EE-CS EE-CS R and D in IndiaR and D in India

U. B. DesaiU. B. Desai

SPANN LabSPANN LabDepartment of Electrical Department of Electrical

EngineeringEngineeringIIT-BombayIIT-Bombay

Powai, Mumbai 400076Powai, Mumbai 400076IndiaIndia

http://ee.iitb.ac.in/~spannhttp://ee.iitb.ac.in/~spann

July 18, 2004 2

EE-CS R & D in IndiaEE-CS R & D in India

Daunting task, simply because the canvas Daunting task, simply because the canvas is too vast is too vast

Will provide highlights …Will provide highlights …

Likely to miss out on some key activities Likely to miss out on some key activities

July 18, 2004 3

• 3.28 million sq kilometers• 35 States and Union Territories• Population: 1,028,610,328• No. of Households: 193,579,954• Avg. No. of persons per household: 5.3 • No. of Villages: 638,588• No. of Towns 6161

As per 2001 Census

• GDP: $650 billion• Per Capita income: $534• India’s economy ranked 120 w.r.t. per capita GDP• But ranked 4 if one considers PPP (purchasing power parity); after US, China and Japan

As per July 2005

July 18, 2004 4

R n D Organizations

inIndia

Academic Institutions

IndustryISRO

(Space Research Centers)

Department ofAtomic Energy

DRDODefense Research

Centers

July 18, 2004 5

Academic OrganizationsAcademic Organizations

NITs (National Institute of Technology), Other IIITs (Allahbad,Ahemdabad, …), BIT-Mesra, Anna Univ., Other Univs., and Private Colleges, …

CDAC, BITS-Pilani, IIITs (Hyderabad, Bangalore)

TIFR, IISc, Seven IITs, ISI-Cal, Inst. of Math Sci.

July 18, 2004 6

MHRDMinistry of Human

Resource Development

Industry

Department ofAtomic Energy

DRDODefense Research

Dev. Org.

Sources of Research Funding

for AcademicInstitutions

ISROIndian Space

Research Org.

DST Department of

Science and Tech

MICTMinistry of Info.

And Comm. Tech.

DSIRDept. of Sci. and

Indust. Res.

July 18, 2004 7

Two Exceptional Two Exceptional Achievements: Made Achievements: Made

Worldwide ImpactWorldwide Impact1.1. Manindra Agrawal, CSE Dept. Manindra Agrawal, CSE Dept.

IIT-Kanpur IIT-Kanpur Discovered a Discovered a polynomial timepolynomial time

deterministic algorithm to test if an deterministic algorithm to test if an input number is prime or not. input number is prime or not.

Solved a long standing problem on Solved a long standing problem on polynomial test for primalitypolynomial test for primality

Two B.Tech. students form IITK were Two B.Tech. students form IITK were involved with this work.involved with this work.

July 18, 2004 8

Two Exceptional Achievements …Two Exceptional Achievements …

2.2. Ashok Jhunjhunwala Ashok Jhunjhunwala EE Dept. IIT-MadrasEE Dept. IIT-Madras

Developed Wireless Developed Wireless local loop (WLL) local loop (WLL) technology -- CorDECTtechnology -- CorDECT

Incubated companies Incubated companies which markets this which markets this products worldwide -- products worldwide -- particularly in particularly in developing countries developing countries (Africa, Middle East)(Africa, Middle East)

Extensively deployed Extensively deployed in rural Indiain rural India

Various services on Various services on the CorDECT pipethe CorDECT pipe

Rural ATM

CorDECT

July 18, 2004 9

Leadership in

Research and

Development

Theory,Algorithms,

…

TechnologyDevelopment

Publicationsat International

Forums

Partnershipwith Industries

Incubate Companies

R and D Vision at Academic Institutions

July 18, 2004 10

Country

No.

am

on

g t

op 1

%

of c

ited p

ap

ers

Per c

apit

a

R&

D

ex

pen

dit

ure

(U

S $

)

