Educational Psychology:Theory and Practice

Chapter 7

The Effective Lesson

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ISBN: 0-205-31479-1

Direct Instruction

“…lessons in which the teacher transmits information directly to students, structuring class time to reach a clearly defined set of objectives as efficiently as possible.” (p. 199)

How Direct Instruction Is Taught: State Learning Objectives

Identify Reasons for Teaching and Learning

Provide a Framework Specify Responsibilities of Teachers and

Students

How Direct Instruction Is Taught:Orient Students to the Lesson

Advance Organizer Arouse Curiosity Establish Expectations

Response Set A Question or Problem

Relate Objective to Student Experience

How Direct Instruction Is Taught:Dealing With Lateness

Start on Time Avoid Backtracking or Repeating Let Students Know the Consequences

of Being Late Demonstrate That Course Content

Takes Priority

How Direct Instruction Is Taught: Review Prerequisites

Link to Existing Information Assess Students

Pre-Quiz Informal Information Sharing

How Direct Instruction Is Taught: Present New Material

Progressive Differentiation Five to Nine Concepts Lesson Clarity Multi-Sensory Explanations Demonstrations, Models, and

Illustrations (Authentic Learning) Cooperative Learning

How Direct Instruction Is Taught: Conduct Learning Probes

Checks for Understanding Question Types Wait Time

Wait Time Associated With Questioning

Teacher question

Student is acknowledged and answers

Teacher reacts to student’s

answer

Wait Time I Wait Time II

Time

How Direct Instruction Is Taught: Conduct Learning Probes

Tactics for Questioning Ask Only One Question at a Time Wait for an Answer Call on Students at Random Choral Response

Ask for Questions Plan Your Questions

How Direct Instruction Is Taught: Conduct Learning Probes

Why did we have a depression in the 1930’s?

What series of events led up to the stock market crash of 1929 and the high unemployment of the 1930’s?

How Direct Instruction Is Taught: Provide Independent Practice

Seat Work Practice, Self-Assessment, and Teacher

Assessment

Find the Cost

Game 1 Game 2

$8

$10

$7 $11

$4

$6 $3

$9

$5

$7

$5

$10 $8

$11

$3 $6

$9

$4

$4$6

$3

$5

$4 $3$2

Choose two animals

Find the Cost Locate the

sum on the game board

Mark it with and X or O

Three marks in a line wins

How Direct Instruction Is Taught:Assess and Provide Feedback

Assessing Individual Lessons: Questioning, Independent Work, Quizzes

Every Lesson Should Have Some Type of Assessment

More Assessments = Higher Achievement

How Direct Instruction Is Taught: Distributed Practice and Review

Retention Increased by Review Spaced Out Over Time

Achievement Increased by Homework

Cognitive Teaching Strategies:Transfer of Learning

Goal of Teaching? Goal of Learning? How Can We Teach Effectively

Give Many Examples Analogies Elaboration Review and Practice

Transfer of Learning

The Horse Question…