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European Environment Agency
EEA activities in the area of climate mitigation
EUROSAI WGEA SEMINAR23-24 March, 2010
Dr. Andreas BarkmanHead of Group
Air and Climate mitigation
European Environment Agency
This presentation
•Short intro about EEA•Overview of EEA activities with regard to climate mitigation•Reporting and assessing the current GHG emissions trends and progress towards targets in Europe•EEA climate change data centre for mitigation•EU climate policy – The climate and energy package
European Environment Agency
Who we are, what we do...
European EnvironmentAgency
European Environment Agency
“The EEA aims to support sustainable development and to help achieve significant and measurable improvement in Europe’s
environment, through the provision of timely, targeted, relevant and reliable information to
policy making agents and the public”
The EEA mission
European Environment Agency
The EEA is...•An independent information provider
•An analyst and assessor
•Building bridges between science and policy
•Dependent upon strong networks to carry out its work
...to support policy processes and inform the public
European Environment Agency
To provide European decision makers and citizenswith access to timely and relevant information andknowledge in order to• provide a sound basis for environmental policies
• help answer their questions about the environment in their daily lives
• ensure that environmental thinking and education is brought into the mainstream of decision-making
What is our mandate?
European Environment Agency
What are our objectives?
• Play a key role in the development and implementation of European environment policies and monitor their effectiveness
• Undertake integrated environmental assessments and analyses
• Provide access - through the Shared Environmental Information System - SEIS - and the Environmental Data Centres - to updated information and data
European Environment Agency
EEA member andcollaborating countries
Member countriesCollaborating countries
European Environment Agency
How does the EEA reach its objectives?
By providing a wide range of information andassessments of•The state of the environment and trends•Pressures on the environment and the driving forces behind them•Policies and their effectiveness•Outlooks/scenarios
European Environment Agency
Who are EEA’s clients?
•Institutions and governments–EEA member countries–Council –European Commission–European Parliament
•Influencers–NGOs –Business –Media –Advisory groups –Scientists
•General public
European Environment Agency
What are our products?•5-year state and outlook reports•Signals•Reports•Briefings•Articles •Technical reports•Multimedia content•Data and information services on the internet
European Environment Agency
The EEA Air and Climate mitigation group
Andreas Ricardo Eva
MartinFrancois Catherine
European Topic Centre on Air
and Climate Change
John
Özlem
European Environment Agency
Our portfolio includes
•Lead on climate mitigation issues (GHG MM, EU ETS, UNFCCC, EPRTR, NAMEA)•Lead on pollutant mitigation issues (NECD, CLRTAP, EPRTR, NAMEA)•Contribute to to major EEA integrated assessments and communication
European Environment Agency
Climate mitigation related work at EEA
•EC’s official GHG inventory submissionto UNFCCC and Kyoto
Protocol (and post 2012)
•Tracking progress towards targets – KyotoProtocol – 2020 targets •Policy effectiveness
•The post-2012 process•Tracking negotiations•Post-2012 scenarios
•GHG data services/viewers,indicators, country profiles
•Evaluating the application of EU Emissions Trading Scheme
•Addressing synergies and trade offs between air pollution and climate change
European Environment Agency
Reporting and assessing the current GHG emissions trends and progress
towards targets in Europe
European Environment Agency
Example of GHG inventory output (EU15/27)
Source: EEA.
90.7
95.0
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110Kyoto base year
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
EU‐27 total greenhouse gas emissions
EU‐15 total greenhouse gas emissions
EU‐15: ‐8% Kyoto target by 2008‐2012
EU‐27: ‐20% unilateral target by 2020
1.2% reduction 2007/2006 = 59 million tonnes CO2 eq.
1.6% reduction 2007/2006 = 64 million tonnes CO2 eq.
Index 1990=100, EU‐27Index base year =100, EU‐15
Source: EEA.
European Environment Agency
The EU-15 could in theory reach its Kyoto target with domestic policies and measures only…and..
