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EECS 373Design of Microprocessor-Based Systems
Thomas SchmidUniversity of Michigan
Lecture 12: Wireless CommunicationOctober 14, 2010
1
Minute Quiz...
2
Announcements
• How do we deal with virtual timers that are close together?– Keep time running while executing current handler– When handler returns, check for time and the next virtual timer– If it is time, execute the next handler. Else, set the HW timer
4
Inter-Integrated Circuit - I2C
• What is the simplest way to connect many serial devices with just 2 wires?
• Addressing of chips• Message acknowledgment• Single master - multiple slave• Multiple master - multiple slave
• Two bi-directional open-drain lines SDA, SCL– Pull-up resistors to Vcc
• 7-bit address space with 16 addresses reserved
5
I2C
6
Dual, 256-Tap, Volatile, Low-Voltage Linear Taper Digital Potentiometer
MA
X5
38
7
______________________________________________________________________________________ 11
Message Format for WritingWrite to the devices by transmitting the device’s slave address with NOP/W (eighth bit) set to zero, followed by at least 2 bytes of information. The first byte of informa-tion is the command byte. The second byte is the data byte. The data byte goes into the internal register of the device as selected by the command byte (Figure 7 and Table 2).
Command ByteUse the command byte to select the destination of the wiper data. See Table 2.
Command DescriptionsREG A: The data byte writes to register A and the wiper of potentiometer A moves to the appropriate position. D[7:0] indicates the position of the wiper. D[7:0] = 00h
moves the wiper to the position closest to LA. D[7:0] = FFh moves the wiper to the position closest to HA. D[7:0] is 80h following power-on.
Table 1. Slave Addresses
Figure 6. Slave Address
Figure 7. Command and Single Data Byte Received
LSBMSBSTART
SDA
SCL
0 1 0 1 A2 A1 A0 ACKNOP/W
ADDRESS INPUTSSLAVE ADDRESS
A2 A1 A0GND GND GND 0101000GND GND VDD 0101001GND VDD GND 0101010GND VDD VDD 0101011VDD GND GND 0101100VDD GND VDD 0101101VDD VDD GND 0101110VDD VDD VDD 0101111
S 0 A A A P
ACKNOWLEDGE
NOP/W
HOW CONTROL BYTE AND DATABYTE MAP INTO DEVICE REGISTERS
ACKNOWLEDGE
R7 R6 R5 R4 R3 R2 R1 R0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
SLAVE ADDRESS COMMAND BYTE 1 DATA BYTE
R/W
Dual, 256-Tap, Volatile, Low-Voltage Linear Taper Digital Potentiometer
MA
X5
38
7
______________________________________________________________________________________ 11
Message Format for WritingWrite to the devices by transmitting the device’s slave address with NOP/W (eighth bit) set to zero, followed by at least 2 bytes of information. The first byte of informa-tion is the command byte. The second byte is the data byte. The data byte goes into the internal register of the device as selected by the command byte (Figure 7 and Table 2).
Command ByteUse the command byte to select the destination of the wiper data. See Table 2.
Command DescriptionsREG A: The data byte writes to register A and the wiper of potentiometer A moves to the appropriate position. D[7:0] indicates the position of the wiper. D[7:0] = 00h
moves the wiper to the position closest to LA. D[7:0] = FFh moves the wiper to the position closest to HA. D[7:0] is 80h following power-on.
