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Inte

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Rev

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S.No. Title Page No.

1. CONSTRUCTION AND STANDARDIZATION OF

SCIENTIFIC REASONING ABILITY TEST (SRAT)

FOR CLASS X STUDENTS

IN SELECTED DISTRICTS OF MEGHALAYA

1-11P. K. Gupta & Ramellind Kynta

2. THE EFFECT OF BHRAMARI PRANAYAM

ON MEMORY OF MILD DEPRESSIVE PATIENTS

12-15Ayushi Sabharwal & Vivek Kumar

3. ATTAINMENT OF AUTONOMOUS LEVEL OF

MORAL JUDGEMENT OF TRIBAL AND

NON – TRIBAL SECONDARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN

RELATION TO THEIR SEX

16-19Om Pal Singh

4. NEED TO ENRICH THE QUALITY

OF NON- TEACHING STAFF IN

HIGHER EDUCATION

20-23Vidyapati & Aiman Nafis Ahmad

5. MEDALS PREDICTION BY INDIANS SPORTS AGENCIES

IN RIO OLYMPIC

24-28Rakam Singh Sandhu

6. Ekk/;fed fo|ky;ksa ds f'k{kdksa dslek;kstu dk v/;;ulkjk cklq ,oa vatyh HkVukxj 29-33

7. nwjLFk rFkk laLFkkxr f'k{kk ek/;e ls Lukrd Lrj ijv/;;ujr ch0,M0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh 'kSf{kd fu"ifÙkvfHkizsj.kk dk rqyukRed v/;;uvjfoUn 34-36

8. lkekftd #i ls fiNMs+ fo|kfFkZ;ksa dsO;fDrRo dss lUnHkZ esa mudh 'kSf{kd vkdka{kkdk v/;;ueksuw jke ,oa ,l0 ds0 y[ksMk 37-42

Contd...

INDEX

4

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9. mPp f'k{kk esa uSfrd ,oa lkekftd ewY; vk/kkfjr^^f'k{kk dh egRrk**'ksQkyh 'kqDyk 43-45

10. mifu"knksa dk f'k{kk n'kZuyfyr eksgu ik.Ms 46-49

11. vuq'kklu cuk, j[kus gsrq fo|ky;ksa esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fn;s tkus okyk^n.M % ,d vko';d cqjkbZ*lq'khy pUæ cgqxq.kk 50-53

12. v/;kid&izHkko'khyrk dk muds O;olk; lEc)rk] in lUrqf"VrFkk f'k{k.k ds Lrj ,oa vuqHko ls lEcU/k dk v/;;ulqykspuk ltok.k 54-60

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Issue : 4, Year : 5

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ISSN 2278 – 5949

- 01 -

ABSTRACT

The paper deals with the construction and standardization of Scientific ReasoningAbility Test (SRAT) for the Class X students of Meghalaya. It also assesses the scientificreasoning ability of the students. The preliminary draft consisted of 175 multiple-choiceitems which were tried out on a sample of 200 students. The first try-out was carried out on asample of 555 students on which item analysis was done. The final tool consisting of 100itemswas administered on a sample of 2000students. The Split-half reliability coefficient was 0.87and the K-R reliability co-efficient was 0.93.Concurrent validity has been found as 0.71.Sigma score norms, percentile norms, and stanine norms were derived for the test for malesand females. Findings of the study show that scientific reasoning abilities of students is, byand large, normally distributed ranging from Outstanding, Excellent, Very Good, Good,Above Average, Average, Below Average, Poor and Very Poor.

: Scientific Reasoning Ability, Scientific Reasoning Ability Test (SRAT)Keywords

RE CHSEAR

CONSTRUCTION AND STANDARDIZATION OF

SCIENTIFIC REASONING ABILITY TEST (SRAT)

FOR CLASS X STUDENTS


P.K. GuptaProfessor & Head*

Ramellind KyntaResearch Scholar*

* Deptt. of Education, North-Eastern Hill University Shillong, Meghalaya

International Refereed & Blind Peer-Reviewed Research Journal

Received 1st BPR 2nd BPR Accepted: 20/01/2017 : 21/01/2017 : 24/01/2017 : 28/01/2017

http://recentjournals.in & http://wellpress.inPeriodicity : , Language :Quarterly English & Hindi

1. INTRODUCTION

Students in the classroom learn the content of various subjects like Physics, Chemistry, Mathematicsand so on but at the same time they also develop their mental faculties like thinking, reasoning, problem-solving abilities and so on. Reasoning is a highly specialized thinking which helps an individual toexplore mentally the cause-and-effect relationship of an event or solution of a problem by adopting somewell-organized systematic steps based on previous experiences combined with present observation.Scientific reasoning i.e. evidence-based reasoning is the heart of scientific knowledge generation. It is themethod through which evidence is collected and analyzed and linkages between concepts and theorieshave been created. Scientific reasoning ability is needed to make use of good reasoning to explain,predict, and control the events around us. In most traditional educational settings, teaching and learningemphasize predominantly training of content knowledge and it is often expected that consistent andrigorous learning will help develop students' general reasoning abilities. However, there has not beenwidely tested and accepted research evidence on the possible interactions between content learning andthe development of general reasoning ability.

Review of related literature reveals that studies on construction and standardization of tests forScientific Reasoning Ability have mainly been done abroad and thus, there is a dearth of such studies andlimited efforts have been made in the Indian context with special reference to the state of Meghalaya.There is, therefore a growing realization of the need to construct and standardize a test to assess thescientific reasoning ability for the Class X students of Meghalaya. The data collected with the Scientific

RECENT EDUCATIONAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCHESIssue : 4, Year : 5, Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 01 - 11 , ISSN 2278 – 5949

P. K. Gupta & Ramellind Kynta

- 02 -

RE CHSEARCONSTRUCTION AND STANDARDIZATION OF SCIENTIFIC

REASONING ABILITY TEST (SRAT) FOR CLASS X STUDENTS




Reasoning Ability Test (SRAT) can be used to provide information about student learning that can bringimprovement to a general education curriculum specially science curriculum. The results of the ScientificReasoning Ability Test can also be utilized to meet requirements for admission into higher classes if onedesires to pursue in science stream. It will also be of interest then to determine if scientific reasoningability influences the academic achievement of the students.2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

(i) To construct a Scientific Reasoning Ability Test (SRAT) for Class X students of Meghalaya.(ii) To standardize the Scientific Reasoning Ability Test so constructed by

a) Establishing its Reliability.b) Establishing its Validity.c) Setting up its Norms.

(iii) To study the level of Scientific Reasoning Ability of Class X students of Meghalaya as obtained byScientific Reasoning Ability Test constructed by the investigator.

3. DESIGN OF THE STUDY

(a) PopulationThe population of the study comprised of boys and girls of Class X students of East Khasi Hills,West Khasi Hills and Jaintia Hills Districts of Meghalaya.

(b) Sample of the studyThere were three sets of samples for different stages of test construction and standardizationwhich are as follows:(i) Sample for Preliminary try-out:

A sample of 200 Class X students comprising of 120 female students and 80 male students ofthree schools were randomly selected from the population for preliminary try-out.

(ii) Sample for try-out:For try-out of the test, a sample of 555 Class X students comprising of 307 females and 248males was selected randomly from 12 Secondary and Higher Secondary Schools located bothin rural and urban areas of East Khasi Hills District.

(iii)Sample for Final Try-out:A sample of 2000 students (979 males and 1021 females) was drawn randomly from thepopulation of schools in selected districts (i.e. East Khasi Hills, West Khasi Hills and JaintiaHills) of Meghalaya.

(c) Tools usedThe following tools were used for establishing the validity of the test:(a) Scientific Reasoning Ability Test constructed and standardized by the investigator as a major

research work for the present study.(b) Test for Reasoning Ability in Science (RAIS) constructed by Anuradha Joshi & Bhuban

Chandra Mahapatra (1994, 2000)(c) A rating scale constructed by the investigator to estimate the content validity of the

scientific reasoning ability test under construction.(d) Method of the study and data collection

As the objective of the present study was to construct and standardize a scientific reasoningability test, it was decided to use descriptive method of research.

The data have been collected from the following sources:(a) By administering the Scientific Reasoning Ability Test(SRAT) constructed by the

investigator.

- 03 - http://recentjournals.in & http://wellpress.inPeriodicity : , Language :Quarterly English & Hindi

(b) By administering the Test for Reasoning Ability in Science constructed by Anuradha Joshi &Bhuban Chandra Mahapatra.

(c) The marks of Class X students in Science subject were collected as obtained from thePromotion Examination conducted by the respective schools of Meghalaya.

4. T CEST ONSTRUCTION

To construct the test, the following steps were taken:a) Item Construction

In order to measure Scientific Reasoning Ability (SRA), the test items have been constructedin such a way to test the scientific reasoning ability of an individual. For this purpose items wereprepared under the following components. Initially, a total number of 175 items were constructed asgiven below:

Table No. 1 : Showing the no. of items in the preliminary draft

b) Preliminary try-outAt this stage the test containing 175 items was primarily tried out on a sample of 200 Class X

students drawn from three schools which were selected randomly by lottery method. The sampleconsisted of 120 female and 80 male students. The preliminary try-out was carried out for the purpose offinding out shortcomings in the test in terms of content and language. The time limit to complete the testwas not given at this stage but each student was asked to record the time taken to complete each sub-testin the space provided in the front page. The pupils were given clear explanation about the nature of thetest. Instructions were also given for each specific sub-test and were asked to attempt all the items as far aspossible. Based on the feedback received from the respondents some of the items were modified, deletedand rearranged. A second draft of the test was developed which consisted of 170 items, after rejecting 5items which were not appropriate.

c) Try-outFor first try-out of the test, a sample of 555 Class X students comprising of 307 females and 248

males was selected randomly from 12 Secondary and Higher Secondary Schools located both in rural andurban areas of East Khasi Hills District to represent the population. The main objective of the try-out wasto select the appropriate items and reject the inappropriate ones on the basis of item analysis and tocompute the time taken for each of the sub-test and the test as a whole.

d) Item AnalysisAfter the items have been reviewed during the preliminary try-out, they are subjected to a

procedure called 'Item Analysis' in order to calculate item difficulty and discriminative power of items.For this purpose, Kelley's Method of 27% top and 27% bottom dichotomy was adopted.

To compute difficulty value and discriminative power of an item, answer sheets of 555 studentswere arranged in descending order (i.e. from highest to lowest score). The three groups were formed asfollows:

(1) 27% of total sheets (i.e. 150 sheets) were selected with the highest scores and called asupper group

Sub-test No. Name of the Sub-test No. of Items1 Inductive Reasoning 34

2 Deductive Reasoning 34

3 Analogical Reasoning 36

4 Eclectic Reasoning 35

5 Classification as Reasoning 36Total 175








(2) Middle 46% of total sheets (i.e. 255 sheets) were rejected(3) 27% of total sheets (i.e. 150 sheets) were selected with the lowest scores, which were called

as lower groupAs per Kelley's method, the middle group of 46% may be rejected and only the two extreme

groups (i.e. upper 27% and lower 27%) were taken into consideration for calculating the difficulty valueand discriminative power of an item. A formula for correcting the difficulty index of an item for chancesuccess as suggested by Garrett (1981) was adopted. Now, for each item the proportion of pupils whopass an item correctly in the upper and lower groups is determined. The difficulty value anddiscriminative power of an item is then calculated by using the following formula as suggested by Davis.

After item analysis, the difficulty value and discriminative power of all the 170 items were computed.It may be mentioned here that after item analysis, the total number of items retained is 163 when DV is inthe range 0.20 to 0.80 and DP is above 0.20. However, for convenience sake 20 items from each subtestwere selected randomly by using lottery method to make the final test consisting of 100 items.

Table 2 - Items retained for the final form of the Test

(e) Final Administration of the testThe test was finally administered to 2000 students (979 males and 1021 females) to estimate thereliability and validity of the test and also to establish the norms.

5. T SEST TANDARDIZATION

The test so constructed was then standardized by establishing its reliability and validity as shown inthe following steps:

(a) Establishing its ReliabilityIn the present study, Split-half and Kuder-Richardson methods were used to compute the

reliability of SRAT. The coefficient of correlation between the two sets of scores obtained from the twohalves was computed by using Pearson's Product Moment. The following table shows the Split Halfreliability co-efficient of the Scientific Reasoning Ability Test (SRAT):

Table 3 : Split Half Reliability Co-efficient for SRAT

The obtained split-half reliability co-efficient of 0.87 is significant at .01 level. This indicates a veryhigh degree of positive correlation between the two sets of half scores of SRAT.

The following table shows the Kuder-Richardson Reliability Co-efficient of the Scientific ReasoningAbility Test (SRAT):

Sub-test

Test DescriptionItems retained having DV 0.20 to 0.80

and DP above 0.20Total no. of items

retained in each sub-test

1 Inductive Reasoning1,2,3,4,5,8,10,15,16,17,18,20,21,23,27,29,30,31,32,33

20

2 Deductive Reasoning2,3,5,7,8,10,11,12,13,15,16,17,18,20,21,22,24,26,28,30

20

3 Analogical Reasoning2,5,6,7,8,10,12,15,17,18,20,21,22,23,24,26,29,30,32,33

20

4 Eclectic Reasoning1,3,4,5,6,11,12,17,19,20,21,24,25,27,28,29,31,32,33,34

20

5 Classification as Reasoning2,3,5,6,9,14,17,18,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,29,30,31,33,35

20

Total 100

N r P

2000 0.87 0.01







N r P

2000 0.71 0.01*

N r11 P

2000 0.93 0.01


Table 4: Kuder- Richardson Reliability Co-efficient for SRAT

The obtained K-R reliability co-efficient of 0.93 is significant at .01 level. This indicates a very highdegree of positive correlation of SRAT.

(b) Establishing Validity

The following two methods have been used to establish the validity of SRAT in the present study:

(i) Content Validity:

In the present study, the investigator decided to validate the content of the test in the form oflogical validity. For finding out the Content validity, experts' opinion was taken. The four- point ratingscale constructed by the investigator was given to 20 experts to rate the investigator's Scientific ReasoningAbility Test. According to them, the items by and large are representative of the scientific reasoning to agreat extent. Furthermore, the items in the test were highly suitable for the Class X students in terms of thecontent, difficulty and language used.

(ii) Concurrent Validity:

For finding out the concurrent validity of the present test, the present test (SRAT) wascorrelated with the external criterion test viz. Test for Reasoning Ability in Science (RAIS) constructed byAnuradha Joshi & Bhuban Chandra Mahapatra(1994,2000). For this purpose the correlation wascalculated by using Pearson's Product Moment Method. The following table shows the ConcurrentValidity Co-efficient of the Scientific Reasoning Ability Test (SRAT):

Table 5 : Co-efficient of Correlation of SRAT with RAIS

The co-efficient of correlation of SRAT with RAIS is 0.71 and is significant at .01 level. This indicates avery high degree of positive correlation of SRAT with RAIS.

(iii) Setting up Norms: For the present test, Sigma score norms, Percentile norms, and Stanine norms

were derived for the test for male, female and total sample as given in table nos. 6, 7 and 8.

Table 6: Male (N = 979)

X Z PR ST X Z PR ST1 -3.59 0.03 1 51 -0.66 25.46 4

2 -3.53 0.03 1 52 -0.60 27.43 4

3 -3.48 0.04 1 53 -0.54 29.46 4

4 -3.42 0.04 1 54 -0.48 31.56 4

5 -3.36 0.05 1 55 -0.42 34.09 4

6 -3.30 0.05 1 56 -0.36 35.94 4

7 -3.24 0.07 1 57 -0.30 38.21 4

8 -3.18 0.08 1 58 -0.24 40.52 5

9 -3.12 0.09 1 59 -0.19 42.47 5

10 -3.06 0.12 1 60 -0.13 44.83 5

11 -3.01 0.14 1 61 -0.07 47.21 5

12 -2.95 0.16 1 62 -0.01 49.60 5

13 -2.89 0.19 1 63 0.05 51.99 5








14 -2.83 0.21 1 64 0.11 54.38 5

15 -2.77 0.28 1 65 0.17 56.75 5

16 -2.71 0.34 1 66 0.23 59.10 5

17 -2.65 0.40 1 67 0.28 61.03 6

18 -2.59 0.48 1 68 0.34 63.31 6

19 -2.54 0.55 1 69 0.40 65.54 6

20 -2.48 0.66 1 70 0.46 67.76 6

21 -2.42 0.78 1 71 0.52 69.85 6

22 -2.36 0.91 1 72 0.58 71.90 6

23 -2.30 1.07 1 73 0.64 73.89 6

24 -2.24 1.25 1 74 0.70 75.80 6

25 -2.18 1.46 1 75 0.75 77.34 7

26 -2.12 1.70 1 76 0.81 79.10 7

27 -2.07 1.92 1 77 0.87 80.78 7

28 -2.01 2.22 1 78 0.93 82.12 7

29 -1.95 2.56 1 79 0.99 83.89 7

30 -1.89 2.94 1 80 1.05 85.31 7

31 -1.83 3.36 1 81 1.11 86.65 7

32 -1.77 3.84 1 82 1.17 87.90 7

33 -1.71 4.36 2 83 1.22 88.88 7

34 -1.65 4.95 2 84 1.28 89.97 8

35 -1.60 5.48 2 85 1.34 90.99 8

36 -1.54 6.17 2 86 1.40 91.99 8

37 -1.48 6.94 2 87 1.46 92.79 8

38 -1.42 7.78 2 88 1.52 93.57 8

39 -1.36 8.69 2 89 1.58 94.29 8

40 -1.30 9.68 2 90 1.64 94.95 8

41 -1.24 10.75 3 91 1.69 95.45 8

42 -1.18 11.90 3 92 1.75 95.99 9

43 -1.13 12.92 3 93 1.81 96.49 9

44 -1.07 14.23 3 94 1.87 96.93 9

45 -1.01 15.62 3 95 1.93 97.32 9

46 -0.95 17.10 3 96 1.99 97.67 9

47 -0.89 18.67 3 97 2.05 97.98 9

48 -0.83 20.33 3 98 2.11 98.26 9

49 -0.77 22.06 3 99 2.16 98.46 9

50 -0.71 23.89 4 100 2.22 98.68 9

(X – Raw Score; Z- Sigma Score; PR – Percentile Rank; ST- Stanine Score

Table 7: Female (N = 1021)X Z PR ST X Z PR ST

1 -3.31 0.05 1 51 -0.56 28.77 4

2 -3.26 0.07 1 52 -0.50 30.85 4

3 -3.20 0.07 1 53 -0.45 32.64 4








4 -3.15 0.09 1 54 -0.39 34.83 4

5 -3.09 0.10 1 55 -0.34 36.69 4

6 -3.04 0.12 1 56 -0.28 38.97 4

7 -2.98 0.14 1 57 -0.23 40.90 5

8 -2.93 0.18 1 58 -0.17 43.25 5

9 -2.87 0.21 1 59 -0.11 45.62 5

10 -2.82 0.24 1 60 -0.06 47.61 5

11 -2.76 0.29 1 61 0.00 50.00 5

12 -2.71 0.34 1 62 0.05 51.99 5

13 -2.65 0.40 1 63 0.11 54.38 5

14 -2.60 0.47 1 64 0.16 56.36 5

15 -2.54 0.55 1 65 0.22 58.71 5

16 -2.49 0.64 1 66 0.27 60.64 6

17 -2.43 0.75 1 67 0.33 62.93 6

18 -2.38 0.87 1 68 0.38 64.80 6

19 -2.32 1.02 1 69 0.44 67.00 6

20 -2.27 1.16 1 70 0.49 68.79 6

21 -2.21 1.36 1 71 0.55 70.88 6

22 -2.16 1.54 1 72 0.60 72.57 6

23 -2.10 1.79 1 73 0.66 74.54 6

24 -2.05 2.02 1 74 0.71 76.11 6

25 -1.99 2.33 1 75 0.77 77.94 7

26 -1.94 2.62 1 76 0.82 79.39 7

27 -1.88 3.01 1 77 0.88 81.06 7

28 -1.82 3.44 1 78 0.93 82.38 7

29 -1.77 3.84 1 79 0.99 83.89 7

30 -1.71 4.36 2 80 1.04 85.08 7

31 -1.66 4.85 2 81 1.10 86.43 7

32 -1.60 5.48 2 82 1.15 87.49 7

33 -1.55 6.06 2 83 1.21 88.69 7

34 -1.49 6.81 2 84 1.26 89.62 8

35 -1.44 7.49 2 85 1.32 90.66 8

36 -1.38 8.38 2 86 1.37 91.47 8

37 -1.33 9.18 2 87 1.43 92.36 8

38 -1.27 10.20 2 88 1.48 93.06 8

39 -1.22 11.12 3 89 1.54 93.83 8

40 -1.16 12.30 3 90 1.60 94.52 8

41 -1.11 13.35 3 91 1.65 95.05 8

42 -1.05 14.69 3 92 1.71 95.64 8

43 -1.00 15.87 3 93 1.76 96.08 9

44 -0.94 17.36 3 94 1.82 96.56 9

45 -0.89 18.67 3 95 1.87 96.93 9

46 -0.83 20.33 3 96 1.93 97.32 9

47 -0.78 21.77 3 97 1.98 97.61 9

48 -0.72 23.58 4 98 2.04 97.93 9

49 -0.67 25.14 4 99 2.09 98.17 9

50 -0.61 27.09 4 100 2.15 98.42 9

(X – Raw Score; Z- Sigma Score; PR – Percentile Rank; ST- Stanine Score)








Table 8: Total (N= 2000)

X Z PR ST X Z PR ST

1 -3.44 0.04 1 51 -0.60 27.43 4

2 -3.39 0.05 1 52 -0.55 29.12 4

3 -3.33 0.05 1 53 -0.49 31.21 4

4 -3.27 0.07 1 54 -0.43 33.36 4

5 -3.22 0.07 1 55 -0.38 35.20 4

6 -3.16 0.08 1 56 -0.32 37.45 4

7 -3.10 0.10 1 57 -0.26 39.74 4

8 -3.05 0.12 1 58 -0.20 42.07 5

9 -2.99 0.14 1 59 -0.15 44.04 5

10 -2.93 0.17 1 60 -0.09 46.41 5

11 -2.88 0.20 1 61 -0.03 48.80 5

12 -2.82 0.24 1 62 0.02 50.80 5

13 -2.76 0.29 1 63 0.08 53.19 5

14 -2.71 0.34 1 64 0.14 55.57 5

15 -2.65 0.40 1 65 0.19 57.53 5

16 -2.59 0.48 1 66 0.25 59.87 5

17 -2.53 0.57 1 67 0.31 62.17 6

18 -2.48 0.66 1 68 0.36 64.06 6

19 -2.42 0.78 1 69 0.42 66.28 6

20 -2.36 0.91 1 70 0.48 68.44 6

21 -2.31 1.04 1 71 0.53 70.19 6

22 -2.25 1.22 1 72 0.59 72.24 6

23 -2.19 1.43 1 73 0.65 74.22 6

24 -2.14 1.62 1 74 0.70 75.80 6

25 -2.08 1.88 1 75 0.76 77.64 7

26 -2.02 2.17 1 76 0.82 79.39 7

27 -1.97 2.44 1 77 0.87 80.78 7

28 -1.91 2.81 1 78 0.93 82.38 7

29 -1.85 3.22 1 79 0.99 83.89 7

30 -1.80 3.59 1 80 1.05 85.31 7

31 -1.74 4.09 2 81 1.10 86.43 7

32 -1.68 4.65 2 82 1.16 87.70 7

33 -1.63 5.16 2 83 1.22 88.88 7

34 -1.57 5.82 2 84 1.27 89.80 8

35 -1.51 6.55 2 85 1.33 90.82 8

36 -1.46 7.21 2 86 1.39 91.77 8

37 -1.40 8.08 2 87 1.44 92.51 8

38 -1.34 9.01 2 88 1.50 93.32 8

39 -1.28 10.03 2 89 1.56 94.06 8

40 -1.23 10.93 3 90 1.61 94.63 8

41 -1.17 12.10 3 91 1.67 95.25 8

42 -1.11 13.35 3 92 1.73 95.82 8

43 -1.06 14.46 3 93 1.78 96.25 9

44 -1.00 15.87 3 94 1.84 96.71 9

45 -0.94 17.36 3 95 1.90 97.13 9

46 -0.89 18.67 3 96 1.95 97.44 9

47 -0.83 20.33 3 97 2.01 97.78 9

48 -0.77 22.06 3 98 2.07 98.08 9

49 -0.72 23.58 4 99 2.12 98.30 9

50 -0.66 25.46 4 100 2.18 98.54 9 (X–

Raw

Sco

re; Z

- S

igm

a S

core

; PR

–P

erce

nti

le R

ank

; ST

- S

tan

ine

Sco

re)








6. Scientific Reasoning Ability of Class X studentsThe data obtained from the sample of 2000 students during the final administration of the test was

analyzed to study of the level of Scientific Reasoning Ability of Class X students which is shown below:

Table 09Classification of Raw Scores of Total Sample (N = 2000)

The above table shows the level of scientific reasoning ability of the entire sample (N= 2000). It revealsthat the scientific reasoning abilities of students is, by and large, normally distributed ranging fromOutstanding, Excellent, Very Good, Good, Above Average, Average, Below Average, Poor and VeryPoor.

Table 10Classification of Raw Scores of Total Male (N = 979)

Table 10 reveals the level of scientific reasoning ability of the entire sample of male (N= 979). It alsoshows that the scientific reasoning abilities of male students is, by and large, normally distributedranging from Outstanding, Excellent, Very Good, Good, Above Average, Average, Below Average, Poorand Very Poor in their scientific reasoning ability.

RawScore

Z-scoreLimits of

Stanine inunits

PercentileScore

f % Stanine Interpretation

93 – 100 Above 1.75 Above 1.75 96.25 – 98.54 49 2.45 9th Outstanding

84 – 92 1.27 – 1.73 1.25 to 1.75 89.80 – 95.82 182 9.10 8 th Excellent

75 – 83 0.76 – 1.22 0.75 to 1.25 77.64 – 88.88 307 15.35 7th Very Good

67 – 74 0.31 – 0.70 0.25 to 0.75 62.17 – 75.80 365 18.25 6th Good

58 – 66 (-0.20) – 0.25 (-0.25) to 0.25 42.07 – 59.87255 12.75

5thAbove

Average

49 – 57 (-0.72) – (-0.26) (-0.75) to (-0.25) 23.58 – 39.74 307 15.35 4th Average

40 – 48 (-1.23) – (-0.77) (-1.25) to (-0.75) 10.93 – 22.06296 14.80

3rdBelow

Average

31 – 39 (-1.74) – (-1.28) (-1.75) to (-1.25) 4.09 – 10.03 174 8.70 2nd Poor

1 – 30 Below -1.75 Below -1.75 0.04 – 3.59 65 3.25 1st Very Poor

2000 100

RawScore

Z-scoreLimits of

Stanine inunits

PercentileScore



84 – 91 1.28 – 1.69 1.25 to 1.75 89.97 – 94.45 79 8.07 8th Excellent

75 – 83 0.75 – 1.22 0.75 to 1.25 77.34 – 88.88 149 15.22 7th Very Good

67 – 74 0.28 – 0.70 0.25 to 0.75 61.03 – 75.80 170 17.36 6th Good

58 – 66 (-0.24) – 0.23 (-0.25) to 0.25 40.52 – 59.10151 15.42

5thAbove

Average

50 – 57 (-0.71) – (-0.30) (-0.75) to (-0.25) 23.89 – 38.21 137 13.99 4th Average

41 – 49 (-1.24) – (-0.77) (-1.25) to (-0.75) 10.75 – 22.06151 15.42

3rdBelow

Average

33 – 40 (-1.71) – (-1.30) (-1.75) to (-1.25) 4.36 – 9.68 75 7.66 2nd Poor


979 100








Table 11Classification of Raw Scores of Total Female (N = 1021)

Table 11 depicts the levels of scientific reasoning ability of the Total Female (N=1021). It also showsthat scientific reasoning abilities of female students is, by and large, normally distributed ranging fromOutstanding, Excellent, Very Good, Good, Above Average, Average, Below Average, Poor and VeryPoor.

6. FINDINGSThe following are the findings of the study:(i) Scientific Reasoning Ability Test (SRAT) constructed by the investigator measures the scientific

reasoning ability of Class X students through its 100 items covering Inductive Reasoning,Deductive Reasoning, Analogical Reasoning, Eclectic Reasoning and Classification asReasoning.

(ii) Scientific Reasoning Ability Test (SRAT) has a high degree of reliability as evidenced by thevalues of split-half reliability co-efficient (0.87) and by the values of Kuder-Richardson reliabilityco-efficient (0.93).

(iii) Scientific Reasoning Ability Test (SRAT) has a high degree of validity as the co-efficient ofcorrelation of SRAT with the external criterion test viz. Test for Reasoning Ability in ScienceRAIS is 0.71 and is significant at .01 level.

(iv) Scientific reasoning ability of Class X students is normally distributed from very poor, poor,below average, average, above average, good, very good, excellent and outstanding asevidenced by the data as shown in table nos.9,10 and 11.

7. IMPLICATIONS(i) Scientific Reasoning Ability Test (SRAT) may go a long way to measure the scientific reasoning

ability of Class X students in our schools. The evaluation process in our educational systemgenerally assesses the knowledge of content of different subject areas but does not assess thescientific reasoning ability of the students. In this regard, the test becomes quite handy to provideright kind of guidance for teachers to fully assess students' scientific reasoning ability.

(ii) At the completion of the secondary stage of education i.e. Class X Board Examinations, generallystudents are at a fix for taking decision about the course of study to pursue as there is no properguidance and counseling. It is a general observation that students take up a course of study based

RawScore

Z-scoreLimits of

Stanine inunits

PercentileScore



84 – 92 1.26 – 1.71 1.25 to 1.75 89.62 – 95.64 95 9.30 8th Excellent

75 – 83 0.77 – 1.21 0.75 to 1.25 77.94 – 88.69 158 15.48 7th Very Good

66 – 74 0.27 – 0.71 0.25 to 0.75 60.64 – 76.11 174 17.04 6th Good

57 – 65 (-0.23) – 0.22 (-0.25) to 0.25 40.90 – 58.71 135 13.22 5thAbove

Average

48 – 56 (-0.75) – (-0.28) (-0.75) to (0.25) 23.58 – 38.97 152 14.89 4th Average

39 – 47 (-1.22) – (-0.78) (-1.25) to (0.75) 11.12 – 21.77 153 14.99 3rdBelow

Average

30 – 38 (-1.71) – (-1.27) (-1.75) to (1.25) 4.36 – 10.20 98 9.60 2nd Poor


1021 100








on the marks obtained from Class X Board Examinations. But this might not be a guarantee tohelp them in selecting the right course of study for them. In such a situation, the present test mayprove useful in selecting students for admission into courses of study according to their ability.

REFERENCES� Bao, L. et al.(2008). Learning of Content Knowledge and Development of Scientific Reasoning Ability:

A Cross Culture Comparison. Retrieved from� Garrett, Henry E. (2013). Statistics in Psychology and Education.Surjeet Publication, Delhi� Joshi, A. & Mahapatra, B.C. (1994). Manual for Reasoning Ability in Science (RAIS). National

Psychology Corporation. Agra.� Mangal, S.K. (2004). Advanced Educational Psychology. Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New

Delhi.� Mertler, C.A. (2007). Interpreting Standardized Test Scores. SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd, New

Delhi.� Miller, Leslie A., Lovler, Robert L. & McIntire, Sandra A. (2013). Psychological Testing: A Practical

Approach. SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd, New Delhi.� Module: Scientific Reaasoning. Retrieved from https://philosophy.hku.hk/think/sci� Schen, M.S. (2007). Scientific Reasoning Skills Development in the Introductory Biology Courses for

Undergraduates (Dissertation). Retrieved from https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=OSU1187063957&disposition=inline

� Sharma, R.A. (2004). Essentials of Measurement in Education and Psychology. Surya Publication.Meerut.









