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Educational Planning & Management
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Education Planning and management
Education Planning in India
Education in the Indian ConstitutionArticle 29(1) : No citizen shall be denied admission to any educational institution maintained by the state on grounds of religion, caste, language or any other
1921 to 1976 : Education as a State subject
42nd amendment : Education in concurrent list
Entry 20 (List III Concurrent List) : Govt. of India & State govt. to work jointly for education
Important Functions of StateProviding elementary educationProviding secondary & higher educationControlling universities activitiesOpening training institutionsProviding adult & social educationProviding financial assistanceAppointing commissions Appointing supervisory staffProviding curriculum & syllabusHolding examinations
Free and Compulsory EducationArticle 45: Directive Principles of State Policy: state shall endeavour within 10 years, to provide free & compulsory education till 14 yrs. (i.e. by 1960)
RTE, 2009 : Free & compulsory education for 6-14 years of age
Vocational & Technical Training of Labour : Entry 25 in List III (Concurrent List)
Higher Education : List 1 (Union List)Entry 63 : BHU, AMU, DU national importance
Entry 64 : Scientific & Technical institutions
Entry 65 : Professional, Vocational & Technical trainingSpecial Studies & ResearchScientific assistance in Crime investigation
Entry 66 : Higher education not to be lowered at the hand of state to detriment of national interest
Entry 13 : International conferences & associationsEducation in Union TerritoriesArticle 239 : UT to be administered by president through an administrator
Thus, Govt. of India solely responsible for education in UTEducation for Weaker Section of PeopleArticle 46: State shall promote with special care the educational & economic interests of weaker sections (SC & ST) & protect them from social injustice & exploitation (includes disability)
Article 15: Nothing shall prevent the state from making special provisions for SC/ST/women & other backward classes
Education for the MinoritiesArticle 29 : Protection of interest of minorities
Article 30 : Right of Minorities to establish & administer educational institutions
Instruction in Mother tongue at Primary StageArticle 350-A : provide adequate facilities for instruction in the mother tongue at the primary stageArticle 350-B : appointment of special officer for linguistic minorities
Spread of HindiArticle 351 : Special responsibility of the Centre to develop the national language i.e. Hindi
Scientific & Technical termsEncyclopaediaPopular literatureShort hand notationScholarshipsAssistance to non-Hindi states
Religious EducationArticle 25(1) : Right to profess, practice & propagate religionArticle 28 : Freedom to attend religious institutionNo religious instruction in state funded educational institutions
Liaison with UNESCOIndia is a founder member of UNESCO (1946)UNESCO research centre on Social & Economic development in Southern IndiaNational Institute of Educational Planning & AdministrationSouth Asia Science Co-operative OfficeRegional Research Centre on Social Implications of Industrialization for Southern IndiaScholarships by Commonwealth, Ford Foundation, British Council etc. to Indian students
Education on the Concurrent ListState subject till Dec, 197642nd amendment, education on concurrent listAlso, the act established the supremacy of Parliament over Executive & JudiciaryThe idea of education on Concurrent list was not a new one & had been raised by many in the past: M.C. Chagla (1964), Saprus Committe, Indian Education Commission etc.Education a national concernNational Policies on EducationUGC an autonomous body in 1956University Education Commission or Radhakrishnan Commission (1948-49)Secondary Education Commission or Mudaliar Commission (1952-53)National Education Commission or Kothari Commission (1964-66)National Policy on Education (1986)
University Education Commission (1948-49)Chairman : Dr. S. Radha KrishnanTwo volumes: first part 18 chapters & 747 pages and second volume contains statistics
Recommendations:Leadership education Technical Education : Research and DevelopmentSet up UGC - 1956 Medium of Instruction : English should be replaced by Indian languageTeaching Standards: Better equipped & minimum 180 days of teaching Entry only after 12 years of study at schoolRural Education : Agriculture Education of Character Religious and Moral Instruction Examination and Evaluation Women Education Concurrent List Vocational Education
University Education Commission (1948-49)
Secondary Education Commission (1952-53)Chairman : Dr. A.L. Mudaliar (then Vice-Chancellor of Madras University)Report of 250 pages
Defects of Secondary EducationBookish, mechanical, stereotyped & uniformToo much stress on examinationsOver-crowded curriculum & classroomsUnscientific teaching methodsLack of proper study materialDefective examination system