Table 1. Slave Addresses
Figure 6. Slave Address
Figure 7. Command and Single Data Byte Received
LSBMSBSTART
SDA
SCL
0 1 0 1 A2 A1 A0 ACKNOP/W
ADDRESS INPUTSSLAVE ADDRESS
A2 A1 A0GND GND GND 0101000GND GND VDD 0101001GND VDD GND 0101010GND VDD VDD 0101011VDD GND GND 0101100VDD GND VDD 0101101VDD VDD GND 0101110VDD VDD VDD 0101111
S 0 A A A P
ACKNOWLEDGE
NOP/W
HOW CONTROL BYTE AND DATABYTE MAP INTO DEVICE REGISTERS
ACKNOWLEDGE
R7 R6 R5 R4 R3 R2 R1 R0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
SLAVE ADDRESS COMMAND BYTE 1 DATA BYTE
A3
Dual, 256-Tap, Volatile, Low-Voltage Linear Taper Digital Potentiometer
MA
X5
38
7
______________________________________________________________________________________ 11
Message Format for WritingWrite to the devices by transmitting the device’s slave address with NOP/W (eighth bit) set to zero, followed by at least 2 bytes of information. The first byte of informa-tion is the command byte. The second byte is the data byte. The data byte goes into the internal register of the device as selected by the command byte (Figure 7 and Table 2).
Command ByteUse the command byte to select the destination of the wiper data. See Table 2.
Command DescriptionsREG A: The data byte writes to register A and the wiper of potentiometer A moves to the appropriate position. D[7:0] indicates the position of the wiper. D[7:0] = 00h
moves the wiper to the position closest to LA. D[7:0] = FFh moves the wiper to the position closest to HA. D[7:0] is 80h following power-on.
Table 1. Slave Addresses
Figure 6. Slave Address
Figure 7. Command and Single Data Byte Received
LSBMSBSTART
SDA
SCL
0 1 0 1 A2 A1 A0 ACKNOP/W
ADDRESS INPUTSSLAVE ADDRESS
A2 A1 A0GND GND GND 0101000GND GND VDD 0101001GND VDD GND 0101010GND VDD VDD 0101011VDD GND GND 0101100VDD GND VDD 0101101VDD VDD GND 0101110VDD VDD VDD 0101111
S 0 A A A P
ACKNOWLEDGE
NOP/W
HOW CONTROL BYTE AND DATABYTE MAP INTO DEVICE REGISTERS
ACKNOWLEDGE
R7 R6 R5 R4 R3 R2 R1 R0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
SLAVE ADDRESS COMMAND BYTE 1 DATA BYTE
A4
Dual, 256-Tap, Volatile, Low-Voltage Linear Taper Digital Potentiometer
MA
X5
38
7
______________________________________________________________________________________ 11
Message Format for WritingWrite to the devices by transmitting the device’s slave address with NOP/W (eighth bit) set to zero, followed by at least 2 bytes of information. The first byte of informa-tion is the command byte. The second byte is the data byte. The data byte goes into the internal register of the device as selected by the command byte (Figure 7 and Table 2).
Command ByteUse the command byte to select the destination of the wiper data. See Table 2.
Command DescriptionsREG A: The data byte writes to register A and the wiper of potentiometer A moves to the appropriate position. D[7:0] indicates the position of the wiper. D[7:0] = 00h
moves the wiper to the position closest to LA. D[7:0] = FFh moves the wiper to the position closest to HA. D[7:0] is 80h following power-on.
Table 1. Slave Addresses
Figure 6. Slave Address
Figure 7. Command and Single Data Byte Received
LSBMSBSTART
SDA
SCL
0 1 0 1 A2 A1 A0 ACKNOP/W
ADDRESS INPUTSSLAVE ADDRESS
A2 A1 A0GND GND GND 0101000GND GND VDD 0101001GND VDD GND 0101010GND VDD VDD 0101011VDD GND GND 0101100VDD GND VDD 0101101VDD VDD GND 0101110VDD VDD VDD 0101111
S 0 A A A P
ACKNOWLEDGE
NOP/W
HOW CONTROL BYTE AND DATABYTE MAP INTO DEVICE REGISTERS
ACKNOWLEDGE
R7 R6 R5 R4 R3 R2 R1 R0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
SLAVE ADDRESS COMMAND BYTE 1 DATA BYTE
A5
Dual, 256-Tap, Volatile, Low-Voltage Linear Taper Digital Potentiometer
MA
X5
38
7
______________________________________________________________________________________ 11
Message Format for WritingWrite to the devices by transmitting the device’s slave address with NOP/W (eighth bit) set to zero, followed by at least 2 bytes of information. The first byte of informa-tion is the command byte. The second byte is the data byte. The data byte goes into the internal register of the device as selected by the command byte (Figure 7 and Table 2).