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ABSTRACT

Memory plays a vital role in the human beings life. If it is affected than major part of thelife is affected. In mild depressive patients even do not know that their forgetfulness, loosingconcentration is due to their depression. Yoga is easy Indian way to keep stress away, mindand healthy .The present study was done to see the effect of Bhramari pranayam on memoryof mild depressive patients (Hospital in Lucknow). The sample of the study involved 20participants (where, males = 12, females = 8) between the age group of 18 to 32 years. Theparticipants were assessed by using the PGI memory scale. The data was analyzed using the t–test .For mean comparisons, the pre and post (Mean ±1 S.D.) scores were compared.Clinically significant results were found at .01 level. Results imply that bhramari pranayamcan be effective a technique to keep memory intact.

: Bhramari pranayam, memory, mild depression.Keywords

RE CHSEAR

THE EFFECT OF BHRAMARI PRANAYAM

ON MEMORY OF MILD DEPRESSIVE PATIENTS

Ayushi SabharwalStudent*

Vivek KumarStudent*

* Deptt. of Psychology, Dev Sanskriti Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar (Uttarakhand) India




INTRODUCTIONFeeling down from time to time is a normal part of life, but when emotions such as hopelessness and

despair take hold and just won't go away, a person may have depression. Depression makes it tough tofunction and enjoy life like he once did. Just getting through the day can be overwhelming.

Depression is associated with short-term memory loss. It doesn't affect other types of memory, suchas long-term memory and procedural memory, which controls motor skills ( Scaccia A., 2016).Memoryloss and an inability to focus may not seem like obvious symptoms of — but they are moredepressionconnected than most people realize (Theobald M., 2016).

Memory is one of a suite of higher or hobbled by depression. In addition"executive" brain functionsto becoming forgetful, a person suffering from major depression may have trouble initiating tasks,making decisions, planning future actions, or organizing thoughts. This is thought to trace to imbalancesin the chemicals, called that enable individual brain cells to "talk" to each other andneurotransmittersstore new memories (Pendick D., 2001). Thus, the review of research literature reveals that the depressionhas an effect on memory. The present study is done to investigate the affect of Tratak on memory of milddepressive patients.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDYTo study the effect of Bhramari Pranayam on memory of mild depressive patients.

HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDYThere will be a significant effect of Bhramari Pranayam on the memory of mild depressive patients

after the 30 days practice of Bhramari pranayam.

RECENT EDUCATIONAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCHES

Issue : 4, Year : 5, Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 12 - 15 , ISSN 2278 – 5949

Ayushi Sabharwal & Vivek Kumar

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RE CHSEARTHE EFFECT OF

BHRAMARI PRANAYAM ON MEMORY

OF MILD DEPRESSIVE PATIENTS



METHODOLOGYSAMPLE

The present study was conducted on a sample of 20 mild depressive patients. Most patients wereinpatients who were hospitalized in psychiatric ward (Hospital situated in Lucknow*). The age range ofthe sample was from 18 years to 35 years. Only those patients were included who gave oral consent toparticipate in the study.

*For ethical issues name of the hospital is not mentioned.

TOOL USEDPGI Memory scale (PGIMS) by Dwarka Prasad and N.N. Wig.

STATISTICAL TECHNIQUE WAS USEDTo study the effect of trataka on anxiety symptoms of anxiety disorder patients paired't'- test were

employed.

RESULTSTable: Comparison of Pre- and Post-Intervention Scores (n=20)

't'=11.97; p<0.01

Fig.: Box plot showing dispersion of scores before and after intervention

DISCUSSION AND INTERPRETATIONThe present study examines the effect of bhramari pranayam on memory of mild depressive patients.

The data suggests before treatment scores ranged from 82 to 90 with a mean value of 86.5±1.96. Aftertreatment these scores ranged from 90 to 93 with a mean value of 91.45±0.88, thus showing a declineranging from 8 to 3 and a mean decline of 5.4±1.08. On evaluating the data statistically using paired 't'-test, the change between two intervals was found to be significant statistically (p<0.01). These resultsimply that practice of bhramari pranayam could significantly increase memory of mild depressivepatients.

Pranayama is a part of yoga, which improves pulmonary function in combination of manypranayama. Bhramari pranayama and OM chanting are effective in improving pulmonary function in

SN Time Period Min. Max. Number Mean SD r SED

1. Pre-treatment 82 90 20 86.5 1.96 0.34 0.42

2. Post-treatment 90 93 20 91.45 0.88


healthy individuals (Mooventhan A. & Khode V., 2014). Response inhibition is a key executive controlprocesses. An inability to inhibit inappropriate actions has been linked to a large range of neurologic andneuropsychiatric disorders. Bhramari pranayam enhanced response inhibition and cognitive control innonclinical participants (Rajesh S.K., Ilavarasu J.V., & Srinivasan T.M. ,2014).

Bhramari Pranayama reduced the cardio vascular hyper- reactivity to cold stress .The hyper-reactivity to cold stress may be an early indication of the developing pre eclampsia. Conversion of thisresponse to hypo -reactivity may be used as a tool for prevention of pregnancy induced hyper tension(Rampalliwar S, Rajak C, Arjariya R, and Poonia M, Bajpai R., 2013).

CONCLUSIONDepression is the common psychological disorder and affecting more 25% of the population, is

possibly the first stage to the serious-to-handle depression if not addressed.Therefore, this research studywas to investigate the effect of bhramari pranayam on memory of mild depressive patients. It isconcluded that bhramari pranayam significantly increase the memory retention power of milddepressive patients and regular practice of bhramari would be more effective in mental illnesses.

Limitations and Recommendations for Further Studies

· Patients with severe symptoms was not included in the study.

· For more effectual results days of practice could be increased.

· To measure only the effect of bhramari pranayam, patients without medication could beconsider.

· Sample size could be increased for further studies.

REFRENCES� Baddeley, A.D. (1996). London/New York: Oxford University Press.Working memory.� Baddeley, A.D. (2003). Working Memory: Looking back and looking visual forward. Nature Reviews

Neuroscience, 4(10), 829-839� Basso & Bornstein (1999). Relative memory deficits in recurrent versus first-episode major depression

on a word-list learning task. , 13 (1999), pp. 557–563Neuropsychology� Burt DB, Zembar MJ, Niederehe G. (1995). Depression and memory impairment: a meta-analysis of

the association, its pattern, and specificity. , 117 (1995), pp. 285–305Psychological Bulletin� Cermak L. & Craik F. (1979). . Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Levels of processing in human memory� Ciccarelli S.K. & Meyer G.E. (2016), Psychology. South Asian Ed., Pearson Education, Inc.� Dunbar GC, Lishman WA. (1984). Depression, recognition-memory and hedonic tone: a signal

detection analysis. , 144 (1984), pp. 376–382British Journal of Psychiatry� Hinton G.E., McClelland J.L. & Rumelhart D.E. (1986). Distributed representations. In D.E. Rumelhart

J.L., McClelland & the PDP Research Group (Eds.), Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in themicrostructure of cognition, volume 1: Foundations (pp. 77-109). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

� Kizilbasha A.H., Vanderploega R.D.,& Curtissa G. (2002). The effects of depression and anxiety onmemory performance. . Volume 17, Issue 1, January 2002, PagesArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology57–67

� Kindermann SS Brown GG& . (1997) Depression and memory in the elderly: a meta-analysis.Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 19 (1997), pp. 625–642

� Massman PJ Delis DC Butters N Dupont RM Gillin JC, , & , (1992). The subcortical dysfunctionhypothesis of memory deficits in depression: neuropsychological validation in a subgroup ofpatients. , 14 (1992), pp. 687–706Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology









� McClelland J.L. & Rumelhart D.E. (1988). Explorations in parallel distributed processing. Cambridge,MA: MIT Press.

� Mooventhan A. & Khode V.,(2014). Effect of Bhramari Pranayama on response inhibition: Evidencefrom the stop signal task. 7(2): 138–141.doi: 10.4103/0973-6131.133896International Journal of Yoga.

� Newman P.J. & Sweet J.J. (1986) The effects of clinical depression on the Luria–NebraskaNeuropsychological Battery. 7 (1986), pp. 109–114International Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology,

� Pendick D. (2001). Memory loss & the brain. Retrieved from; http://www.memorylossonline.com/summer2001/depression.html

� Pederson K., (2012). Brahmari Pranayama (Humming Bee Breath). Yogawiz. Com. Retrieved from;http://www.yogawiz.com/articles/83/yoga-breathing-pranayama/brahmari.html#continued

� Rampalliwar S, Rajak C, Arjariya R &Poonia M, Bajpai R (2013) The effect of bhramari pranayama onpregnant women having cardiovascular hyper-reactivity to cold pressor. Natl J Physiol PharmPharmacol.3:128–33.

� Rajesh S.K., Ilavarasu J.V., & Srinivasan T.M. (2014) Effect of Bhramari Pranayama on responseinhibition: Evidence from the stop signal task. . 7(2): 138–141.doi:International Journal of Yoga10.4103/0973-6131.133896

� Rumelhart D.E., Hinton G.E. & McClelland J.L., (1986). A general framework for parallel distributedprocessing. In D.E. Rumelhart, J.L. McClelland & the PDP Research Group (Eds.), Parallel distributedprocessing: Explorations in the miscrostructure of cognition. Vol. 1: Foundations. Cambridge, MA: MITPress.

� Sartori G. & Umilta C., (2000). How to avoid the fallacies of cognitive subtraction in brain imaging.Brain and Language, 74,191-212.

� Saraswati S.N.(2011).Gheranda Samhita: Commentary on the Yoga Teachings of Maharshi, YogaPublications Trust/Munger/India

� Saraswati S.N. (2002). Asana, Pranayama, Mudra and Bandha. Yoga Publications Trust.� Scaccia A., (2016). Can Depression Cause Memory Loss? Healthline.� Retrieved from http://www.healthline.com/health/depression/depression-and-memory-

loss#Overview1

� Sidheshwar P, Niladri KM, Ravishankar N. (2010) Role of self-induced sound therapy: BhramariPranayama in Tinnitus. . ; 8:137–41.Audiol Med

� Watson D.L., Hagihara D.K. & Tenney A.L. (1999) Skill-building exercises and generalizingpsychological concepts to daily life. , 26,193-195.Teaching of Psychology










Issue : 4, Year : 5

Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 16 - 19

ISSN 2278 – 5949

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ABSTRACT

The main objectives of the present study was to compare and find out the independentand interactive effects of tribal- non tribal difference and sex on the attainment ofautonomous level of moral judgement of secondary school children. The sample of the studyconsisted of 150 tribal and 150 non tribal children studying in class X of five secondaryschools in the sonbhadra district of U.P. The sample was collected and made representativeby using the purposive random sampling procedure. Major findings of the study were (a)Tribal and non-tribal difference and sex have no independent effect on the attainment ofautonomous level of moral judgement of secondary school children. (ii) And also there in nosignificant interactive effect of both variables (tribal-non tribal and sex) on the attainment ofautonomous level of moral judgement of secondary school children.

: Tribal-Non Tribal Children, Moral Judgement, Relation etc.Keywords

RE CHSEAR

ATTAINMENT OF AUTONOMOUS LEVEL OF MORAL

JUDGEMENT OF TRIBAL AND NON – TRIBAL SECONDARY SCHOOL

CHILDREN IN RELATION TO THEIR SEX

Om Pal SinghAssociate Professor,Deptt. of Education,

D.A.V. College, Kanpur (U.P.)




INTRODUCTIONViolence are rampant, narrow selfish interests, communal and linguistic considerations are given

greater value than national interests; humanism has been replaced by materialism and natural life byartificial and superficial life. The present ills of the world, the political tension, economic crisis are due tofact that the world has begun to worship material values more than spiritual values. Over the erosion ofessential values in society, a growing concern has been expressed in the report of National Policy onEducation (NPE) – 1986 (Government of India, MHRD, 1986). As remedy to the increasing cynicism, thepolicy focuses on the need for readjustments in the curriculum in order to make education a forceful toolfor the cultivation of social and moral values. Great educationists, eminent persons and severalcommittees and commissions have been expressed about the decline in the standards of moral and sociallife of our people and attention drawn to the role of education in fostering a sense of values.

Three ways of educational intervention have been tried to accelerate moral development. One iscurricular approach, the second is personality development approach and the third is dilemmadiscussion approach. Here, the investigators aim at knowing the moral judgment level of tribal and non-tribal, school children of class IX by the dilemma discussion approach, where the teacher poses & realmoral dilemmas.

The Students discuss these in small groups and state what the central character in the dilemmashould do and why. But some conflicting results have been reported by researchers as regards to theeffect of factors such as sex, intelligence, socio - economic status. caste etc. on moral judgement.

In the present study, one attempt has been made by the investigators to know whether there is sexdifference in moral judgement. The studies conducted by Prahallad (1985) and Vasudev (1985) revealed


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Om Pal Singh

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RE CHSEARATTAINMENT OF AUTONOMOUS LEVEL OF MORAL





that there is no sex difference in moral judgement whereas studies conducted by Soni (1982),Bandyopadhyaya (1981), and Gupta (1985) explored sex difference in moral judgement. Mixed resultshave also been reported as regards to the effect of socio – economic status (SES) on moral judgement:whereas studies conducted by Benninga (1977), and Prahallas (1985) (revealed that SES is not related tomoral judgement, the study conducted by Flishman (1973) revealed that there is relationship betweenmoral judgement and SES. Some results suggest that significant relationship exits between intelligenceand moral judgement (Flishman, 1973; Karan. 1973; Bandyopadhyaya, 1981). But the study conducted byBenninga (1977) explored no relationship between intelligence and moral judgement. Further, no studyhas been conducted in India and abroad except the investigators to investigate whether tribal – non tribaldifference exists in attainment of autonomous level of moral judgement.

OBJECTIVES

This present research study was taken with the objective as below:To study the independent and interactive effects of tribal – non tribal difference and sex on

attainment of autonomous level of moral judgement of secondary school children.

HYPOTHESES

H – 1.1 There is no significant difference between tribal and non tribal secondary school children0

with regard to their attainment of autonomous level of moral judgement.H – 1.2 There is no significant difference between secondary school boys and girls with regard to0

their attainment of autonomous level of moral judgement.H – 1.3 There is no significant interactive effect of sex and tribal – non difference on attainment of0

autonomous level of moral judgement of secondary school children.METHOD

SampleThe sample of the study consisted of 300 children, 150 tribal (60 Boys and 90 Girls) and 150 non – tribal

(80 Boys and 70 Girls) studying in class X of five schools in the Sonbhadra, district of U.P.

ToolsTest of Moral Judgement (Das, 1991) was administered to the subjects (students) to know the level of

their moral judgement. The test is a reliable and valid one which consists of twelve stories, eachdescribing a hypothetical moral dilemma. Each story is followed by eight statements. The subject is askedto select two of these eight statements, which according to him are the “most important” and the “secondmost important” in arriving act a decision on the dilemma.

ScoringEach of the eight statements under each story in the test corresponds to one of the stages (from state 2

to 6) of moral development as per Kohlverg's theory. The choice 'most important' was given a weightageof 2 and the choice 'second most important' a weightage of 1. Each raw stage score was multiplied by itsrespective stage value and the addition of all the products was divided by 36 to get 'Moral Stage Score' (S)of the subjects. The scores under stages 5 and 6 were added to obtain 'Principled Morality Score' (P). TheStage Scores of the subjects were taken here for analysis of their moral judgement level. The data wereanalysed with the help of Analysis of Variance (2x2).

Procedure of Data CollectionThe test was administered in group. No stipulated time was fixed in answering the test. However,

they were informed to respond the test as quick as possible.


RESULTS

TABLE – 1Summary of ANOVA, Effect of Tribal – Non Tribal difference and Sex on attainment of autonomous

level of moral judgment of Secondary school children.

NS means not significant at 0.05 level

The ANOVA results summarised in Table 1 show that the difference between tribal and nontribal secondary school children with regard to their attainment of autonomous level of moral judgementis not significant (F=1.23 P>0.05); the difference between boys and girls is not significant (F=0.01; P>0.05)and the interactive effect of sex and tribal – non tribal difference is also not significant (F=0.29, P>0.05). Onthe basis of above results, null hypotheses H0 1.1, H0 1.2 and H0 1.3 were retained.

DISCUSSIONAfter examining the result presented in Table 1, it is revealed that the difference in attainment of

autonomous level of moral judgment of tribal and non tribal secondary school children is not significantat 0.05 level.

It was also seen in the above figured Table that there was no sex difference with regard to attainmentof autonomous level of moral judgement of secondary school children. The mean Principled MoralityScores (P) were not significantly differed in between them.

It was studied that neither do tribal – not tribal difference and sex have significant effects onattainment of autonomous level of moral judgement independently, nor any significant effect was foundwhen both variables (tribal – non tribal and sex) interact (F=0.29, P>0.05). Further research studies couldbe undertaken to establish the findings of the present study by taking larger sample in different areas.

CONCLUSIONS

(i) There is no tribal – non tribal difference with regard to attainment of autonomous level of moral

judgement of secondary school children; the mean Principled Morality Score (P) of tribal

children was not significantly higher as compared to the “P” of their non tribal counterparts.

(ii) There is no sex difference with regard to attainment of autonomous level of moral judgement of

secondary school children; The mean Principled Morality Score (P) was not significantly higher

than that of girls.

(iii) Tribal – non tribal difference and sex has no interactive effect on the attainment of autonomous

level of moral judgement of secondary school children.

REFERENCES� Bandyopadhyaya, R. 1981). “Growth and development of moral judgement in children” in Bunch,

M.B. (1991), Ed. Fourth Survey of Research in Education, Vol. I., N.C.E.R.T., New Delhi, P. 336-37.� Benninga, J.S. (1997). “The relation of self – concept, sex and Intelligence to moral judgment”, A

Dissertation Abstract International, 37(10).

Sources of variation df SS MS F M1 M2

Tribal – Non Tribal (A) 01 31.18 31.18 1.23 18.79 1 7.64

Sex (B) 01 0.23 0.23 0.012 18.11 18.20A x B 01 0.83 0.83 0.029

Error 96 2428.11 25.55

Total 96 2463.03



Om Pal Singh






� Devis, N.P. (1986). Moral Judegment Development of graduate Management students in twocultures; A Dissertation Abstract International, 49 (5): 1094.

� Gupta, K.M. (1985). Moral Development of School children, Indian Educational Review, 20 (2).� Karan, V.E. (1973). An empirical investigation of the relationship between exposure to formal Jewish

education, personal social factors and moral judgement; A Dissertation Abstract International, 30 (6).� NPE (1986). Government of India MHRD.� Prahallad, N.N. (1987). Moral judgement and SES of School Students : An Interrelated study; Indian

Education Review, 20 (4)� Soni, J.C. (1982). “A Study of moral judgment in school going children of Rural Areas of Delhi

belonging to different castes and sexes”, Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis.



Om Pal Singh







Issue : 4, Year : 5

Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 20 - 23

ISSN 2278 – 5949

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ABSTRACT

Among the emerging challenges of higher education the improvement of the quality ofnon- teaching staff has so far not received the attention which is called for. Perhaps it has notbeen adequately appreciated that this challenge has a significant bearing on the smoothfunctioning of the teaching and that of quality education. As most of the educationalorganizational issues are mainly social than economic and technical. The paper intends tohighlight the need to enrich the quality of non teaching staff. The blue- collared employeesconstitute the principal component of every institution but have remains unrecognized as amajor factor influencing educational organization. At present the condition of the nonteaching staff is rather discouraging. Indifference and boredom, cynicism and withdrawalmark their mentality. It is high time that a need assessment is to be done to enrich theirquality. Through democratic principle of participation of all it is possible to make markedquality improvement in their performance and contribution towards Learning Society

- Non Teaching Staff, Educational Organization, Learning Society.Keywords

RE CHSEAR

NEED TO ENRICH THE QUALITY OF NON- TEACHING STAFF

IN HIGHER EDUCATION

Aiman Nafis AhmadResearch Scholar,

Deptt. of Education,University of Lucknow,

Lucknow. (U.P.)




VidyapatiHead & Dean, Deptt. of Education,Ewing Christian College,(An autonomous college of Allahabad University)Allahabad, (U.P.)

The need to maintain quality in education has been stressed by the different commissions fromtime to time. The Ram Murti Committee for example, has mentioned that, “The quality of higher andtechnical education in the country is to be improved in real term and not only to make them more relevantto our society as it is, and as it is envisaged but also to cater to the need of competitive industry,indigenization of technology including research and development therein and their application.” Assuch, the National Board of Accreditation was set up by the All India Council for Technical Educationand the National Assessment and Accreditation Council by the University Grant Commission. Butaccreditation being voluntary, the progress has been very slow and it is unlikely that the question ofquality will be satisfactorily answered by accreditation particularly when Indian Higher EducationSystem has been undergoing transformation from an elite system to mass system.

This transformation of Indian Higher Education to a mass system is taking place because we aremoving towards democratization of education and towards building a society based on equity, liberty,fraternity and justice. So the benefits of knowledge have to go to all, knowledge being a driving force ofdevelopment. Access to development is now through access to knowledge. This takes us to the concept oflearning society.

A learning society, in a broader way, is the society in which everyone in the communityparticipates in education and training throughout life. This concept enables us to resolve the age oldconflict between two aspects of education- education for the individual and education for the society. Itmust be appreciated in depth that we do not live in order to earn our living but we earn our living in order

RECENT EDUCATIONAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCHESIssue : 4, Year : 5, Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 20 - 23, ISSN 2278 – 5949

Vidyapati & Aiman Nafis Ahmad

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RE CHSEARNEED TO ENRICH THE QUALITY


HIGHER EDUCATION



to live. This means that education must encourage the ability to appreciate the variety of values which lifeand the world have to offer. Moreover with the progress of science and technology continuous trainingfor work has become necessary so the role of education is beginning to take on tremendous proportions.On one hand education has to develop the intellect and the abilities of the people and on the other directthem towards work which is consonant with their inclination enabling them to enjoy it. Education canthus achieve two things at one and same time: it can provide society with highly skilled workers and itcan enable individuals to taste the joy of work and do it enthusiastically. In the wake of globalizationhuman resources development is becoming more and more human competence development. Humaneducation has to take a lead and show the way education carries out its new and important task.

Having moved from the gurukul system to the classroom system of education we are now headingtowards developing a new system-network education system. In this system the universities has a veryimportant role as knowledge resource centre. The use of communication satellites, cable network,computer network etc. new concept such as virtual classroom, virtual conferencing, virtual laboratoriesetc. is getting realized. These are considered remedies to deal with the maladies of higher education. Butmany academics view innovation as a way of associating it with mechanical and electronic devices to theexclusion of valuable support services. Instead of integrating the support services into the educationsystem as a whole they isolate them thereby reflecting their own perception of themselves as isolatedindividuals. This leads to widening the gulf between mental and manual work.

In other words, the Educational institutions have to cater to the societal goal of development,transmission and preservation of knowledge for the progress, prosperity and people's welfare. Theseinstitutions ultimately run by people who are responsible to contribute to the goal. The Education systemlike other government organization is structured on the line of bureaucracy. Agarwal and Bhatnagar(2007) explained the phenomenon that bureaucratic system as conceptualized by Max Weber hasdisregarded the human being in the interest of efficiency considered to be a function of hierarchy,impersonality, system of rules and procedures, specialization, division of labour anddepartmentalization. Specifically, educational institution can be described as line- staff tall structure. Inwhich the whole structure is concerned with teaching. The teacher occupies central position and nonteaching staffs have supporting auxiliary function. Both of these are necessary for smooth functioning ofeducational institution.

The nonteaching staff in any institution has a great potential to furnish support servicessignificantly. They include the class III and IV employees who fill the post in cadres of ministerial,technical and unskilled staff. It consists of whole gamut of counsellor, IT Assistant, Librarian, OfficeAssistant, Accountant, Data Entry Operator, Receptionist etc. These are the people working ineducational organization at various levels in different capacities. It needs to be emphasized that in alearning society the most important resource is the people. From a simple conversation between twopeople to a TV satellite transmission it is interaction among people which plays an important part in theteaching learning process. When we think of making proper and extensive utilization of this resource inan institution our attention is bound to focus on the non-teaching staff.

At present the condition of the non teaching staff is rather discouraging. Indifference andboredom, cynicism and unconcern, lack of initiative and enthusiasm and jealousy and frustration marktheir mentality. Most of the people at this level are incompetent and not fit for the job and at time difficultto manage. Agarwal and Bhatnagar (2007) pointed out that most of people at this level are incompetentand not fit for the job as well as difficult to be managed. They also share the view that never any kind of jobanalysis and need assessment has been made. Even with excess manpower the work of the university isnot done efficiently.

The whole education system is concerned with teaching and learning. But it is widely known that


there is dearth of teaching staff and on the hand at the office level, mainly at higher education there isexcess of non teaching staff. But we often experience as teachers and as students that a good amount oftime spent running around the account office, examination office, and cashier office for petty work. Theseexperiences have very demoralizing influence on student as well as teacher who develop sense ofwithdrawal from non teaching staffs. The Withdrawal leads to alienation and further towards apathyand indifference.

It is felt that a non teaching staff has not been manipulated properly which result in lot ofconfusion, conflict, duplication and wastage of time. At the same time there is peculiar environment ofhostility, anxiety, tension, emotional stirring, personal attack, hateful language, aggression at highereducation level.

On the other hand nonteaching feel them to be no more than cogs in a great machine- cogs thatcannot work independently. All this is due to the kind of organizational structure of the institution underbureaucratic administration. Given the present service condition; the non teaching staffs have bleakfuture in store for them. They have little scope for better prospects and career opportunities. This is sowhen of late, quite a large number are graduates and even post graduates.

The work culture and the social structure of the institution decide to a large extent the behavior ofthe employees. Hence, in the field of education the bureaucracy should be seen from wider perspective ofdemocratic principle where human dignity is maintained above all as older model of strict bureaucracydoes not give expected result. We need to understand that teaching and non teaching staff constitute awhole, an integrated, inter related and interacting components. In the organization of education,teaching is a line function and all other non teaching employees constitute the staff function with a viewto strengthen teaching and learning. Chakraborty (1991) explains that hierarchism is an organizationalvalue but also warned that the crux of hierarchism should be filial and fraternal affection which is lessfriction prone, more adjustment inclined interpersonal relationship. Non teaching staffs have beenignored for a very long time. But we need to understand that the building, the money, the aids, theequipments and all other things are useless in themselves. Every individual has different personality.Thus has to deal accordingly, not as mere physical entities devoid of attitude, skill, aptitude or interest.

Professional development is an important factor that helps to enrich the quality of non teachingstaff which includes training of employees and upgrading their skills and knowledge through seminar,conference, workshop etc. Proper manpower planning that makes optimum utilization of manpower; byprocuring the right person for the right job through regular recruitment and proper selection. TheEvaluation of the performance should be done by proper placement, promotions, transfer, compensationand other schemes. Maintenance of goodwill could work wonder in enriching their quality of work.Conflict takes all enthusiasm to contribute to the effectiveness of the organization. Thus by solvingconflict between class III and IV employees and the management or teaching staff lot of negativity can beerased. The Interpersonal relationship should maintain with cooperation and loyalty in interest of all.Sharma & Sharma (2011) suggested that the professional culture is very much needed. They serve severalfunctions like as a platform for sharing technical advances in the field, for discussing matter of commoninterest, for raising collective voice, for resolving conflicts. It also gives the sense of belongingness whichprovides a strong cohesive force to the member of the profession.

The process of enrichment through betterment Plans cater to the need of guidance and counselingof employees, helping them solve their problem, maintaining proper communication channel and linkand ensuring good working situations. It concern with grievance handling, settlement of dispute,collective bargaining with nonteaching employee association as well as securing adequateremuneration. Agarwal and Bhatnagar (2007) argue that in our country most of the educational systemhas no separate department of personnel administration. Non teaching is administered in a meager androutine form by the same manager who managed hoards of other issues and mainly deals with posting





HIGHER EDUCATION



and keeping records. Hence they suggested specialized Personnel administration for managing humanresources. Personnel Administration is an approach, a point of view, a new technique of thinking and anew philosophy of administration concerned with not only with controlling and telling employee whatto do but also with solving human problem and guiding the employees so as to enable them to be satisfiedand effective. Personnel administration can play the role of the mediator to manipulate non teachingstaff with a view to make them achieve goal of education.

Open and distance education being innovative and flexible has a lot of scope for the improvementof non teaching staff. These modes are expected to be alternative cost effective, non formal channeloffering second chance education. It can provide lifelong and continuing education to enrich the life ofthe people. The non teaching staff should be provided facilities and motivation to take advantage of thischannel. Community college also provide for second chance to education. A convergence of formal andopen university system is being felt. The nonteaching staff can contribute appreciably to bring about thisconvergence. They can bring about much needed blending of manual and mental work. We need toencourage their involvement and participation in the learning and teaching activities, as also in thematter pertaining to the institutions.

Let us initiate in the building of learning society by enabling the blue collared employee to benefitfrom continuing education, interact with students and teachers as part of their duty and take delight intheir work. Cooperation is good because it pool together the talent and capacities of all the workers.Everyone must have willingness to create conditions for success and satisfaction. Friendliness, mutualconfidence, trust and respect are pre- requisite for designing the procedures. Through democraticprinciple of participation of all it is possible to make marked quality improvement in their performanceand contribution.

REFERENCES

� Abrahamsson, B. (1977). . London: SageBureaucracy or Participation- The logic of Organisationpublication.

� Bhatnagar, R.P. & Aggarwal, V. (2007) .Educational Administration Supervision, Planning and Financing(5th ed.). R. Lall. Book Depot: Meerut.

� Chakraborty, S.K. (1991). . New Delhi: OxfordManagement by values- Towards Cultural CongruencePress.

� Kothari Commission (1964). Report Ministry of Education. Government of India. New Delhi.� Mukherji, S. N. (1970). . Acharya Book Depot: Baroda.Administration of Education, Planning and Finance� Ram Murti Committee (1990). Report MHRD. Government of India. New Delhi.� Sharma, R. P. & Sharma, M. (2011). . New Delhi: KanishkaValue Education and Professional Ethics

Publishers.� Singh, U. K. & Sudarshan, K. N. (2006). Discovery Publishing House: New Delhi.Quality Education.� Singh, U.P (1969). Movement from One's Position towards Group Norm as a Function of Intellectual

Climate. . 14(2).Psychological Studies





HIGHER EDUCATION




Issue : 4, Year : 5

Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 24 - 28

ISSN 2278 – 5949

- 24 -

ABSTRACT

As 39th biggest modern Sports Olympics festival held in Brazil at Rio from 15.08.2016 to22.08.2016. In this competition the India could not perform well as per prediction of theGovernment agencies and can won only two medals, one` silver in women badminton andone bronze in women wrestling. It is essential to mention that Sports Authority of Indiapredicted before the Olympics to attain the 19 medals in Rio Olympics but bronze medalist inwrestling was not among them. Shooters and wrestler were expected to do much of themedal hunting, with the former slated to bring home for medals and the later three. Athletics,archery, badminton, boxing and tennis were expected to yield two medals each. GymnastDipa Karmakar, men's hockey team, throwers Vikas Gowda and Seema Punia were expectedto return with medal. Yogeshwar Dutt was also considered a medal contender but lost in thefirst round to M Ganzorig of Mongolia on final day of Rio Olympics. There is no doubt thatSAI project were hope quite ambitious and expecting a good performance in Rio Olympics bytheir squat but there expectation were failed when we could won only two medals. It is veryshameful for sports agencies of India that we could not achieved better than the previousOlympics. It is pertinent to mentioned here that if the Indian Governments would notprovide the infrastructure of Sports, removal of the corruptions from the sports agencies,preparation of the sports person from the grass root, practices and facilities of the Olympicssquad must be given like U.S.A., U.K., Russia, and others good performer countries inOlympics. Therefore, Task Force should have to work to up-lift the sports from the age ofchildhood and they may be trained in sports in the particular discipline to see targetachieving the medal in the Olympics.

: Medal Prediction, Sports Agencies, Sports Authority, Ambitions,KeywordsExpectation and Defeats.

RE CHSEAR

MEDALS PREDICTION BY INDIANS SPORTS AGENCIES

IN RIO OLYMPIC

Rakam Singh Sandhu,Dean, Faculty of Education

K. U. Kurukshetra (Haryana)

India




VIEWS OF SPORTS AUTHORITY OF INDIAThe Sports Authority of India (SAI) had predicted that India would win 19 medals at the Rio

Olympics, with shooters and wrestlers tipped to bring home four and three medals, respectively. SAI hadzeroed in on the rather unrealistic number on the basis of a broad assessment it carried out regarding thechances of our athletes winning a medal at the Summer Games.