R&

D e

xpendit

ure

per t

op c

ited p

ap

er

(U

S$

mil

lion)

NO

. of t

op p

apers

per $

Mil

lion

ex

pen

dit

ure o

n R

&D

Ex

pendit

ure p

er

scie

nti

st

(U

S $

000s)

Scie

nti

sts

per m

illi

on

popu

lati

on

USA 23723 705 8.4 2. 85 230 4099

England 4831 450 5.6 172 2666

Japan 2609 978 6.1 0.65 192 5095

Canada 2165 476 6.8 3.55 160

China 375 12 4.0 16

Australia 1049 285 5.2 85 3353

India 205 5.5 2.7 0.45 35 157

South Korea 294 241 3.9 0.73 104 2319

Israel 568 720 7.6 410

Brazil 188 56 5.1 36

No. among Top 1% of Cited Papers

Per CapitaR&D Expenditure(US$)

R&D Expenditureper top citedPaperUS$ million

ExpenditurePer scientist(US$ 000)

ScientistPer millPopulation

Source: UNESCO Statistical year Book, 1999; R. Chidambaram, Current Science, 25 March 2005

R & D Expenditure

July 18, 2004 11

Info. Thy and Coding

Signal Processing Comm. Networks

Wireless Communication

Space-Time Signal Processing

Speech Processing

Network Security

Optical Comm.

Cryptography

VLSI

Computer Vision

Multimedia

Biomedical SignalProcessing

Pattern Recog.

Sensor Networks

RFID

Ultra Wideband(UWB)

Communication and ElectronicsNextGen Wireless

802.16 4G

Nanotechnology

Devices

Embedded Systems

July 18, 2004 12

LanguageTechnologies

Bioinformatics

Theoretical CS Soft Computing

MobileComputing

Distributed Computing

CompilersDatabases

AndWeb Technology

Machine Translation

Human ComputerInteraction

Computer Vision

Computer Graphics

Ad Hoc Networks

Ubiquitous Computing

Computer Science& Engineering

Grid Computing Software Engrg. Digital LibraryMachine Learning

Intelligent Systems

July 18, 2004 13

Signal Processing Comm. Networks

Wireless Communication

• Thrust is on• Denoising Algorithms• Wavelets• Channel Modeling• Coding, receiver algorithms • Basically --- Physical Layer

• Protocols• QoS• MAC • Stochastic Network Traffic Modeling

July 18, 2004 14

Space-Time Signal Processing

NextGen Wireless

802.16 4G

• Simulations for 802.16 (WiMax)• Space-time codes for 802.16de• Development of “Indian” profiles for 4G (led by CeWIT at IITM)• Multiuser Detection • Cross layer optimization

Info. Thy and Coding

July 18, 2004 15

Sensor Networks

RFID

Ultra Wideband(UWB)

• Mulithop, fault tolerant and energy efficient protocols• Collaborative signal processing• Lab. test bed

• Some beginnings

July 18, 2004 16

Computer Vision

Multimedia

Pattern Recog.

• Multimedia• transcoding• media over wireless

• Computer Vision and Graphics• gesture recognition• super-resolution• motion analysis• Rendering• Virtual Reality

Computer Graphics

July 18, 2004 17

Network Security

Cryptography

• A thrust area for ministry• Encryption Algorithms• Elliptic curves based cryptography• RF based security for Wireless LANs

July 18, 2004 18

Speech Processing

LanguageTechnologies

• Speech Recognition • Speech to SMS (CSR Lab. of Tata Infotech)• Machine Translation from Telugu, Kanada, Marathi, Punjabi, Bengali to to Hindi (IIIT-Hyd)• Domain specific search engines (e.g. Cricket) (IIIT-Hyd)

July 18, 2004 19

• Graph Partitioning• Graph Drawing Algorithms• Complexity Theory in the Algebraic Model• Parallel algorithms • Enumerative Combinatorics

Theoretical CS

July 18, 2004 20

Distributed Computing Soft Computing

Databases And

Web Technology

• Novel architectures (extended hypercube)• Distributed information representation• distributed client server information systems