Command ByteUse the command byte to select the destination of the wiper data. See Table 2.
Command DescriptionsREG A: The data byte writes to register A and the wiper of potentiometer A moves to the appropriate position. D[7:0] indicates the position of the wiper. D[7:0] = 00h
moves the wiper to the position closest to LA. D[7:0] = FFh moves the wiper to the position closest to HA. D[7:0] is 80h following power-on.
Table 1. Slave Addresses
Figure 6. Slave Address
Figure 7. Command and Single Data Byte Received
LSBMSBSTART
SDA
SCL
0 1 0 1 A2 A1 A0 ACKNOP/W
ADDRESS INPUTSSLAVE ADDRESS
A2 A1 A0GND GND GND 0101000GND GND VDD 0101001GND VDD GND 0101010GND VDD VDD 0101011VDD GND GND 0101100VDD GND VDD 0101101VDD VDD GND 0101110VDD VDD VDD 0101111
S 0 A A A P
ACKNOWLEDGE
NOP/W
HOW CONTROL BYTE AND DATABYTE MAP INTO DEVICE REGISTERS
ACKNOWLEDGE
R7 R6 R5 R4 R3 R2 R1 R0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
SLAVE ADDRESS COMMAND BYTE 1 DATA BYTE
A6 A2 A1 A0 ACK
Dual, 256-Tap, Volatile, Low-Voltage Linear Taper Digital Potentiometer
MA
X5
38
7
______________________________________________________________________________________ 11
Message Format for WritingWrite to the devices by transmitting the device’s slave address with NOP/W (eighth bit) set to zero, followed by at least 2 bytes of information. The first byte of informa-tion is the command byte. The second byte is the data byte. The data byte goes into the internal register of the device as selected by the command byte (Figure 7 and Table 2).
Command ByteUse the command byte to select the destination of the wiper data. See Table 2.
Command DescriptionsREG A: The data byte writes to register A and the wiper of potentiometer A moves to the appropriate position. D[7:0] indicates the position of the wiper. D[7:0] = 00h
moves the wiper to the position closest to LA. D[7:0] = FFh moves the wiper to the position closest to HA. D[7:0] is 80h following power-on.
Table 1. Slave Addresses
Figure 6. Slave Address
Figure 7. Command and Single Data Byte Received
LSBMSBSTART
SDA
SCL
0 1 0 1 A2 A1 A0 ACKNOP/W
ADDRESS INPUTSSLAVE ADDRESS
A2 A1 A0GND GND GND 0101000GND GND VDD 0101001GND VDD GND 0101010GND VDD VDD 0101011VDD GND GND 0101100VDD GND VDD 0101101VDD VDD GND 0101110VDD VDD VDD 0101111
S 0 A A A P
ACKNOWLEDGE
NOP/W
HOW CONTROL BYTE AND DATABYTE MAP INTO DEVICE REGISTERS
ACKNOWLEDGE
R7 R6 R5 R4 R3 R2 R1 R0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
SLAVE ADDRESS COMMAND BYTE 1 DATA BYTE
R/W
Dual, 256-Tap, Volatile, Low-Voltage Linear Taper Digital Potentiometer
MA
X5
38
7
10 _____________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 3. START and STOP Conditions
Figure 4. Bit Transfer
Figure 5. Acknowledge
Bit TransferOne data bit is transferred during each clock pulse. The data on the SDA line must remain stable while SCL is high. See Figure 4.