The disappointing show by the 118-member strong Indian contingent, which returned with just twomedals from Rio, shows how off-the SAI was in its assessment. SAI was in its assessment report, a copy ofwhich is with the Tribune, was bases on the “compilation of the data with respect of each athlete'sperformance in major international events during the last three years and comparative analysis with



Rakam Singh Sandhu

- 25 -

RE CHSEARMEDALS PREDICTION

BY INDIANS SPORTS AGENCIES

IN RIO OLYMPIC



respect to medal performance bench-mark set up at the last Olympics as far as measurable sports wereconcerned”.

With respect to non-measurable sports such as boxing, wrestling, badminton, tennis and tabletennis, the analysis was bases on “qualified athlete' performance against top-ranking/medal-winningathletes in respective disciplines in addition to their current from”. The analysis was also done toascertain the stage (quarters, semis, finals and 8 -16 rank) up to which an athlete/team was expected toth th

progress in Rio.According to the assessment, athletics, archery, badminton, boxing and tennis were expected to

yield two medals each, while gymnast Dipa karmakar and men's hockey team were supposed to clinch amedal each.

In the end, the big and time-consuming exercise carried out by SAI proved to by was off the mark.SAI's assessment and hopes were felled by the performance of the India athletes in the Glassgow CWGand the Incheon Asian Games, and a few other international events. SAI, while carrying out theassessment, made the mistake of not realizing that the Olympics are an altogether different ball gamewith around 11,000 athletes from 205 nations chasing the medals.

Incidentally, Sakshi Malik, one of the two medalists, wasn't among SAI's medal hopefuls. As per itsassessment, she was supposed to bow out much before the medal bouts. The Rohtak girl, however, defiedall odds, and assessments too, to become the first Indian female wrestler to win a medal at the Olympics.SAI had pinned its hopes on Yogeshwar Dutt, Narsingh Yadav and Vinesh Phogat.

In Shooting, the SAI assessment had marked all 12 shooters as medal hopes and expected each one ofthem to make the finals of their respective event. Sadly, none of the first timers could go beyond thequalification round – Chain Singh finished 36 in the 50m rifle prone and 23 in the 50m rifle 3 positions,th rd

Prakash Nanjappa. 25 in the 50m pistol, Mairaj 10 in the skeet qualifiers, Kynan Chenai 19 in the trap,th th th

Apurvi Chandela 34 and Ayonika Paul 47 in the 10m air rifle. Big names like Gagan Narang, Heenath th

Sidhu and Manavjit Singh Sandhu, too, drew a blank in their respective events. Abhinav Bindra'screditable fourth- place finish in the 10m air pistol were the only silver lining.

In archery, SAI had penned down Deepika Kumari as a bright medal hope on the basis of herimpressive showings in the World Cups and the World Championships. But again, Deepika faltered atthe biggest stage and lost in the per-quarters of the individual event. The women's team, comprisingDeepika, Laxami Rani Majhi and Bombayla Devi, lost in the quarterfinals.

A S A IMBITIONS OF PORTS UTHORITY OF NDIA

SAI's project officers were quite ambitions in hoping a podium finish from the men's hockeyteam, which had finished last four years back at the London Games. The team, led by goalkeeper PRSreejesh, did come up with some courageous performance in the league stage, but went down to Belgiumin the quarters. SAI was expecting a medal from throwers Vikas Gowda and Seema Punia, but they, too,failed to live up to its expectations.

M MISSING EDAL

India would not be too happy after having won only two medals, courtesy two young womenfrom the north and south of the country, in the Olympics. The silver by PV Sindhu in badminton andbronze by Sakshi Malik in wrestling seem very inadequate after India went to the Olympics in an upbeatframe of mind.

At Rio, they had their biggest every Olympics contingent. The 12 shooters were expected to get atleast three medals. Jitu Rai was expected to get at least on medals. Jitu Rai was expected to get at least onemedal. Medals were expected also from wrestling and boxing. In tennis, India had hopes of at least onemedal, in the mixed-doubles event. Yogeshwar Dutt was expected to fight for a medal.


Most of these hopes came to a naught. A few Indians came close to winning medals, none more thanAbhinav Bindra in the 10m air rifle and Dipa Karmakar in the vault even of women's gymnastics. Bindralost the bronze medal by 3 of a point after a shoot-off with Vladimir Maslenniikow. Karmakar wasbrilliant with her two vaults, earning an average of 15.066 points in the final; she lost the bronze toSwitzer-land's Giulia Steingruber by just 0.15 of a point. Rai was in contention for a medal after makingthe 10m air pistol final, but the fell at this hurdle; then, in the 50m air pistol qualification round, he hadthree bad shots right at the end to bow out.

The archers archers, led by Deepika Kumari, yet again crumbled under pressure. In hockey, theIndian men's team qualified for the quarterfinals in fourth place from their group—this pitted themagainst the other group's best team, Belgium, and this ended another Olympics without India enteringthe semifinals.

Former India hockey captain Viren Rasquinha, CEO of Olympic Gold Quest, which has been strivingto get Indian athletes on the Olympics podiums, say that we shouldn't be disheartened. “We were close towinning another two medals (Bindra and Dipa), and we could have competed for other medals too (Rai,hockey team,),” he says. “The level of competition is very intense, and we must continue to work hard towin medals at the Olympics.”

Shooter Ronak Pandit, here as the manager of the shooting team, the biggest disappointment here,says that the Olympics are insanely competitive, and Indian athletes must work harder. “As a knee-jerkreaction, the government must not stop its support to sports,” says Pandit. “And we must prepareintensely for four years, not merely for a new months before the Olympics.”

At 8.37 am this morning as Yogeshwar Dutt walked a weary walk down from the ring, through thearena, past the media gallery, he seemed physically and mentally drained. His breath was quick, his facesad, his gait tired. He'd just lost to a Mongolian wrestler, Ganzorig Mandakhnaran, in his first roundmatch of the 65kg freestyle division.

Dutt will turn 34 in November this year and it's possible that he'd have few final hurrahs before he'sdone with wrestling. But today, after his bout with Mandakhnaran, and the manner in which he lost, itwas very difficult to imagine that Dutt would be back with a bang. It's difficult to imagine that Duttwould again fight at the level he did when he won the Olympic Games bronze in 2012 or the Asian Gamesgold in 2014. This is his fourth consecutive Olympic Games – it's clear that, sadly, there won't be a fifth.

Mandakhnaran completely out classed Dutt in the two three-minute periods today. In the firstperiod, Dutt tried his best to get a hold on the Mongolian, but he turned out to be very agile and slippery.The 30- years-old is a two-time world Championships bronze medallist (2013 and 2014); he finished fifthat the 2015 World Championships in Las Vegas. He's a very strong and experienced wrestler and hedidn't allow Dutt to get close to him in both periods. After cagey, careful wrestling by the two in the firstminute, Dutt was given a 30-second passivity penalty – he had to score in those 30 seconds or a pointwould be given to Mandakhnaran. Dutt tried to score, trying to go down to grab Mandakhnaran's feet,but the Mongolian was quick to pull them away- he got the point when dutt failed to score in the 30seconds, and led 1-0 on points at the break.

The Indian coaches worked feverishly on Dutt, advising and fanning him and hydrating him. In thesecond period, too, Mandakhnaran proved too strong to take a point off from. It's not that Dutt didn't giveit his best 20 seconds in, Dutt tried to dive and grab his legs, but the Mongolian pulled himself away. Thendisaster struck – in the blink of the eye, Dutt was in Mandakhanaran's grip, and on his stomach, andMandakhnaran was 3-0 up. As the two were asked to get up, Dutt seemed to be slow in getting to his feet –did his old knee injuries trouble him?

U -B FPPER ODY IGHT

Thereafter Mandakhnaran got Dutt to indulge in only an upper-body struggle, and Dutt couldn't



Rakam Singh Sandhu



IN RIO OLYMPIC



free his arms to try and grab the Mongolian's feet. Dutt's hands and feet were not quick enough, and hecouldn't dive quickly enough to surprise Mandakhnaran. Mandakhnaran was always ready for Dutt'sattacks. There was no chance for Dutt to score. In the last minute, Dutt cut a sorry figure – the champ wasbent over, hand on his knees, perhaps wondering where even the first point was going to come from.Again he grabbed at Mandakhnaran, and again it became solely an upper body contest. Upper bodystrengths of these same - weight wrestlers don't vary much; it's the quickness and the ability to grab thefeet of the other that matters. Dutt didn't have that ability today, and the two ended up with arms andhands locked, pushing against each other with their torsos.

At 2.47 minutes, 13 seconds before the end, Dutt desperately lunged at Mandakhanaran's ankles, butagain, by the time he got there, Mandakhnaran's ankles weren't there. Then, with time running out, Duttdid get a grip on Mandakhnaran's left ankle, but the Mongol countered by holding Dutt around at theshoulders and pinning him down with great force.

It was soon all over as Dutt, slowly getting to his feet, went towards Mandakhnaran, who wasbacking away, and the hooter sounded. Dutt bent forward, hands on knees, and tried to catch his breath,and then walked weary steps away from the ring. The fight was over.

N D K IULLIFIED UE TO NEE NJURIES

Yogeshwar Dutt is one of the outstanding wrestler in Indian squad. Now he has a history of seriousinjuries, and his knees have been especially affected. Though he won the 65kg gold in Incheon, it wasclear during the final few seconds of the final that he was in trouble – his knees were giving away. He'dinjured his knee during a desi style dangal against a Pakistani wrestler in 2013, and was sidelined for onefull year. He thought his career was over when doctors in South Africa and Germany said they could notguarantee that he'd be back in the ring after an operation. A Mumbai doctor then told him that his kneeligament was only partially torn, and that he'd fighting well again after dong strength training.

His dream was to win a World Championships medal, but he had to pull out of the event in 2015 inlast Vegas, due to knee injury.

Today, after losing to Mandakhnaran, Dutt hoped that Mandakhnaran would progress to the final;that would have enabled Dutt to qualify to fight for the bronze medal. But Mandakhnaran himself wasoutclassed in the second round by Rusia's Soslan Ramonov. That ended Dutt's dream, and possibly hiscareer as a top – level wrestler.

G P B R A MOOD ERFORMANCE UT EMAINED WAY FROM EDAL

Indian duo of Thanackal Gopi and Kheta Ram put up and inspired show and clocked their besttimings to finish 25 and 26 respectively in the men's marathon on at the Rio Olympics, here today.th th

Gopi registered his best timing of 2:15:25s, while Ram was just a second behind his compatriot,clocking 2:15:26s to complete the race and bring down the curtains on India's campaign. However, it wasdisappoint for India's more accomplished marathon runner Nitendra Sing Rawat as he finished a poor84 by clocking 2:22:52s, way below his personal best timing of 2:15:18s registered at the South Asianth

Games in Guwhati earlier this year.For India on the concluding day, the Army trio were the last in the fray after London 2012

Olympics bronze medalist Yogeshwar Dutt made a first round exit in wrestling.The 28-year-old Kerela lad Gopi, who had largely remained under the shadows of Rawat and Kheta

Ram, ran the race of his career when he improved form being 70 at 10km mark to 55 halfway beforeth th

finishing with his best timing.Introduced to the ardous 42.195km format in Mumbai Marathon earlier this year, were he was

brought in to set the pace for Rawat, Gopi had finished behind his Army colleague with a personal best of2:15:15s, second among India ans and 11 overall.th



Rakam Singh Sandhu



IN RIO OLYMPIC


Gopi along with his colleague Kheta Ram brilliantly set the pace as the 29-year-old finished just asecond behind to grab the 26 place, which also was better than his previous best of 2:17:23s registered inth

Mumbai Marathon. The 29-year-old Rawat, however, struggled as he could not cope up with the paceand he kept on slipping from 77 spot at 5km mark to 82 at 40km before crossing the finish line at the 84th nd th

position.—IANSAs per above version it can be said that some shortcomings are in Indian Sport system.Now time has come to erase the corruptions from the Indian Sports Agencies so that performance in

sports could be arise in future and India could uplift the name in the list of medal tally of Tokyo Olympics.

REFERENCES

� Published Article in The Tribune, dated 31-08-2016, Page-No-16.









Rakam Singh Sandhu



IN RIO OLYMPIC




Issue : 4, Year : 5

Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 29 - 33

ISSN 2278 – 5949

- 29 -

ABSTRACT

vk/kqfud dky esa v/;kid lek;kstu dh leL;k fnu izfr fnu c<+rh tk jgh gSA lek;kstu ,d ,slklk/ku gS ftlds }kjk lq[kh ,ao larks’kizn thou;kiu dh jkg idM+h tk ldrh gS ;fn v/;kid vius okrkoj.kds lkFk lek;kstu ugha dj ikrk] rks u rks vius v/;kiu dk;Z dks lQyrk iwoZd vkxs c<+k ik;sxk vkSj u ghfo|ky; iz”kklu rFkk laxBu ds lkFk lek;kstu gh dj ik,xk D;kasfd lek;kstu ds }kjk gh ,d v/;kidvius vkidks cnyrh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj cnyus dk iz;Ru djrs gSA izLrqr v/;;u esa ek/;fed Lrj dsf”k{kdksa ds lek;kstu dk v/;;u fooj.kkRed losZ fof/k }kjk fd;k x;k gSA Lrjhd`r izfrn”kZ fof/k }kjkizfrn”kZ fof/k dk p;u fd;k x;k gSA ftlesa 40 ljdkjh rFkk 40 xSj ljdkjh f”k{kdksa ds U;kn”kZ ds :Ik es fy;kx;k gS] ftlesa 42 f”k{kdksas rFkk 38 f”kf{kdkvksa dks fy;k x;k gS tks fd ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa es dk;Zjr gSA buesadqy 53 f”k{kd fookfgr Js.kh esa vkrs gS rFkk 27 f”k{kd vfookfgr Js.kh esa vkrs gSA “kks/k esa ßeaxy Vhpj,MtsLVesUV buosUVªhß dks fy;k x;k gS tks fd MkŒ ,l ds eaxy }kjk fufeZr gaSA fu’d’kksZ dks izkIr djus ds fy,^çfr'kr^] ê/;eku^] êkud fopyu^ rFkk ^Vh&ijh{k.k^ dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA çkIr ifj.kkeksa ds vk/kkj ijdgk tk ldrk gS fd ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr f”k{kd rFkk f”kf{kdkvksa ds lek;kstu esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrjugha gSA ljdkjh o xSj ljdkjh f”k{kdksa dh lek;kstu {kerk esa lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA

dh&oMZ % fo|ky; okrkoj.k] v/;kiu dk;Z] f”k{kd o lek;kstuA

RE CHSEAR

Ekk/;fed fo|ky;ksa ds f’k{kdksa ds lek;kstu dk v/;;u




lkjk cklq]izoDrk] f”k{kd f”k{kk foHkkxcjsyh dkWyst] cjsyh m0iz0( )

vatyh HkVukxj],e-,M-Nk=k]

cjsyh dkWyst] cjsyh m0iz0( )

izLrkoukgekjk thou pqukSfr;ksa ,ao la?k’kksZ ls ifjiw.kZ gSA ewyHkwr vko”;drksa dh iwfrZ ds vfrfjDr thou esa ge cgqr dqN pkgrs gS

vkSj ;gh pkg gesa iy iy la?k’kZ djus dks izsfjr djrh gSA ijUrq cgqr ckj ,slk Hkh gksrk gS fd tks ge pkgrs gS ftlds fy, gefnu jkr ifjJe djrs gS ml mnns~”; dh izkfIr gesa ugh gks ikrhA mnkgj.k ds fy, ,d ckyd bathfu;fjax dkWyst es izos”kikus ds fy, rjg&rjg dh ijh{kk nsrk gS rFkk ch-,l-lh esa izos”k ysdj vkxs ,e-,l-lh- rFkk izk/;kid cuus dh ckr dks iwjkdjus ds fy, twV tkrk gSA ,d {ks= esa vlQyrk ds ckn nwljs fdlh {ks= dk pquko djuk vius y{; dh ÅpkabZ dks viuh;ksX;rk vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj ?kVk nsuk] bl izdkj ds la”kksf/kr ,ao ifjofrZr O;ogkj dks gh lek;kstu dh laKk nhtkrh gSA

ßlek;kstu og izfd;k gS ftlds }kjk dksbZ tho/kkjh viuh vko”;drkvksa rFkk bu vko”;drkvksa dh larqf’V lslaEcfU/kr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lUrqyu cuk;s j[krk gSAß

vk/kqfud dky esa v/;kid lek;kstu dh leL;k fnu izfr fnu c<+rh tk jgh gSA lek;kstu ,d izfd;k gS] ,d ,slklk/ku gS ftlds }kjk lq[kh ,oa larks’kizn thou;kiu dh jkg idM+h tk ldrh gS ;fn v/;kid vius okrkoj.k ds lkFklek;kstu ugha dj ikrk rks u rks vius v/;kiu dk;Z dks lQyrk iwoZd vkxs cM+k ik;sxk vkSj u gh fo|ky; iz”kklu rFkklaxBu ds lkFk lek;kstu dj ik,xk D;kasfd lek;kstu ds }kjk gh ,d v/;kid vius vkidks cnyrh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dsvuqlkj cnyus dk iz;Ru djrs gSA

orZeku le; eas ge ikrs gS fd vf/kdak”k v/;kid dqlek;kstu gksus ds dkj.k ladh.kZ Hkkoukvksa ls fyIr gS rFkk izkphuHkkjrh; laLd`fr] lH;rk ,ao uSfrdrk ls nwj gVrs tk jgs gS rFkk viuk f”k{k.k dk;Z Hkh iw.kZ :Ik ls ugha dj ik jgs gSA

flag ¼2010½] unhe o xksgj vgen ¼2014½] eanhi o f”k[kk ¼2015½] vt; dqekj o ohj flag ¼2015½ ds v/;;u esa ;g ik;k



lkjk cklq ,oa vatyh HkVukxj

- 30 -

RE CHSEAREkk/;fed fo|ky;ks a ds f’k{kdk s a d slek;k stu dk v/;;u



gS dh] f”k{kd ds lek;kstu esa fyax] fo|ky; ifjfLFkfr] okrkoj.k rFkk tyok;q dk izHkko iM+rk gS rFkk vf/kdrj f”k{kdksa dklek;kstu fo|ky; esa vkSlru gS o f”kf{kdkvksa dk lek;kstu f”k{kdksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd mRre gSA ,p0 ,u0 ch0 xgZcky¼2016+½] us mRrjk[kaM es ek/;fed Lrj ds f”k{kdksa ds lek;kstu ds v/;;u esa ik;k fd f”k{kdksa dk lek;kstu mlds O;fDrRorFkk dk;Z”khyrk ls izHkkfor gksrk gS ,oa v/;;u esa mUgksaus ik;k fd f”k{kd rFkk f”kf{kdkvksa] ljdkjh rFkk xSj ljdkjh f”k{kdksads lek;kstu esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA

leL;k dFku

“ ”ek/;fed Lrj ds f”k{kdksa ds lek;kstu dk v/;;u djukv/;;u dk mnns~’;

· ek/;fed Lrj ds f”k{kdksa ds lek;kstu dk v/;;u djuk gSA· ek/;fed Lrj ds f”k{kdksa o f”kf{kdkvksa ds lek;kstu dk rqyukred v/;;u djuk gSA· ek/;fed Lrj ij ljdkjh o xSj ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa eas dk;Zjr f”k{kdksa ds lek;kstu dk rqyukRed v/;;u djuk

gSA· ek/;fed Lrj ij fookfgr rFkk vfookfgr f”k{kdksa ds lek;kstu dk rqyukRed v/;;u djuk gSA

ifjdYiuk,sa· ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa ds f”k{kdksa o f”kf{kdkvkssa ds lek;kstu esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSaA· ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa ds ljdkjh o xSj ljdkjh f”k{kdksa ds lek;kstu esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugh gSA· ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa ds fookfgr rFkk vfookfgr f”k{kdksa ds lek;kstu eas dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSaA

v/;;u fof/kizLrqr v/;;u es losZ{k.k “kks/k fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS bles fooj.kkRed losZ fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

U;kn’kZ p;u“kks/k ds mn~ns”;ksa dks /;ku es j[krs gq, vuqla/kku drkZ }kjk Lrjhd`r izfrn”kZ fof/k }kjk izfrn”kZ fof/k dk p;u fd;k x;k

gSA ftlesa 40 ljdkjh rFkk 40 xSj ljdkjh f”k{kdksa ds U;kn”kZ ds :Ik es fy;k x;k gSA U;kn”kZ esa 42 f”k{kdksas rFkk 38f”kf{kdkvksa dks fy;k x;k gS tks fd ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr gSA buesa dqy 53 f”k{kd fookfgr Js.kh esa vkrs gS rFkk 27f”k{kd vfookfgr Js.kh esa vkrs gSA

midj.kek/;fed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr f”k{kdksa ds lek;kstu dk v/;;u djus ds fy, “kks/k esa ßeaxy Vhpj ,MtsLVesUV

buosUVªhß dks fy;k x;k gS tks fd MkŒ ,l ds eaxy }kjk fufeZr gaSA ;g eq[; :i ls ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjrf”k{kd@f”kf{kdkvkssa ds lek;kstu ij vk/kkfjr gSA bleas dqy 70 iz”u gSa tks fd lek;kstu ds fofHkUu i{kksa ij vk/kkfjr gaSAftlesa f”k{kdksa dk ewY;kdau izfd;k esa lgh mRrj nsus ij ,d vad ¼1½ iznku fd;k x;k rFkk xyr vad nsus ij “kwU; vad ¼0½iznku fd;k x;k gSA bl izfd;k }kjk f”k{kdksa dk lek;kstu Lrj Kkr fd;k x;k gSA

Lkkaf[;dh; izfof/k;k¡Yk?kq ”kks/k izcU/k ds fu’d’kksZ dks izkIr djus ds fy, rkfydkvksa ls izkIr vkdaM+ksa dk fo”ys’k.k fd;k x;k gSaA blds fy,

^çfr'kr^] ê/;eku^] êkud fopyu^ rFkk ^Vh&ijh{k.k^ dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS A

vkdaM+ksa dk fo’ys”k.kRkkfydk la[;k 01

dqy f”k{kdksa dk Js.khokj lek;kstu ds izfr”kr dk v/;;u

dze la[;kdze la[;kdze la[;kdze la[;k Js.khJs.khJs.khJs.kh Lak[;kLak[;kLak[;kLak[;k izfr”krizfr”krizfr”krizfr”kr1- vfr mRre 2 1-6%

2- mRre 25 20%

3- vkSlr 47 37-6%

4- fuEu 5 4%

5- vfr fuEu 1 0-8%

f”k{kdf”k{kdf”k{kdf”k{kd Lak[;kLak[;kLak[;kLak[;k e/;ekue/;ekue/;ekue/;eku ekud fopyuekud fopyuekud fopyuekud fopyu dzkfUrd ekudzkfUrd ekudzkfUrd ekudzkfUrd eku lkFkZdrk LrjlkFkZdrk LrjlkFkZdrk LrjlkFkZdrk Lrjiq:’kefgyk,a

3842

51-6350-40

5-407-41

0-86 lkFkZd ugh gS


rkfydk u0 1 ls izkIr vkdM+ksa ls Li’V gksrk gS fd ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa es dk;Zjr f”k{kdksa dh lek;kstu {kerk dkizfr”kr fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa ds vk/kkj ij fHkUu&fHkUu gS tSls vfr mRre Js.kh esa vkus okys f”k{kdksa dh lek;kstu {kerk dkizfr”kr 1-6 gS] mRre Js.kh esa vkus okys f”k{kdksa dh lek;kstu {kerk 20 gS rFkk vkSlr Js.kh esa vkus okys f”k{kdksa dh% %

lek;kstu {kerk 37-6 gS] fuEu Js.kh esa vkus okys f”k{kdksa dh lek;kstu {kerk 4 gS rFkk vfr fuEu Js.kh esa vkus okys% %

f”k{kdksa dh lek;kstu {kerk 0-8 gSA%

rkfydk la[;k & 02f”k{kd rFkk f”kf{kdkvksa ds lek;kstu dk rqyukRed fooj.k

rkfydk la[;k 2 ls Li’V gksrk gS fd f”k{kd rFkk f”kf{kdkvksa dh lek;kstu {kerk dk e/;eku dze”k% 51-63 rFkk50-40 gS rFkk ekud fopyu dze”k% 5-40 rFkk 7-41 gSA nksuksa lewgksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u djus ij dzkfUrd eku 0-860 izkIrgqvk tks fd lkFkZd ugha gSA vr% lkaf[;dh; vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd “kwU; ifjdYiuk **f”k{kd f”kf{kdkvksa dslek;kstu es lkFkZd vUrj ugh gS** Lohd`r dh tkrh gSA

!

vfr mRre

mRre

vkSlr

fuEu

vfr fuEu

e/;eku ekud fopyu

f”k{kd

f”kf{kdk,







rkfydk la[;k&03Lkjdkjh rFkk XkSj ljdkjh f”k{kd rFkk f”kf{kdkvksa ds lek;kstu dk rqyukRed fooj.k

rkfydk la[;k 3 ls Li’V gksrk gS fd f”k{kd rFkk f”kf{kdkvksa dh lek;kstu {kerk dk e/;eku dze”k% 52-40 rFkk49-55 gS rFkk ekud fopyu dze”k% 6-02 rFkk 6-76 gSA nksuksa lewgksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u djus ij dzkfUrd eku 1-40 izkIrgqvk tks fd lkFkZd ugha gSA vr% lkaf[;dh; vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd “kwU; ifjdYiuk **ljdkjh o xSj ljdkjhf”k{kdksa ds lek;kstu es lkFkZd vUrj ugha gS** Lohd`r dh tkrh gSA

rkfydk la[;k&04fookfgr RkFkk vfookfgr f”k{kd rFkk f”kf{kdkvksa ds lek;kstu dk rqyukRed fooj.k

rkfydk la[;k 4 ls Li’V gksrk gS fd f”k{kd rFkk f”kf{kdkvksa dh lek;kstu {kerk dk e/;eku dze”k% 51-45 rFkk50-03 gS rFkk ekud fopyu dze”k% 6-56 rFkk 6-44 gSA nksuksa lewgksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u djus ij dzkfUrd eku 0-60 izkIrgqvk tks fd lkFkZd ugha gSA vr% lkaf[;dh; vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd “kwU; ifjdYiuk **fookfgr rFkk vfookfgrf”k{kdksa ds lek;kstu es lkFkZd vUrj ugha gS** Lohd`r dh tkrh gSA

f”k{kdf”k{kdf”k{kdf”k{kd Lak[;kLak[;kLak[;kLak[;k e/;ekue/;ekue/;ekue/;eku ekud fopyuekud fopyuekud fopyuekud fopyu dzkfUrd ekudzkfUrd ekudzkfUrd ekudzkfUrd eku lkFkZdrk LrjlkFkZdrk LrjlkFkZdrk LrjlkFkZdrk LrjLkjdkjh

XkSj ljdkjh4040

52-4049-55

6-026-76

1-40 lkFkZd ugh gS

f”kf”kf”kf”k{kd{kd{kd{kd Lak[;kLak[;kLak[;kLak[;k e/;ekue/;ekue/;ekue/;eku ekud fopyuekud fopyuekud fopyuekud fopyu dzkfUrd ekudzkfUrd ekudzkfUrd ekudzkfUrd eku lkFkZdrk LrjlkFkZdrk LrjlkFkZdrk LrjlkFkZdrk Lrjfookfgrvfookfgr

5327

51-4550-03

6-566-44

0-60 lkFkZd ugh gSA

e/;eku ekud fopyu

Lkjdkjh

XkSj ljdkjh

e/;eku ekud fopyu

fookfgr

vfookfgr







fu”d”kZek/;fed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr f”k{kdksa ds lek;kstu Lrj ds v/;;u es lHkh ifjdYiuk,a Lohd`r gqbZ gSA ftlds vk/kkj

ij ge dg ldrs gS fd ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr f”k{kd rFkk f”kf{kdkvksa ds lek;kstu esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSAljdkjh o xSj ljdkjh f”k{kdksa dh lek;kstu {kerk esa lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA

orZeku le; eas ge ikrs gS fd vf/kdak”k v/;kid dqlek;kstu gksus ds dkj.k ladh.kZ Hkkoukvksa ls fyIr gS rFkk izkphuHkkjrh; laLd`fr] lH;rk ,ao uSfrdrk ls nwj gVrs tk jgs gS rFkk viuk f”k{k.k dk;Z Hkh iw.kZ :Ik ls ugha dj ik jgs gS ,dv/;kid gh fo/kkfFkZ;ksas dk ekxZ n”kZd gksrk gS vkSj ;fn v/;kid gh vius okrkoj.k ds lkFk lek;kstu ugha dj ikrk rks ogviuh d{kk ¼fo/kkfFkZ;ksa½ dk Hkh iw.kZ :Ik ls ekxZ n”kZu ugha dj ik,xkA vr% ;g vko”;d gS fd v/;kidksa ds lek;kstu dsfy, f”k{k.k txr eas mfpr ifjorZu fd;s tk;s tks fd v/;kidksa ds futh thou ds lkFk lkFk fo/kkFkhZ] lekt rFkk jk’Vª fy,Hkh mi;ksxh gS v/;kid esa lR;] izse] n;k] /kS;Z] lkgl] lgkuHkwfr] lfg'.kqrk nku] vfgalk] {kek] mnkjrk ,ao dÙkZO;fu’Brkvkfn vkn”kZ Hkkouk;ksa dk fodkl gks D;kasfd ckyd eas oakfNr xq.kksa ds fodkl eas v/;kid dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gS D;kasfdv/;kid f”k{kk izfd;k dh eq[; /kqjh gS f”k{kd dk O;fDrRo Nk= ds thou ij vfeV izHkko Mkyrk gS mueas lek;kstu dk xq.kfodflr djrk gS tks fd ,d dqlek;ksftr f”k{kd ugha dj ldrk gS A

lUnHkZ lwph� vt; dqekj ohj flag ¼2015½ ,MtsLVesUV vkWQ lsds.Mªh Ldwy Vhpj bu fjys”ku Vw vkWxZukbZts”ku DyhesV bf.M;u

tuZy vkWQ ,IykbZM fjlZp 15 bZ”kw % 9 flrEcj 2015] 350&352 AVoL pp

� teky ¼2007½ fizfMDVZl vkWQ vkWxZukbZts”kuy dfeaVesUV vkWQ lsds.Mªh Ldwy Vhpj bfM.;u ,tqds”kuy ,oLVsªDl 7]1&2] 61&62 App

� MkŒ eanhi dkSj o f”k[kk ¼2015½ ,sMtsLVesUV vkWQ lsds.Mªh Ldwy VhplZ bu fjys”ku Vw ,VhV~;wM VwokMZl Vhfpax LdksyjhfjlpZ tuZy QkWj bUVj MhflIyhujh LVMht ekpZ&vizSy 3007-30014Vol III/XVII , pp

� Uknhe o xksgj vgen HkÍ 2 ¼2014½ , LVMh vkWQ ,MtsLVesUV ysoy ,ekWx lsds.Mªh Ldwy VhplZ bu d”ehj tuZy vkWQ,tqds”ku ,aM izSfVDl 2014 144 -149 AVol ; 5, No.10, pp

� flU/kq ¼2005½ , LVMh vkWQ Vhpj eksfVos”ku] ,MtsLVesUV ,aM ns;j ,dsMfed vfpoesUV jke&,”k tuZy vkWQ ,tqds”kuyVol – 2(2) , 19-23A

� flag , LVMh vkWQ ,dsMfed fjdkMZ] ,MtsLVesUV ,.M ,VhV;wM ,l dksfjysVl~ vkWQ TkkWo lsfV”kQsD”ku ,ekWx(2010)

nk lsUVªy Ldwy VhplZ vkWQ bLVuZ ;wŒ ihŒ bfM.;u ,tqds”kuy fjO;w VoL,47, No-2 pp

� Bqdjky o dkSj , LVMh vkWQ fjys”uf”ki foVfou ,sMtsLVesUV ,.M tkWo lsfV”kQsD”ku vkWQ VhplZ ,tqds”kuy(2010)