Secondary Education Commission (1952-53)Recommendations:Period of secondary education = 7 yearsMulti-purpose schoolsHorticulture & Animal HusbandryStudy of Home ScienceThree language formulaIntroduce Objective testsGuidance & Counselling
National Education Commission (1964-66)Chairman : Dr. D.S. KothariEducationists from UK, USA, Japan, France, Russia 700 Pages - Bible for teachers Recommendations:Social & National Integration through EducationFree & Compulsory Education upto 14 yearsDiversification of curriculumScience & Technical EducationVocational EducationMedium of InstructionAdult Education
National Policy on Education, 1968Adopted by Indira Gandhi governmentOn Basis of Kothari Commission RecommendationsFree & Compulsory Education Science & Technical Education Educational Structure: 10+2, only 1 public exam Medium of Instruction/Development of languagesTeachers Status & Salaries Education for agriculture Games & Sports
National Policy on Education, 1968Education of Minorities Part time & Correspondence courses Examination and Evaluation Textbooks Vocational Education Equalization of Educational Opportunities - Poor/Disabled Adult Education Secondary Education Higher Education
National Policy on Education, 1986Adopted by Rajiv Gandhis governmentRecommendations:Promote National ProgressNational Curricular FrameworkUniversalization of Elementary Education Science & Technical Education Educational Structure: 10+2, only 1 public examTeachers Status & Salaries Rural Universities Education of Minorities Lifelong EducationEradication of illiteracy
National Policy on Education, 1986Open Universities, Non formal EducationExamination and Evaluation Women Education Vocational Education Equalization of Educational Opportunities - Poor/Disabled Adult Education Secondary Education Higher Education
NPE, Revised Policy in 1992In 1990, as United Front govt. was formed at the centreModifications by CABE recommendedThe revision of the policy, was completed & introduced in 1992, along with the revised Programme of Action.UEEWomens EducationVocational EducationHigher & Technical EducationImprovement in quality of content
One polytechnic in each stateProduction of audio visual aids at CIE14 Engineering collegesIndustrial schoolsSchools for handicraftsScholarship for further study in foreign countriesEstablish librariesDevelop regional languagesProvision for NCCAdult educationFirst Five Year Plan (1951-56)
Second Five Year Plan (1956-61)Primary education for girlsBoard for Primary and Basic EducationAgriculture Education at secondary levelStop stagnation & wastage in primary educationSecondary schools to converted into Higher SecondaryStop stagnation & wastage in university educationDevelopment & Enrichment of fine artsCultural & Educational programmes with UNESCO
Third Five Year Plan (1961-66)Six education centresState govt. to give full attention to child welfare centresPrimary education by state govt.Expand scientific educationMulti-purpose and secondary institutionsUniversity educationSocial education : National Institute of Fundamental Education and Audio-Visual Education CentreRs. 130 crores for technical education
Fourth Five Year Plan (1969-74)Remove deficienciesRemove internal stress & strainsTraining of teachers & Balwadis (Pre-school)Free and compulsory education till 14 yearsGirl educationQuality of secondary educationPart-time & diploma courses
Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-79)Social JusticeEmployment needsQuality of EducationInvolvement in Social & Economic developmentFree & Compulsory Education till 14 yrs.Evening colleges, correspondence courses, private study etc.Non formal educationScholarshipsFaculty developmentDiversification of courses
Sixth Five Year PlanAdult EducationAll round primary educationVocationalization of Secondary educationStandard of higher educationCo-relation between education, employment & national developmentEqual opportunities in educationEducational schemes in backward statesNon formal education
Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-90)Eradication of illiteracy 18-35 yrs.Quality EducationReorganization of education systemModernization of technical educationDevelopment of human resourcesReshaping the educational structureNational Literacy Mission
Eighth Five Year Plan (1992-97)UEENational Literacy Mission (18-35 yrs.)Vocational educationScientific methods in teachingEqual opportunities esp. girls10+2+3 in all statesOpen universitiesNavodaya VidyalayasEnvironmental EducationExpansion of IGNOUScholarship for students going abroad
Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD)Till 1987, known as Ministry of Education9 Divisions:AdministrationElementary & Basic EducationSecondary EducationUniversity EducationPhysical Education & RecreationHindiScholarshipResearch & PublicationsSocial Welfare
Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment (MSJ&E)India is a welfare state, protecting the interests on weaker sectionsSC/ST; Other backward classes; Minorities; Aged People; Street Children; Drug Addicts & Persons with DisabilityEnsure equitable treatment of otherwise discriminated lotVarious schemes to sponsor/help NGOs like DDRS etc.