AcknowledgeThe acknowledge bit is a clocked 9th bit that the recipi-ent uses to handshake receipt of each byte of data. See Figure 5. Each byte transferred requires a total of nine bits. The master controller generates the 9th clock pulse, and the recipient pulls down SDA during the acknowl-edge clock pulse, so the SDA line remains stable low during the high period of the clock pulse.
Slave AddressThe MAX5387 includes a 7-bit slave address (Figure 6). The 8th bit following the 7th bit of the slave address is the NOP/W bit. Set the NOP/W bit low for a write command and high for a no-operation command. The device does not support readback.
The device provides three address inputs (A0, A1, and A2), allowing up to eight devices to share a common bus (Table 1). The first 4 bits (MSBs) of the factory-set slave addresses are always 0101. A2, A1, and A0 set the next 3 bits of the slave address. Connect each address input to VDD or GND. Each device must have a unique address to share a common bus.
P
STOPCONDITION
S
START CONDITION
SDA
SCL
SDA
SCLDATA STABLE,DATA VALID
CHANGE OFDATA ALLOWED
9821
STARTCONDITION
SCL
SDA
CLOCK PULSE FORACKNOWLEDGMENT
NOT ACKNOWLEDGE
ACKNOWLEDGE
StopCondition
How can we cut the cord?
7
Modulation is Key to Wireless Communication
• Transmit information over an analog pass-band channel• AM/FM Modulation
8
• Alphabet of M=2N alternative symbols, each of size N• If we have fs S/s, the data rate is N·fs bits/s• Fundamental Digital Modulation
• Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)• Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK)• Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK)• Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
Phase Shift Keying
• Binary PSK (BPSK) M=2• Quadrature PSK (QPSK) M=4• 8PSK (M=8), 16PSK (M=16)• Differential PSK (DPSK) Differential QPSK (DQPSK)• Offset QPSK (OQPSK)
9
O-QPSK Constellation
BPSK Constellation
Figures from wikipedia.org
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
• Adds amplitude modulation to phase shift keying
10
16-QAM Constelation
11
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Earth
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Earth
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Satell
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RADIO-NAVIGATIONSATELLITE
RADIO-NAVIGATION
Radio-location
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(Pas
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RADIOASTRONOMY
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SATELLITE(Passive)
FIXED
MOBILE
MOBI
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RADIO-LOCATION
INTER-SATELLITE
Radio-location
MOBILE
MOBILESATELLITE
RADIO-NAVIGATION
RADIO-NAVIGATIONSATELLITE
AMAT
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AMAT
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SATE
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Amate
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Satel
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DIO-
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MOBIL
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EDSA
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EDSA
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EART
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(Pas
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SPAC
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.(P
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RADI
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FIXEDSATELLITE
(S-E)
FIXED
MOBIL
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MOBIL
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MOBIL
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MOBIL
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MOBIL
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SPAC
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R-SA
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R-SA
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MOBILE
MOBILE
MOBIL
EMOBILESATELLITE
RADIO-NAVIGATION
RADIO-NAVIGATIONSATELLITE
FIXEDSATELLITE
(E-S)
FIXED
FIXED
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(Passi
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SPAC
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.(Pa
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SPACERESEARCH
(Passive)
RADIOASTRONOMY
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SATELLITE(Passive)
MOBIL
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MOBIL
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MOBIL
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ED
FIXED
SATE
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(S-E
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EDSA
TELL
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DSA
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EART
H EXP
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SPAC
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.(Pa
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Radio
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Radio
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RADI
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CATIO
NAM
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Amate
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Satel
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H EXP
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SPAC
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MOBILE
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RADIO-NAVIGATION
RADIO-NAVIGATIONSATELLITE
MOBILE
MOBILE
FIXED
RADIO-ASTRONOMY
FIXEDSATELLITE
(E-S)
FIXED
3.0
3.02
5
3.15
5
3.23
0
3.4
3.5
4.0
4.06
3
4.43
8
4.65
4.7
4.75
4.85
4.99
55.
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5.00
55.