U;w gksfjtUl % , DokfyVh tuZy vkWQ ,tqds”ku A, pp 18-22








Issue : 4, Year : 5

Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 34 - 36

ISSN 2278 – 5949

- 34 -

ABSTRACT

orZeku ;qx izfr;ksfxrk dk ;qx gS! bl ;qx esa mfpr LFkku ds fy, mPp “kSf{kd fu’ifRr dk gksuk furkarvko”;d gSA nwjLFk rFkk laLFkkxr f”k{kk ek/;e ls Lukrd Lrj ij v/;;ujr ch0,M0 ds izf”k{k.kkFkhZ mPp“kSf{kd fu’ifRr dks izkIr djus ds fy, dfBu ifjJe djrs gSA fu’ifRRk dks dbZ dkjd izHkkfor djrs gSa] ftuesa,d egRoiw.kZ dkjd gS vfHkizsj.kk! tks Nk= dks vius y{; dh vksj fujUrj vfHkiszfjr djus esa lgk;d gksxhA

dh&oMZ % mPp f”k{kk] f”k{kd f”k{kk] “kSf{kd fu’ifÙk ,oa vfHkizsj.kkA

RE CHSEAR

nwjLFk rFkk laLFkkxr f’k{kk ek/;e ls Lukrd Lrj ij v/;;ujrch0,M0 izf’k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh ‘kSf{kd fu”ifÙk vfHkizsj.kk dk rqyukRed v/;;u




vjfoUnizoDrk]

ftyk f”k{kk ,oa izf”k{k.k laLFkkupM+hxkao] ikSM+h x<oky

izLrkoukHkkjr ,d iztkrkfU=d fodkl”khy ns”k gS] tks vU; fodkl”khy ns”kksa dh rjg viuh c<rh gqbZ tula[;k dh leL;k ls

tw> jgk gS] rsth ls c<rh gqbZ vfrfjDr tula[;k ds fy, f”k{kk] fpfdRlk ,oa vkokl vkfn dh O;oLFkk djuk mlds fy, ,ddfBu leL;k cu x;h gSaA ;fn bu leL;kvksa ij “kh/kz fu;U=.k u fd;k x;k rks ns”k esa HkkSfrd ,oa “kSf{kd vlekurk bruhc<+ tk,xh fd mls de djuk lgt dk;Z u gksxkA foÙkh; lalk/kuksa dh deh vkSj tula[;k foLQksV us ns”k ds jktuhfrKksarFkk lekt”kkfL=;ksa ds le{k ,sls ;{k iz”u [kMs+ fd;s ftudk mRrj vklkuh nsuk laHko ugha gS vkt ns”k ds leLr ukxfjdksads fy, laLFkkxr “kSf{kd lqfo/kkvksa dk izcU/k djus dk iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gSA ns”k ds f”k{kk fon~ bl leL;k ds gy dk mik;lksp gh jgs Fks] fd chloha “krkCnh ds lkrosa n”kd esa vesfjdh f”k{kkfon~ boku bfy;p ds Mh Ldwfyax lkslkbVh uked iqLrdesa izdkf”kr fopkjksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i yUnu esa fo”o ds izFke [kqys fo”ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk gqbZ blls izHkkfor 1964 esaljdkj }kjk f”k{kk vk;ksx ds v/;{k Mk0Mh0,l0dksBkjh us lLarqfr dh] fd ns”k esa ,slh fopkj /kkjk ¼[kqys fo”ofo|ky;ksa½ ds}kjk f”k{kk ds volj lHkh bPNqd O;fDr;ksa dks iznku fd;s tk ldrs gSA ifj.kker% fofHkUu jkT;ksa us lu 1985 esa [kqys bfUnjkxka/kh jk’Vªh; eqDr fo”ofo|ky; ls vius jkT;ksa esa nwjLFk f”k{kk dsUnz LFkkfir dj nwjLFk f”k{kk dk;ZØe ds ek/;e ls ch0,M0ikB;Øe izkjEHk fd;kA mÙkjk[k.M esa 2005&2006 gY}kuh esa eqDr fo”ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk gqbZ ;g bl jkT; esa laLFkkxrf”k{kk ls oafpr Nk=ksa dh f”k{kk ds fy, lgk;d fl) gks jgk gSA fQj Hkh eqDr fo”ofo|ky; Nk=ksa dh la[;k o`f) ds dkj.kijh{kkfFkZ;ksa dh vko”;drkvksa ds vuq:i f”k{kk ds volj miyC/k djkus esa lalk/kuksa dh deh ls tw> jgk gSA bl deh dks nwjdjus ds fy, ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa @izf”k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa esa f”k{kk fu’ifÙk vfHkizsj.kk dk Hkko tkx`r djus dh vko”;drk gSA

“kSf{kd fu’ifÙk¼miyfC/k½ vfHkizsj.kk dks lkekU; :Ik ls “kSf{kd {ks= esa Js’Brk ds [kkl Lrj izkIr djus dh bPNk ds :i esatkuk tkrk gSA fu’ifÙk vfHkizsj.kk ls izsfjr gksdj ckyd dk vUrj foosd fodflr gksrk gSA ftlls og vius dk;Z dks blizdkj ls djus dh dksf”k”k djrk gS] fd mls vf/kd ls vf/kd lQyrk izkIr gks ldsA “kSf{kd lQyrk esa ;ksxnku nsus okysdkjdksa esa vfHkizsj.kk ,d egRoiw.kZ dkjd gSA

bl izdkj f”k{kk vfHkizsj.kk ,d ,slh vkUrfjd “kfDr gS tks O;fDr dks O;ogkj djus dks ck/; djrh gS rFkk og vfHkizsj.kkrc rd fo|eku jgrh gS tc rd O;fDr mnns”; dh izkfIr ugha dj ysrk gS euksoSKkfudksa us O;fDr ds vfHkizsfjr O;ogkjksa dkfujh{k.k ,oa fo”ys’k.k djus ds i”pkr ik;k fd thou esa lQyrk izkIr djus dh n`f’V ls fu’ifÙk vfHkizsj.kk egRoiw.kZ gSaAfu’ifÙk ,d vftZr vfHkizsjd gS vfHkizsj.kk gekjs laosxks ls lEcfU/kr gS fdUrq fu’ifÙk gekjs vafre y{; ls lEcfU/kr gksrh gSAfu’ifÙk vfHkizsj.kk mnns”;ksa dh izkfIr;ksa dks iw.kZ djusa Ikj vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA ckyd dh vis{kk, rFkk vkdka{kk, muds O;ogkj esaifjyf{kr gksus yxrh gSA mPp fu’ifÙk vfHkizsj.kk okys ckyd f”k{kk ds fdlh Hkh {ks= esa vU; ckydksa dh vis{kk fof”k’Vrk izkIrdjuk pkgrs gSa ftlls mudh “kSf{kd fu’ifÙk dk Lrj mPp gksus ds QyLo:i mudh “kkykR;kxh nj de gksrh gSA vr%



vjfoUn

- 35 -

RE CHSEARnwjLFk rFkk laLFkkxr f’k{kk ek/;e ls Lukrd Lrjij v/;;ujr ch0,M0 izf’k{k.kkfFk Z;k s a dh‘k Sf{kd fu”ifÙk vfHki z sj.kk dk rqyukRed v/;;u



ckydks esa bl “kfDr ds }kjk v/;;u ds izfr izsfjr dj “kkykR;kxh nj dks U;wu fd;k tk ldrk gSA

blh dze esa mik/;k; ¼2012½ us vius v/;;u esa ik;k fd Nk= rFkk Nk=kvksa dh fu’ifÙk vfHkizsj.kk ds e/; lkFkZd vUrj-

gksrk gSA lquhrk cMksyk ¼2013½ ds v/;;u ifj.kke crkrs gS fd ek/;fed Lrj ij ljdkjh ifCyd o dkUosaV fo|ky; dsfo|kfFkZ;ksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k vfHkizsj.kk esa lkFkZd fHkUurk FkhA tljkt dkSj ¼2012½ ds v/;;u ds ifj.kke crkrs gS fdfo|kfFkZ;ksa ds LokLF; ,oa miyfC/k vfHkizsj.kk ds e/; dksbZz lkFkZd lEcU/k ugha ik;k tkrk gSA jkW; ccyh flUgk jf”e o lqeu]liuk ¼2013½ dk v/;;u ;g crkrk gS] fd mPp] vkSlr o fuEu “kSf{kd miyfC/k vfHkizsj.kk okys fo|kFkhZ laosxkRed cqf} esa,d nwljs ls fHkUu FksA dqekj ,oa jes”k ¼2012½ ds ifj.kke n”kkZrs gS fd mPPk miyfC/k ,oa fuEu miyfC/k okys iq:’kksa ds miyfC/kvfHkizsj.kk esa lkFkZd vUrj ik;k tkrk gS rFkk buds vkReizR;; esa lkFkZd vUrj ugha ik;k tkrk gSA lkbfd;k vkSj dyhrk¼2013½ us ckydksa rFkk ckfydkvksa ds miyfC/k vfHkizsj.kk ds e/; lkFkZd vUrj ik;k rFkk ckfydkvksa dh miyfC/k;kW vfHkizsj.kkckydks ls mPp ik;h x;hA vkt jkT; ds fo|kFkhZ viuh “kSf{kd fu’ifÙk vfHkizsj.kk ls izsfjr gksdj viuh “kSf{kd dfBukbZ;ksa ijfot; izkIr dj jgs gS ;g ljkguh; gSA

v/;;u dh vko’;drk&mÙkjk[k.M jkT; ds fofHkUu ch0,M0 dkWystksa ds HkkSfrd v/;;u ls ,slk ik;k x;k fd bu dkystksa esa u rks i;kZIr vgZ

f”k{kd gS] u ekudksa ds vuqlkj iwjh lqfo/kk, vkSj u gh muesa i<k, tkus okys fo’k;ksa dks izHkkoh cukus okys midj.k gSaA ftudsvHkko ls ch0,M0 izf”k{kk.kkfFkZ;ksa ij fujLrk] vukd’kZ.k] izHkkoghurk rFkk cksf>y ikB~;Øe rFkk vkfFkZd dfBukbZ tSls dkjdizHkkoh jgs gSA blls budh “kSf{kd Lrj esa deh ns[kh x;h blh rF; dks /;ku esa j[kdj “kks/kdrkZ us bl leL;k dk p;ufd;kAmnns’;&

nwjLFk rFkk laaaLFkkxr f”k{kk ek/;e ls Lukrd Lrj ij v/;;ujr ch0,M0 izf”k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh “kSf{kd fu’ifÙk vfHkizsj.kk dkrqyukRed v/;;u djukA

ifjdYiuk& nwjLFk rFkk laaaLFkkxr f”k{kk ek/;e ls Lukrd Lrj ij v/;;ujr ch0,M0 izf”k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh “kSf{kd fu’ifÙkvfHkizsj.kk esa lkFkZd vUrj ugh gSA

‘kks/k fof/k& izLrqr v/;;u esa losZ{k.k fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSAU;kn’kZ &

izLrqr v/;;u esa ;kn`fPNd U;kn”kZ fof/k dk iz;ksx dj x<oky e.My esa ch0,M0 Lrj ij nwjLFk rFkk laaaLFkkxr f”k{kkek/;e ls v/;;ujr izf”k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dks U;kn”kZ ds :i esa fy;k x;k gSA ftlesa 75 nwjLFk f”k{kk ek/;e rFkk 75 laaaLFkkxr f”k{kkek/;e ls bl izdkj dqy 150 ch0,M0 izf”k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dk U;kn”kZ esa fy;k gSAvuqla/kku midj.k &

“kSf{kd fu’ifÙk vfHkizsj.kk&ekiu ds fy, “kks/kdrkZ us Mk0 oh0ih0HkkxZo }kjk fufeZr miyfC/k vfHkizsj.kk ekiuh dk iz;ksxfd;k gSAlkaf[;dh; rduhdh &

“kwU; ifjdYiuk ds ijh{k.k gsrw e/;eku] ekud fopyu ,oa Vh& ijh{k.k eku dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSAvkdaM+ksa dk fo’ys”k.k ,oa O;k[;k& lkaf[;dh; ifj.kke lkj.kh 01 ds vUrxZr izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA

nwjLFk rFkk laaaLFkkxr f”k{kk ek/;e ls Lukrd Lrj ij v/;;ujr ch0,M0 izf”k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh “kSf{kd fu’ifÙk vfHkizsj.kk dsvkWdM+ksa dk fooj.k fuEu lkj.kh esa fn;k tk jgk gSA

lkj.kh la[;k 01nwjLFk rFkk laaaLFkkxr f”k{kk ek/;e ls Lukrd Lrj ij v/;;ujr

ch0,M0 izf”k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh “kSf{kd fu’ifÙk vfHkizsj.kk ds vUrj dh lkFkZdrk

vk;kevk;kevk;kevk;keNk= la[;kNk= la[;kNk= la[;kNk= la[;k

¼¼¼¼N½½½½e/;ekue/;ekue/;ekue/;eku¼¼¼¼M½½½½

Ekkud fopyuEkkud fopyuEkkud fopyuEkkud fopyu¼¼¼¼ )

Vh ijh{k.kVh ijh{k.kVh ijh{k.kVh ijh{k.k ¼¼¼¼t½½½½++ ++df=148

nwjLFk f”k{kk ek/;e ls Lukrd Lrjij ch0 ,M0 izf”k{k.kkFkhZ

75 68-06 5-444-53*

laaaLFkkxr f”k{kk ek/;e ls Lukrd Lrjij ch0 ,M0izf”k{k.kkFkhZ

75 64-19 5-19

ɕ

*0-01

,oa

0-05

fo”

okl d

s Lrj

ij lkFkZd


mDr lkj.kh ds voyksdu ls Kkr gksrk gS fd nwjLFk f”k{kk ek/;e ds Lukrd ch0,M0 izf”k{k.lkfFkZ;ksa us “kSf{kdfu’ifÙk vfHkizsj.kk esa e/;eku ¼ laaaLFkkxr f”k{kk ek/;e ds Lukrd ch0,M0 izf”k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds e/;eku ¼M- 68.06 M- 64.19) )ls vf/kd izkIr fd;s gS ysfdu Vh&ijh{k.k ¼ ½+ ds ewY;kadu ds vk/kkj ij ;g Kkr gksrk gSA fd 0-01 ,oa 0-05 ds fo”oklt-4.53

ds nksuksa Lrjksa ij Vh& ewY; ¼ ½+ lkj.kh ewY; ls vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k Lukrd Lrj ij nwjLFk rFkk laaaLFkkxr f”k{kk ek/;et-4.53

ls ch0,M0izf”k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh “kSf{kd fu’ifÙk vfHkizsj.kk esa lkFkZd vUrj ik;k x;kA vFkkZr nwjLFk f”k{kk ek/;e ds Lukrdch0,M0 izf”k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh “kSf{kd fu'ifÙk vfHkizsj.kk laaaLFkkxr f”k{kk ek/;e ds Lukrd ch0,M0 izf”k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ls Js’B ik;hx;h gSA

fu”d”kZvkWdMks ds fo”ys’k.k ls izkIr fu’d’kksZ dk fooj.k fuEu izdkj gSA Lukrd Lrj ij nwjLFk rFkk ijEijkxr f”k{kk ek/;e ls

ch0,M0 izf”k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh “kSf{kd fu’ifÙk vfHkizsj.kk esa lkFkZd vUrj ik;k x;k gSaA ;g vUrj nwjLFk f”k{kk ek/;e ds ch0,M0izf”k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa }kjk viuh “kSf{kd fu’ifÙk vfHkizsj.kk dks izkIr djus ds fy, fd;s x;s mUur rduhdh lapkj ek/;eksa ,oa “kSf{kdizfof/k;ksa ds iz;ksxksas ds ifjJe dk izfrQy gSA nwjLFk f”k{kk ek/;d ds ch0,M0 izf”k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dks “kSf{kd fu’ifÙk vfHkizsj.kkLrj ij ijEijkxr f”k{kk ek/;e ls ch0,M0 izf”k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ls Js’B ik;k x;kA tSlk fd Liwuj ¼2009½ us vius v/;;u esa ik;kfd nwjLFk f”k{kk ek/;e ds izf”k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh Loa; vf/kxe f”k{kk lkexzh ds }kjk lh[kus dh fu’iknu {kerk laLFkkxr Nk=ksa dhvis{kk vPNh ik;h x;hA

lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph� xSjsV gsujh bZ ¼1989½ f”k{kk vkSj euksfoKku esa lkaaf[;dh ] dY;k.kh ifCy”klZ] ubZ fnYyh� jke] ikjlukFk¼2007½ & vuqla/kku& ifjp;] y{eh ukjk;.k vxzoky] vkxjkA� Babli Roy, Rashmi sinha , Sapna Suman(2013)- Emotional Intelligence and Academic Achievement

Motivation Among Adolescents . A-Relationship Study-International Refered Reasarch Journal . wwwresearcher world com- vol-IV, issue-2,April 2013(127)

� Dr. Sunita Badola(2013) - Effect of schools onAcademicAchievement Motivation of Secondary level student,Badola,S/Educationia confab ISSN: 2320-009 X vol-2 no -5 may 20135-

� Kaur.J(2012)- Well being of School Studens in relation to their achievement, Motivation., Praachi Journal ofPsycho -cultural Dimensions,28(2),110-114

� Kumar ,G.P& Ramesh, K.A(2012)-Analysis of Achievement Motivation and Self Concept AmenginterCollegiate Men Football Players, Vyayam Vidnyan 45(4), 6-10

� Saikia, L.R& kalita,s (2013) – Achievement Motivation In Relation to Gender IJPF, Indian Journal ofPsychometry and Education, 44(2) 116-118

� Spooner .L (1999)- Student Ration of Instruchan In Distance Learning And On Campus Classes ,Journal OfEducational Research,192(3),132-146

� Upadhyaya,P(2012)Academic MotivationAmong Higher Secondary Student Shiksha Mitra.4(4),49-50

� www.eric.ed.gov



vjfoUn

RE CHSEARnwjLFk rFkk laLFkkxr f’k{kk ek/;e ls Lukrd Lrjij v/;;ujr ch0,M0 izf’k{k.kkfFk Z;k s a dh‘k Sf{kd fu”ifÙk vfHki z sj.kk dk rqyukRed v/;;u




Issue : 4, Year : 5

Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 37 - 42

ISSN 2278 – 5949

- 37 -

ABSTRACT

f”k{kk ekuo thou dh vk/kkjf”kyk gS] tks mls nsoRo dk n”kZu djkrh gS rFkk lekt dk izxfr”khy]lqlaLd`r ,oa lH; ukxfjd cukrh gSA O;fDr dh f”k{kk ij mlds O;fDrRo dk izHkko Hkh n`f’Vxkspj gksrk gSAizLrqr v/;;u esa lkekftd :i ls fiNMsa+ fo|kfFkZ;ksa ¼vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa vuqlwfpr tutkfr½ ds O;fDrRo ,oa“kSf{kd vkdka{kk ds v/;;u ij dsfUnzr gSA bl v/;;u esa losZ{k.k fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA U;kn”kZ p;u esavlEHkkfork U;kn”kZu fof/k ds vUrxZr mís”;iw.kZ U;kn”kZu fof/k dk iz;ksx djds 600 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk p;u fd;kx;k gSA v/;;u ds ifj.kkeLo:i ik;k x;k fd O;fDrRo dh vUreqZ[krk ,oa cfgeqZ[krk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lHkheuksoSKkfud i{kksa dks dgha u dgha izHkkfor djrh gSA

eq[; ‘kCn & lkekftd :i ls fiNMsa fo|kFkhZ] O;fDrRo ,oa “kSf{kd vkdka{kkA

RE CHSEAR

lkekftd #i ls fiNMs+ fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds O;fDrRo dss lUnHkZ esamudh ‘kSf{kd vkdka{kk dk v/;;u




eksuw jke“kks/kkFkhZ *

* f”k{kk foHkkx] fcjyk ifjlj] gs0u0c0x0 fo”ofo|ky;] Jhuxj ¼x<+oky½

,l0 ds0 y[ksMk,lks0 izksQslj*

f”k{kk ekuo thou dh vk/kkjf”kyk rFkk lkekftd thou dk vfuok;Z miknku gSA izd`fr ds vkaxu esa lw;Z ds izdk”kls ftl izdkj dey dk iq"Ik f[ky mBrk gS Bhd mlh izdkj f”k{kk :ih Kku dks ikdj ekuo izdk”koku gks tkrk gSA f”k{kkeuq"; ds vkUrfjd fodkl ,oa o`f) dh fujUrj pyus okyh izfØ;k gSA f”k{kk O;fDr dh vUrfuZfgr “kfDRk;ksa dks mtkxj djrhgS] nsoRo dk n”kZu djkrh gS] ekuoh; ewY;ksa dh vuqHkwfr dk volj iznku djrh gS vkSj LokuqHkwfr dk ekxZ iz”kLr djrh gSAf”k{kk va/kdkj esa HkVdrs gq, jkgh ds fy, izdk”k iaqt ds leku gS tks ekuo dks lR;&vlR; ,oa mfpr&vuqfpr dk cks/kdjkrh gSA f”k{kk dk okLrfod mís”; euq"; ,oa mlds lekt dks izxfr”khy] lkaLd`frd ,oa lH; cukuk gSA

izR;sd jk’Vª dk ;g uSfrd nkf;Ro gS fd og fcuk fdlh Hksn&Hkko ds vius izR;sd ukxfjd dks gj {ks= esa lekuvolj iznku dj mlds O;fDrxr ,oa jk’Vª ds fodkl esa mudh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf”pr djsA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa izR;sd ukxfjddks leku vf/kdkj ,oa dÙkZO; iznku fd;s x;s gS rFkk blh fl)kUr ij yksdrU= viuh tM+ksa dks etcwr fd;s gq, gSA vk/kqfudHkkjrh; lekt vusd tkfr;ksa esa foHkkftr gSA izkphu dky esa lekt dks O;olk; ds vk/kkj ij fofHkUu oxksZa esa ck¡Vk x;k Fkk]tks orZeku esa oxZ u jgdj oxZ ds uke ij fofHkUu tkfr;ksa o mitkfr;ksa esa c¡V dj jg x;k gSA orZeku lekt ds yksx viuhtkfr fo”ks’k dks gh loZJs’B ekurs gSA vr% tgk¡ ij tkfr ds izfr HkfDr gksxh ogk¡ ns”kHkfDr dSls iuisxh \ rc jk’Vªh;rk dkfodkl dSls lEHko gS\ vk/kqfud lekt esa euq’; lkekftd ,dhdj.k ds ewY;ksa ls nwj gksrk tk jgk gSA oS”ohdj.k ds orZekunkSj esa jk’Vªksa ds chp yxkrkj ,d&nwljs ls vkxs c<+us dh gkSM+ yxh gS] ftlesa izR;sd jk’Vª ds mPp oxZ us rks rhoz xfr lsmUufr dh gS fdUrq lekt dk ,d cM+k oxZ fiNM+rk tk jgk gSA bfrgkl bl ckr dk lk{kh gS fd dksbZ Hkh jk’Vª fdlh oxZfo”ks’k dks ihNs&NksM+dj] mUufr ugha dj ik;k gSA jk’Vª dh mUufr lekt ds lHkh oxksZa] tkfr;ksa] /keksZa rFkk leqnk;ksa ds yksxksadks lkFk ysdj gh gks ldrh gSA gekjs ns”k dh tula[;k dk ,d cM+k Hkkx lkekftd #i ls fiNM+k gqvk gS] ftlesa vuqlwfprtkfr rFkk tutkfr;ksa dk eq[; LFkku gSA ;g oxZ vHkh Hkh lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd #i ls vU; oxkZas ls fiNM+k gqvk gSA lu~1950 esa lafo/kku ykxw gksus ds mijkUr lafo/kku dh 5oha vuqlwph esa dqN fiNM+h tkfr;ksa] tutkfr;ksa ,oa leqnk;ksa dksvuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr dh laKk nh xbZA lafo/kku dh /kkjk&15 esa lekt ds lHkh oxksaZ dks lekurk dk vf/kdkj iznkufd;k x;k gS rFkk /kkjk&29 ds vuqPNsn&2 esa lkekftd ,oa “kSf{kd #i ls fiNM+ksa rFkk vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr dsfodkl ij cy fn;k x;k gSA /kkjk&46 esa vuqlwfpr tkfr] tutkfr ,oa vU; fiNM+s oxkZsa ds “kSf{kd ,oa vkfFkZd fgrksa dh ckrdh xbZ gSAO;fDrRo (Personality)

O;fDrRo “kCn dk iz;ksx lk/kkj.k okrkZyki esa cgqrk;r ls fd;k tkrk gSA lk/kkj.k ckrphr esa iz;qDr O;fDrRo “kCn



eksuw jke ,oa ,l0 ds0 y[ksMk

- 38 -

RE CHSEARlkekftd #i ls fiNMs + fo|kfFk Z;k s a d sO;fDrRo ds s lUnHk Z e s a mudh ‘k Sf{kd vkdka{kkdk v/;;u



fdlh ,sls xq.k ;k fo”ks"krk dks bafxr djrk gS] ftls lHkh O;fDr fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa O;ogkj djus rFkk ikjLifjd lEcU/kksadh n`f"V ls fo”ks"k egRo nsrs gSaA O;fDrRo dksbZ fLFkr voLFkk u gksdj ,d xfr”khy lef"V gS] tks ifjos”k ds izHkko ls fujUrjifjofrZr gksrh jgrh gSA O;fDrRo O;fDr ds vkpkj&fopkj] O;ogkj] fØ;kvksa xfrfof/k;ksa vkfn lHkh ckrksa esa iznf”kZr gksrk gSAizkphu dky esa O;fDrRo dk vFkZ “kkjhfjd jpuk] jax:Ik] os”kHkw"kk vkfn ls yxk;k tkrk FkkA ijUrq orZeku le; esa O;fDrRo“kCn ls rkRi;Z ,d ,sls laxBu ls gS ftlesa cgqr ls ekuoh; xq.k vUrfuZfgr rFkk laxfBr gksrs gSaA O;fDrRo ekuoh; O;ogkjdk izfreku gS tks fdlh ifjfLFkfr fo”ks"k ds izR;qÙkj esa fd;s tkrs gSa rFkk tks ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj ifjofrZr gksrs jgrs gSaA

euksoSKkfudksa dh n`f"V ls O;fDrRo ,d vR;Ur tfVy] Hkzked rFkk vLi"V izd`fr okyk izR;; gS] ftldh loZekU;,oa iw.kZr% ;FkkFkZ ,oa Li"V ifjHkk"kk nsuk u dsoy dfBu cfYd yxHkx vlEHko lk dk;Z gSA euksfoKku ds lkfgR; esa O;fDrRo“kCn dh vusd ifjHkk"kk,a feyrh gSa rFkk muesa Ik;kZIr fHkUurk,a ik;h tkrh gSaA okLro esa] O;fDrRo ,d ,slh vijks{k fo”ks"krk gSftls fofHkUu euksoSKkfudkas us vyx&vyx :i ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gSA dqN egRoiw.kZ rFkk vko”;d ifjHkk"kk,a fuEu izdkjgSa& oqMoFkZ ds vuqlkj] ^^ O;fDrRo] O;fDr dh lEiw.kZ xq.kkRedrk gSA^^ vkbtsUd ds vuqlkj ^^ckyd ds O;fDrRo ij mldsoa”kkuqØe rFkk okrkoj.k nksuksa dk izHkko iM+rk gSA O;fDrRo ls vfHkizk; ckyd ds ckº; rFkk vkUrfjd xq.kksa ds ;ksx ls gSftlds }kjk og vius okrkoj.k ds lkFk lek;kstu LFkkfir djrk gSA^^ vkyiksVZ ds vuqlkj ^Ô;fDrRo] O;fDr ds Hkhrj ds mueuksnSfgd xq.kksa dk xR;kRed laxBu gS tks mlds okrkoj.k ls viwoZ vfHk;kstu dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA^^ orZeku “kks/k esaO;fDrRo dk nks foekvksa vUreZq[kh rFkk cfgeqZ[kh ds lanHkZ esa v/;;u fd;k x;k gS] ftldk laf{kIr fooj.k bl izdkj gS &( )

vUrqeZ[kh O;fDrRo & vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys O;fDr ladksph] fopkj iz/kku] de O;ogkjdq”ky] ,dkUr fiz;] vkn”kZoknh]vkRexr n`f"Vdks.k okys] nsj ls fu.kZ; ysus okys] fu.kZ;ksa dks nsj ls fØ;kfUor djus okys] Hkfo"; dks egRo nsus okys] de cksyusokys vkfn fo”ks"krkvksa okys gksrs gSaA

cfgZeq[kh O;fDrRo & cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys O;fDr lektoknh] ;FkkFkZoknh] O;ogkjdq”ky] Hkko iz/kku] ladksp jfgr]HkkSfrdoknh] vf/kd okd~ “kfDr okys] vf/kd dk;Z”khy] orZeku dks egRo nsus okys] “kh?kz fu.kZ; ysus okys rFkk oLrqxrn`f"Vdks.k vkfn fo”ks"krkvksa okys gksrs gSaA