NIOS : National Institute of Open SchoolingAutonomous Registered Society Nov. 1989Full authority to examine & certify the students till pre-degree levelsFlexibility of courses, time and learning pace for secondary and senior secondary courses
Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE)Oldest & highest advisory body to govt.Reviews progress of educationCheck implementation of education policyAdvise State or Central govt. Union HRD minister is the chairman, State HRD minister is vice-chairman
National Council of Educational Research & Training (NCERT)Established in 1961 with HQ at DelhiTo undertake necessary research, innovations, experiments, pilot projects etc. in education
National Institute of Educational Planning & Administration (NIEPA)UNESCOs regional centre for Educational planners & administrators, 1961-62Renamed as Asian Institute of Educational Planning & AdministrationIndian Govt. took it over in 1970 after 10 yrs contract completion with UNESCO named National Staff College for Educational Planning & AdministrationGot its present name in 1979
National Council of Teacher Education (NCTE)Since 1973, it is advisory body for the central & state Govt.Ensure that standards are maintainedNCTE Act, 1993 making NCTE as statutory body in 1995
Rehabilitation Council of India (RCI)Needs of disabledRespect, not pityRights, not charityEquality, not dependenceParticipation, not segregationRCI Act, 1992 RCI as statutory body in 1993Regulate standard training & programmes for rehabilitation professionalsCentral Rehabilitation Register recognized qualification
UNESCO United Nation Educational, Scientific and Cultural OrganizationHead-quarter in Paris, 188 member statesRight educationLifelong educationEducational aid for RefugeesEducational conferencesTeacher educationEducation methods, Materials & TechniquesRestructuring educational systemEducational financing
UNICEF United Nations Childrens FundEarlier name United Nations International Childrens Emergency FundName changed in 1983Co-operates with National Govt, NGOs & other UN agencies in 161 countriesGuided by Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)Works for the most disadvantaged children
United Nation Fund For Population Activities (UNFPA)Began operation in 1969Helps developing countries to find solutions to their population problemsRight to freedom of choice of family sizeDevelop health & family planning serviceGender equality & women empowermentReproductive health, unsafe abortions, unwanted pregnancies etc.
United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP)Established in 1975Developed countries largely responsible for environmental imbalanceOzone layer depletionGlobal warmingExtinction of various speciesDeveloping countries social & financial pressures deforestation & industrializationPromote international awareness & co-operation regarding environment
Need of Educational planningEnsure success of enterpriseSave time & moneySolve problemsInherent nature Keep pace with time
Characteristics of Educational PlanningLogical, Systematic & Scientific ProcessCollective effortBroad goals of society/nationAccommodates anticipated changes in futureTakes note of maladjustments or deficienciesObjective & Scientific Procedure
Principles of Educational PlanningClear & well formulated ObjectivesIntegral aspect of National planningBased on organised researchAdaptations in times of emergenciesFunctional, Realistic & PracticalActive & continuing participation of concerned Specific RecommendationsContinuous EvaluationComprehensive & IntegratedNeed based & Situation Oriented
Approaches to Educational PlanningIntra-Educational Extrapolation ApproachDemographic Projection ModelManpower ApproachSocial Demand ApproachRate of Return ApproachSocial Justice Approach