060
5.45
MARITIMEMOBILE
AMAT
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AMAT
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SATE
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FIXED
Mobil
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RITIM
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STAN
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FREQ
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ME SI
GNAL
(20,0
00 K
HZ)
Spac
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SATE
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MET. S
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SPAC
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MAR
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SPAC
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ace) AE
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IONA
VIGAT
ION
EART
HEX
PL. SA
T.(Pa
ssive)
300
325
335
405
415
435
495
505
510
525
535
1605
1615
1705
1800
1900
2000
2065
2107
2170
2173
.521
90.5
2194
2495
2501
2502
2505
2850
3000
RADIO-LOCATION
BROA
DCAS
TING
FIXED
MOBILE
AMAT
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RADIO
LOCA
TION
MOBIL
EFIX
EDMA
RITIM
EMO
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MARI
TIME M
OBILE
(TEL
EPHO
NY)
MARIT
IME
MOBIL
ELA
NDMO
BILE
MOBIL
EFIX
ED
30.0
30.5
6
32.0
33.0
34.0
35.0
36.0
37.0
37.5
38.0
38.2
539
.0
40.0
42.0
43.6
9
46.6
47.0
49.6
50.0
54.0
72.0
73.0
74.6
74.8
75.2
75.4
76.0
88.0
108.
0
117.
975
121.
9375
123.
0875
123.
5875
128.
8125
132.
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136.
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7.0
137.
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137.
175
137.
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138.
0
144.
014
6.0
148.
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9.9
150.
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0.8
152.
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154.
015
6.24
7515
7.03
7515
7.18
7515
7.45
161.
575
161.
625
161.
775
162.
0125
173.
217
3.4
174.
0
216.
0
220.
022
2.0
225.
0
235.
0
300
ISM – 6.78 ± .015 MHz ISM – 13.560 ± .007 MHz ISM – 27.12 ± .163 MHz
ISM – 40.68 ± .02 MHz
ISM – 24.125 ± 0.125 GHz 30 GHz
ISM – 245.0 ± 1GHzISM – 122.5 ± .500 GHzISM – 61.25 ± .250 GHz
300.
0
322.
0
328.
6
335.
4
399.
940
0.05
400.
1540
1.0
402.
0
403.
040
6.0
406.
1
410.
0
420.
0
450.
045
4.0
455.
045
6.0
460.
046
2.537
546
2.737
546
7.537
546
7.737
547
0.0
512.
0
608.
061
4.0
698
746
764
776
794
806
821
824
849
851
866
869
894
896
9019
0190
2
928
929
930
931
932
935
940
941
944
960
1215
1240
1300
1350
1390
1392
1395
2000
2020
2025
2110
2155
2160
2180
2200
2290
2300
2305
2310
2320
2345
2360
2385
2390
2400
2417
2450
2483
.525
0026
5526
9027
00
2900
3000
1400
1427
1429
.5
1430
1432
1435
1525
1530
1535
1544
1545
1549
.5
1558
.515
5916
1016
10.6
1613
.816
26.5
1660
1660
.516
68.4
1670
1675
1700
1710
1755
1850
MARIT
IME MO
BILE S
ATELL
ITE(sp
ace to
Earth)
MOBIL
E SAT
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(S-E)
RADI
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NAm
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FIXED F
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**LAN
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LM)
MOBIL
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.(Sp
ace to
Earth
)MA
RITIME
MOBIL
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.(Sp
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)Mo
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ro. TL
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MOBIL
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MOBIL
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(Space
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th)AE
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TE (R
)(sp
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3.0
3.1
3.3
3.5
3.6
3.65
3.7
4.2
4.4
4.5
4.8
4.94
4.99
5.0
5.15
5.25
5.35
5.46
5.47
5.6
5.65
5.83
5.85
5.92
5
6.42
5
6.52
5
6.70
6.87
5
7.02
57.
075
7.12
5
7.19
7.23
57.
257.
307.