‘kSf{kd vkdka{kk (EducationalAspiration)

izR;sd ckyd esa dqN ikus dh izcy bPNk gksrh gS] ftlds fy, og fujUrj iz;kljr jgrk gSA gjykWd us] vkdka{kkdks O;fDr dh orZeku fLFkfr ls vkxs c<+us ;k Åij mBus ds iz;kl ds #i esa ifjHkkf’kr fd;k gSA vkdkaa{kk esa miyfC/k dh bPNkvizR;{k gksrh gSA izR;sd ckyd esa f”k{kk ds fy, dqN vkdka{kk,¡ gksrh gSA “kSf{kd vkdka{kk dks “kSf{kd miyfC/k rFkk y{; ij/;ku dsfUnzr djkus okyk lk/ku ekuk tk ldrk gSA “kSf{kd vkdka{kk ds vUrZxr ckyd ds fiNys vuqHko] ;ksX;rk ,oa lkeF;Z]fu/kkZfjr y{; dks izkIr djus gsrq fd;s tkus okys iz;kl ds vk/kkj ij mldh viuh Hkkoh miyfC/k dk vuqeku ^pkgs de gks ;kvf/kd^ dks “kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA “kSf{kd vkdka{kk ckyd ds O;fDrxr dkjdksa] dkS”kyksa] vkRe&izR;;] vkRe&fuHkZjrk vkfnds vfrfjDr ifjokj ds lkekftd&vkfFkZd Lrj] ,oa vfHkHkkodksa ds “kSf{kd Lrj vkfn ls izHkkfor gksrh gSA

lkekU;r% dqN O;fDr ftruk dk;Z djrs gSa mlls vf/kd dk;Z djus dh bPNk djrs gSa tcfd dqN O;fDr mlls dedk;Z djus dh bPNk djrs gSaA O;fDr ds dk;Z djus dh ek=k rFkk ml dk;Z ds izfr lkspus dh ek=k mldh vkdka{kk ds Lrj ijfuHkZj djrh gSA ;gh vkdka{kk Lrj O;fDr ds y{; dk fu/kkZj.k djrk gSA

vkdka{kk dk rkRi;Z O;fDr }kjk vius y{; dk fu/kkZj.k dj mls izkIr djus dh rRdkyhu {kerk ls gSA ljy “kCnksa esay{; dks izkIr djus dh bPNk gh vkdka{kk dgykrh gSA vkdka{kk ls O;fDr ds rRdkyhu y{; dk ladsr feyrk gSA vkdka{kkLrj dks KkukRed izsj.kk ds :Ik esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS D;ksafd O;fDr tks Hkh dk;Z djrk gS og fdlh u fdlh mís”;;k vkdka{kk ls lEcfU/kr gksrk gSA vkdka{kk Lrj O;fDr ds leLr thou ij izHkko Mkyrk gSA tc O;fDr dks thou esalQyrk,a izkIr gksrh gSa rc mldk vkdka{kk Lrj mPPk gksus yxrk gS ijUrq tc mls vlQyrkvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS rksmldk vkdka{kk Lrj fod`r gks tkrk gSA vkdka{kk Lrj dk loZizFke v/;;u gksi rFkk MsEcksa }kjk O;fDr;ksa ds y{; dsdfBurk Lrj ds lanHkZ esa fd;k x;k FkkA buds vuqlkj vkdka{kk Lrj dk rkRi;Z O;fDr }kjk y{; izkIr djus dh dfBukbZ Lrjls gSA tsEl Msªoj us vkdka{kk Lrj dks vkRelEeku ls tqM+s <k¡ps ds lanHkZ esa ;k oSdfYid :Ik ls ,d O;fDr dh lQyrk vkSjvlQyrk ds Hkko ls tqM+s vuqHkoksa ds ekud ds lanHkZ ds Li"V fd;k gSA

bl izdkj vkdka{kk Lrj LovfHkizsj.kk dk ,d :Ik gS ftlesa fdlh O;fDr ds vius vrhr ds dk;Z ls izfrLi/kkZlekfgr gksrh gSA bl izdkj vkdka{kk Lrj esa vrhr ds vuqHkoksa dh lkeF;Z ij O;fDr ds Hkfo"; dh miyfC/k izkIr djus dh;ksX;rk] {kerk rFkk dq”kyrk vkSj O;fDr }kjk fu/kkZfjr fd;s x;s y{; dks izkIr djus ds iz;Ru lfEefrr gksrs gSaA “kSf{kdvkdka{kk ls fo|ky;h f”k{kk ds ml Lrj dk cks/k gksrk gS ftls fo|kFkhZ izkIr djus dh vfHkyk"kk j[krs gSaA


lEcfU/kr lkfgR; dk v/;;uiVsy ¼2013½ vius v/;;u esa cfgeqZ[kh ,oa vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh Lofu’Bk esa lkFkZd vUrj ik;kA

usgjk] lqeu ¼2014½ us vius v/;;u esa cfgeqZ[kh ,oa vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k esa dksbZ lkFkZdugha ik;kA gqlSu¼2014½ us vius v/;;u esa O;fDrRo izdkj rFkk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh l`tukRedrk esa lkFkZd vUrj ik;kA B

x;kA 'kekZ rFkk flag ¼2014½ us vius v/;;u esa rFkk cksMZ ls ekU;rk izkIr fo|ky;ksa ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lek;kstu ,oaCBSE UP

fpUrk Lrj dk cfgeqZ[kh ,oa vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa ij lkFkZd vUrj ik;kA lqukyh] flag¼2008½ us vius v/;;u esacfgeqZ[kh ,oa vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk ds e/; dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha ik;kA flag ,oadqekj¼2011½ us vius v/;;u esa ckyd&ckfydkvksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk esa lkFkZd vUrj ik;k] ckfydkvksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kkckydksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd ik;h x;hA dkSj¼2012½ us vius v/;;u esa ljdkjh ,oa izkbosV mPp&ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa esav/;;ujr fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha ik;kA dqekjh] uhye ¼2014½ us vius v/;;u esa xzkeh.krFkk “kgjh eqfLye efgykvksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk esa vUrj ik;k] “kgjh efgykvksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk xzkeh.k efgykvksa dhrqyuk esa mPp ik;h x;hA

mijksDr lEcfU/kr lkfgR; ds v/;;u ls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd O;fDrRo dh vUreqZ[krk ,oa cfgeqZ[krk dk O;fDr dhdk;Ziz.kkyh ,oa vU; lHkh euksoSKkfud vk;keksa ls lh/kk lEcU/k gSA cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okyk O;fDr vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo okysO;fDr dh vis{kk ifjfLFkfr ds vuq:i vklkuh ls vuqdwyu dj ysrk gSA mldh cfgeqZ[krk ;k vUreqZ[krk dk mldhvkdka{kkvksa] bPNkvksa] laosxksa] vfHkO;fDr {kerk] lek;kstu {kerk vkfn vusd O;ogkfjd vk;ke izR;{k vFkok vizR;{k :i lslEcfU/kr jgrs gSA

izLrqr v/;;u mís’;1- lkekftd #i ls fiNM+s vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo ,oa cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk dk v/;;u djukA2- lkekftd #i ls fiNM+s vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo ,oa cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys ckydksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk esa dk v/;;u djukA3- lkekftd #i ls fiNM+s vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo ,oa cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okyh ckfydkvksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk esa dk v/;;u

djukA

izLrqr v/;;u dh ifjdYiuk,¡1- lkekftd #i ls fiNM+s vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo ,oa cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk esa lkFkZd vUrj ugha

gSA2- lkekftd #i ls fiNM+s vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo ,oa cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys ckydksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk esa lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA3- lkekftd #i ls fiNM+s vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo ,oa cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okyh ckfydkvksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk esa lkFkZd vUrj

ugha gSA

‘kks/k fof/k %& izLrqr “kks/k gsrq o.kZukRed losZ{k.k fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

U;kn’kZ&izLrqr “kks/k v/;;u esa U;kn”kZ izfof/k dk mís”; nsgjknwu rFkk gfj}kj ftys ds mPp ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa dh X;kjgoha rFkk

ckjgoha d{kkvksa esa v/;;ujr vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds ckyd ,oa ckfydkvksa ds izfrfuf/k U;kn”kZ dk p;udjuk FkkA bl mís”; dh iwfrZ gsrq “kks/kdÙkkZ }kjk vlEHkkfork U;kn”kZ fof/k ds vUrZxr mÌs”;iw.kZ U;kn”kZ izfof/k dk iz;ksxfd;k x;k gSA bl izdkj nsgjknwu rFkk gfj}kj ftys ds 600 vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dkmÌs”;iw.kZ U;kn”kZizfof/k }kjk p;u fd;k x;kA U;kn”kZ esa 300 ckydksa rFkk 300 ckfydkvksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;kA izLrqrv/;;u esa U;kn”kZ esa pqus x;s 600 fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds O;fDrRo v/;;u esa dsoy vUreqqZ[kh vkSj cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys fo|kfFkZ;ksadks gh “kkfey fd;k x;k gS] mHk;eq[kh O;fDrRo okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks v/;;u esa “kkfey ugha fd;k x;k gSA

midj.k%&1- & fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds O;fDrRo dk MkW0 ih0 ,Q0 vtht ,oa MkW0 js[kk xqIrk }kjk fufeZrO;fDrRo

*,DVªksojtu&bUVªksojtu bUoSUVªh* }kjk ekiu fd;k x;k gSA2- & orZeku “kks/k v/;;u esa] “kSf{kd vkdka{kk dks vkfJr pj ds :Ik esa fy;k x;k gSA bl pj dks MkW0 oh0‘kSf{kd vkdka{kk

ih0 “kekZ ,oa MkW0 ,0 xqIrk }kjk fufeZr *“kSf{kd vkdka{kk ekiuh* }kjk ekik x;k gSAlkaf[;dh; izfof/k;k¡&

izLrqr v/;;u esa e/;eku] ekud fopyu rFkk Vh&ijh{k.k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA






PkjPkjPkjPkjO;fDrRoO;fDrRoO;fDrRoO;fDrRo dsdsdsds

vk;kevk;kevk;kevk;kee/;ekue/;ekue/;ekue/;eku

ekudekudekudekudfopyufopyufopyufopyu

vkofÙkvkofÙkvkofÙkvkofÙkva”kva”kva”kva”k

^Vh^^Vh^^Vh^^VhÊkkuEkkuEkkuEkku

Ikfj.kkeIkfj.kkeIkfj.kkeIkfj.kke

O;fDrRo ds lUnHkZ esa “kSf{kdvkdka{kk dk v/;;u

vUreqZ[kh 20-364 6-065193 3-407** lkFkZd

cfgeqZ[kh 23-807 6-457


mís’;&1& lkekftd #i ls fiNM+s vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo ,oa cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk dk v/;;udjukAifjdYiuk& lkekftd #i ls fiNM+s vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo ,oa cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk esa lkFkZdvUrj ugha gSA

lkj.kh & 01lkekftd #i ls fiNM+s vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo ,oa cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh

“kSf{kd vkdka{kk esa vUrj gsrq Vh&eku

** ¾ 0-01 lkFkZdrk Lrj vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k &118cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k &289

lkj.kh 1 esa lkekftd #i ls fiNM+s vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo ,oa cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk esavUrj gsrq Vh&eku iznf”kZr fd;k x;k gSA lkj.kh ls Li"V gS fd vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k 118 rFkkcfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k 289 gSA vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk dk e/;eku19-941 rFkk ekud fopyu 7-067 gSA cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk dk e/;eku 24-152 rFkk ekudfopyu 7-250 gSA lkekftd #i ls fiNM+s vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo ,oa cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk dhrqyuk djus ij Vh&eku 5-355 izkIr gqvk gS] tks 0-01 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij lkFkZd gSA blls Li"V gS fd lkekftd #i ls fiNM+svUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo ,oa cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk esa lkFkZd vUrj gSA e/;eku ls Li"V gS fdcfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk] vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk ls mPp gSA

mís’; % 2&lkekftd #i ls fiNM+s vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo ,oa cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys ckydksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk esa vUrj KkrdjukAifjdYiuk& lkekftd #i ls fiNM+s vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo ,oa cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys ckydksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk esa lkFkZdvUrj ugha gSA

lkj.kh &2lkekftd #i ls fiNM+s vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo ,oa cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys ckydksa dh


** ¾ 0-01 lkFkZdrk Lrj vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys ckydksadh la[;k & 55cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys ckydksadh la[;k & 140

lkj.kh&2 esa lkekftd #i ls fiNM+s vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo ,oa cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys ckydksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk esa vUrjgsrq Vh&eku iznf”kZr fd;k x;k gSA lkj.kh ls Li"V gS fd vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys ckydksa dh la[;k 55 rFkk cfgeqZ[khO;fDrRo okys ckydksa dh la[;k 140 gSA vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys ckydksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk dk e/;eku 20-364 rFkk ekudfopyu 6-065 gSA cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys ckydksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk dk e/;eku 23-807 rFkk ekud fopyu 6-457 gSAlkekftd #i ls fiNM+s vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo ,oa cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys ckydksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk dh rqyuk djus ijVh&eku 3-407 izkIr gqvk gS] tks 0-01 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij lkFkZd gSA blls Li"V gS fd lkekftd #i ls fiNM+s vUreqZ[khO;fDrRo ,oa cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys ckydksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk esa lkFkZd vUrj gSA e/;eku ls Li"V gS fd cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRookys ckydksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys ckydksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk ls mPp gSA

mís’; % 3&lkekftd #i ls fiNM+h vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo ,oa cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okyh ckfydkvksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk dkv/;;u djukA

PkjPkjPkjPkjO;fDrRo dsO;fDrRo dsO;fDrRo dsO;fDrRo ds




^Vh^^Vh^^Vh^^VhÊkkuEkkuEkkuEkku



vUreqZ[kh 19-941 7-067405 5-355** lkFkZd

cfgeqZ[kh 24-152 7-250






PkjPkjPkjPkjO;fDrRo dsO;fDrRo dsO;fDrRo dsO;fDrRo ds




^Vh^^Vh^^Vh^^VhÊkuEkuEkuEku



vUreqZ[kh 19-571 7-869210 4-125** lkFkZd

cfgeqZ[kh 24-477 7-931


ifjdYiuk%& lkekftd #i ls fiNM+s vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo ,oa cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okyh ckfydkvksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk esa lkFkZdvUrj ugha gSA

lkj.kh&3lkekftd #i ls fiNM+h vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo ,oa cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okyh ckfydkvksa dh


¾ 0-01 lkFkZdrk Lrj vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo okyh ckfydkvksa dh la[;k & 63**

cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okyh ckfydkvksa dh la[;k & 149

lkj.kh&3 esa lkekftd #i ls fiNM+h vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo ,oa cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okyh ckfydkvksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk esavUrj gsrq Vh&eku iznf”kZr fd;k x;k gSA lkj.kh ls Li"V gS fd vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo okyh ckfydkvksa dh la[;k 63 rFkkcfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okyh ckfydkvksa dh la[;k 149 gSA vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo okyh ckfydkvksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk dk e/;eku19-571 rFkk ekud fopyu 7-869 gSA cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okyh ckfydkvksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk dk e/;eku 24-477 rFkk ekudfopyu 7-931 gSA lkekftd #i ls fiNM+h vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo ,oa cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okyh ckfydkvksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk dhrqyuk djus ij Vh&eku 4-125 izkIr gqvk gS] tks 0-01 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij lkFkZd gSA

blls Li"V gS fd lkekftd #i ls fiNM+h vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo ,oa cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okyh ckfydkvksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kkesa lkFkZd vUrj gSA e/;eku ls Li"V gS fd cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okyh ckfydkvksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo okyhckfydkvksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk ls mPp gSA

fu”d”kZ&� lkekftd #i ls fiNM+s vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo ,oa cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk esa lkFkZd vUrj

ik;k x;k gSA cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kkls mPp ik;h x;h gSA

� lkekftd #i ls fiNM+s vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo ,oa cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys ckydksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk esa lkFkZd vUrj ik;kx;k gSA cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys ckydksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys ckydksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk ls mPpik;h x;h gSA

� lkekftd #i ls fiNM+h vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo ,oa cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okyh ckfydkvksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk esa lkFkZd vUrjik;k x;k gSA cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okyh ckfydkvksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk vUreqZ[kh O;fDrRo okyh ckfydkvksa dh “kSf{kdvkdka{kk ls mPp ik;h x;h gSA

leh{kk &lEcfU/kr lkfgR; ds v/;;u ,oa izLrqr v/;;u ds fu’d’kksaZ dh leh{kk ls ;g izkIr gqvk fd flag ,oa dqekj ¼2011½]

iVsy¼2013½] gqlSu¼2014½] ”kekZ ,oa flag¼2014½] dqekjh] uhye¼2014½ vkfn us vUreqZ[kh ,oa cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys fo|kfFkZ;ksaij fd;s x;s vius v/;;uksa esa mudh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk] “kSf{kd miyfC/k] Lofu’Bk] ltùkRedrk] lek;kstu ,oa fpUrk Lrj easizLrqr v/;;u ds vuq:i gh lkFkZd vUrj ik;k tcfd flag] lqukyh¼2008½] dkSj ¼2012½] usgjk] lqeu¼2014½] vkfn usvUreqZ[kh ,oa cfgeqZ[kh O;fDrRo okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa ij fd;s x;s vius v/;;uksa esa mudh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk ,oa vU; dkjdksa esa dksbZlkFkZd vUrj ugha ik;kA mijksDr v/;;uks esa ckydksa dh rqyuk esa ckfydkvksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk mPp ik;h x;h rFkk xzkeh.kfo|kfFkZ;ksa dh rqyuk esa “kgjh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk mPp ik;h x;hA izLrr v/;;u esa vUreqZ[kh ckyd ,oackfydkvksa dh rqyuk esa cfgeqZ[kh ckyd ,oa ckfydkvksa dh “kSf{kd vkdka”kk mPp ik;h x;hA

v/;;u dk egRobl v/;;u ls ge ;g tkudkjh izkIr dj ldrs gS fd cPpksa dk O;fDrRo fdl izdkj dk gS rFkk mudh “kSf{kd vkdka{kk

dk Lrj D;k gSA f”k{kdksa ,oa f”k{k.k laLFkkukssa ds n`f’Vdk.k ls ;g tkudkjh vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gksxh ftlls fd os viuh f”k{k.kfof/k esa lq/kkj djds bUgs izHkkfor djus okys dkj.kksa dks nwj djus dk iz;kl dj ldrs gS] ftlls cPpksa dh miyfC/k dk Lrjc<s+xk ftldk lh/kk izHkko v/;kidksa rFkk f”k{k.k laLFkkvksa dh miyfC/k ij iMrk gSA lekt rFkk vfHkHkkodksa dh n`f’V ls ;g




RE CHSEARlkekftd #i ls fiNMs + fo|kfFk Z;k s a d sO;fDrRo ds s lUnHk Z e s a mudh ‘k S f{kd vkdka{kkdk v/;;u



v/;;u vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gSA bldh tkudkjh ds vk/kkj ij os vius cPpksa dk bl izdkj dk okrkoj.k ns ldrs gS] ftllsmuds O;fDrRo] lek;kstu rFkk “kSf{kd vkdka{kk ds Lrj dk fodkl gksxkA fofHkUu “kSf{kd ,oa lkekftd uhfr fuekZrkvksa dsfy, ;g tkudkjh vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gS fd vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds O;fDrRo] “kSf{kd vkdka{kk,oa lekt esa lek;ksu dh D;k fLFkfr gSA vr% ;g v/;;u uhfr fuekZrkvksa dks vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa vuqlwfpr tutkfr dsfo|kfFkZ;ksa dh Ldwyh f”k{kk ls tqM+h uhfr;ksa dks cukus ds fy, lgk;rk iznku dj ldrk gS ftlls os ikB~;p;kZ esa bl izdkjdh fdz;kvksa dks “kkfey djs ftlesa uohu f”k{k.k fof/k;ksa dk fuekZ.k] ikB~;dze o ikB~; iqLrdksa rFkk ikB~; lgxkeh fdz;kvksa esalq/kkj tSlh uhfr;ksa dk lekos”k djs ftlls vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds O;fDrRo] lek;kstu ,oa“kSf{kd vkdka{kk dh {kerk dk fodkl gks lds vkSj os lekt dh eq[; /kkjk esa “kkfey gks ldsA vr% f”k{kk ds ek/;e ls gh bloxZ ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds O;fDrRo xq.kksa] t#jrksa] vko”;drkvksa] vkdka{kkvksa ,oa lkekftd ifjos”k esa muds lek;kstu {kerk dksle>uk vko”;d gSA

lUnHkZ xzUFk ¼ ½Reference

� dkSy] yksds”k ¼2009½] “kSf{kd vuqla/kku dh dk;Ziz.kkyh] ubZ fnYyh% fodkl ifCyf”kax gkÅl izk0 fy0A� xqIrk] ,l0ih0 ,oa xqIrk] vYkdk ¼2011½] mPprj f”k{kk euksfoKku] bykgkckn% “kkjnk iqLrd HkouA� Tkk;loky] ,l0 ¼1996½] O;fDrRo dk euksfoKku] vkxjk% fouksn iqLrd efUnjA� ik.Ms;] jke”kdy ¼2009½] f”k{kk dh nk”kZfud ,oa lekt”kkL=h; i`’BHkwfe] vkxjk% Jh fouksn iqLrd efUnjA� oekZ] vkj0,l0] flag] ,l0 ,oa “kekZ] Mh0¼1994½] O;kogkfjd euksfoKku] vkxjk% fouksn iqLrd efUnjA� flag] v#.k dqekj ¼2012½] euksfoKku] lekt “kkL= rFkk f”k{kk esa “kks/k fof/k;k¡] iVuk% ekssrhyky cukjlhnklA� flag] ,0ds0 ,oa flag] ,0 ¼2014½] O;fDrRo dk euksfoKku] fnYyh% eksrhyky cukjlhnklA� flag] d.kZ ¼2012&13½] vf/kxedrkZ dk fodkl ,oa f”k{k.k vf/kxe izfdz;k] y[kheiqj [khjh% xksfoUn izdk”kuA� “kekZ] vkj0,0 ¼2009½] f”k{kk euksfoKku ds ewy rRo] esjB% vkj0 yky cqd fMiksA� JhokLro] egsUnz ¼2014½] izkjfEHkd f”k{kk ds uohu iz;kl] vkxjk% vxzoky ifCyds”kUlA� JhokLro] Mh0,u0 ¼2009½] O;fDrRo dk euksfoKku] vkxjk% fouksn iqLrd efUnjA

tuZyl ¼Journals)� flag] lqukyh ¼2008½- ek/;fed Lrj ds Nk=ksa dh “kSf{kd larqf"V] “kSf{kd miyfC/k] O;fDrRo o “kSf{kd vkdka{kkvksa dk

v/;;u] “kks/k izcU/k ¼f”k{kk”kkL=½] pkS0 pj.k flag fo”ofo|ky;] esjBA� flag] iou dqekj ¼2011½- gkse bUok;jeSaV ,t n fMVjfeuSUV vkWQ ,tqds”kuy ,fLijs”kUl] fjlsUV fjlpZ bu lkbUl ,.M

VSDuksyksth] 3] i`0la0 25&27� dkSj] ijfoUnjthr ¼2012½-,tqds”kuy ,fLijs”kul vkWQ ,MksyslsUVl bu fjys”ku Vw ns;j ysoy vkWQ bUVsyhtsUl]

bUVjus”kuy eYVhfMlhfIyujh b&tuZy] oksY;we& ] b”;w& ] i`0la0 37&43I VII

� iVsy] ,p0Vh0 ¼2013½- bEiSDV vkWQ lSYQ&bLVhe vkWu ilZusfyVh ,.M ,MtSLVesaV] bUVjus”kuy tuZy vkWQ fjlpZ bug;weSfuVht ,.M lks”ky lkbUlst] oksY;we&1] b”;w&5] i`0la0 52&37

� feJk] lfork ¼2013½-lkbUl ,fVV~;wM ,t+ fMVjfeusUV Vw ,tqds”kuy ,fLijs”kul bu LVwMsUVl] bUVjus”kuy tuZy vkWQbathfu;fjax bUosU”kul] oksY;we&2] b”;w&9] i`0la0 24&33

� dqekjh] uhye ¼2014½- , LVMh vkWQ bQSDV vkWQ fjyhft;l fcyhQl vkWu n ,tqds'kuy ,fLijs'kul vkWQ :jy ,.MvcZu eqfLye owesu] fjlsUV ,tqds'kUky ,.M lkbDyksftdy fjlpZt] oksY;we &3] o'kZ &2] i`0la0 55&58

� Uksgjk] lqeu ¼2014½- bQSDV vkWQ ilZusfyVh vkWu ,dsMfed vphoesaV ,V lsdsUMjh ysoy] bUVjus”kuy eYVhfMlhfIyujhbZ&tuZy] oksY;we& ] b”;w& ] i`0la0 9087&9101III I

� HkVV] lq'kek rFkk dqekj] xkSjo ¼2014½- ,tqds'ku ,fLijs'ku ysoy vkWQ lhfu;j lsdSUMjh LVwMsUVl vkWQ xoZuesUV ,.MizkbosV Ldwy] fjlsUV ,tqds'kuy ,.M lkbdyksftdy fjlpZt] oksY;we &3] o"kZ&2 i`0 la0 52&54-

� 'kekZ] iwue rFkk flag] fnO;k ¼2014½- , dEiSjsfVo LVMh vkWQ ilZusfyVh VsªVl vkWQ LVwMsUVl fcyksafxax Vw lh0ch0,l0lh0,.M ;w0ih0 cksMZ] fjlsUV ,tqds”kuy ,.M lkbDyksftdy fjlpZt] b”;w&2] o"kZ&3] i`0la0 15&18

� “kekZ] iwue ,.M flag] fnO;k¼2014½] , dEiSjsfVo LVMh vkWQ ilZuSYVh VªsVl vkWQ LVwMsVl chyksfxax Vw lh0ch0,l0lh0,.M ;w0ih0 cksMZ] fjlSUV ,tqds”kuy ,.M lkbdyksthdy fjlpZ- okWY;we&3] tqykbZ&flrEcj] vkb0,l0,l0,u0ua0&2278&5949] ist u015&18-




RE CHSEARlkekftd #i ls fiNMs + fo|kfFk Z;k s a d sO;fDrRo ds s lUnHk Z e s a mudh ‘k S f{kd vkdka{kkdk v/;;u




Issue : 4, Year : 5

Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 43 - 45

ISSN 2278 – 5949

- 43 -

ABSTRACT

f'k{kk og ek/;e gS ftldh lgk;rk ls O;fDrRo dk fodkl fd;k tkrk gSA Hkkjrh; f'k{kk iz.kkyh oSfnddky ls vkjEHk gqbZ] ftlesa uSfrd thou ewY;ksa rFkk oSfnd thou ewY;ksa dks iz/kkurk nh xbZ FkhA orZeku f'k{kkO;oLFkk esa fo'ks"kdj mPp f'k{kk ds vUrxZr uSfrd rFkk lkekftd ewY;ksa dk {kj.k gksrk tk jgk gSA f'k{kk esa rsthrFkk csgrj djus dh bPNk us fpUrktud fLFkfr mRiUu dj nh gSA ek= Kku izkfIr gh f'k{kk dk mn~ns'; ugha gS]cfYd izse] lR;] drZO;fu"Bk] vfgalk] lg;ksx tSls lkekftd ewY; fodflr djuk Hkh f'k{kk ds izeq[k mn~ns';gksus pkfg,A vk/kqfud f'k{kk O;oLFkk fo'ks"kdj mPp f'k{kk ds vUrxZr uSfrd f'k{kk rFkk lkekftd ewY;ksa ijvk/kkfjr f'k{kk ij cy nsuk vko';d gS] ftudh lgk;rk ls lekt esa lgu'khyrk] ln~Hkkouk] lfg".kqrk]f'k"Vkpkj] drZO;fu"Bk vkfn uSfrd ewY;ksa dks cy feysxkA uSfrd rFkk lkekftd ewY;ksa ij vk/kkfjr f'k{kkiznku djus esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd f'k{kd fo|kFkhZ ds vkn'kZ gksrs gSaA vU; O;olk;ksadh rqyuk esa ,d f'k{kd dh ftEesnkjh dgha vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gksrh gS] D;ksafd ,d f'k{kd ds O;ogkjksa rFkk thouewY;ksa ls fo|kFkhZ izsj.kk ysrs gSaA

vr% f'k{kd dks viuh lkekftd ftEesnkfj;ksa dks drZO;fu"Bk o bZekunkjh ds lkFk iw.kZ djrs gq, fo|kFkhZds ewY; fodkl rFkk uSfrd f'k{kk dks iznku djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkus esa lg;ksx djus dh vko';drkgSA izLrqr 'kks/k i= esa mPp f'k{kk esa uSfrd rFkk lkekftd ewY;ksa dh vko';drk rFkk egRo ij izdk'k Mkykx;k gS rFkk bl lanHkZ esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk ij Hkh izdk'k Mkyk x;k gSA

ladsr 'kCn & ifj"dkj] vfojy] ifjiDork] cU/kqRo] lfg".kqrk] vkn'kZA

RE CHSEAR

mPp f'k{kk esa uSfrd ,oa lkekftd ewY; vk/kkfjr^^f'k{kk dh egRrk**




'ksQkyh 'kqDykvfl0 izksQslj]

lekt 'kkL= foHkkx]jktdh; egkfo|ky;] yDlj] gfj}kj

f'k{kk lekt esa O;fDr ds ekufld] ckSf)d rFkk vkfRed ifj"dkj ,oa fodkl dh izfØ;k gSA f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls O;fDr dsO;fDrRo dh fofHkUu {kerkvksa rFkk ;ksX;rkvksa dk fodkl gksrk gS ftudh lgk;rk ls O;fDr mfpr rFkk vuqfpr vkpj.k esaHksn djuk lh[krk gSA

MkW0 nsojkt ds vuqlkj] Þf'k{kk dk fof'k"V mn~ns'; gS f'k{kkFkhZ ds O;fDrRo dk xq.kkRed fodklA nqfu;k ds egku yksxksadh ckSf)d rFkk vkosxkRed izfØ;kvksa esa lk>snkj cudj f'k{kkFkhZ vius O;fDrRo dk fodkl djrk gSAÞ

f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls gh fdlh lekt dk fodkl laHko gks ldrk gSA fdlh ns'k rFkk lekt ds fodkl esa f'k{kk dh egRoiw.kZHkwfedk gksrh gSA

MkW0 gjh'k dqekj lsBh ds vuqlkj Þf'k{kk vfojy xfr ls tho i;ZUr pyus okyh ,d ,slh izfØ;k gS tks O;fDr ds lEiw.kZthou dks izHkkfor djrh gS] O;fDr vkSj lekt dh izxfr ,oa fodkl dks xfr iznku djrh gSAÞ2

vr% Li"V gS fd f'k{kk ds fcuk O;fDr ds O;fDrRo dk fodkl laHko ugha] dksbZ Hkh lekt rHkh fodkl ds iFk ij pyldrk gS tc ogka ds ukxfjd f'kf{kr gksaA

cnyrs lkekftd ifjos'k esa yxHkx lHkh ns'kksa esa lk{kjrk dh nj esa o`f) gqbZ gS ijUrq lkekftd ,oa uSfrd ewY;ksa dk irugqvk gSA orZeku lkekftd ifjizs{; esa lekt esa O;fDr vius vf/kdkjksa rFkk dkuwu }kjk iznÙk lqfo/kkvks ds izfr tkx#d gSfdUrq uSfrd ewY;ksa ds vkpj.k rFkk muds ikyu ds izfr mnklhu gSA

Hkkjr esa izkphu dky ls gh lkekftd ewY; rFkk uSfrd ewY; lekt dh vk/kkj'khyk jgs gSaA uSfrd f'k{kk izkphudky ls ghHkkjr esa vkJe O;oLFkk dk ,d izeq[k vax jgh gSA fdUrq orZeku lekt esa f'k{kk txr esa vuojr u;s iz;ksx gksus ds



‘ksQkyh ‘kqDyk

- 44 -

RE CHSEARmPp f'k{kk e s a u Sfrd ,oa lkekftd ewY; vk/kkfjr^^f'k{kk dh egRrk**



lkFk&lkFk vkewy&pwy ifjorZu gks jgs gSaA f'k{kk ds {ks= esa izxfr rks gqbZ gS] fdUrq lkFk gh uSfrd ewY;ksa dk rsth ls iru gqvkgSA uSfrd ewY;ksa ds vHkko esa ekuo vkfneccZj Lrj rd igqap tk,xkA uSfrd ewY;ksa dks lajf{kr fd, fcuk euq’; ds ckSf)dLrj dks fodflr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

MkW0 ds0lh0 eyS;k ds vuqlkj ÞuSfrd f'k{kk ls vkt lkekU;r% ckyd dh lkekftd] uSfrd] 'kkjhfjd vkfn {kerkvksa dk,slk fodkl ekuk tkrk gS tks mls iw.kZ ifjiDo rFkk lektksi;ksxh O;fDr cuk ldsAÞ3

uSfrd ewY;ksa rFkk uhfr fl)kUrksa ds ikyu }kjk gh dksbZ lekt lq[kh jg ldrk gSA uSfrd ewY;ksa dks lajf{kr fd;s fcukfdlh Hkh lekt dk fodkl ,oa fLFkjrk laHko ughaA vk/kqfud f'k{kk i)fr esa uSfrd ewY;ksa dk iru gksrk tk jgk gSA

egkRek xka/kh ds vuqlkj ÞuSfrd f'k{kk dk vFkZ gS& /keZ] cqf) dk fodklAÞ ;gka /keZ dk vFkZ gS uekt i<+uk ;k efUnjks esatkuk ugha] cfYd vius vkidks vkSj bZ'oj dks igpkuuk gSAÞ4

uSfrd ewY; euq"; esa okLrfod vFkksZa esa ifjiDork rFkk laLdkjksa dk lapkj djrs gSa] vr% mPp f'k{kk esa lkekU; f'k{kk dslkFk gh uSfrd rFkk lkekftd ewY;ksa dh f'k{kk iznku djuk vR;Ur vko';d gSA vkt dk ;qok oxZ LokFkhZ ,oa drZO; foeq[k gksjgk gS] HkkSfrdrk dh vU/kh nkSM esa vius vkidks] vius ewY;ksa dks vkSj vius vkn'kksZa dks Hkwyrk tk jgk gSA bl ewY; foghurk dsdkj.k ;qok oxZ esa vlUrks"k rFkk ruko mRiUu gksrk tk jgk gSS rFkk f'k{kk dh lEiw.kZ izfØ;k fn'kkghu vkSj vlaxr gks xbZ gSA

orZeku le; esa f'k{kk dh lEiw.kZ izfØ;k fn'kkghu gks xbZ gSA f'k{kk ek= jkstxkj ikus dk lk/ku cudj jg xbZ gSA bldsQyLo:i mPp f'k{kk ds vUrxZr fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa vuq'kklughurk] >wB] csbZekuh] vkRecy dk iru vkfn O;kf/k;ka O;kIr gSaA

jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 ds vuqlkj gekjs thou esa mPp f'k{kk ds mn~ns'; ds lanHkZ esa Li"V fd;k gS fd lHkh f'k{kkvksa esavH;klksa dk vfUre /;s; euq"; dk fodkl djuk gSA ftl vH;kl ds }kjk euq"; dh bPNk'kfDr dk izokg vkSj vkfo"dkjla;fr gksdj f'k{kkFkhZ ds thou esa Qynk;h cu ldsA mPp f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls fo|kFkhZ ds thou esa uSfrd rFkk lkekftd ewY;ksadks iznku djus dk iz;Ru fd;k tkuk vko';d gS] ftldh lgk;rk ls Lo;a fo|kFkhZ dk Hkh thou lkFkZd gks ik,xk rFkklekt ds LoLFk fodkl esa lgk;rk izkIr gksxhA