European Environment Agency
Climate change data centre (mitigation)
Data centrecomponent
Related EEA products User
GHG viewer
EU ETS viewer
Policy maker
Expert/analyst
Media/public
PAMs DB
Maps and Graphs
Country profiles
CSI
EEA reports(EC NIR, TP)
-Structural indicators-SD indicators-EPR
European Environment Agency
Viewer of greenhouse gas emissions in Europe
Search by:• Sector• Gas• Country• Year• Data type (absolute emissions, index, %, etc.)
Easy download of graph or data (xls)
European Environment Agency
Repository of climate change policies and measures in Europe - Search results (example)
Includes quantified estimates of GHG reductions due to policy or measure
European Environment Agency
Greenhouse gas country profiles
Uses information from other products from climate change DC+ links to them+ links to national websites (SEIS)
European Environment Agency
The Climate Action and Renewable Energy (CARE) package
•Proposed by the Commission 23 January 2008•Designed to achieve EU’s overall environmental target of a 20% reduction in GHG and a 20% share of final renewable energy in EU’s total energy consumption by 2020 and 10% share of energy from renewable sources in the transport sector•EU’s unilateral contribution to meet 2 degree target and main ‘offer’ in the post 2012 negotiations•Discussed in European Council 12 Dec•European Parliament proposed amendments 17 Dec 2008•Adopted 6 April by Council
European Environment Agency
What’s in the package (overview)?
Revision of the EU ETS Directive
•EU wide -21% (2005)•Auctioning•Carbon leakage•CCS (link and support)•Aviation•Linking•Carbon credits
Effort sharing Decision for non -EU ETS sectors
Directive on the promotion of renewable energy
Regulation for CO2 emissions from new pass.
cars
Revised Directive on fuel quality standards
Regulatory framework for CCS
•National targets+-20% (2005)•National trajectories•Penalty factor•Carbon credits
•MS decides•Demo plants•Storage permits
•National targets•National action plan for national targets in trp, electricity, heating/cooling•Trp 10% RE/MS•Flexibility •Sust. criteria
•120g/km all fleet 2015•95g/km 2020•Penalties for manufacturers
•Life cycle GHG cuts•-6% by 2020 by fuel suppliers•MS may require 4%more•Encourage blending•Sust. criteria
European Environment Agency
GHG Target:
-20% compared to 1990
-14% compared to 2005
EU ETS-21% compared
to 2005
Non ETS sectors -10% compared to 2005
27 Member State targets, ranging from -20% to +20%
Ca 60% of EU
emissions
Ca 40% of EU
emissions
European Environment Agency
The cap in the EU-ETS for existing installations for the scope of the EU-ETS in the period from 2008-2012
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
2005 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Mill
ion
t CO
2 /ye
ar
Verified emissions in year 2005Sum of the caps of Member States Central EU-capLinear reduction path
European Environment Agency
The main EU ETS changes are the following:
•One EU-wide cap on the number of emission allowances instead of 27 national caps. The annual cap will decrease along a linear trend line, which will continue beyond the end of the third trading period (2013-2020).• A much larger share of allowances will be auctioned instead of allocated free of charge. Power sector 100%,•Harmonised rules governing free allocation will be introduced (benchmarking). Free allocation phased out. Exception for where high risk for carbon leakage exists (energy intensive industry).• Redistribution of auctioned allowances from the Member States with high per capita income to those with low per capita income in order to strengthen the financial capacity of the latter to invest in climate friendly technologies•New industries (e.g. aluminium and ammonia producers) will be included in the ETS; so will two further gases (nitrous oxide and perfluorocarbons).
