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Bell RingerBell Ringer
What does a teacher make?
Can you list just 3 things?
What Do Teachers MakeWhat Do Teachers Make
Teachers Are
Overpaid
Teachers Are
Overpaid
What do I believe?What do I believe?
• Do not turn your paper over:)
• Complete side one to the best of your ability before you dare peek at the back!
• Do you remember how to find the %????
• Color pencils on the front table.
• Complete the pie graph.
WHYWHY
Predominant Educational Theories and PhilosophiesPredominant Educational
Theories and Philosophies
“IDEAS”
The “Ideas”The “Ideas”
• Perennialism• Progressivism• Essentialism• Social Reconstruction
PerennialismPerennialism
Human nature is constant and humans are rational creatures
Truth is constant and changeless• Found in great works of civilization• Education should develop intellect
Authoritarian in nature• Teacher instructs• Students receive
Mortimer Adler- Paideia Proposal; the “Core”
Mortimer Adler- Paideia Proposal; the “Core”
• Language, Literature and the Fine Arts;• Mathematics and Natural Science;• History, Geography and Social Studies;• Physical Education (12 years)• Manual Training including cooking, sewing,
typing, machine repair (6 years);• A general introduction to the world of work (last 2
years)
Mortimer Adler- Paideia Proposal
Mortimer Adler- Paideia Proposal
• All children are educable;
•Education is never completed in school or higher institutions of learning, but is a lifelong process of maturity for all citizens;
•The primary cause of learning is the activity of the child's mind, which is not created by, but only assisted by the teacher;
Mortimer Adler- Paideia Proposal
Mortimer Adler- Paideia Proposal
• Multiple types learning and teaching must be utilized in education, not just teacher lecturing, or telling;
• A student's preparation for earning a living is not the primary objective of schooling.
Criticism of PerennialismCriticism of Perennialism
• Approach is too Eurocentric
• Lacks student engagement with the learning process
• Often overlooks positive effects of extracurricular activities
ProgressivismProgressivism
Ideas must have practical value to be worthwhileWorld and nature in constant flux
• Knowledge continually refined and rediscovered• Education should develop problem solving skills;
curriculum is variableStudents and teachers learn together
ProgressivismProgressivism
Ideas must have practical value to be worthwhileWorld and nature in constant flux
• Knowledge continually refined and rediscovered• Education should develop problem solving skills;
curriculum is variableStudents and teachers learn together John Dewey:
learn by doing
Criticism of ProgressivismCriticism of Progressivism
• Failing to emphasize the “basics” causes a decline in standardized test scores
• Society’s youth are failed by encouraging mediocrity
• Approach is too student-centered
EssentialismEssentialism
Human nature the same everywhereBody of knowledge needed to function in society-all must
learn• Basic skills such as the 3 R’s• New knowledge as it arises such as computer literacy
Teacher directs organization and transmission of knowledge through lecture• Discipline and pressure to learn facts• Abstract nature of knowledge does not require learning by doing
or discussion
• NCLB(No Child Left Behind)
Criticism of EssentialismCriticism of Essentialism
• Essentials of this system are found only in Western culture and history.
• Some view this as discriminating against non-white students
• Students are passive in the learning process.
Teacher vs. Learner-Centered Instruction
Teacher vs. Learner-Centered Instruction
Teacher-Centered Student-CenteredFocus is on instructor Focus is on both students and instructor
Focus is on language forms and structures (what the instructor knows about the language)
Focus is on language use in typical situations (how students will use the language)
Instructor talks; students listen Instructor models; students interact with instructor and one another
Students work alone Students work in pairs, in groups, or alone depending on the purpose of the activity
Instructor monitors and corrects every student utterance
Students talk without constant instructor monitoring; instructor provides feedback/correction when questions arise
Instructor answers students’ questions about language
Students answer each other’s questions, using instructor as an information resource
Instructor chooses topics Students have some choice of topics
Instructor evaluates student learning Students evaluate their own learning; instructor also evaluates
Classroom is quiet Classroom is often noisy and busy
Social ReconstructionismSocial Reconstructionism
Individual focus to create a better societyGoal to eliminate social injustice
• Personal responsibility
• Schooling helps students Pay it Forward
Social ReconstructionismSocial Reconstructionism
• Individual approach lacks collaboration or group work, not preparing students in core curriculum
• Lack of uniform curriculum and common outcomes