Þ;gka tks uSfrd f'k{kk nh tk,] mldk lrr mn~ns'; mPprj uSfrd y{; izkIr djuk gksuk pkfg,A mlds QyLo:iekuork dk mRFkku gks rFkk Kku&fiiklq dks ekuoh;rk ds fo'kq) okrkoj.k esa jgus dh izsj.kk nsaAÞ5

vr% f'k{kk dk izeq[k mn~ns'; fo|kFkhZ ds O;fDrRo rFkk vkUrfjd 'kfDr;ksa ,oa Hkkoukvksa dk uSfrd f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls blizdkj fodkl djuk gS ftlls og ftUnxh dks csgrj rjhds ls le> lds rFkk mfpr ,oa vuqfpr esa Hksn djrs gq, mfprvkpj.k dk ikyu djsaA ;fn f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls fo|kFkhZ esa uSfrd ewY;ksa dk mfpr Kku iznku djus esa deh jg tk,xh rks blHkkSfrdrkoknh lekt esa f'k{kk dk ewy mn~ns'; lekIr gks tk,xkA osn vkSj mifu"kn~ uSfrd f'k{kk izkIr djus ds egRoiw.kZL=ksr gSaA osnksa esa dgk x;k gS fd ^lR; opu cksyks] vius mRrjnkf;Roksa dks iw.kZ djks* uSfrd f'k{kk dk egRoiw.kZ mn~ns'; O;fDrds O;fDrRo dk bl izdkj fuekZ.k djuk gS ftlls og fdlh dks /kks[kk u ns] pksjh u djs] viuh dfe;ksa ;k cqjkbZ ij fot; izkIrdjsA ,sls O;fDrRo okyk O;fDr jk"Vª rFkk lekt dh izxfr esa lPp vFkksZa esa lgk;d gksrk gSA

ÞdksBkjh vk;ksx ;k jk"Vªh; f'k{kk vk;ksx us lq>ko fn;k gS fd Nk=ks esa uSfrd f'k{kk] n;k] ijksidkj] lgkuqHkwfr] uSfrd ,oapkfjf=d ewY;ksa ds fodkl ij /;ku fn;k tk;sA /kkfeZd ikB~;Øe rS;kj djus esa lHkh /keksZa ds fo}ku dh lgk;rk yh tk;sAizkFkfed Lrj ij fo'o ds egku /keksZ ds fl)kUrksa dh lgk;rk yh tk,A fofHkUu /keksZa ds fl)kUrksa ,oa /keksZa dks i<+k tk,Afo'ofo|ky; Lrj ij Hkh Lukrd izFke o"kZ esa fofHkUu /keksZa dk lkekU; v/;;u] /kkfeZd usrkvksa dh thouh i<+kbZ tk,A f}rh;o"kZ esa lkoZHkkSfed va'k i<+k, tk,A r`rh; o"kZ esa n'kZu dh izeq[k leL;kvksa dk v/;;u djk;k tk,A fo'ofo|ky; Lrj ijrqyukRed /keZ dks i<+k;k tk,AÞ6

vr% ewY; vk/kkfjr rFkk uSfrdrk ij vk/kkfjr f'k{kk mPp f'k{kk esa fo|kFkhZ ds fy, vR;Ur vko';d gS rkfd oglgh&xyr] lR;&vlR;] vPNs&cqjs] dh igpku dj ldsA

fdlh Hkh jk"Vª ds fodkl esa mlds ukxfjdks dk mPp pfj= dk gksuk ml jk"Vª dh le`f) dk lwpd gSA vr% mPp f'k{kk dsek/;e ls orZeku ,oa Hkkoh ;qok ih<+h dks vuSfrd] laLdkjghu] vkn'kZ&e;kZnk foghu lekt ds LFkku ij ,d laLdkj'khy]lqlaLÑr ,oa vkn'kZoknh lekt dk migkj nsaA orZeku ,oa Hkkoh ;qok fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds uSfrd mRFkku gsrq iz;kl djuk f'k{kk dkizeq[k mn~n'; gksuk pkfg,a

orZeku lkekftd ifjos'k esa ;g vko';d gks x;k gS fd mPp f'k{kk ds vUrxZr ,d vkn'kZ Lo:i dks lkeus j[k mldsvuq:i O;fDrRo ds fodkl ds fy, fo|kFkhZ dks izsfjr fd;k tk;s vkSj mlds fy, vius vkl&ikl ds okrkoj.k dks u;s fljs lsl`ftr djus dh {kerk dk fodkl djuk Hkh f'k{kk dk ,d izeq[k mn~ns'; gksuk pkfg,A mPp f'k{kk ds vUrxZr fo|kFkhZ dksiznku dh tkus okyh ewY;ijd f'k{kk mlds fof'k"V lkekftd rFkk lkaLÑfrd lanHkZ ls tqM+h gksuh pkfg, vkSj fo'oluh; o


'kk'or ewY;ksa ls Hkh mldk lEcU/k gksuk pkfg,A f'k{kk ds lHkh Lrjksa ds vUrxZr cU/kqRo] lekurk] /keZfujis{krk] laj{k.k]oSKkfud] n`f"Vdks.k vkfn ewY;ksa dks iznku djuk vko';d gSA vr% fo|kfFkZ;ksa fo'ks"kdj ;qok oxZ dk mTtoy Hkfo";lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, mPp f'k{kk ds vUrxZr 'kSf{kd ikB~;Øe ds lkFk ewY;ksa vkSj vkn'kksZa dk gksuk Hkh t:jh gS] bl gsrqmPp f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa dks ubZ pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus ds fy, izHkkoh <ax ls igy djus dh vko';drk gSA

vr% fglkeqDr] lkekftd lg;ksx fodflr djus] lkekftd lfg".kqrk ;qDr lekt dks fodflr djus gsrq mPp f'k{kk dsvUrxZr uSfrd f'k{kk rFkk lkekftd ewY;ksa ij cy nsuk vko';d gSA

uSfrd f'k{kk] f'k{kk dh vk/kkj'khyk gSA uSfrd f'k{kk ds }kjk ckydksa ds O;ogkj] vkpj.k ,oa fØ;kdykiksa esa ekuoh;n`f"Vdks.k fodflr gksrk gSA ckydksa esa lg;ksx] mnkjrk] uezrk vkSj lgu'hyrk dh Hkkouk fodflr gksrh gSA uSfrd f'k{kk ds}kjk fo'ocU/kqRo rFkk loZ/keZ leHkko dh Hkkouk fodflr gksrh gSA uSfrd f'k{kk ds }jk ekuo lekt esa lg&vfLrRo]lq[k&'kkfUr ,oa le`f) dk ekxZ iz'kLr gksxk vkSj ;q)ksa rFkk v'kkfUr ds okrkoj.k ls NqVdkjk feysxkA uSfrd xq.kksa ls lEiUuukxfjd jk"Vª ds pfj= dh j{kk dj ldrs gSa vkSj lekt esa QSyh dqjhfr;ksa ls eqfDr fnyk ldrs gSaA uSfrd f'k{kk ds }kjk O;fDrdks lalkj dk okLrfod Kku gksrk gS vkSj leqfpr vknrksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSAÞ7

vr% mPp f'k{kk ds vUrxZr f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa uSfrd ,oa lkekftd ewY;ksa dh f'k{kk Hkh iznku fd;k tkuk vko';d gSAuSfrd ,oa lkekftd ewY;ksa dh f'k{kk iznku djus esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk Hkh vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gSA f'k{kd fo|kFkhZ ds fy, vkn'kZgksrs gSaA muds fØ;kdykiksa rFkk O;ogkjksa dk izHkko fo|kFkhZ ds O;ogkjksa ij Hkh iM+rk gSA f'k{kd ikB~;p;kZ o ikB~;lgxkehfØ;kvksa ds ek/;e ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa mfpr ewY;ksa dk fodkl dj lkekftd ftEesnkjh dk fuoZgu dj ldrk gSA f'k{kd dsfØ;kdyki fo|kFkhZ ds O;fDrRo dks izHkkfor djrs gSa] vr% f'k{kd dks vius O;ogkj esa Hkh uSfrd vkn'kksZa dks ifjy{kr djukpkfg, rFkk lkekftd ewY;ksa dk ikyu djuk pkfg, rkfd fo|kFkhZ Hkh f'k{kd ds O;ogkjksa rFkk uSfrd ewY;ksa dk vuqdj.kdjsaA f'k{kd dks ,sls uSfrd ekunaMksa dks LFkkfir djus pkfg,] ftuls izHkkfor gksdj fo|kFkhZ Hkh vius thou esa mu uSfrdekunaMksa ds ikyu gsrq izsfjr gksA

vr% Li"V gS fd lekt esa lkekftd ewY;ksa rFkk uSfrd ewY;ksa ds iru ls fofHkUu lkekftd&vkfFkZd leL;k,¡ mRiUu gqbZgSA vr% oSf'od n`f"Vdks.k ls ;g vko';d gks x;k gS fd orZeku mPp f'k{kk O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr f'k{k.k&ikB~;Øe ds lkFk ghuSfrd f'k{kk rFkk lkekftd f'k{kk fo|kFkhZ dks iznku dh tk,] ftlds QyLo:i ,d ,sls lekt dk fuekZ.k laHko gks ik,xktgka lqj{kk] le`f) rFkk 'kkfUr dk okrkoj.k fufeZr gksxkA lekt ds vUrxZr lkekftd ewY;ksa rFkk ekuo dk uSfrd vk/kkjlqn`<+ gksxk rHkh f'k{kk dk okLrfod mn~ns'; lkFkZd gks ik,xk rFkk ekuo vius lHkh nkf;Roksa rFkk drZO;ksa dk fuoZgu lektrFkk ns'k ds izfr lkFkZd :i esa djrs gq, ns'k rFkk lekt ds fgr ,oa fodkl esa dj ldsxkA f'k{kd vius O;k[;kuksa] funsZ'kksa]ijke'kksZa ds }kjk fo|kFkhZ ds thou esa uSfrd vkn'kksZa rFkk lkekftd ewY;ksa dks iznku dj muds thou dks lgh fn'kk iznku djldrk gSA vr% mPp f'k{kk ds vUrxZr lkekftd ewY;ksa rFkk uSfrd f”k{kk iznku djuk vko”;d gS] D;ksafd gekjs thou ewY;lqjf{kr gksaxs rHkh bl HkkSfrdrk ,oa mÙkjksÙkj izxfr ds lkFk ekuoh; ewY;ksa dk laj{k.k dj ikus esa lQy gksaxsA lEiw.kZ ekuolekt ds dY;k.k gsrq bu ewY;ksa dk laj{k.k vko';d gSA

lUnHkZ lwph� Hkkjrh; laLÑfr] nsojkt] i`"B la[;k 127� thou ewY; foe'kZ] MkW- gjh'k dqekj lsBh] i`"B la[;k 281� uSfrd f'k{kk f'k{k.k] Jh ds-lh- eyS;k] i`"B la[;k 01� f'k{k.k vkSj laLÑfr] egkRek xka/kh] i`"B la[;k 53] la0 jkeukFk lqeu� f'k{kk ds vk;ke] MkW0 'kadj n;ky 'kekZ] i`"B la[;k 74� 'kks/k fn'kk&15] la0 MkW0 fxjhjkt 'kj.k vxzoky ,oa MkW0 ehuk vxzoky] i`"B la[;k 311� 'kks/k fn'kk&15] la0 MkW0 fxjhjkt 'kj.k vxzoky ,oa MkW0 ehuk vxzoky] i`"B la[;k 312&313



‘ksQkyh ‘kqDyk

RE CHSEARmPp f'k{kk e s a u Sfrd ,oa lkekftd ewY; vk/kkfjr^^f'k{kk dh egRrk**




Issue : 4, Year : 5

Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 46 - 49

ISSN 2278 – 5949

- 46 -

ABSTRACT

mifu’knksa esa f”k{kk lEcU/kh vusd ckrksa dks Li’V fd;k x;k gSA tgkWa mifu’kn f”k{kk ds mn~ns”; Li’V djrsgS ogha czâekuUn dh izkfIr gsrq fofHkUu lksikuksa dk fodkl Hkh f”k{kk }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,slk mifu’knekurs gSaA fo|kFkhZ dh dYiuk] f”k{kd dh dYiuk] f”k{kd fo|kFkhZ lEcU/k] f”k{kk ds lw=] f”k{k.k izfØ;k] f”k{k.kfof/k;ka] vuq”kklu vkfn lHkh i{kksa dks le>us dk iz;kl mifu’kn djrs gS ftl dkj.k mifu’kn f”k{kk dks fdlhdky ;k LFkku [k.M rd lhfer ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

RE CHSEAR

mifu”knksa dk f’k{kk n’kZu




yfyr eksgu ik.MsfoHkkxk/;{k ch0 ,M0

jktdh; LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;]xksis”oj ¼peksyh½ mÙkjk[k.M

bZ”kkokL;] dsu] dB] iz”u] eqaMd] ekaMoh;] rSfÙkjh;] ,srjs;] “osrk”oj] NkUnksX;] c`~gnkj.;d eq[; mifu’kn gSA osn fpUrudh 1180 “kk[kk,sa ekuh x;h gSaA izR;sd “kk[kk dk ea= Hkkx ,d mifu’kn gSA bl izdkj 1180 mifu’kn gksus pkfg,A buesa lsvkt 108 rd mifu’kn crk;s tkrs gSaA 11 mifu’kn ftuij “kadjkpk;Z us Hkk’; fy[kk gS izkekf.kd gSaSA dqN mifu’kn x| esa gS]dqN i| esa rFkk dqN x|&i| nksuksa esaA NkUnksX; ,oa o`gnkj.;d lokZf/kd izkphu mifu’kn ekus tkrs gSaA

mifu’kn dh O;qRifÙk mi$fu$’kn ds :i esa dh x;h gSA ftldk vFkZ gS xq: ds pj.kksa ds lehi cSBdj v/;;u djukAftKklq f”k’; iz”u djrk gS fo}ku xq: ftKklk “kkUr djus dk iz;kl djrk gSA mifu’knksa esa rkfRod foospu laokn ds :i esafd;k x;k gSA Lokeh foosdkuUn ds vuqlkj mifu’kn dk ewy ea= gS& “kkjhfjd] ekufld vkSj vk/;kfRed Lora=rk vFkkZrcU/ku eqDr gksukA “kadjkpk;Z }kjk ‘kn ds rhu vFkZ crk;s x;s gS& vKkurk dks u’V djuk] Kku izkIr djuk rFkk thou ej.kls eqfDrA dfri; fo}ku mi$fu$’kn dk vFkZ fufoZ?u$ lEiw.kZ $Kku ls yxkrs gSA

mifu’kn n”kZu esa vkRek ds rRo dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA txr dh jpuk czg~e ds }kjk crk;h x;h gSA czg~e viuh bPNkls l`f’V dk fuekZ.k] ikyu o lagkj djrk gSA lHkh izk.kh ijekRe rRo ds n”kZu ¼izfrPNk;k½ ds :i esa gSaA vkRe dk o.kZudBksifu’kn ds ;e&ufpdsrk laokn esa feyrk gSA vkRek dks “kk”or vtj&vej crk;k x;k gS rFkk iqutZUe dks Hkh Lohdkjkx;k gSA mifu’kn esa crk;k x;k gS fd ey fo{ksi vkoj.k ds dkj.k ijekRek dk lk{kkr ugha gks ikrk gSAmifu’kn ijEijk ls f”k{kk lEcU/kh rhu vfHkizsr Li’V gksrs gSa&v Kku Lo;a iz;kl }kjk xzg.k fd;k tkrk gS ijUrq Kku izkfIr dh izfdz;k esa xq: dh lgk;rk ,oa ekxZ n”kZu vko”;d gksrk

gSAv f”k{kk oS;fDrd :i ls xzg.k dh tkrh gS lkewfgd :i esa ughaA izR;sd Nk= viuh ;ksX;rk] vko”;rk vkSj {kerkuqlkj

LofufeZr ;kstuk ds vuqlkj f”k{kk xzg.k djrk gSAv mifu’kn Kku dks xw< o jgL;e; ekurk gSA Kku izkfIr ds QyLo:i Kku dh “kfDr vuUrxquk c<+ tkrh gSA vr% Kku

mlh dks nsuk pkfg, tks Kku izfIr ds fy, ik= gksA

f’k{kk ds mn~ns’;&**fo|;k ve`re”uqrs** vFkkZr fo|k ls vejRo izkIr gksrk gSA f”k{kk dk izeq[k mn~ns”; gS bl vejRo dh izkfIrA vejRo ds

fy, vkRekuqHkwfr vko”;d gSA vkRe dk y{k.k gS **lR;a Kku euUra czg~eA** vejRo dh izkfIr ds fy, **c`gnkj.;d mifu’kn**esa izkFkZuk dh x;h gSA

vlrksekln~xe; relksekT;ksfrxZe; e`R;ksekZe`re~xe;Avejrk] vkRekuqHkwfr ;k vkuUn ds Lo:i ds fo’k; esa rSfRrjh;ksifu’kn esa dgk x;k gS & vkuUn ls gh izk.kh mRiUu gksrs gS]

mlh ds QyLo:i os thfor jgrs gS vkSj e`R;q ds mijkUr mlh esa foyhu gks tkrs gSA c`gnkj.;dksifu’kn esa ;kKoYD; }kjk



yfyr eksgu ik.Ms

- 47 -

RE CHSEARmifu”knk s a dk f’k{kk n’k Zu



eS=s;h dks dgk x;k gS ifr] iRuh] iq=] /ku ckg~e.kRo] {kf=;Ro] yksd] nso] izk.kh rFkk lHkh oLrq,sa vius vki esa fiz; ugha gksrh]vfirq muesa ge vius vkRe rRo dks ns[krs gSa] vr% os lHkh gesa fiz; yxrs gSaA

vkRek vkuUne; gS ml ij vusd vkoj.k iMs+ gSaA vkRek ds bu fofHkUu inksZa dk vukoj.k djus esa gh f”k{kk ds mn~ns”;ksadk Øe fufgr gSA rSfRrjh; mifu’kn esa vkuUne; mn~ns”; dh izkfIr ds fy, vkUue;] izk.ke;] eukse;] foKkue; ,oavkuUne; dks'k dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA mifu’kn f”k{kk dk mn~ns”; bu lksikuksa¼dks'kksa½ dk fodkl djuk gS ftllsczgekuUn dh izkfIr gks lds A1- vUue; dks'k & f”k{kk dk izFke mn~ns”; HkkSfrd thou dh lEiUurk gksuk pkfg,A fdlh Hkh “kSf{kd ;kstuk esa mnjiwfrZ ,oa

ifjokj ds Hkj.k&iks’k.k dks izFke LFkku izkIr gksuk pkfg,A HkkSfrd lEiUurk vkuUn izkfIr dh izFke lh<+h gSA bl mn~ns”;ds vUrxZr HkkSfrd rRoksa dh tkudkjh] mudk mi;ksx rFkk HkkSfrd lEink dks c<+kus okyh fØ;kvksa dk Kku vkrk gSA

2- izk.k;e dks'k& HkkSfrd txr ls ,d lh<+h Åij gS izkf.k txrA izk.k “kfDr ds dkj.k gh ge tho txr dks muds orZeku:i esa fo|eku ikrs gSaA vkuUn dh izkfIr rHkh rd gks ldrh gS tc gekjk “kjhj LoLFk gksA

3- eukse; dks'k & eukse; vkRek dk LFkku izk.ke; vkRek ls Åij gSA euq’; esa fopkj “kfDr gksrh gS] euq’; dYiuk dj ldrkgS] iqjkuh ckrksa dks Lej.k dj ldrk gSA iqjkus vuqHkoksa dk ykHk mBkus dh {kerk mlesa gksrh gSA euq’; yxkrkj viusO;ogkj esa ldkjkRed ifjorZu ykus dk iz;kl djrk gS blhfy, og vU; izkf.k;ksa ls Js’B o fHkUu gSA f”k{kk dk rhljkmn~ns”; ekufld fodkl djuk gSA bl izdkj f”k{kk ds rhljs mn~ns”; ¼KkukRed fodkl½ ds vUrxZr Kku dk lap;] c`f)o gLrkUrj.k vkrs gSaA

4- foKkue; dks'k& f”k{kk dk pkSFkk mn~ns”; ckyd dk ckSf)d fodkl djuk gSA ftlls og lR;&vlR; rFkk Js;l&izs;lesa vUrj dj ldsA euq’; dks thou esa ix&ix ij vusd leL;kvksa o fo’ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA bunqfo/kktud fLFkfr;ksa esa mls vusd izdkj ds fu.kZ; ysus iM+rs gS vkSj ;s fu.kZ; cqf) dh lgk;rk ls fy, tkrs gSaA vr% lghfu.kZ; ys ldus dh ;ksX;rk dk fodkl djuk f”k{kk dk ,d izeq[k mn~ns”; gSA

5- vkuUne; dks'k& vkuUn dk LFkku loksZifj gSA vkuUn vkoj.k ,oa cU/ku jfgr eqDr voLFkk gSA bl voLFkk esa Kkrk] Kkuo Ks; ds Hksn lekIr gks tkrs gSaA ;g bfUnz;] eu cqf} ls ijs vuqHkwfrtU; gSA O;fDr dh /kkj.kk,sa ;gkW vkdj Li’V gks tkrhgaS] “kadk,sa o HkzkfUr;kWa lewy u’V gks tkrh gSaA vkuUne; dks'k dh izkfIr esa iwoZ ds pkj mn~ns”; lk/ku :i esa iz;qDr gksrs gSaAvkuUne; vkRekuqHkwfr ;k eqfDr dh fLFkfr gSA

bl izdkj mifu’kn f”k{kk dk mn~ns”; vk/;kfRed mUufr] “kkjhfjd fodkl] ckSf)d fodkl] Kku izkfIr ,oavkthfodk pykus gsrq ckyd dks rS;kj djuk gSA dBksifu’kn ;e&ufpdsrk laokn esa dgk x;k gS & Js;l ,oa izs;l esa Js;ldks pquuk ;k Lohdkj djuk pkfg,A tks izs;l dks pqurk gS og iFk Hkz’V gksrk gSA rSfRrjh;ksifu’kn esa fo|kFkhZ dks nh{kkUr Hkk’k.knsrs gq, dgk x;k gS& **HkwR;S u izefnrO;e~A dq”kykUu izefnrO;eA** fgr rFkk dY;k.k dh mis{kk u djukA vFkkZr~ vkRefgrHkh thou dk ,d egRoiw.kZ i{k gSAfo|kFkhZ&fo|kFkhZ dh dYiuk mifu’knksa esa ,sls Kku fiiklq dh gS ftlesa Kku izkIr djus dh mRdV vfHkyk'kk gS vkSj tks fdlh;ksX; xq: dh ryk”k esa gSA f”k{kk xzg.k djus dh u rks dksbZ vk;q lhek gS vkSj u gh le; fuf”prA mifu’kn esa Kku izkfIr dsfy, izR;sd O;fDr dks ;ksX; ugha ekuk x;k gSA D;ksafd Kku vuUr “kfDr dk Jksr gS] v;ksX; O;fDr ds gkFk esa fouk”kdkjhlkfcr gks ldrk gSAf’k{kd & f”k{kd Nk= dh Kku dh I;kl dks “kkUr djds vkReksUufr esa lgk;rk djrk gSA f”k{kd ftls pkgs mls f”k’; ds :iesa Lohdkj dj ldrk gSA f”k{kd Nk= dh “kSf{kd i`’V Hkwfe ds vk/kkj ij ;g fu.kZ; ysrk gSA ;ksX; u le>us ij vLohdkj djldrk gSA f”k{kd&fo|kFkhZ lecU/k&dsu mifu’kn ds bl lw= ls f”k{kd&fo|kFkhZ lEcU/kksa dks le>k tk ldrk gSA lgukoorqlgukSHkquDrq lgoh;Za djokogSaA rstfLouk o/khreLrqekfo|fo'kkogSA** ,d nwljs dh j{kk djsaA vftZr KkuksiyfC/k;ksa dkfeytqydj mi;ksx djsaA gekjk v/;;u ge nksuksa dks rstLoh cuk;saA ge ,d nwljs ls bZ’;kZ u djsaA **xq: f”k’; dk brukmnkj o HkO; foospu vU;= ugha feyrkA nksuksa dk nkf;Ro lekuA nksuksa ,d nwljs dh mUufr o rst esa o`f) djrs gSaaA

rSfÙkjh;ksifu’kn esa f”k{kk lekfIr ij xq: }kjk fn, x;s nh{kkUr mins”k esa dgk x;k gSA **;kfu;kU;Lekda lqpfjrkfu]rkfu Ro;ksikL;kfu uks brjkf.kA** gekjs tks&tks vkpj.k vPNs gSa os gh rqEgsa djus pkfg,] vU; ughaA vFkkZr~ f”k{kd Hkh iw.kZ ughagksrkA vr% Nk= dks f”k{kd dk va/kkuqdj.k ugha djuk pkfg,A Lo&foosd ls fu.kZ; ysuk pkfg,Af’k{kk ds lw= & **loZ [kyq bna czge** ;g lEiw.kZ fo”o czge gSA xq: bl lw= ds ek/;e ls f”k’; dks ckà; txr dk v/;;udjus dks dgrk gSA *rRoefl vFkkZr czge rqe gksA f”k{kd bl lw= ds ek/;e ls Nk= dks czge ds lkFk mldh rknkRE; dh ckrcrkrk gSA *lksss·ge* vFkkZr~ eSa Lo;a czge gwWaA ;g vkRekuqHkwfr izkIr dj ysus dh voLFkk gSA leLr nqfo/kk,sa lekIr gks tkrh gSaA


ikB~;Øe &Kku dks nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k gSA igyk bl n`”;eku txr~ o “kjhj ls lEcfU/kr Kku ftls vijk dgk x;k gSAnwljk vkRe Kku o czge ls lEcfU/kr Kku ftls ijk dgk x;k gSA ikB~;Øe esa vijk o ijk nksuksa dks LFkku feyuk pkfg,AijUrq lk/ku dks lk/ku gh ekuk tk; mls y{; u cuk fy;k tk;Af’k{k.k izfØ;k & f”k{k.k ds rhu lksiku Øe”k% Jo.k] euu] fufn/;klu crk;s x;s gSaA Jo.k ds vUrxZr rF;ksa dk Jo.k] iBuo lap;u vkrk gSA “kadkvksa dk lek/kku rFk fookfnr iz”kuksa ij fopkj foe”kZ dks euu dgk x;k gSA tcfd fufn/;klu mlfLFkfr dks dgk x;k gS tc “kadk,sa lekIr o vo/kkj.k,sa Li’V gks tkrh gSa vFkkZr~ O;ogkj ifjorZu izkjEHk gks tkrk gSAf’k{k.k fof/k;kWa& mifu’knksa esa f”k{k.k dh vusd fof/k;kWa crk;h x;h gSa ijUrq vkRe vUos’k.k fof/k izeq[k fof/k gSA D;ksafdmifu’kn ekurs gS fd O;fDr O;fDrxr iz;klksa ls gh Kku izkIr djrk gSA vkRe vUos’k.k fof/k ds lgk;d ds :i esa f”k{k.k dhvU; fof/k;kWa bl izdkj gSaA1- & xw<+ ckrksa dks igsyh ds ek/;e ls ljyrkiwoZd le>k;k tk ldrk gSA cgqr ls fo’k;ksa dks dsoy “kCnksa lsigsyh fof/k

le>kuk dfBu eglwl gksrk gSA “osrk”oj mifu’kn esa bl fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA2- & Kku dk cgqr izlkj gksus ij mls Le`fr esa cuk;s j[kuk vklku ugha jg tkrk] bl fLFkfr esa lw= fof/k cgqrlw= iz.kkyh

ykHknk;d gksrh gSA “osrk”oj dk rRoefl blh izdkj dk ,d lw= gSA3- & fdlh xw<+ fopkj dh O;k[;k mlds fy, iz;qDr “kCn dh O;qfRifÙk ls dh tkrh gSA o`gnkj.;d esa iq:’kO;qRifÙk iz.kkyh

dh O;qRifÙk *iqfj”k;* dh xbZ gSA ftldk vk”k;&ân; nqxZ esa fuokl djus okyk gSA4- & dFkk iz.kkyh fdlh fo’k; oLrq dks jkspd cukus esa mi;ksxh gSA uSfrd f”k{kk iznku djus ds fy, dFkkvksadFkk iz.kkyh

dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA5- & tc dqN ckrksa dks rdZ ls le>kuk laHko ugha gksrk rc izrhdksa ds ek/;e ls lkn`”; o vUrj dks Li’Vvuq:irk iz.kkyh

fd;k tkrk gSA tSls & vkRek vkSj ijekRek dks unh o leqnz ds izrhdksa ls le>k tk ldrk gSA6- & mifu’knksa esa bl iz.kkyh dk mi;ksx lokZf/kd gqvk gSA f”k{kd o Nk= leL;k fo”ks'k ij feydj ppkZ djrsppkZ iz.kkyh

gSA orZeku iztkra= esa Hkh bl fof/k dk mi;ksx vf/kd fd;k tkrk gSA7- & ;g ppkZ iz.kkyh dh iwjd gSA ppkZ iz.kkyh esa fo”ys’k.k fd;k tkrk gSA la”ys’k.k iz.kkyh esa fo”ys’k.kla’ys”k.k iz.kkyh

}kjk izkIr fu’d’kksZa dks lkj :i esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA8- & izsj.kkRed o tfVy fo’k;ksa ij vko”;drkuqlkj Hkk’k.k fof/k dk iz;ksx mifu’knksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA ;eHkk”k.k iz.kkyh

&ufpdsrk lackn esa ;g fof/k viukbZ x;h gSA9- & f”k{kd dsoy ekxZn”kZu djrk gS] f”k’; lh[kus ds fy, iz;kl djrk gSArnFkZ iz.kkyh10- & foKku ,oa n”kZu ds v/;;u gsrq bl fof/k dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ikB~;lkexzh dks Øec) iz”uksavuqØfed iz.kkyh

ds :i esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA ,d iz”u dk mÙkj nwljs iz”u dks tUe nsrk gSA ;kKoYD; tud laokn bldk mnkgj.kgSA

fo|ky; & mifu’kn dky esa f”k{kk ?kj ls nwj] izd`fr ds chp vkJe ;k xqIr x`g esa nh tkrh FkhAvuq’kklu& vuq”kklu ds rhu rRo ekus x;s gSaA&