European Environment Agency
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
LU DK IE SE AT FI NL UK BE DE FR IT ES CY EL PT SI MT CZ HU EE SK PL LT LV RO BU EU
2020 emissions compared to 2005
Effort Sharing targets for 2020 compared to 2005 emissions
European Environment Agency
Differentiation of ESD targets based on GDP/capita
•Need to take into account the wide divergence of wealth in the EU-27•GDP/capita as criterion for differentiation (ability to pay)•Limitation: between -20 and +20%•Consequences :
–poorer Member States can continue to grow in sectors such as transport–overall cost increases marginally compared to cost-effectiveness–but significant equalisation of overall effort between Member States
-25%
-20%
-15%
-10%
-5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0
GDP/Cap (000 €)
Red
uctio
n ta
rget
s N
on-E
TS c
ompa
red
to 2
005
20%: BG19%:RO
17%: LV
14%: PL13%: SK
11%: EE10%: HU
9%: CZ
5%: MA
1%: PT
-5%: CY
-10%: ES
-13%: IT-14%: DE, FR
-14%: BE-16%: AT, FI, UK, NL
-17%: SE
-20%: DK, IE, LU
15%: LT
3%: SL
-4%: EL
-25%
-20%
-15%
-10%
-5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0
GDP/Cap (000 €)
Red
uctio
n ta
rget
s N
on-E
TS c
ompa
red
to 2
005
20%: BG19%:RO
17%: LV
14%: PL13%: SK
11%: EE10%: HU
9%: CZ
5%: MA
1%: PT
-5%: CY
-10%: ES
-13%: IT-14%: DE, FR
-14%: BE-16%: AT, FI, UK, NL
-17%: SE
-20%: DK, IE, LU
15%: LT
3%: SL
-4%: EL
European Environment Agency
Estimated non-ETS target for a country with a negative reduction target
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2005 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Emis
sion
s
historic non-ETS emissions estimated non-ETS targetreduction path
2009 (av. 2008 - 2010)
European Environment Agency
Setting emission limits (ESD)
• Emission limits in tonnes of CO2 equivalent for the period 2013-2020 to be determined through comitology
• 2020 limits for ESD should be set in 2010 preferably in conjunction with the publication of the definite cap for ETS in 2013-2020
• 2013 limits (starting point for ESD linearpath) will be set in 2012 when 2008-2010 emissions data are available
• Updating emission limits if changes in ETS scope and opt-outs
European Environment Agency
Flexibility to meet ESD targets 1
• Within the Member State itself:• Overachievement during 2013-2019 can be carried over to
subsequent years, up to 2020• Emission allocation of up to 5% during 2013-2019 may be
carried forward from the following year
• Between Member States:• Member States may transfer up to 5% of their annual emission
allocation to other Member States, which may use this emission allocation until 2020 (ex-ante)
• Overachievement in 2013-2020 may be transferred to other Member States, which may use this emission allocation until 2020 (ex-post)
European Environment Agency
Use of JI/CDM credits:–Project based emission credits capped on a yearly basis up to 3% of 2005 non ETS emissions in Member State–Member States that do not use their 3% limit for the use of project based credits in any specific year can transfer their unused part for that year to other Member States or bank it for own use until 2020–Member States, which fulfil further criteria (AT, BE, DK, FL, IE, ES, IT, CY, LU, PT, SI, SE) may use project based credits up to an additional 1% of their verified emissions in 2005; not bankable and transferable
Flexibility to meet ESD targets 1
European Environment Agency
‘Flexibility 3’
•The economic downturn 2008 -20XX?•Any international post 2012 architecture?
European Environment Agency
Member States obligations•Compliance with emission limit in 2020 •Annual compliance in accordance with linear path and emission limits in 2013-2019•Reporting obligations for Member States
•Annual emissions;•The use, geographical distribution, and types of JI/CDM credits and qualitative criteria applied;•Projected progress towards meeting their emission limits in 2013-2020;•Information on planned additional national policies and measures to meet commitments beyond those in ESD.
•If using project credits in ESD that cannot be used in the ETS, Member States shall provide detailed justification.