45
7.55
7.75
7.90
8.02
5
8.17
5
8.21
5
8.4
8.45
8.5
9.0
9.2
9.3
9.5
10.0
10.4
510
.510
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10.6
10.6
8
10.7
11.7
12.2
12.7
12.7
5
13.2
513
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13.7
514
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14.2
14.4
14.4
714
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15.13
65
15.3
5
15.4
15.4
3
15.6
315
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17.2
17.3
17.7
17.8
18.3
18.6
18.8
19.3
19.7
20.1
20.2
21.2
21.4
22.0
22.2
122
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22.5
5
23.5
5
23.6
24.0
24.0
5
24.2
524
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24.6
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24.7
5
25.0
5
25.2
525
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27.5
29.5
29.9
30.0
ISM – 2450.0 ± 50 MHz
30.0
31.0
31.3
31.8
32.0
32.3
33.0
33.4
36.0
37.0
37.6
38.0
38.6
39.5
40.0
40.5
41.0
42.5
43.5
45.5
46.9
47.0
47.2
48.2
50.2
50.4
51.4
52.6
54.2
555
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56.9
57.0
58.2
59.0
59.3
64.0
65.0
66.0
71.0
74.0
75.5
76.0
77.0
77.5
78.0
81.0
84.0
86.0
92.0
95.0
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ISM – 915.0 ± 13 MHz
INTER
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PLEASE NOTE: THE SPACING ALLOTTED THE SERVICES IN THE SPEC-TRUM SEGMENTS SHOWN IS NOT PROPORTIONAL TO THE ACTUAL AMOUNTOF SPECTRUM OCCUPIED.
AERONAUTICALMOBILE
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ALLOCATION USAGE DESIGNATIONSERVICE EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
Primary FIXED Capital LettersSecondary Mobi le 1st Capital with lower case letters
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCENational Telecommunications and Information AdministrationOffice of Spectrum Management
October 2003
MOBIL
EBR
OADC
ASTIN
G
TRAVELERS INFORMATION STATIONS (G) AT 1610 kHz
59-64 GHz IS DESIGNATED FORUNLICENSED DEVICES
Fixed
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BANDDESIGNATIONS
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3 x 107m 3 x 106m 3 x 105m 30,000 m 3,000 m 300 m 30 m 3 m 30 cm 3 cm 0.3 cm 0.03 cm 3 x 105Å 3 x 104Å 3 x 103Å 3 x 102Å 3 x 10Å 3Å 3 x 10-1Å 3 x 10-2Å 3 x 10-3Å 3 x 10-4Å 3 x 10-5Å 3 x 10-6Å 3 x 10-7Å
0 10 Hz 100 Hz 1 kHz 10 kHz 100 kHz 1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 1 GHz 10 GHz 100 GHz 1 THz 1013Hz 1014Hz 1015Hz 1016Hz 1017Hz 1018Hz 1019Hz 1020Hz 1021Hz 1022Hz 1023Hz 1024Hz 1025Hz
THE RADIO SPECTRUMMAGNIFIED ABOVE3 kHz 300 GHz
VERY LOW FREQUENCY (VLF)Audible Range AM Broadcast FM Broadcast Radar Sub-Millimeter Visible Ultraviolet Gamma-ray Cosmic-ray
Infra-sonics Sonics Ultra-sonics Microwaves InfraredP L S XC RadarBands
LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF INFRARED VISIBLE ULTRAVIOLET X-RAY GAMMA-RAY COSMIC-RAY
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This chart is a graphic single-point-in-time portrayal of the Table of Frequency Allocations used by theFCC and NTIA. As such, it does not completely reflect all aspects, i.e., footnotes and recent changesmade to the Table of Frequency Allocations. Therefore, for complete information, users should consult theTable to determine the current status of U.S. allocations.
Why should you care about Wireless Embedded Systems?
