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EEE 105EEE 105
http://www.life.uiuc.edu/animalbiology/105/Name: eee105Password: prAIRie
AgricultureAgriculture
Animal -Human Disease Transmission
• Small pox derived from cow pox
• Tuberculosis also from cows
• Measles also from cattle
• Malaria from birds
• AIDS from Green Monkey
Animal -Human Disease Transmission
Influenza
World-wide pandemic
20 million died
Probably started in Kansas
• Why do modern flus originate in Asia?
Influenza
flu virus moves between humans, pigs, & poultry
Influenza
flu virus moves between humans, pigs, & poultry
• Why do modern flus originate in Asia?
Animal -Human Disease Transmission
Prion diseases spongiform encephalopathies
Animal -Human Disease Transmission
Prion diseasesFirst discovered in sheep -- scrapie
transmitted when sheep ate meat from diseased sheep
Animal -Human Disease Transmission
Prion diseasesFirst discovered in sheep -- scrapie
transmitted when sheep ate meat from diseased sheep
Then discovered in New Guinea cannibals
-- kuru , the “laughing sickness”
Animal -Human Disease Transmission
Prions are rogue proteins
which cause production of similar proteins destroy brain tissue
Animal -Human Disease Transmission
Mad Cow Disease
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
-- BSE
BSE discovered in Britain on 1986
200,000 cattle destroyed since then
Animal -Human Disease Transmission
Mad Cow Disease
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
-- BSE
in humans
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease CJD
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
A rare disease
No diagnostic test yet
Long delay between infection and onset
Prion Diseases
mink
Wasting disease in mule deer & elk
Prion Diseases
mink
Wasting disease in mule deer & elk
Possibly in squirrel brains
Prion Diseases
http://www.life.uiuc.edu/animalbiology/105/Name: eee105Password: prAIRie
Water ResourcesWater Resources Chpt. 16
• 70% of earth’s surface is covered by water
– Fresh Water = 3%
– Usable fresh water = .003%
Water ResourcesWater Resources
Inland waters cover < 2% of earth’s surface
Oceans 1,322,000,000 km3
Polar ice + glaciers 29,200,000 km3
Ground water 24,000,000 km3 (uncertain)
Freshwater lakes 125,000 km3
Saline lakes & inland seas 104,000 km3
Soil & subsoil water 65,000 km3
Atmospheric vapor 14,000 km3
Rivers & streams 1,200 km3
Water ResourcesWater Resources
The 20 lakes deeper than 400 m contain a disproportionate amount of world’s fresh water
Lake Baikal -- 23,000 km3
Laurentian Great Lakes contain 24,620 km3 20% of earth's unfrozen freshwater
Water ResourcesWater Resources
Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle
All water is locked into a constant recycling process
Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle
Solar energy evaporates water
Transpiration - Plants giving off water
Warm, moist air rises, cools, condenses, and falls as precipitation.
Some precipitation remains on the surface and evaporates
most sinks into the soil and / or returns to the oceans.
Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle
streamflow
Groundwater - Water entering the soil is either taken up by plants roots or moves downward until it reaches an impervious layer of rock, and accumulates in porous
strata called an aquifer.
Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle
aquifers
Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle
Water withdrawal
Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle
Ogallala aquifer
decline
Water UseWater Use
Domestic• Relatively small amount (8%) of global
freshwater is withdrawn for municipal and domestic uses.
• About 60% of water used for domestic purposes is returned to rivers as wastewater.
• Natural purification processes cannot cope with highly concentrated wastes typical of large urban areas.
Human effects on the hydrological cycle
Increased evaporation
cooling
Human effects on the hydrological cycle
Increased evaporation
cooling
irrigation
Human effects on the hydrological cycle
Increased evaporation
Increased runoff
deforestation
Human effects on the hydrological cycle
Increased evaporation
Increased runoff
deforestation pavement
Human effects on the hydrological cycle
Increased evaporation
Increased runoff
deforestation pavement
sewers
Human effects on the hydrological cycle
Increased evaporation
Increased runoff
Water usage
domestic
industry
agriculture
How water is used
Water usage
Agricultural Water Use
Irrigation is the major consumptive use of water in most parts of world
Cost of water is a limiting factor on agriculture
Water usage
Industrial Water Use
, and 23% worldwide
, and is returned to the source.
Accounts for nearly 50% of all water withdrawal in US
90% of water used by industry is for cooling
Water usage
Industrial Water Use
, and 23% worldwide
, and is returned to the source.
Accounts for nearly 50% of all water withdrawal in US
90% of water used by industry is for cooling
Water used to dissipate and transport waste -- stream and lake degradation
Water usage
Water usage
Domestic Water Use
70% used as solvent to carry wastes 30% used for lawn and garden very small fraction used for drinking
must be treated before release
Natural processes cannot cope with highly concentrated urban wastes
• Average person in NA home uses approximately 100 gallons of water per day