European Environment Agency
Next steps in 2009-2011
When What Action
2010 Amending Registry Regulation Comitology
2010 Determination of Member States’ emission limits in 2020 in tonnes
Comitology
2010 (or later)
Assessing implications of international agreement Report
(2011*) Assessment and proposal for inclusion of LULUCF Legislative proposal, as appropriate
2010 (or later)
Proposal for amending ESD Legislative proposal, as appropriate
2010-2011 Amending Monitoring Mechanism Decision Legislative proposal
(2011*) MS submission of LULUCF preference MS submissions
* Triggered if no international rules agreed by end of 2010
European Environment Agency
Next steps in 2012 and beyond
** Triggered if no international rules agreed by end of 2011
When What Action
(2012**) Proposal to include international maritime emissions (Recital 2) Legislativeproposal
2012 Determination of emission limits in 2013-2019 Comitology
2012 Adjustments if changed scope Publication
2012 Modalities for transactions between Member States Comitology
2013-2022 annually
Annual compliance check and evaluation of MS progress in meeting their commitments
Report
2015, 2017, 2019
Evaluation of projected progress Report
31 Oct 2016 Report evaluating implementation of ESD and proposals, if appropriate, including national targets after 2020
Report + legis. proposals
European Environment Agency
LULUCF (Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry)
• Future inclusion of emissions from LULUCF in the Community reduction commitment depends on progress towards and results of an international agreement:
• Rules laid down in an international agreement will be the basis for amending the Decision
• In the event of no international agreement by December 2010, the Commission will make a proposal how to include LULUCF with the aim of its entry into force from 2013 onwards
• In both cases the Commission shall assess the need for an adjustment of the distribution of individual Member States efforts
European Environment Agency
2007 2008 2009 2010
COP 12 Nairobi
COP 13 Bali
COP 14 Poznan
COP 15
Copenhagen
COP16
Mexico/Peru
Science IPCC AR4
FIN GER PORT ESPFRA SWECZSLO BEL
G20 Gleneagles Plan of Action
G8 GER G8 JAP G8 ITA
The Roads to Copenhagen and beyondThe Roads to Copenhagen and beyond
Convention Dialogue
AWG-KP (Further commitments for Annex parties under Kyoto)
AWG-LCA (Bali 2007…..)
International Agreement?
Science IPCC AR
European Environment Agency
EU issues with the Copenhagen Accord •No legally binding nature and no explicit language referring to a process to deliver this•Recognises the 2°C objective but does not include targets that can deliver that at present. •Recognises the need for peaking but no date•No explicit long term target for 2050 for GHG reductions, not for developed, neither for developing countries•Weak on markets and not explicit on sectoral trading mechanisms•No reference to emissions from international aviation and maritime transport, or to HFCs
European Environment Agency
Time line UNFCCC process2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Established 2005, COP 11, Montreal
10 sessions , 15 meetings
AWG KP
No text agreed at COP 15
Established 2007, COP 13, Bali
8 sessions, 10 meetings
No text agreed at COP 15
Text agreed at COP 15 but not unanimous
AWG LCA
CopenhagenAccord
?Text agreed Not Unanimous
European Environment Agency
Way forwards?
•Copenhagen Accord is a step forward compared to stalemate in AWG LCA and AWG KP. •Deserves strong support, stepping stone to a more ambitious future. •Good basis to intensify climate change cooperation between developed and developing countries•Need to consider follow up process under the UNFCCC, AWG LCA and KP track? How to ensure the outcome becomes legally binding?•Other processes that will be important: Major Economies Forum, US legislative debate
European Environment Agency
Some requirements for any two way linking: EU ETS-X
Political will and trust, continuity and legitimate governance of ETS
Absolute caps but no price caps
Similar rules for offset crediting
Equally stringent MRV and penalties
Consistent banking and borrowing provisions
Comparable ambition level and length of commitment periods
Comparable key elements of allocation design, scope and NER
European Environment Agency
Corrections & Proofreading,
support by team
Initial Report & Review,
MS submissions 15 Jan Actual progress
MS submission 15 Mar Projected progress
Archiving and distribution to Team
Collection of GHG emission
data
Collection of reported GHG
indicators
Collection of Eurostat/Primes
data
Update of PAM
database
Collection of new projection
data
Collection of KM, sinks data
Collection of new indicator
dataQA/QC checks
Projection Summary Sheet
Country Profiles
QA/QC checks
MS Review
ETS Data
QA/QC checksQA/QC checks
PaM Chapter
Main Report
Annex
Country Profiles
Country summary
ETS Chapter ? Flex MexChapter
AssessmentChapter
Trend Chapters
Dra
ft
EEA MS, COM
EEA, UBA
Main Report
Annex
Country Profiles
Country summary
Fina
l EEA