12
Digital Radio
13
Source
Source
Source
Destination
Destination
Destination
Multiplex
Demultiplex
MAC
MAC
Modulator
Demodulator
Power Amp
Radio Channel
RF Filter
Carrier Frequency f0
Carrier Frequency f0
Limited bandwidthTime dependent
Noisy
Radio Channel
• Path loss proportional to 1/dn
• Typical path loss constants
• Problems– Channel is time-varying and can be significantly different for nodes at
the same distance– Link can even be asymmetric, i.e., the link between node 1 and 2 is
different than the one from node 2 to 114
Environment nFree Space 2Urban area cellular radio 2.7-3.5Shadowed urban cellular radio 3 - 5In-building Line of Sight 1.6 to 1.8Obstructed in building 4 to 6Obstructed in factories 2 to 3
No Disk Model Connectivity
• Hidden Terminal Problem
15
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16 meters
13 meters
Taxonomy of MAC Protocols
• Random-access vs. Scheduled • Time Slotted vs. Non-slotted• Peer-to-peer vs. Master-slave• MAC level retransmission
16Adapted from M. Srivastava EE202B Lecture
Some Common Examples
• ALOHA– Random, slot-less or slotted, peer-to-peer
• IEEE 802.11 infrastructure DCF and ad-hoc mode – Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA)– Random, slot-less, peer-to-peer
• IEEE 802.11 infrastructure PCF– Scheduled (polling), slot-less, master
• Bluetooth Piconets– Scheduled (polling), time-slot (with frequency hopping), master
• Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)• Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
17
Multi-Hop Routing
• Different protocols and algorithms for different goals• Any-to-any routing
– DSDV, DSR, AODV
• Geographic Routing– Nodes know their own and their neighbor location– Address is physical location of node– Forward to neighbor closest to address
• Directed Diffusion– Data, not node, centric– Nodes publish data, users subscribe
• Flooding, Gossiping, Trickle• Collection• IPv6 LoWPAN RPL (‘ripple’)
– proactive distance vector approach– optimized for low-power networks 18Ack: Culler, MobiHoc ‘05
Power Aware MAC Protocols
19
TI CC2520, TI MSP430, Actel SmartFusionPower Comparison
• TI CC2520– RX 18.5mA– TX 33.6 mA @ +5 dBm, 25.8 mA @ 0 dBm– < 1 uA in power down
• TI MSP430F5437A– Active Mode: 5.7 mA, 3.0 V @ 25 MHz– Standby Mode: 2.1 uA, 3.0 V
• Actel SmartFusion– MSS running at 100 MHz, 40 mA– MSS in WFI at 100 MHz, 20 mA– Stand By: 3 mA on 1.5 V, 1 mA on 3.3 V– Time Keeping: 10 uA on 3.3 V
20
Time is Energy
21
Time Uncertainty Problem
Asynchronous Approach
(long preambles: e.g. 1212B @ 2.2%)
Synchronous Approach
(frequent sync packets: e.g. every 15s)
Adapted from M. Srivastava EE202B Lecture
Receiver Initiated MACs
22
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TI CC2520 Power States
cc2520driver.h! RX RadioState_turnOn()
! Active RadioState_standby()
! LPM1 RadioState_turnOff()
! LPM2 Not implemented yet RadioState_shutdown()
25
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CC2520 DATASHEET 2.4 GHZ IEEE 802.15.4/ZIGBEE® RF TRANSCEIVER SWRS068 – DECEMBER 2007
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TI CC2520 Power States (2)
• Switching state is NOT instantaneous• Depends on
– Radio hardware switch on/off times (e.g. crystal bootup)– SPI communication speed for initial configuration after shutdown
• Power Draw– RX: 18.5mA– TX: 33.6 mA @ +5 dBm– Active Mode: 1.6 mA– LPM1: 175 uA– LPM2: 30 nA
• Wake-Up and Timing– LPM2 ! Active Mode: 0.3 ms (regulator + XOSC startup time)– LPM1 ! Active Mode: 0.2 ms (XOSC startup time)– AM ! RX or TX: 192 us– DOES NOT INCLUDE SPI TRANSFERS!