• Cased base reasoning• Genetic, Fuzzy and Neural-net algos.• Probabilistic support vector machines• Unsupervised learning

• Query processing, indexing, and caching in data-warehouses and data marts. • Parallel databases, and real-time databases • GIS• Transaction processing and recovery • Web-interfaces to databases

July 18, 2004 21

MobileComputing

Ad Hoc Networks

• Energy efficient routing algorithms• Seamless handoff between GSM and WiFi• Mobile agents based wireless networking• Wireless protocols for 802.16e, 802.11, …

July 18, 2004 22

Machine Learning

Intelligent Systems

Machine Translation

• Universal networking language• Combinatorial and stochastic methods in machine learning• Semantics and Verification

July 18, 2004 23

Product DevelopmentProduct Development IISc, all ITTs, BITs, etc. IISc, all ITTs, BITs, etc.

have have Business IncubatorsBusiness Incubators

IITMIITM IISc -- SID (Soc. for IISc -- SID (Soc. for

Innovation and Innovation and Development)Development)

IITKgp - STEP IITKgp - STEP IITD -- FIST IITD -- FIST IITB – SINEIITB – SINE IITK – SIICIITK – SIIC ……

Proucts in the market:Proucts in the market: Simputer – IIScSimputer – IISc PARAM Computer fromPARAM Computer from CDACCDAC CorDECT – IITMCorDECT – IITM Rural ATM – IITMRural ATM – IITM Indian Language Indian Language

software tools package software tools package (CDAC, Chennai (CDAC, Chennai Kavigal, …)Kavigal, …)

……

July 18, 2004 24

1981-1982 1991-1992 2001-2002 2002-2003

Total enrolment 3,000000 5,270000 8,821000 9,227833

Intake in Engineering

28,500 66,600 359, 723 692,087

No of Engrg. colleges

158 337 1208

All colleges 4886 7592 13,150

Faculty Strength 199,904 264,000 351,000

Ph.D.s awarded 6080 8743 11,450

Ph.D.s in Engineering

139 299 739

Higher Education Expenditure: % GDP

1.0 0.46 0.40

Students, Faculty and Colleges

July 18, 2004 25

Int. Int. Journal Journal PublicatioPublicationsns

Int. Conf. Int. Conf. PublicatioPublicationsns

Comp. Sci.Comp. Sci.

&&

Engrg. Engrg.

~ 150~ 150 ~ 300 ~ 300

Comm., Comm., Signal Signal Process. & Process. & Micro. Micro. Electro.Electro.

~ 300~ 300 ~ 400~ 400

No. of No. of FacultyFaculty

No. of No. of Ph.D. /yrPh.D. /yr

No. of No. of M.Tech./yrM.Tech./yr

Comp. Sci. & Comp. Sci. & Engrg.Engrg.

250-275250-275 ~ 30~ 30 ~ 500~ 500

Comm. Sig. Comm. Sig. Proc. and Proc. and

MicroelectroniMicroelectronicscs

350-400350-400 ~ 50~ 50 900-1000900-1000

Nat. Nat. Conf.Conf.

Int. Conf.Int. Conf.

CSECSE 3-43-4 2-42-4

CSP-MuECSP-MuE 4-54-5 3-53-5

Manpower and Output

July 18, 2004 26

Many multinationals, which include Microsoft, Motorola, Lucent, Google, IBM, TI, Analog Devices, Philips, Sony, Erickson, HP, Intel, Nokia etc. have already opened their R&D centers in the country. These centers are over and above their regular development centers.

John F. Welch

“India is a developing country but it is a developed country as far as its intellectual infrastructure is concerned. We get the highest Intellectual capital per dollar”

July 18, 2004 27

Riardo Giacconi, a Nobel Laureate in Physics, “A scientist is like a painter. Michelangelo became a great artist, because he had been given a wall to paint. My wall was given to me by the United States.”Now such walls are emerging in India and we are seeing a ray of reverse migration

Many thanksMany thanks