1- Kku izkfIr dh mRdV vfHkyk'kk2- vkRe izR;; dk fodkl3- vkRe la;e

;fn v/;;u esa :fp ugha gksxh rks vuq”kklu dk ikyu dfBu gks tk;sxkA Nk= D;k cuuk pkgrk gS bldh Li’VladYiuk Nk= ds eu esa gksuk vko”;d gSA lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd ewY;ksa ds vuq:i O;ogkj vkRekuq”kklu ds vUrxZr vkrk gSAmifu’knksa ds vuqlkj f”k{kd }kjk fn, tkus okys n.M esa HkRlZuk] vizlUurk] vLohd`fr] vkns”k vkfn vkrs gSaA ftudk;nk&dnk vko”;drkuqlkj iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA v/;;u dky esa o`f) vFkok fu’dklu dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrkgSAmifu”kn f’k{kk dk egRo &

mifu’kn f”k{kk vk/;kReijd gSA vkRekuqHkwfr }kjk vkuUn izkfIr dks izeq[k LFkku fn;k x;k gSA tks fd eks{k ;kvejRo izkfIr ds fy, vkR;ko”;d gSA mifu’kn f”k{kk esa f”k{kk ds mn~ns”;ksa dk fo’kn o vPNk Li’Vhdj.k fd;k x;k gSAf”k{k.k dh vusdkusd fof/k;kWa f”k{k.k fo’k; o volj ds vuqdwy viuk;h x;h gSa tks fd vuqlU/kkuijd rjhds ls cuk;h x;hgSaA tks vkt Hkh iz;qDr gksrh gSA vkRe la;e tSls ln~xq.kksa ij vk/kkfjr vkRekuq”kklu dk egRo vkt vR;f/kd c<+ x;k gSA



yfyr eksgu ik.Ms



fxjrs gq, thou ewY;ksa vkSj fodkj;qDr thou “kSyh dks ifjofrZr djus dk ,dek= mik; vkRekuq”kklu gks ldrk gSAmifu’kn f”k{kk esa Nk=&f”k{k.k lEcU/k vR;Ur e/kqj o lkSgknZiw.kZ FksA f”k{kd o Nk=ksa ds chp ,slk vkilh rkyesy vU;= degh ns[kus dks feyrk gSA vkuUn vkSj vkRekuqHkwfr tSls iz”uksa ls tqM+h gksus ds dkj.k mifu’kn f”k{kk dks lhfer dky ;k LFkku[k.M rd lhfer ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA

lUnHkZ xzUFk� ik.Ms;] ds0 ih0¼2005½] f”k{kk ds nk”kZfod ,oa lkekt”kkL=h; vk/kkj fo”ofo|ky; izdk”ku] okjk.klhA� vksM] y{eh yky ds ¼2005½] f”k{kk dh nk”kZfud i`’VHkwfe] jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh t;iqjA� dchj gqek;w] f”k{kk dk Hkkjrh; n”kZu] cEcbZ] ,f”k;k ifCyf”kxa gkÅl ¼1962½A� prqosZnh lhrkjke] f”k{kk n”kZu] y[kuÅ fgUnh lfefr lwpuk foHkkx 8¼1970½A




yfyr eksgu ik.Ms





Issue : 4, Year : 5

Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 50 - 53

ISSN 2278 – 5949

- 50 -

ABSTRACT

izkphu ;k dqN n”kd iwoZ fo|ky; esa vuq”kklu cuk;s j[kus vkSj vPNh f”k{kk iznku djus ds fy,Nk=&Nk=kvksa dks f”k{kdksa o ?kj&ifjokj }kjk fofHkUu izdkj ls nf.Mr fd;k tkrk FkkA euq’; ds izR;sd {ks= esavuq”kklu vko”;d gSA vuq”kklu Hkh izHkkokRed] neukRed o Lora= vkRekuq”kklu gksrk gSA ckydksa ds lq/kkjgsrq “kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld izrkM+ukRed :ih n.M vuSfrd gSA ckydksa dks n.M u nsrs gq, muds O;ogkj]euksn”kk] lkekftd fLFkfr ,oa vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A ckydksa dks fo”ks’k izsj.kk nsus ds lkFk]muds O;ogkj ,oa fØ;kdykiksa ij leqfpr fu;a=.k djrs gq,] ,d ldkjkRed fn”kk iznku djuh pkfg,Amfpr f”k{k.k fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx Hkh f”k{kd }kjk fd;k tkuk pkfg,] mlds ckn Hkh ;fn ckyd vk”kkrhr izn”kZudjus esa vleFkZ gS rks Øe”k% vizR;{k o izR;{k :Ik esa euksfpfdRld dh en~n ysuh pkfg,A

RE CHSEAR

vuq’kklu cuk, j[kus gsrq fo|ky;ksa esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fn;s tkus okyk^n.M % ,d vko’;d cqjkbZ*




lq’khy pUæ cgqxq.kkvfl0 izksQslj] ch0,M0foHkkxjktdh; Luk0 egkfo|ky;]

xksis”oj ¼peksyh½

izLrkoukigys ekuk tkrk Fkk fd fo|k ekjus ls vkrh gSA NM+h yxs pepe fo|k vk;s /ke/keA izkphu dky esa f”k{kd ds gkFk esa

lnSo NM+h jgrh FkhA ml NM+h dks ns[kdj gh fo|k ;kn vkuk rks nwj jgk fo|k Hkkx tkrh FkhA cqf) gksus ij Hkh u’V gks tkrhFkhA D;k dHkh fo|k bl rjg ekjus ls vkrh gS og rks izse ls le>kus ls vkrh gS vFkZkr fo|k izse ls] n.M ls ughaA

izkphu ;k dqN n”kd iwoZ fo|ky; esa vuq”kklu cuk;s j[kus vkSj vPNh f”k{kk iznku djus ds fy, Nk=&Nk=kvksa dksf”k{kdksa o ?kj&ifjokj }kjk fofHkUu izdkj ls nf.Mr fd;k tkrk FkkA “kk;n mn~ns”; rks vPNh f”k{kk iznku dj mldsO;fDrRo dk fodkl djuk jgk gksxk ysfdu n.M feyus ls mudk O;fDrRo fu[kjus ds ctk; fc[kjus yxrk FkkA vf/kdrjfo|ky;ksa esa vPNh f”k{kk o vuq”kklu cuk;s j[kus ds fy;s “kkjhfjd n.M o ekufld izrkM+uk nh tkrh FkhA bl n.M ls cPpksads eu esa fo|ky; dk okrkoj.k vPNk ugha yxrk FkkA nf.Mr djus ls mudk ekufld larqyu fcxM+ ldrk gS ;k vU; izdkjds n.M feyus dh Mj ls fo|kFkhZ Ldwy esa tkuk ugha pkgrk Fkk rFkk lEcfU/kr ckr dks ifjokj ds lnL;ksa ls Hkh ugha crk ikrkANksVs cPpksa dk eu o “kjhj bruk etcwr ugha gksrk Fkk fd os bl izdkj ds n.M dks lgu o Lohdkj dj ldsaA dqN f”k{kkfon;g Hkh Lohdkj djrs gSa fd euq’; ds izR;sd {ks= esa vuq”kklu vko”;d gSA vuq”kklu Hkh izHkkokRed] neukRed o Lora=vkRekuq”kklu gksrk gSA egku nk”kZfud vQykrwu dk dguk Fkk fd ,d jk’Vª dk fuekZ.k pV~Vkuksa rFkk o`{kksa ls ugha fd;k tkrkgS oju mlds ukxfjdksa ds pfj= ls fufeZr fd;k tkrk gSA

vius foLr`r vFkksZsa esa n.M ,slh “kkjhfjd ;k ekufld ;kruk gS tks fdlh ds vf/kdkjksa dk guu ;k fdUgha fu;eksa dsmYya?ku ij nh tkrh gSA n.M ds bl vFkZ dk eksVk lEcU/k iqfyl vkSj U;k; O;oLFkk ls tqM+k gqvk gSA ijUrq fo|ky;ksa dslanHkZ esa Hkh dbZ ckj n.M dk iz;ksx bUgha vFkksZa esa dj fy;k tkrk gSA fo|ky; ds lanHkZ esa n.M dh vko”;drk] fu;eksa dkikyu djokus] f”k{kd dh ckr euokus] lewg@d{kk esa O;oLFkk o pqIih cuk;s j[kus bR;kfn ds fy, gksrh gSA buds fy;s“kkjhfjd o ekufld n.Mksa dk [kqy dj iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vr% muds mnkgj.kksa dh “kk;n ;gk¡ t:jr ugha gSA

vuq’kklu“kkjhfjd :i ls cPpksa ls dgha vf/kd l{ke f”k{kd dks n.M dk vf/kdkj ,d “kfDr”kkyh O;fDr cuk nsrk gS] ftlesa

f”k{kd vkerkSj ij lgh vkSj cPps vkerkSj ij xyr gksrs gSaA lk/kkj.kr% cPpksa dks mlds O;ogkj@dk;ksZa ij iz”u mBkus dkvf/kdkj gkfly ugha gksrs gSaA blh rjg n.M] Hk; ds ekgkSy esa ckyd dh Lora=rk dkQh lhfer gks tkrh gSA og viuh bPNkls cksy ugha ldrk] enn ugha dj ldrk] viuh txg ls fgy ugha ldrk bR;kfnA blh ca/kkbZ o lhfer fnup;kZ dk gh



lq’khy pUnz cgqxq.kk

- 51 -

RE CHSEARvuq’kklu cuk, j[kus g sr q fo|ky;ks a e s afo|kfFk Z;k s a dk s fn;s tkus okyk^n.M % ,d vko’;d cqjkb Z*



“kk;n ;g izHkko iM+rk gS fd lk/kkj.kr% cPps NqV~Vh dh ?kaVh ds ckn fo|ky; ls ,sls fudy Hkkxrs gSa tSls tsy ls NwVs dSnhAvFkkZr~&

· cPpksa ds lkFk ,d rjg ds fo”ks’k vuq”kklu dh vko”;drk lnSo gh iM+rh gSA· vuq”kklu cuk;s j[kus ds uke ij n.M dk cgqrk;r ls iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA· Hk;&n.M esa xgjk vUrlZaca/k gSA· cPps Hk; ds lEeq[k vlgk; gks tkrs gSa vkSj lh[kus esa vleFkZ gks tkrs gSaA· cPps ncko gVrs gh f”k{kd dh ckrksa dh vogsyuk “kq: dj nsrs gSaA

jsu egksn; dk dFku gS fd ftl izdkj LFky lsuk] ty lsuk ;k jkT; ds vfLrRo ds fy, vuq”kklu dk gksuk ijeko”;dgS] mlh Hkk¡fr vuq”kklu fo|ky; ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSA

ih0 jsu dk er gS fd n.M ,d cqjh oLrq gS vkSj mldh vogsyuk Hkh mlh rjg dh tkuh pkfg, ijUrq ftl izdkj ltZudk pkdw “kjhj ds lM+ko dks nwj djus ds fy;s vko”;d gS] mlh Hkk¡fr ekuo dh nqcZyrkvksa dks nwj djus ds fy;s n.M Hkhvko”;d gS vr% ftl izdkj jkT; ,d vko”;d cqjkbZ gS mlh Hkk¡fr n.M Hkh ,d vko”;d cqjkbZ gS] ftldks gesa viukukiM+rk gSA

fofHkUu dky&[k.M ,oa f’k{kkfonksa }kjk Nk=ksa dks fn;s tkus okys n.M lEcU/kh fopkj%izkphu xq:dqy vkJe dk f”k{kd&f”k’; lEcU/k /kkfeZd&uSfrd lg;ksx] fou; rFkk “khy ds mPp vkn”kZ ij vofLFkr

gksus ds QyLo:i Js’B dksfV dk ekuk tkrk gS] ,slh fLFkfr esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks nf.Mr djus dh leL;k gh mifLFkr ugha gksrhFkhA euq] xkSre] fo’.kq tSls vkpk;ksZa us “kkjhfjd n.M dk fu’ks/k fd;k gS] rFkkfi ;kKoyD; vkfn vkpk;ksZa us fo”ks’k ifjfLFkfr;ksaesa “kkjhfjd n.M nsus dks dgkA n.M ds fy;s iryh csar crkbZ xbZ gS&miokl] “khry ty esa Luku rFkk xq: n`f’V esa fuokZlu]xzke&ikB”kkykvksa esa diM+s ds dksM+s] QVs gq, ck¡l ds VqdM+s rFkk rygFkh ij ekjus dk fo/kku FkkA

oSfnd dky esa ;|fi “kkjhfjd n.M iw.kZr% fuf’k) Fkk] vko”;drk iM+us ij xq: Nk= dh “kqf+++) gsrq mn~nkyd ozr dkikyu djus ds fy, n.M nsrs Fks& blesa yxHkx rhu ekg dh vof/k i;ZUr vR;Ur vYikgkj ij jgdj ije “kqf) djuh iM+rhFkh] nks ekg rd tkS dk ek¡M] ,d ekg rd nw/k] vk/ks&vk/ks ekg rd nsuk] vkB fnu rd ?k`r] N% fnu rd fcu ekaxh f”k{kk vkSjrhu fnu dsoy ikuh dk lsou djuk gksrk Fkk rFkk ,d fnu fujkgkj jgdj xqtjuk iM+rk FkkA

ckS) eBksa ds fu;e dk mYya?ku djus ij Nk= dks eB ls fu’dkflr fd;k tkrk Fkk] eqfLye dky esa Nk=ksa dks nSfud ikB;kn u djus ij] >wB cksyus ij] vuSfrd vkpj.k djus ij] vf”k’V vkpj.k djus ij dBksj “kkjhfjd n.M fn;s tkus dkfjokt Fkk&n.M esa LFkk;h izdkj ds fu;e ugha Fks] v/;kid viuh bPNkuqlkj n.M nsrs Fks ] tSls% csar] dksM+s] ykr] ?kawls] eqxkZcukus] mBd&cSBd] [kM+k djus tSls n.MA izd`froknh vuq”kklu ds fy;s ckgjh gLr{ksi dk fojks/k djrs gSa] ;s n.M O;oLFkk esafo”okl ugha djrs] buds vuqlkj n.M ls cPpksa dh ewy izo`fRr;ksa dk neu gksrk gSA muds O;fDrRo dk fodkl lgh :i esaugha gks ikrkA

;FkkFkZoknh fo|ky; esa vuq”kklu dh vko”;drk le>rs gSaA ijUrq ckgj ls fdlh izdkj ds n.M vkfn ds Hk; }kjkvuq”kklu LFkkfir djus dk fojks/k djrs gSaA iz;kstuokfn;ksa ds vuqlkj cPpksa ij ckgj ls ncko Mkydj fo|ky; esa O;oLFkkdk;e djuk vuq”kklu ugha gSA fo|ky; esa vuq”kklu dk vFkZ gS fd cPps LosPNk ls fo|ky; dh lkekftd fdz;kvksa esa Hkkx ysavkSj vf/kd ls vf/kd vuqHko izkIr djsaA ekuorkoknh n.M dks rks vekuohd`r ekurs gh gSa] buds vuqlkj Hkwy lq/kkj Hkh n.M}kjk ugha izse }kjk gksuk pkfg,A

VSxksj] vuq”kklu gsrq n.M O;oLFkk dk fojks/k djrs Fks] budk Li’Vhdj.k Fkk fd n.M ls Nk= mn.M gksrs gSaA muesa fojks/kdh Hkkouk dk fodkl gksrk gSA

ekyoh; th] n.M ds Hk; ls LFkkfir O;oLFkk dks vuq”kklu ugha ekurs Fks] ;fn fdlh ls tkus vutkus esa xyr ckr gksx;h rks os mls n.M ls ugha cfYd izk;f”pr djkrs FksA

xk¡/kh th] vuq”kklu dh izkfIr gsrq neukRed fof/k dk fojks/k djrs Fks] ;fn cPps xyr jkLrs ij pyrs gSa rks mUgsa lgh jkLrsij ykus ds fy, f”k{kdksa dks vkRecy dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A

fxtq HkkbZ us fy[kk gS] Þcky nsoks Hko%ÞA cPpksa ds lkFk nqO;Zogkj djuk vkSj mUgsa ekjuk&ihVuk lalkj dk lcls cM+kvijk/k gSA ¼ ½The greatest crime of the world is to beat and abuse the children.

Qksczsy] cPpksa ds nSoh; Lo:Ik ls ifjfpr Fks] os cPpksa dks lEeku nsrs Fks] neukRed ds LFkku ij vkarfjd vuq”kklu dksegRo nsrs FksA


isLVkWykth ds vuqlkj] Þv/;kid ckxoku dh rjg gS vkSj Nk= ikS/ks dh rjg gSaÞA ?kj esa ftl fl)kar ij n.M okafNr gS]mlh fl)kar ij isLVkWykth fo|ky; esa n.M dh vko”;drk ds izfr ltx Fks] oSls n.M u fn;k tk; rks vPNk gS D;ksafd n.Mls ckyd rFkk v/;kid nksuksa ij cqjk izHkko iM+rk gSA

:lks&cPpksa dks dHkh n.M ugha nsuk pkfg,A Lora=rk] u fd “kfDr lclss cM+h vPNkbZ gSA

fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fn;s tkus okys n.M &‘kkjhfjd n.M&

· eqxkZ cukuk& iSjksa ds uhps ls gkFkksa }kjk dku idM+okuk rFkk Åij ls dqN Hkkj j[kuk@mlh fLFkfr esa b/kj ls m/kjHkkxukA

· M.Ms ¼NM+h½ ls ekjuk& mYVs ,oa lh/ks gkFk ij NM+h ls ekjuk@gkFk dh xkaB ij ekjukA· mBd&cSBd djokuk& fxurh ls 10] 15] 20 ;k vf/kd ckj dHkh&dHkh nks Nk= ,d&nwljs dk dku idM+dj

mBd&cSBd djokukA· FkIiM+ ekjuk& ,d Nk= ls nwljs Nk= ds xky ij FkIiM+ ejokuk] f”k{kd }kjk FkIiM+ ekjuk] dHkh [kqn ds xky ij

FkIiM+ ekjukA· vaxqfy;k¡ ejksM+uk& Nk=ksa ds nks vaxqfy;ksa ds chp isu] isfUly ;k ydM+h j[kdj tksj ls nckukA· dku ejksM+uk& Nk=ksa ds ,d ;k nksuksa dkuksa dks ejksM+uk ;k nckukA· cky [khapuk· ykr&?kawls ekjuk& d{kk esa njoktk cUn dj ykr ?kw¡ls ekjukA· gkFk Åij djds ,d gh eqnªk esa [kM+s j[kuk ¼dkQh le; rd½A· fcPNw ?kkl yxkuk& Nk=ksa ds diM+s mrjokdj uaxh txg ij fcPNw ?kkl yxkukA· [kksiM+h dks Vdjkuk& dHkh&dHkh nks Nk=ksa dh [kksiM+h idM+dj ,d&nwljs ls tksj ls Vdjkuk ;k nhokj ijA· ,d Vk¡x ij [kM+k j[kuk& dkQh nsj rd Nk=ksa dks ,d Vk¡x ij [kM+k djds j[kukA· /kwi esa [kM+k djukA· MLVj ;k PkkWd ls d{kk esa Nk=ksa ds Åij QsadukA· csap ij@est ij [kM+k djukA· dku idM+dj [kM+k j[kukA· nhokj dh vksj eq¡g djds [kM+k j[kukA· nksuksa gkFk ihNs dh rjQ ck¡/kdj [kM+k djuk ;k izakx.k ds pDdj yxkukA· ukfHk ;k isV dks tksj ls nckukA

ekufld@HkkoukRed@vkfFkZd n.M &· Mk¡V&QVdkj] vuko”;d :i ls Mk¡VukA· NqV~Vh ds ckn Hkh jksds j[kukA· miuke j[kukA· vi”kCnksa dk iz;ksxA· ihB ij isij fpidkuk ¼ml ij dqN fy[kdj tSls eSa x/kk gw¡½A· e/;odk”k ds le; [ksyus@ckgj tkus ls jksdukA· dqN fnuksa ds fy;s Ldwy vkus ls jksdukA· fo|ky; esa izR;sd d{kk esa ys tkdj viekfur djukA· yM+dksa dh deht mrkjukA· yM+dk vkSj yM+dh dks ,d&nwljs ls FkIiM+ ejokukA· vf/kd x`g dk;Z nsukA· Ldwy ls fudkyus dh /kedh nsukA







· d{kk esa Q”kZ ij cSBkukA· ifjlj dh lkQ&lQkbZ djokukA· Ldwy xsV ds ckgj [kM+k djukA· Ldwy ls fo|ky; le; ls iwoZ ?kj HkstukA· vuko”;d izkpk;Z@iz/kkuk/;id ds ikl HkstukA· fdlh iRFkj@futhZo oLrq vkSj isM+&ikS/ks bR;kfn ds ikl tkdj mudks ueLrs dgdj okil d{kk esa vkukA· fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ekrk&firk dk uke d{kk esa vuko”;d :i ls iz;ksx djukA· Nk= ds uke dk vFkZ cqjs vFkZ esa crkukA· vkfFkZd n.M nsukA· dkWih fdrkc QkM+ukA· fo|kFkhZ }kjk fd;s x;s xyr dk;Z ij iwjh d{kk dks dqN vFkZn.M nsukA

fo|ky;ksa esa ‘kkjhfjd n.M u fn;s tkuss fo”k;d jktkKklfpo] Hkkjr ljdkj] ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ea=ky;] Ldwy f”k{kk vkSj lk{kjrk foHkkx ubZ fnYyh ds i= la[;k

16&94@2007& -1 fnukad 17-12-2007 ds dze esa ,oa eq[; lfpo mRrjk[k.M “kklu nsgjknwu la[;k& 617@sch xxiv¼1½@2008-16@2008 fnukad 23 ebZ 2008 esa Li’V :i ls fyf[kr gS fd cPpksa dks dnkfi “kkjhfjd] ekufld vkfn fdlh Hkhizdkj dk n.M u fn;k tk,A “kkjhfjd n.M ds lHkh :i ekuokf/kdkjksa ds ekSfyd mYya?ku gksrs gSa] vr% cPpksa dks fdlh Hkhizdkj dk “kkjhfjd n.M u fn;k tk,A “kklukns”k esa mfYyf[kr funsZ”kksa ds foijhr vkpj.k djus dh fLFkfr esa lEcfU/krvfHkdehZ ij vko”;d dk;Zokgh dh tk,xhA

cPps dks ‘kkjhfjd n.M fn;s tkus ,oa ekufld izrkM+uk izfrcfU/kr djus ds laca/k esa%&fu%”kqYd ,oa vfuok;Z cky f”k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e 2009 dh /kkjk 17¼1½ ds vUrxZr Li’V :i ls izkfo/kkfur fd;k

x;k gS fd fdlh Hkh cPps dks fdlh Hkh izdkj ds “kkjhfjd n.M ,oa ekufld izrkM+uk u fn;k tk,A ;fn fo|ky; dsiz/kkukpk;Z vFkok fdlh v/;kid }kjk fdlh fo|kFkhZ dks “kkjhfjd n.M nsus lEcU/kh vkjksi fl) ik;k tkrk gS rks lEcfU/kr dsfo:) ljdkjh lsod vkpj.k fu;ekoyh ,oa ml ij ykxw lsok fu;ekoyh esa mfYyf[kr izkfo/kkuksa ds vUrxZr vuq”kklukReddk;Zokgh dh tk;sxh] tSlk fd fu%”kqYd ,oa vfuok;Z cky f”k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e 2009 dh /kkjk 17¼2½ esa Hkh izkfo/kkfurgSA v”kkldh;@lgk;rk izkIr@ekU;rk izkIr ,oa vU; cksMZ ls lEc) fo|ky;ksa ds izca/k ra=ksa }kjk nks’khiz/kkukpk;Z@v/;kid ds fo:) dk;Zokgh ugha fd;s tkus dh fLFkfr esa lEcfU/kr izcU/kra= ds fo:) dk;Zokgh lqfuf”pr dhtk,xh] ftlesa fo|ky; dh ekU;rk ds izR;kgj.k dh Hkh dk;Zokgh dh tk ldsxhA

fu”d”kZvr% dg ldrs gS fd ckydksa ds lq/kkj gsrq “kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld izrkM+ukRed :ih n.M vuSfrd gSA ckydksa dks n.M u

nsrs gq, muds O;ogkj] euksn”kk] lkekftd fLFkfr ,oa vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A ckydksa dks fo”ks’k izsj.kk nsusds lkFk] muds O;ogkj ,oa fØ;kdykiksa ij leqfpr fu;a=.k djrs gq,] ,d ldkjkRed fn”kk iznku djuh pkfg,A mfprf”k{k.k fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx Hkh f”k{kd }kjk fd;k tkuk pkfg,] mlds ckn Hkh ;fn ckyd vk”kkrhr izn”kZu djus esa vleFkZ gS rksmls euksfpfdRld ds ikl Hkstuk pkfg,A

lUnHkZ lwph· izks- d`’.k ewfrZ& fo”oizfl) f”k{kk “kkL=h& uofpUru lkfgR;] “kkgnjk] fnYyh· jeu fcgkjh yky& mnh;eku Hkkjrh; lekt esa f”k{kd& jLrksxh ifCyds”ku esjB ¼2012&13½· ,l-ih-lqf[k;k ,oa uktuhu lbZn& fo|ky; iz”kklu laxBu ,oa LokLF; f”k{kk& fouksn iqLrd efUnj vkxjk&2 ¼2015½· Ekerk egjks=k ,oa egs”k “kekZ& f”k{kk dk vf/kdkj& izHkkr isij cSDl] izHkkr ifCyds”ku] izFke laLdj.k 2012&4@19

vklQ vyh jksM] ubZ fnYyh· f”k{k.k fopkj&fouksok& vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok la?k] izdk”ku jkt?kkV dk”kh] i`’B la[;k- 317&18· f”k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e] 2009&f}rh; laLdj.k 2016] nsgjknwu&mRrjk[k.M








Issue : 4, Year : 5

Jan.-Feb.-Mar. (2017), Pages : 54 - 60

ISSN 2278 – 5949

- 54 -

ABSTRACT

fo|ky; rHkh le`) gks ldrk gS tc mlesa dk;Zjr~ v/;kidksa dh vius O;olk; ls lEc)rk gks rFkk osvius in ls lUrq’V gksaA ,d izHkko”kkyh v/;kid Nk=ksa esa lkekU; dkS”ky] le>nkjh] dk;Z dh vknrksa] visf{krizo`fÙk;ksa] ewY;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k rFkk O;fDrxr lkeatL; LFkkfir djus tSlh fo”ks’krkvksa dk fodkl dj ldrk gSAizLrqr “kks/k v/;;u mRrjk[k.M jkT; ds x<+oky ifj{ks= ds fVgjh tuin ds xzkeh.k ,oa uxjh; {ks=ksa esaLFkkfir fofHkUu ds fo|ky;ksa esa v/;kiu dk dk;Z djus okys v/;kidksa rFkk v/;kfidkvksa rd lhfer fd;kx;k gSA v/;kidksa dk p;u ;kn`fPNd U;kn”kZ fof/k ds }kjk fd;k x;kA 'kks/k midj.kksa ^dqylqe VhpjbQsfDVousl Ldsy* MkWŒ dqylqe ,oa ^tkWc bUokYoesUV ,.M lsfVLQsD'ku Dos'puk;j* vkjŒ,uŒdkuwuxks dkiz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA lkaf[;dh x.kukvksa ds fy, e/;eku] ekud fopyu ,oa Vh&ijh{k.k dk iz;ksx fd;k gSAizLrqr “kks/k ls izkIr ifj.kkeksa ds vk/kkj ij lHkh ifjdYiuk,sa lkFkZd fl) ugha gqbZ gS vFkkZr “kgjh ,oa xzkeh.k{ks=ksa esa fuEu izkFkfed] mPp izkFkfed Lrj ds v/;kidksa ,oa v/;kfidkvksa ds f”k{k.k Lrj esa izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA

RE CHSEAR

v/;kid&izHkko’khyrk dk muds O;olk; lEc)rk] in lUrqf”VrFkk f’k{k.k ds Lrj ,oa vuqHko ls lEcU/k dk v/;;u


Received 1st BPR 2nd BPR Accepted: 10/12/2016 : 27/12/2016 Revised : 28/01/2017 : 02/02/2017 : 05/02/2017


lqykspuk ltok.kv/;kfidk

fdlh Hkh lekt dh lajpuk esa mlds f”k{kdksa dh D;k Hkwfedk gksrh gS rFkk og Hkwfedk fdruh egRoiw.kZ gksrh gS bls gelHkh tkurs gSa] ^^Hkkjr dk Hkfo’; mldh d{kkvksa esa fufeZr gks jgk gSA** f”k{kk vk;ksx ¼1964&66½ dk ;g dFku fu%lUnsgv/;kidksa dh ;ksX;rk] mudh Hkwfedk rFkk mudh izHkko”khyrk dh vksj ladsr djrk gS fdlh Hkh fo|ky; ;k laLFkku dkfodkl rFkk ogk¡ ds Nk=ksa dk Hkfo’; v/;kidksa dh xq.koÙkk rFkk mudh izHkko”khyrk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA orZeku le; esa tcge rsth ls ifjofrZr gks jgs ftl lekt esa jg jgs gSa ogk¡ f”k{kd rFkk f”k{k.k dk;Z nksuksa gh bl ifjorZu ls vNwrs ugha gSa ,sls esaf”k{k.k dh izHkko”kkyh Hkwfedk dk egRo ;dhuu c<+ tkrk gSA

;g ,d loZfofnr rF; gS fd fdlh Hkh fo|ky; vFkok laLFkku dh izxfr muds v/;kidksa dh xq.koRrk] izHkko”khyrk rFkklaLFkku ds izfr n`f’Vdks.k ;k O;ogkj ij fuHkZj djrh gSA laLFkku@ fo|ky; rHkh le`) gks ldrk gS tcfd mles dk;Zjr~v/;kidksa dh vius O;olk; ls lEc}rk gks rFkk os vius in ls lUrq’V gksaA

izR;sd O;olk; es lEc)rk dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA ijUrq bldh rhozrk blds Lrj ds vuqlkj( )Job Involvement

fHkUu gks ldrh gSA O;olk; lEc)rk orZeku esa u;k izR;; gS tks fd O;fDr dh fuEu ckrksa dks izHkkfor djrk gS&¼v½ vius O;oLkk; ls lEc}rk j[kus okys O;fDr ds thou es dk;Z egRoiw.kZ gSA¼c½ O;fDr dk;Z dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks izHkkfor djus okyk O;fDr gSAorZeku lekt dh tfVyrkvksa ,oa ifjorZuks ds chp tulkekU; dh vkdka{kkvks dks tkuus okys] foKku ,oa rduhdh ds

bl ;qx es ckyd ds egÙo dks le>us okys f”k{kdksa dks fo”ks’k f”kf{kr djus dh fo”ks’k :i ls vko”;drk gSA rkfd og lektds fy, ;ksX; miHkksDrk dh vis{kk mRikn ukxfjdksa dk fuekZ.k dj ldsA f”k{kd viuh Hkwfedk dk izHkkoh fuoZgu rc gh djldrk gS tcfd mls bl izdkj dh f”k{kk iznku dh tk,A blds fy, vko”;d gS fd f”k{kd es mu lHkh xq.kksa dk fodkl fd;ktk, tks ,d dq”ky izHkko”kkyh f”k{kd esa fo|eku gksus pkfg,A

leL;k dk p;u@mn~Hko&,d izHkko”kkyh v/;kid fo|ky; esa ,slk okrkoj.k cuk ldrk gS tks fd Nk=ksa dks vf/kd lh[kus gsrq izsfjr dj ldsA

,d izHkko”kkyh v/;kid Nk=ksa esa lkekU; dkS”ky] le>nkjh] dk;Z dh vknrksa] visf{kr izo`fÙk;ksa] ewY;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k rFkkO;fDrxr lkeatL; LFkkfir djus tSlh fo”ks’krkvksa dk fodkl dj ldrk gSA fofHkUu f”k{k.k Lrjksa ij v/;ujr~ Nk= ,slhvoLFkk ds gksrs gSa ftlesa fd os vius v/;kidksa ds izHkko e.My ls rhozxfr ls izHkkfor gksrs gSa ,sls v/;kidksa dh izHkko”khyrkdk Nk= ds O;ogkj] pfj= rFkk izxfr ij lh/kk izHkko iM+rk gSA



lqykspuk ltok.k

RE CHSEARv/;kid&izHkko’khyrk dk muds O;olk; lEc)rk]in lUrqf”V rFkk f’k{k.k ds Lrj ,oavuqHko ls lEcU/k dk v/;;u



