 88.107 180.3 354.1 538.0 40.6 285 1.9 0.911 289

252 C3H8S Tetrahydrothiophene 88.172 177.0 394.2 632 1.9 1.000 293

253 C4H9Cl 1-Chlorobutane 92.569 150.1 351.6 542 36.8 312 2.0 0.886 293

254 C4H9Cl 2-Chlorobutane 92.569 141.8 341.4 520.6 39.5 305 2.1 0.873 293

255 C4H9Cl Tert-Butyl Chloride 92.569 247.8 324 507 39.5 295 2.1 0.842 293

256 C4H9N Pyrrolidine 71.123 359.6 568.6 56.1 249 1.6 0.852 295

257 C4H9NO Morpholine 87.122 268.4 401.4 618 54.7 253 1.5 1.000 293

258 C4H10 N-Butane 58.124 134.8 272.7 425.2 38.0 255 0.0 0.579 293

259 C4H10 Isobutance 58.124 113.6 261.4 408.2 36.5 263 0.1 0.557 293

260 C4H10O N-Butanol 74.123 183.9 390.9 563.1 44.2 275 1.8 0.810 293

261 C4H10O 2-Butanol 74.123 158.5 372.7 536.1 41.8 269 1.7 0.807 293

262 C4H10O Isobutanol 74.123 165.2 381.0 547.8 43.0 273 1.7 0.802 293

263 C4H10O Tert-Butanol 74.123 298.8 355.5 506.2 39.7 275 1.7 0.787 293

264 C4H10O Diethyl Ether 74.123 156.9 307.6 466.7 36.4 280 1.3 0.713 293

265 C4H10O Methyl Propyl Ether 74.123 311.7 476.3 38.0 1.2 0.783 293

266 C4H10O Methyl Isopropyl Ether 74.123 303.9 464.5 37.6 0.724 293

267 C4H10O2 1,2-Dimethoxyethane 90.123 202 358 536 38.7 271 0.0 0.867 293

268 C4H10O3 Diethylene Glycol 106.122 265 519 681 47 1.116 293

269 C4H10S Diethyl Sulfide 90.184 169.2 365.3 557 39.6 318 1.6 0.837 293

270 C4H10S2 Diethyl Disulfide 122.244 171.7 427.1 642 2.0 0.998 293

271 C4H11N N-Butyl Amine 73.139 224.1 349.5 531.9 42.0 1.3 0.739 293

272 C4H11N Isobutyl Amine 73.139 188.0 336.2 514.3 41.0 1.2 0.722 295

273 C4H11N Diethyl Amine 73.139 223.4 328.6 496.5 37.1 301 1.1 0.707 293

274 C5F12 Perfluoropentane 288.031 302.4 420.6 20.5 473 0.0

275 C5H2F6O2 Hexafluoroacetylacetone 208.059 237.3 485.1 27.7

276 C5H4O2 Furfural 96.085 234.5 434.9 670. 58.9 3.6 1.159 293.

277 C5H5N Pyridine 79.102 231.5 388.4 620.0 56.3 254 2.3 0.983 293

278 C5H6N2 2-Methyl Pyrazine 94.117 410. 634.3 50.1 283 1.044 273

279 C5H6O 2-Methyl Furan 82.102 338. 527. 47.2 247 0.7 0.913 293

280 C5H8 Cyclopenten 68.119 138.1 317.4 506.0 0.9 0.772 293

281 C5H8 1,2-Pentadiene 68.119 135.9 318.0 503. 40.7 276 0.693 293

282 C5H8 1,3-Pentadiene,Trans 68.119 185.7 315.1 496. 39.9 275 0.7 0.676 293

283 C5H8 1,4-Pentadiene 68.119 124.9 299.1 478. 37.9 276 0.4 0.661 293

284 C5H8 1-Pentyne 68.119 167.5 313.3 493.5 40.5 278 0.9 0.690 293

285 C5H8 2-Methyl-1,3-Butadiene 68.119 127.2 307.2 484. 38.5 276 0.3 0.681 293

286 C5H8 3-Methyl-1,2-Butadiene 68.119 159.5 314.0 496. 41.1 267 0.686 293

287 C5H8O Cyclopentanone 84.118 222.5 403.9 634.6 51.1 268 3.0 0.959 293

288 C5H8O Dihydropyran 84.118 359. 561.7 45.6 268 1.4

289 C5H8O2 Ettyl Acrylate 100.118 201 373. 552. 37.4 320 0.921 293

290 C5H10 Cyclopentane 70.135 179.3 322.4 511.7 45.1 260 0.0 0.745 293

291 C5H10 1-Pentene 70.135 107.9 303.1 464.8 35.3 300 0.4 0.640 293

292 C5H10 1-Pentene 70.135 121.7 310.1 476. 36.5 0.656 293

293 C5H10 2-Pentene,Cis 70.135 132.9 309.5 475. 36.6 0.649 293

294 C5H10 2-Pentene,Trans 70.135 135.6 304.3 465. 35.4 0.5 0.650 293

295 C5H10 2-Methyl-1-Butene 70.135 139.3 311.7 470. 35.4 0.662 293

296 C5H10 2-Methyl-2-Butene 70.135 104.7 293. 450. 35.1 0.627 293

297 C5H10O 3-Methyl-1-Butene 86.134 182 376. 554. 35.4 333 2.6 0.810 293

298 C5H10O Valeraldehyde 86.134 196 375.4 561.1 36.9 301 2.5 0.806 293

299 C5H10O Methyl N-Propyl Kentone 86.134 181 367.5 553.4 38.5 310 2.8 0.803 293

300 C5H10O Diethyl Ketone 86.134 234.2 375.1 561.0 31.3 336 2.7 0.814 293

301 C5H1oO 2-Methyl Tetrahydrofuran 86.134 351.0 537.0 37.6 267 0.855 293

302 C5H10O Tetrahydropyran 86.134 361.0 572.2 47.7 263 1.6 0.886 288

303 C5H10O2 N-Valeric Acid 102.134 239.0 459.5 651.0 0.939 293

304 C5H10O2 Isovaleric Acid 102.134 449.7 634.0 1.0 0.925 293

305 C5H10O2 Isobutyl Formate 102.134 178.0 371.4 554.0 37.3 352 1.9 0.885 293

306 C5H10O2 N-Propyl Acetate 102.134 374.7 549.4 33.3 345 1.8 0.887 293

307 C5H10O2 Ethyl Propionate 102.134 178.0 372.2 546.0 33.6 345 1.8 0.895 289

308 C5H10O2 Metyle Butyrate 102.134 199.3 375.9 554.4 34.8 340 1.7 0.898 293

309 C5H10O2 Metyle Isobutyrate 102.134 188.4 365.5 540.8 34.3 339 2