Education for All- including disabilities

2002-6-22 Yunying ChenCNIER

Education for All-including disabilities

Chinese Endeavor

Yunying ChenChina National Institute for Education Research


Inclusive Education

• From World Perspectives

• Defining Inclusive Education

• Inclusion In Chinese Context


Inclusive Education In World Perspectives

• The Convention Right of Children

• Education- the right of all children

• -the obligation of all governments


World Agenda

• The World Conference on Education for All-1990, Thailand

• The Harbin Declaration for Children with Special Needs-1993, China (Asian Action)

• The Salamanca Statement & Framework of Action on Special Needs Education-1994, Spain

• World Education Forum-2000, Dakar


World Education Forum

• Ensuring access to quality education- for the most marginalized children

– Enrich early child care and learning

– Reach excluded children

– Enhance girls education

– Improve education quality

– Restore education in emergency


Defining Inclusive Education


Who were excluded

• Girls

• Ethnic minorities

• Working children

• Children affected by disabilities, violence, conflict and HIV/AIDS

• Must be included


Inclusive Education

• sharing the notion in many terms

• different definition applied in different country


Terms for Inclusive Education

• Integration Integrated Education

• Mainstreaming Inclusion

• Inclusive Education

• Interactive Education (UK)

• Responsive Education (UK)


Terms for Inclusive Education

• Regular School Initiatives (USA)

• First Generation Inclusion (USA)

• Second Generation Inclusion (USA)


Inclusion

• The practice of providing education to a student with disabilities within the general education classroom, with the supports and accommodations needed by that student


Mainstreaming

• The practice of providing a student with disabilities with some portion of his or her education in a general education classroom


Integration

• This term is used in a variety of ways within the literature, may mean either inclusion or mainstreaming. The context of the discussion determines its meaning.


Inclusion In Chinese Context

• Statistics

• Mandates

• Evolutions

• Stages

• Changes


regular classroom

Types of educational settings

regular classroom 77.12%special school 15.28%special class 7.60%

Types of educational settings for disabledchildren

regularclassroom77.12%

special class7.60%special

school15.28%

Categories of disabled students in regularclassrooms

hearingimpaired6.34%

visuallyimpaired3.03%

mentallyhandicapped

90.63%


Types of educational settings for disabled children

special school15.28%

special class7.60%

regularclassroom77.12%

regular classroomspecial schoolspecial class


Inclusive Education

• Physical integration (Sitting)

• Social integration (Confusing)

• Educational integration (Learning)

• Learning in the Regular Classroom 隨班就讀 (China)


Inclusion means educational integration • In Chinese integration is named as

Sui Ban Jiu Du

– “ 隨” is “following” or “going”

– “ 班” is “classroom”

– “ 就” is “to”

– “ 讀” is “reading ” or “ learning


From Exclusion to Inclusion

• The history of special Education started in 1880

• Before 1960

– Special Education was a welfare system

– provided by religious institutes or private sectors



• In the 60

– China took all the private institutes back to the government

– special education became the public education



• In the 80-providing education services to everyone

– national movement for Compulsory Education

– to universalize basic education

– to provide education for all children

– Including education to all children with special needs


Inclusion plus quality Learning

• In the 90

• Promoting quality education for all

• Curriculum changes for ultimate potential

• Child centered learning environment

• Respect and Cater individual needs

• Value individual initiatives and creativities

• Zero rejection and start from age zero


The socialist’s mind

• Education right is human right

• Human right is equal right


National Survey of 1987

• 577 special school, serve 1% of the special needs

• Casual integration was almost 55%

• Homebound, welfare institution –44%


Education for all Children with Special Needs

• the answer is open the door of all schools

• 1 million primary school to take in 6 million children

• If it is too many? One school for 6 children !


Government actions for Inclusion


Legislation and Regulations

• The Compulsory Education Act, 1986

• The Law on Protection of the Disabled Person, 1992

• The Guidelines for the Development of Special Education, 1988

• The Regulation of Special Education, 1993


Legislation and Regulations

• The Guidelines for Classroom Integration,1994

• Goals of Special Education Within the Framework of The Eighth National Five-years-plan, 1991-95

• ------Ninth National Five-years-plan, 1996-2000

• Year 2001, the third national congress for special education

• ------- the Tenth National Five-years-plan, 2001-2005


Mandates-First National Congress (1988)• To inform and to educate the public

about the disabled persons.

• To mandate the setting aside of a national fund for special education

• To re-enforce program implementation- national objectives and regional targets


Mandates (1988)

• Regular schools as the main body for education provision

• Special schools as resource centers

• Alternatives for teacher education in supporting changes

• Establishing national institutes for research, teacher training, and materials development.


Stages of Evolution


Stages -1

• 1. Investigation of the needs of children with disabilities

• 2. National Congress for consensus of policy and actions

• 3. Pilot study

• 4. Annual conference in promoting effective practices


Stage -2

• 5. Various alternatives in empowering teacher

• 6. Monitoring program by The National Guideline on Integration

• 7. National project for organizational change

– whole school action, whole district action


Stage -3

• 8. Program evaluation of Effectiveness & Quality

• 9. Special School reform for integration

• 10. Development of Indicators of Integration

• 11. Information exchange on internet


Educational Reform for Inclusive Education


Responsible Implementation - successful integration• A general consensus for educational

changes

• Strategy plan

• Step by step

• Aim big start small

• Making thing happen

• Long term monitoring and continue endeavor


Organizational behavior- encourage progress• Team work

• Sector-wide collaboration- Education, Health, Civil Affair,CWF,CFDP….

• sharing responsibility

• sharing resources

• case study


Restructuring Education

• Regular programs is the main body in education provision for children with special needs

• Special schools , special classes, other forms of programs are resources and alternatives in supporting Inclusion


Schools Changes

• School policy encouraging integration

• Select best and qualified teacher

• Reduce the class size

• Teacher appraisal in favor of inclusion

• Additional salary & pension (15%) and promotion


Building Supportive System

• Policy Change for Inclusion

• Resources Center to support Inclusion

• School Development and management– Whole school approach

– School curriculum team


Special School as Resource Center

• In-service teacher training

• Parental guidance and counseling

• Assessment of children’s learning needs

• Supportive services to regular classroom teaching


Rooms for Improvement

• Teacher Education slow in response– 10 year behind school practices

• Quality education– Excellence and Competition

• Curriculum Accountability– Getting things parent pay for

• Re-allocation of educational resources


End Notes


Three types of educational organization

• One tract education system

• Two tracts education system

• Multiple tracts education system


Inclusive Education Reached Policy Making Agenda

• Every country declared a policy of integration

– UNESCO study-1995

• 3/4 of countries had such a policy

– UNESCO study- 1988


Inclusive education -Salamanca

Statement (1994) – Is perceived as the most effective means of

• Combating discriminatory attitudes

• Creating welcoming communities

• Building an inclusive society

• Achieving education for all


Thank You Very Much for Joining Me

• China National Institute for Education Research

– Special Education Division

– China Online for the Special Needs

– Chinese Journal of Special Education

• Please visit us at

• www.specialneeds.org.cn

• www. COSN.NET

http://www.specialneeds.org.cn/

http://www.specialneeds.org.cn/

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Education for All- including disabilities