“kks/kdrhZ Loa; Hkh f”k{k.k dk;Z ls tqM+h gqbZ gS vr% bl n`f’V dks.k ls “kks/kdrhZ us ;g eglwl fd;k gS fd ;g mldk nkf;Ro cutkrk gS fd os bl leL;k ij fopkj djsA

izLrqr “kks/k v/;;u es fVgjh tuin ds fofHkUu f”k{k.k Lrjksa ;Fkk& fuEu izkFkfed] mPp izkFkfed] fuEu ek/;fed] mPpek/;fed Lrj esa f”k{k.kjr~ v/;kidksa@v/;kfidkvksa dh v/;kid izHkko”khyrk dk rqyukRed v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA

leL;k dk dFku&^^v/;kid&izHkko”khyrk dk muds O;olk; lEc)rk] in lUrqf’V rFkk f”k{k.k ds Lrj ,oa vuqHko ls lEcU/k dk v/;;u

djukA

v/;;u ds mn~ns’;&1- fofHkUu f”k{k.k Lrjksa esa ¼fuEu izkFkfed] mPp izkFkfed] fuEu ek/;fed] mPp ek/;fed½ esa dk;Zjr~ v/;kidksa dh

izHkko”khyrk dk v/;;u djukA2- “kgjh rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa fofHkUu f”k{k.k Lrjksa ¼fuEu izkFkfed] mPp izkFkfed] fuEu ek/;fed] mPp ek/;fed½ ds

fo|ky;ksa esa v/;kiujr~ v/;kidksa ,oa v/;kfidkvksa dh izHkko”khyrk dk v/;;u djukA

ifjdYiuk,sa&1- fofHkUu f”k{k.k Lrjksa ¼fuEu izkFkfed] mPp izkFkfed] fuEu ek/;fed] mPp ek/;fed½ esa dk;Zjr~ v/;kidksa ,oa

v/;kfidkvksa dh izHkko”khyrk esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA2- “kgjh rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds fofHkUu f”k{k.k Lrjksa ¼fuEu izkFkfed] mPp izkFkfed] fuEu ek/;fed] mPp ek/;fed½ eas

v/;kiujr~ iq:’k v/;kidksa dh izHkko”khyrk ds e/; dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugh gSA3- “kgjh rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds fofHkUu Lrjksa ¼fuEu izkFkfed] mPp izkFkfed] fuEu ek/;fed] mPp ek/;fed½ esa v/;kiujr~

efgyk v/;kfidkvksa dh izHkko”khyrk ds e/; dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA

leL;k dk lhekadu&izLrkfor “kks/k v/;;u mRrjk[k.M jkT; ds x<+oky ifj{ks= ds fVgjh tuin ds xzkeh.k ,oa uxjh; {ks=ksa esa LFkkfir

fofHkUu f”k{k.k Lrjksa ds fo|ky;ksa esa v/;kiu dk dk;Z djus okys v/;kidksa rFkk v/;kfidkvksa rd lhfer fd;k x;k gSA

v/;;u fof/k'kks/kdŸkkZ us lkekU; losZ{k.k fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k gSsA

tula[;kizLrqr v/;;u gsrq tula[;k ds :i esa mRrjk[k.M jkT; ds x<+oky fgeky; ds fVgjh tuin ds fofHkUu f'k{k.k Lrjksa

¼fuEu izkFkfed] mPp izkFkfed] fuEu ek/;fed] mPp ek/;fed½ ds fo|ky;ksa esa v/;kiujr~ v/;kidksa o v/;kfidkvksa dks'kkfey fd;k x;k tks bl izdkj gS &

rkfydk 01 % U;kn”kZ dk lewgokj fooj.kØØØØ---- lewg@U;knlewg@U;knlewg@U;knlewg@U;kn””””kZkZkZkZ la[;kla[;kla[;kla[;k1 fuEu izkFkfed v/;kid 1802 fuEu izkFkfed v/;kfidk,a 2303 mPp izkFkfed v/;kid 1804 mPp izkFkfed v/;kfidk,a 1205 fuEu ek/;fed v/;kid 1606 fuEu ek/;fed v/;kfidk,a 1207 mPp ek/;fed v/;kid 1408 mPp ek/;fed v/;kfidk,a 809 “kgjh fuEu izkFkfed iq#’k v/;kid 8010 xzkeh.k fuEu izkFkfed iq#’k v/;kfidk,a 10011 “kgjh mPp izkFkfed iq#’k v/;kid 9012 xzkeh.k mPp izkFkfed iq#’k v/;kfidk,a 9013 “kgjh mPp izkFkfed iq#’k v/;kid 10014 xzkeh.k mPp izkFkfed iq#’k v/;kfidk,a 60


U;kn'kZ&izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u gsrq fofHkUu f'k{k.k Lrjksa ds fo|ky;ksa esa dk;ZjŸk v/;kidksa dk p;u ;kn`fPNd U;kn”kZ fof/k ds }kjk

fd;k x;kA

'kks/k midj.kvuqlU/kkudŸkkZ }kjk fuEufyf[kr 'kks/k midj.kksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS%&

1- dqylqe Vhpj bQsfDVousl Ldsy & MkWŒ dqylqe2- tkWc bUokYoesUV ,.M lsfVLQsD'ku Dos'puk;j & vkjŒ,uŒdkuwuxks

lkaf[;dh&vuqla/kkudÙkkZ us izLrqr 'kks/k esa fuEufyf[kr lkaf[;dh x.kukvksa dk iz;ksx fd;k &e/;eku] ekud fopyu ,oa Vh&ijh{k.k

vkadM+ksa dk fo’ys”k.k ,oa ifj.kke &rkfydk 02

fuEu izkFkfed f”k{k.k Lrj esa dk;Zjr~ v/;kidksa ,oa v/;kfidkvksa dh izHkko”khyrk ds e/; izkIr Vh&eku

rkfydk 03mPp izkFkfed f”k{k.k Lrj esa dk;Zjr~ v/;kidksa ,oa v/;kfidkvksa dh izHkko”khyrk ds e/; izkIr Vh&eku

rkfydk 04fuEu ek/;fed f”k{k.k Lrj esa dk;Zjr~ v/;kidksa ,oa v/;kfidkvksa dh izHkko”khyrk ds e/; izkIr Vh&eku

15 “kgjh mPp ek/;fed iq#’k v/;kid 9016 xzkeh.k mPp ek/;fed iq#’k v/;kfidk,a 5017 “kgjh fuEu izkFkfed efgyk v/;kid 8018 xzkeh.k fuEu izkFkfed efgyk v/;kid 15019 “kgjh mPp izkFkfed efgyk v/;kid 5020 xzkeh.k mPp izkFkfed efgyk v/;kid 7021 “kgjh fuEu ek/;fed efgyk v/;kid 7022 xzkeh.k fuEu ek/;fed efgyk v/;kid 5023 “kgjh mPp ek/;fed efgyk v/;kid 5024 xzkeh.k mPp ek/;fed efgyk v/;kid 30

ØØØØ---- lewglewglewglewg dk ukedk ukedk ukedk uke la[;kla[;kla[;kla[;k e/;ekue/;ekue/;ekue/;eku izekf.kdizekf.kdizekf.kdizekf.kd fopyufopyufopyufopyu Vh&ekuVh&ekuVh&ekuVh&eku lkFkZdrk LrjlkFkZdrk LrjlkFkZdrk LrjlkFkZdrk Lrj

1111 fuEu izkFkfed v/;kidfuEu izkFkfed v/;kidfuEu izkFkfed v/;kidfuEu izkFkfed v/;kid 180180180180 254254254254----19191919 29292929----515151511111----86868686

0000----01010101¼¼¼¼df=408½½½½lkFkZd ulkFkZd ulkFkZd ulkFkZd ughaghaghagha2222 fuEu izkFkfed v/;kfidk,afuEu izkFkfed v/;kfidk,afuEu izkFkfed v/;kfidk,afuEu izkFkfed v/;kfidk,a 230230230230 259259259259----33334444 25252525----54545454


1111 mPpmPpmPpmPp izkFkfed v/;kidizkFkfed v/;kidizkFkfed v/;kidizkFkfed v/;kid 180180180180 252525253333----16161616 29292929----171717170000----97979797

0000----01010101¼¼¼¼df=298½½½½lkFkZd ulkFkZd ulkFkZd ulkFkZd ughaghaghagha2222 mPpmPpmPpmPp izkFkfed v/;kfidk,aizkFkfed v/;kfidk,aizkFkfed v/;kfidk,aizkFkfed v/;kfidk,a 121212120000 252525256666----43434343 22228888----42424242


1111 fuEu ek/;fedfuEu ek/;fedfuEu ek/;fedfuEu ek/;fed v/;kidv/;kidv/;kidv/;kid 161616160000 252525252222----83838383 31313131----939393930000----69696969

0000----01010101¼¼¼¼df=278½½½½lkFkZd ulkFkZd ulkFkZd ulkFkZd ughaghaghagha2222 fuEu ek/;fedfuEu ek/;fedfuEu ek/;fedfuEu ek/;fed v/;kfidk,av/;kfidk,av/;kfidk,av/;kfidk,a 121212120000 252525255555----38383838 22229999----51515151



lqykspuk ltok.k




rkfydk 05mPp ek/;fed f”k{k.k Lrj esa dk;Zjr~ v/;kidksa ,oa v/;kfidkvksa dh izHkko”khyrk ds e/; izkIr Vh&eku

rkfydk 06“kgjksa rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds fuEu izkFkfed f”k{k.k Lrj esa dk;Zjr~ iq#’k v/;kidksa dh izHkko”khyrk ds e/; izkIr Vh&eku

rkfydk 07“kgjksa rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds mPp izkFkfed f”k{k.k Lrj esa dk;Zjr~ iq#’k v/;kidksa dh izHkko”khyrk ds e/; izkIr Vh&eku

rkfydk 08“kgjksa rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds fuEu ek/;fed f”k{k.k Lrj esa dk;Zjr~ iq#’k v/;kidksa dh izHkko”khyrk ds e/; izkIr Vh&eku

rkfydk 09“kgjksa rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds mPp ek/;fed f”k{k.k Lrj esa dk;Zjr~ iq#’k v/;kidksa dh izHkko”khyrk ds e/; izkIr Vh&eku

rkfydk 10“kgjksa rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds fuEu izkFkfed f”k{k.k Lrj esa dk;Zjr~ efgyk v/;kidksa dh izHkko”khyrk ds e/; izkIr Vh&eku


1111 mPpmPpmPpmPp ek/;fedek/;fedek/;fedek/;fed v/;kidv/;kidv/;kidv/;kid 111144440000 252525253333----83838383 32323232----202020200000----14141414

0000----01010101¼¼¼¼df=218½½½½lkFkZd ulkFkZd ulkFkZd ulkFkZd ughaghaghagha2222 mPpmPpmPpmPp ek/;fedek/;fedek/;fedek/;fed v/;kfidk,av/;kfidk,av/;kfidk,av/;kfidk,a 88880000 252525253333----33333333 30303030----93939393


1111““““kgjhkgjhkgjhkgjh fuEu izkFkfedfuEu izkFkfedfuEu izkFkfedfuEu izkFkfed iq#iq#iq#iq#’’’’kkkkv/;kidv/;kidv/;kidv/;kid

80808080 248248248248----24242424 37373737----222222221111----92929292

0000----01010101¼¼¼¼df=178½½½½lkFkZd ulkFkZd ulkFkZd ulkFkZd ughaghaghagha2222

xzkeh.kxzkeh.kxzkeh.kxzkeh.k fuEu izkFkfedfuEu izkFkfedfuEu izkFkfedfuEu izkFkfed iq#iq#iq#iq#’’’’kkkkv/;kfidk,av/;kfidk,av/;kfidk,av/;kfidk,a

101010100000 257257257257----20202020 21212121----02020202


1111“kgjh“kgjh“kgjh“kgjh mPpmPpmPpmPp izkFkfedizkFkfedizkFkfedizkFkfed iq#iq#iq#iq#’k’k’k’kv/;kidv/;kidv/;kidv/;kid

99990000 242424249999----38383838 35353535----434343431111----75757575


xzkeh.kxzkeh.kxzkeh.kxzkeh.k mPpmPpmPpmPp izkFkfedizkFkfedizkFkfedizkFkfed iq#iq#iq#iq#’k’k’k’kv/;kfidk,av/;kfidk,av/;kfidk,av/;kfidk,a

99990000 256256256256----93939393 20202020----67676767


1111“kgjh“kgjh“kgjh“kgjh mPpmPpmPpmPp izkFkfedizkFkfedizkFkfedizkFkfed iq#iq#iq#iq#’k’k’k’kv/;kidv/;kidv/;kidv/;kid

101010100000 251251251251----84848484 35353535----525252520000----61616161


xzkeh.kxzkeh.kxzkeh.kxzkeh.k mPpmPpmPpmPp izkFkfedizkFkfedizkFkfedizkFkfed iq#iq#iq#iq#’k’k’k’kv/;kfidk,av/;kfidk,av/;kfidk,av/;kfidk,a

66660000 254254254254----84848484 25252525----00000000


1111“kgjh“kgjh“kgjh“kgjh mPpmPpmPpmPp ek/;fedek/;fedek/;fedek/;fed iq#iq#iq#iq#’k’k’k’kv/;kidv/;kidv/;kidv/;kid

99990000 251251251251----07070707 33336666----888888880000----17171717


xzkeh.kxzkeh.kxzkeh.kxzkeh.k mPpmPpmPpmPp ek/;fedek/;fedek/;fedek/;fed iq#iq#iq#iq#’k’k’k’kv/;kfidk,av/;kfidk,av/;kfidk,av/;kfidk,a

50505050 252525258888----48484848 22220000----77777777


1111“kgjh“kgjh“kgjh“kgjh fuEufuEufuEufuEu izkFkfedizkFkfedizkFkfedizkFkfed efgykefgykefgykefgykv/;kidv/;kidv/;kidv/;kid

88880000 259259259259----24242424 27272727----909090900000----94949494


xzkeh.kxzkeh.kxzkeh.kxzkeh.k fuEufuEufuEufuEu izkFkfedizkFkfedizkFkfedizkFkfed efgykefgykefgykefgykv/;kv/;kv/;kv/;kidididid

111150505050 252525259999----51515151 24242424----42424242



lqykspuk ltok.k




rkfydk 11“kgjksa rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds mPp izkFkfed f”k{k.k Lrj esa dk;Zjr~ efgyk v/;kidksa dh izHkko”khyrk ds e/; izkIr Vh&eku

rkfydk 12“kgjksa rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds fuEu ek/;fed f”k{k.k Lrj esa dk;Zjr~ efgyk v/;kidksa dh izHkko”khyrk ds e/; izkIr Vh&eku

rkfydk 13“kgjksa rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds mPp ek/;fed f”k{k.k Lrj esa dk;Zjr~ efgyk v/;kidksa dh izHkko”khyrk ds e/; izkIr Vh&eku

fo”ys’k.k ds Ik”pkr~ “kks/kkfFkZuh ikrh gS fd fuEu izkFkfed f”k{k.k Lrj esa dk;Zjr~ v/;kidksa ,oa v/;kfidkvksa dhizHkko”khyrk dh rkfydk ls izkIr ^Vh^ eku 1-86 gS tks fd lkFkZdrk ds nksuksa Lrjksa 0-05 o 0-01 Lrj ¼Lor=ark va”k 408½ ij^Vh^ lkj.kh ds eku ls de gSA vr% vUrj lkFkZd ugha ik;k x;k gSA vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd fuEu izkFkfed f”k{k.k Lrjesa dk;Zjr~ v/;kid ,oa v/;kfidk,a vius fo|ky; ,oa dk;Z esa leku :Ik ls izHkko”kkyh gSaA

mPp izkFkfed f”k{k.k Lrj esa dk;Zjr~ v/;kidksa ,oa v/;kfidkvksa dh izHkko”khyrk ls lEcfU/kr vkadM+ksa ds fo”ys’k.k lsizkIr Vh eku 0-97 gS tks fd lkFkZdrk ds nksuksa Lrjksa 0-05 o 0-01 Lrj ¼Lora=rk va”k 298½ ij ^Vh^ lkj.kh ds eku ls de gSAvr% vUrj lkFkZd ugha ik;k x;k gSA vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd mPp izkFkfed f”k{k.k Lrj esa dk;Zjr~ v/;kid ,oav/;kfidk,a leku :Ik ls izHkko”kkyh gSaA

fuEu ek/;fed f”k{k.k Lrj esa dk;Zjr~ v/;kidksa ,oa v/;kfidkvksa dh izHkko”khyrk ls lEcfU/kr vkadM+ksa ds fo”ys’k.k lsizkIr ^Vh^ eku 0-69 gS tks fd lkFkZdrk ds nksuksa Lrjksa 0-05 o 0-01 Lrj ¼Lora=rk va”k 278½ ij ^Vh^ lkj.kh ds eku ls de gSAvr% vUrj lkFkZd ugha ik;k x;k gSA vr% fu’d’kZ :Ik esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd fuEu ek/;fed f”k{k.k Lrj esa dk;Zjr~ v/;kid,oa v/;kfidk,a leku :Ik ls izHkko”kkyh gSaA

mPp ek/;fed f”k{k.k Lrj esa dk;Zjr~ v/;kidksa ,oa v/;kfidkvksa dh izHkko”khyrk ls lEcfU/kr vkadMksa ds fo”ys’k.k lsizkIr ^Vh^ eku 0-14 gS tks fd lkFkZdrk ds nksuksa Lrjksa 0-05 o 0-01 Lrj ¼Lora=rk va”k 218½ ij ^Vh^ lkj.kh ds eku ls de gSAvr% vUrj lkFkZd ugha ik;k x;k gSA vr% mPp ek/;fed f”k{k.k Lrj esa dk;Zjr~ v/;kid ,oa v/;kfidk,a leku :Ik lsizHkko”kkyh gSaA vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd mPp ek/;fed f”k{k.k Lrj ij v/;kidksa o v/;kfidkvksa dks fo|ky; izcU/ku }kjklHkh lqfo/kk,a fcuk fdlh Hksn&Hkko ds iznku dh tkrh gSaA

ftlls “kgjh rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds fuEu izkFkfed f”k{k.k Lrj esa dk;Zjr~ iq:’k v/;kidksa dh izHkko”khyrk ls lEcfU/krvkadMksa ds fo”ys’k.k ls izkIr ^Vh^ eku 1-92 gS tks fd lkFkZdrk ds nksuksa Lrjksa 0-05 o 0-01 Lrj ¼Loa=rk va”k 178½ ij ^Vh^lkj.kh ds eku ls de gSA vr% vUrj lkFkZd ugha ik;k x;k gSA vr% “kgjh rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds fuEu izkFkfed f”k{k.k Lrj esadk;Zjr~ iq:’k v/;kid leku :Ik ls izHkko”kkyh gSaA bldk dkj.k nksuksa gh {ks=ksa ds fo|ky;ksa esa yxHkx leku lqfo/kk dk izkIrgksuk Hkh gks ldrk gSA


1111“kgjh“kgjh“kgjh“kgjh mmmmPpPpPpPp izkFkfedizkFkfedizkFkfedizkFkfed efgykefgykefgykefgykv/;kidv/;kidv/;kidv/;kid

55550000 254254254254----44444444 30303030----676767670000----52525252


xzkeh.kxzkeh.kxzkeh.kxzkeh.k mPpmPpmPpmPp izkFkfedizkFkfedizkFkfedizkFkfed efgykefgykefgykefgykv/;kv/;kv/;kv/;kidididid

70707070 257257257257----84848484 26262626----84848484


1111“kgjh“kgjh“kgjh“kgjh fuEufuEufuEufuEu ek/;fedek/;fedek/;fedek/;fed efgykefgykefgykefgykv/;kidv/;kidv/;kidv/;kid

77770000 253253253253----59595959 29292929----292929290000----43434343


xzkeh.kxzkeh.kxzkeh.kxzkeh.k fuEufuEufuEufuEu ek/;fedek/;fedek/;fedek/;fedefgykefgykefgykefgyk v/;kv/;kv/;kv/;kidididid

55550000 257257257257----90909090 29292929----94949494


1111“kgjh“kgjh“kgjh“kgjh mPpmPpmPpmPp ek/;fedek/;fedek/;fedek/;fed efgykefgykefgykefgykv/;kidv/;kidv/;kidv/;kid

55550000 252252252252----88888888 313131310000----90909090

0000----01010101¼¼¼¼df=78½½½½

lkFkZd ulkFkZd ulkFkZd ulkFkZd ughaghaghagha2222xzkeh.kxzkeh.kxzkeh.kxzkeh.k mPpmPpmPpmPp ek/;fedek/;fedek/;fedek/;fedefgykefgykefgykefgyk v/;kv/;kv/;kv/;kidididid

33330000 253253253253----80808080 30303030----83838383



lqykspuk ltok.k




“kgjh rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds mPPk izkFkfed f”k{k.k Lrj esa dk;Zjr~ iq:’k v/;kidksas dh izHkko”khyrk ls lEcfU/kr vkadM+ksa dsfo”ys’k.k ls izkIr ^Vh^ eku 1-75 gSA tks fd lkFkZdrk ds nksuksa Lrjksa 0-05 o 0-01 Lrj ¼Lora=rk va”k 178½ ij ^Vh^ lkj.kh dseku ls de gSA vr% vUrj lkFkZd ugha ik;k x;k gSA bldk ;gh vFkZ fudyrk gS fd “kgjh rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds mPp izkFkfedf”k{k.k Lrj esa dk;Zjr~ iq:’k v/;kidksa dh izHkko”khyrk esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha ik;k x;k gSA vr% fu’d’kZ :Ik esa dgk tkldrk gS fd “kgjh rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds mPp izkFkfed f”k{k.k Lrj esa dk;Zjr~ iq:’k v/;kid leku :Ik ls izHkko”kkyh gSaA

“kgjh rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds fuEu ek/;fed f”k{k.k Lrj esa dk;Zjr~ iq:’k v/;kidksa dh izHkko”khyrk ls lEcfU/kr vkadM+ksa dsfo”ys’k.k ls izkIr ^Vh^ eku 0-61 gS tks fd lkFkZdrk ds nksuksa Lrjksa 0-05 o 0-01 Lrj ¼Lora=rk va”k 158½ ij ^Vh^ lkj.kh ds ekuls de gS vr% vUrj lkFkZd ugha ik;k x;k gS vr% “kgjh rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds fuEu ek/;fed f”k{k.k lrj esa dk;Zjr~ iq:’kv/;kid lek :Ik ls izHkko”kkyh gSa blds fy, dnkfpr ljdkjksa ¼jkT; ljdkj o dsUnz ljdkj½ ds }kjk f”k{kk ds {ks= esavf/kd ls vf/kd o leku lqfo/kk,a miyC/k djokus dh uhfr Hkh mRrjnk;h gks ldrh gSA

“kgjh rFkk xzkeh.kksa {ks=ksa ds mPp ek/;fed f”k{k.k Lrj esa dk;Zjr~ iq:’k v/;kidksa dh izHkko”khyrk ls lEcfU/kr vkadM+ksads fo”ys’k.k ls izkIr ^Vh^ eku 0-17 gS tks fd lkFkZdrk ds nkuksa Lrjksa 0-05 o 0-01 Lrj ¼Lora=rk va”k 138½ Ikj ^Vh^ lkj.kh dseku ls de gSA vr% vUrj lkFkZd ugha ik;k x;k gSA vr% fu’d’kZ :Ik esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd “kgjh rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=kas ds mPpek/;fed f”k{k.k Lrj esa dk;Zjr~ iq:’k v/;kid leku :Ik ls izHkko”kkyh gSaA

“kgjh rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds fuEu izkFkfed f”k{k.k Lrj esa dk;Zjr~ efgyk v/;kidksa dh izHkko”khyrk ls lEcfU/kr vkadM+ksads fo”ys’k.k ls izkIr ^Vh^ eku 0-94 gSA tks fd lkFkZdrk ds nkuksa Lrj 0-05 o 0-01 Lrj ¼Lora=rk va”k 228½ ij ^Vh^ lkj.kh dseku ls de gS vr% vUrj lkFkZd ugha ik;k x;k gSA vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd “kgjh rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds fuEu izkFkfedf”k{k.k Lrj esa dk;Zjr~ efgyk v/;kfidk,a vius fo|ky; ,oa f”k{k.k dk;Z esa leku :Ik ls izHkko”kkyh gSaA

“kgjh rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds mPp izkFkfed f”k{k.k Lrj esa dk;Zjr~ efgyk v/;kidksa dh izHkko”khyrk ls lEcfU/kr vkadM+ksads fo”ys’k.k ls izkIr ^Vh^ eku 0-52 gS tks fd lkFkZdrk ds nksuksa Lrjksa 0-05 o 0-01 Lrj ¼Lora=k va”k 118½ ij ^Vh^ lkj.kh dseku ls de gSA vr% vUrj lkFkZd ugha ik;k x;k gS vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd “kgjh rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=kas ds mPp izkFkfedf”k{k.k Lrj esa dk;Zjr~ efgyk v/;kid leku :Ik ls izHkko”kkyh gSaA

blh rjg ls “kgjh rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds fuEu ek/;fed f”k{k.k Lrj esa dk;Zjr~ efgyk v/;kidksa dh izHkko”khyrk lslEcfU/kr vkadM+ksa ds fo”ys’k.k ls izkIr ^Vh^ eku 0-43 gSA tks fd lkFkZdrk ds nksuksa Lrjksa 0-05 o 0-01 Lrj ¼Lora=rk va”k 118½ij ^Vh^ lkj.kh ds eku ls de gSA vr% vUrj lkFkZd ugha ik;k x;k gSA vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;|fi “kgjh rFkk xzkeh.k{ks=ksa esa fLFkr fo|ky;ksa esa lqfo/kkvksa esa vUrj Hkh ik;k tkrk gS ijUrq lqfo/kkvksa dh miyC/krk bruh gS fd “kgjh rFkk xzkeh.k{ks=ksa ds fuEu ek/;fed f”k{k.k Lrj esa dk;Zjr~ efgyk v/;kfidkvksa dh izHkko”khyrk mlls izHkkfor ugha gqbZ gS rFkk os vius&vius dk;Z o fo|ky;ksa esa leku :Ik ls izHkko”kkyh gSaA

“kgjh rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds mPp ek/;fed f”k{k.k Lrj esa dk;Zjr~ efgyk v/;kidksa dh izHkko”khyrk ls lEcfU/kr vkadM+ksads fo”ys’k.k ls izkIr ^Vh^ eku 0-90 gSA tks fd lkFkZdrk ds nksuksa Lrj 0-05 o 0-01 Lrj ¼Lora=rk va”k 78½ Ikj ^Vh^ lkj.kh dseku ls de gSA vr% vUrj lkFkZd ugha ik;k x;k gS vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd “kgjh rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds mPp ek/;fedf”k{k.k Lrj esa dk;Zjr~ efgyk v/;kfidk,a leku :Ik ls izHkko”kkyh gSaA

ifj.kkeksa dk foospuk&izLrqr “kks/k ls izkIr ifj.kkeksa ds vk/kkj ij “kks/kdrhZ bl fu’d’kZ ij igqaph gS fd &

1& fofHkUu f”k{k.k Lrjksas ;Fkk & fuEu izkFkfed] mPp izkFkfed Lrj ij dk;Zjr~ v/;kidksa dh izHkko”khyrk ij mudsfo|ky;ksa ds Lrj dk dksbZ udkjkRed izHkko ns[kus dks ugha feyk gS rFkk lHkh v/;kid o v/;kfidk,a leku :Ik lsizHkko”kkyh gSaA

2& “kgjh rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr~ v/;kfidk,a ,oa v/;kid leku :Ik ls izHkko”kkyh gSa rFkk {ks= fo”ks’k dhifjfLFkfr;ksa us mudh izHkkOk”khyrk ij fdlh Hkh izdkj dk udkjkRed izHkko ugha Mkyk gSA

lUnHkZ lwph&� vxzoky] eerk ¼2006½ % VhplZ ,t fMVjfeusUV~l vkWQ bULVhV~;w”kuy bQsfDVousLk % nsu ,.M ukm bu esjh tuZy vkWQ

,tqds”ku] okWY;we&1 ¼2½] vDVwcj] eSustes.V ,tqds”ku ,.M fjlpZ bULVhV~;wV] U;w nsgyhA� vxzoky] eksfguh ¼2004½ % ekSfyd dÙkZO; o f”k{kd izf”k{k.k dk;ZØe n”kk vkSj fn”kk] Hkkjrh; vk/kqfud f”k{kk] o’kZ 23 ¼2½]

vDVwcj] jk’Vªh; “kSf{kd vuqla/kku ,oa izf”k{k.k ifj’kn~] ubZ fnYYkhA



lqykspuk ltok.k




� ,u0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0] ubZ fnYYkh ¼1971½] , LVMh vkWQ fj,D”ku vkWQ VhplZ VqoZLk Vhfpax izksQs”ku bu lsds.Mªh losZ vkWQfjlpZ ,twds”ku ¼1972&78½] lkslkbVh QkWj ,twds”kuy fjlpZ ,.M Msoyies.V] cMkSnkA

� ,uqvy fjiksVZ 1994&95] uoksn; fo|ky; lfefr] U;w fnYYkhA� dUtqeu jkoMZ ¼2003½] ÝkWe VhplZ Vq LVqMsUV n oSY;w vkWQ VhplZ ,twds”ku] okWY;we 54 ¼3½ vesfjdu ,lksfl,”ku vkWQ

dkWYkst VhplZ ,twds”ku] U;w;kdZA� fpÙkkSM+] “kf”k ¼2005½ % futh izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr f”k{kdksa dh leL;kvksa dk v/;;u] izkFkfed f”k{kd] o’kZ 30 ¼2½]

vizSy] tqykbZ jk’Vªh; “kSf{kd vuqla/kku vkSj izf”k{k.k ifj’kn~] u;h fnYYkhA� nkslh] izoh.k ¼2004½% izkFkfed fo|ky; ds f”k{kdksa dh f”k{k.k izHkko”khyrk] izkbejh f”k{kd] o’kZ 29 ¼2½] vizSy] jk’Vªh;

“kSf{kd vuqla/kku vkSj izf”k{k.k ifj’kn~ u;h fnYYkhA� ih0m’kk] “kf”kdqekj] ih0 ¼2007½ % Vhpj dfeVes.V ,.M VhplZ lsYQ dkWUlsIV ,t~ izfMDVlZ vkWQ tkWc lfVLQSD”ku bu

,tqVSªDl] okWY;we 6 ¼12½] vxLr] uhydey ifCyds”ku izkbZosV fyfeVsM] gSnjkcknA� eSdQjyS.M] ,Ek0Dysj ¼1988½ % , LVMh vkWQ n bQsDV~l vkWQ n bQsfDVo DYkk:e dE;wfuds”ku izksxzke vkWu lsds.Mjh

Ldwy VhplZ bu fQ¶Fk losZ vkWQ ,twds”kuy fjlpZ ¼1988&92½] okWY;we&2] ,u0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0 U;w nsgyhA� “kekZ] psruk ¼2002½% fofHkUu izdkj ds izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr f”k{kdksa esa dk;Z ncko dk v/;;u] fjlpZ ,.M LV~Mht

¼46&53½] ,twds”ku fMikVZes.V] ;wfuoflZVh vkWQ bykgkckn] bykgkcknA� flUgk] ,l0ih0 ¼1991½% f”k{kd izf”k{k.k fof/k;ksa esa ifjorZu dh vko”;drk] Hkkjrh; vk/kqfud f”k{kk o'kZ&LkIRke~ ¼3½]

,u0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0] ubZ fnYYkhA� JhokLro vkj0ds0 ,.M xksfn;ky] v LVMh vkWQ Qhesy VhplZ odZ bUokyesUV ,l0 ¼1995½] tkWc bUokYoesaV ,M fn;j

tkWc lSfVLQSD”ku Vªs.M ,.M FkkWVl bu ,twds”ku okY;we 7] fjllZ ,lksfl;s”ku bykgkckn] twu 1995A



lqykspuk ltok.k



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EDUCATIONAL Issue : 4 Year : 5 Jan.-Feb.-Mar ...wellpress.in/repr/download/WPP-REPR-Jan-Feb-Mar-2017.pdf · Constituent College of Central University, Allahabad Dr. Chandra Shekhar,