26
TI 2520 Driver Bootup
27
Turn On Radio
Initialize Radio AM ! RX
Mostly driver limitations, and slow SPI Clock @ 160kHz
TI CC2520 Extra Features
• Received Signal Strength RSSI– 8-bit signed – Calculated for every packet receivedvoid Radio_receive(uint8_t seqn, uint16_t panid, uint16_t saddr, uint16_t daddr, uint8_t* payload, uint8_t length, int8_t rssi);
– Approximately related to received signal power asP = RSSI - OFFSET [dBm]where OFFSET ! 76 dBm
• CCA– Clear channel assessment– Measures noise level of RF channel– High noise level indicates on-going communication– Implemented, but not exported in current driver
• Many many more features– See TI CC2520 Datasheet
http://focus.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/cc2520.pdf28
Radio Modules
• IEEE 802.15.4 Radios– X-Bee
• Out-of-the-box RF communication• Serial UART interface (API or AT Commands)
– Atmel AT86RF230– STM32W (Cortex-M3 & Radio on a chip)
• ANT– e.g. Nordic nRF24AP1 or nRF24AP2– Nike+ and in many iPhones/iPods
• WiFi– DigiConnect ME WiFi
• Cellular– Telit GM862, GSM/GPRS & GPS– Runs Python Scripts
• RFID, DASH7, Bluetooth, Z-wave, RuBee, NFC29
Some References
• Prabal Dutta, Stephen Dawson-Haggerty, Yin Chen, Chieh-Jan Mike Liang, and Andreas Terzis, “Design and Evaluation of a Versatile and Efficient Receiver-Initiated Link Layer for Low-Power Wireless,” ACM Sensys 2010 (http://www.eecs.umich.edu/~prabal/teaching/eecs373-f10/readings/p101-dutta.pdf)
• Joseph Polastre, Jonathan Hui, Philip Levis, Jerry Zhao, David Culler, Scott Shenker, and Ion Stoica, “A Unifying Link Abstraction for Wireless Sensor Networks,” Sensys 2005
• Gahng-Seop Ahn, Emiliano Miluzzo, Andrew T. Campbell, Se Gi Hong, Francesca Cuomo, “Funneling-MAC: A Localized, Sink-Oriented MAC for Boosting Fidelity in Sensor Networks,” ACM Sensys 2006.
• Kevin Klues, Gregor y Hackmann, Octav Chipara, Chenyang Lu, “A Component-Based Architecture for Power-Efficient Media Access Control in Wireless Sensor Networks,” ACM SenSys 2007.
• Nicolas Burri, Pascal von Rickenbach, and Roger Wattenhofer, “Dozer: Ultra-Low Power Data Gathering in Sensor Networks,” ACM/IEEE IPSN 2007.
• Wei Ye, Fabio Silva, and John Heidemann, “Ultra-Low Duty Cycle MAC with Scheduled Channel Polling,” ACM Sensys 2006.
• M. Buettner, G. Yee, E. Anderson, R. Han, “X-MAC: A Short Preamble MAC Protocol for Duty-Cycled Wireless Sensor Networks,” ACM Sensys 2006.
• Amre El-Hoiydi and Jean-Dominique Decotignie, “WiseMAC: An Ultra Low Power MAC Protocol for Multi-hop Wireless Sensor Networks,” First International Workshop on Algorithmic Aspects of Wireless Sensor Networks (Algosensors 2004), July 2004.
• S. Ganeriwal, I. Tsigkogiannis, H. Sim, V. Tsiatsis, M. B. Srivastava, and D. Ganesan, “Estimating Clock Uncertainty for Efficient Duty-Cycling in Sensor Networks,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 2008. (Accepted)
• J. Polastre, J. Hill, D. Culler, "Versatile Low Power Media Access for Wireless Sensor Networks," ACM Sensys 2004.
30