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Lect. 1 - 06/21/2004 Alessandro Pinto, EE40 Summer 2004 2
StaffTAs
Wei Mao [email protected] Renaldi Winoto
[email protected] Reader
Haryanto Kurniawan [email protected]
Lect. 1 - 06/21/2004 Alessandro Pinto, EE40 Summer 2004 3
Course MaterialMain reference
http://www-inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~ee40Textbook (s)
Electrical Engineering Principles and Applications by Allan R. Hambley.
Reader available at Copy Central, 2483 Hearst Avenue
PublicationsSelected pubs posted on the web
Lect. 1 - 06/21/2004 Alessandro Pinto, EE40 Summer 2004 4
Course OrganizationLectures: 3 x week (20 total)Labs
Experimenting and verifyingBuilding a complete system: mixer, tone control,
amplifier, power supply, controlDiscussion sessions
More examples, exercise, exams preparationHomework
Weekly, for a better understanding Exams
2 midterms, 1 finalGrade
HW: 10%, LAB: 10%, MID: 20%, FINAL: 40%
Lect. 1 - 06/21/2004 Alessandro Pinto, EE40 Summer 2004 5
Table of contentsCircuit components
Resistor, Dependent sources, Operational amplifier
Circuit AnalysisNode, Loop/Mesh, Equivalent circuitsFirst order circuit
Active devicesCMOS transistor
Digital CircuitsLogic gates, Boolean algebraGates designMinimization
Extra Topics CAD for electronic circuits
Lect. 1 - 06/21/2004 Alessandro Pinto, EE40 Summer 2004 6
PrerequisitesMath 1BPhysics 7B
Lect. 1 - 06/21/2004 Alessandro Pinto, EE40 Summer 2004 7
Lecture 1Illustrates the historical background
ElectricityTransistorMonolithic integrationMoore’s law
Introduces signals: Analog and Digital
Lect. 1 - 06/21/2004 Alessandro Pinto, EE40 Summer 2004 8
History of EE: ElectricityHans Christian Oersted ’s Experiment (1820)
(Source: Molecular Expression)
(
1)
(
2)
(
3)
(
4)
Michael Faraday’s Experiment (1831)
Maxwell’s Equations (1831)
Lect. 1 - 06/21/2004 Alessandro Pinto, EE40 Summer 2004 9
History of EE: Transistor
Base
Collector
Emitter
J. Bardeen,W. Brattain and W. Shockley, 1939-1947
BC
E
BJT
GD
S
MOSFET
Lect. 1 - 06/21/2004 Alessandro Pinto, EE40 Summer 2004 10
History of EE: IntegrationJack S. Kilby (1958)Resistor
Capacitor
Inductor
Diode
Transistor
Monolithic (one piece) circuits: built forma silicon substrate
Lect. 1 - 06/21/2004 Alessandro Pinto, EE40 Summer 2004 11
Today’s Chips: Moore’s LawGordon Moore, 1965
Number of transistor per square inch doubles approximately every18 months
ImplicationsCost per device halves every 18 monthsMore transistors on the same area, more
complex and powerful chipsFuture chips are very hard to design!!!Fabrication cost is becoming prohibitive
Lect. 1 - 06/21/2004 Alessandro Pinto, EE40 Summer 2004 12
Today’s Chips: An Example
300mm wafer, 90nmP4 2.4 Ghz, 1.5V, 131mm2
90nm transistor (Intel)
Hair size (1024px)
Lect. 1 - 06/21/2004 Alessandro Pinto, EE40 Summer 2004 13
Signals: Analog vs. Digital
t
f(t)
t
g(t)
Analog: Analogous to some physical quantity
Digital: can be represented using a finite number of digits
Lect. 1 - 06/21/2004 Alessandro Pinto, EE40 Summer 2004 14
Example of Analog Signal
Properties:Dynamic range: maxV – minVFrequency: number of cycles in one
secondVo
ltage
(V)
Time (s)
A (440Hz) piano key stroke
Lect. 1 - 06/21/2004 Alessandro Pinto, EE40 Summer 2004 15
Analog CircuitsIt is an electronic subsystem which
operates entirely on analog signals
Amplifieri(t) o(t) o(t) = K i(t)
Lect. 1 - 06/21/2004 Alessandro Pinto, EE40 Summer 2004 16
Digital CircuitsIt is an electronic subsystem which
operates entirely on numbers (using, for instance, binary representation)
1-bit Adder
a
b
sum
carry
a b sum carry0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1
Lect. 1 - 06/21/2004 Alessandro Pinto, EE40 Summer 2004 17
Encoding of Digital SignalsWe use binary digits
Two values: {0 , 1}Positional systemEncoded by two voltage levels
+1.5 V → 1 , 0 V → 0
+1.5 V
+1.5 V0 V
5 → 101+1.5 V
0 V
threshold0
1
noise margin
Lect. 1 - 06/21/2004 Alessandro Pinto, EE40 Summer 2004 18
Why Digital?Digital signals are easy and cheap to
store Digital signals are insensible to noiseBoolean algebra can be used to
represent, manipulate, minimize logic functions
Digital signal processing is easier and relatively less expensive than analog signal processing
Lect. 1 - 06/21/2004 Alessandro Pinto, EE40 Summer 2004 19
Digital Representation of Analog Signals
Problem: represent f(t) using a finite number of binary digits
Example: A key stroke using 6 bitsOnly 64 possible values, hence not all
values can be representedQuantization error: due to finite
number of digitsTime sampling: time is continuous but
we want a finite sequence of numbers
Lect. 1 - 06/21/2004 Alessandro Pinto, EE40 Summer 2004 20
Digital Representation of Analog Signals
t
f(t) Dynamic Range: [-30,30] VPrecision: 5 V
t
Sampling
0000000100100011010001010110011110001001101010111100
-5V-10V-15V-20V-25V-30V
Quantization101101000101011000010010100111000100001100100011
Result
Lect. 1 - 06/21/2004 Alessandro Pinto, EE40 Summer 2004 21
Digital Representation of Logic Functions
Boolean Algebra:Variables can take values 0 or 1 (true or
false)Operators on variables:
a AND b a·ba OR b a+b NOT b b
Any logic expression can be built using these basic logic functions
Example: exclusive OR
Lect. 1 - 06/21/2004 Alessandro Pinto, EE40 Summer 2004 22
Full Adder Example
1-bit Adder
a
b
sum
carry
a b sum carry0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1
Lect. 1 - 06/21/2004 Alessandro Pinto, EE40 Summer 2004 23
SummaryAnalog signals are representation of
physical quantitiesDigital signals are less sensible to
noise than analog signalsDigital signals can represent analog
signals with arbitrary precision (at the expense of digital circuit cost)
Boolean algebra is a powerful mathematical tool for manipulating digital circuits
