2009/3/6

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Waste management and fertility of soil in Japan

(Outline of my research experience)(Outline of my research experience)

Takeshi Suzuki20th February 2009

My profileName： Takeshi SuzukiNationality: JapaneseMajor: Soil Science Education and ExperienceBachelor of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Japan.1992-1994Master of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Japan1997Ph. D, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Japan Supervision under N. Fujitake I worked about simple soil organic matter in natural soilnatural soil.

Professional Experience1997-2000 Research Assistant at Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Japan2000-present Assistant Professor at Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Japan

Today presentation(Outline)

1997-2004 I worked with H. Otsuka. Management of woody wastes and coal ash for soil amendment and/or soil media.

2004-present I am working with N. Ae. Management of sewage sludge as artificial phosphorous rock and fertility of soil of phosphorous. Little bit nitrogen fertility.

Outline of my research experience(featuring waste management and soil fertility )

Waste management which is relation to soil and plant nutrition

Organic waste Inorganic waste Waste which includes especially high contentespecially high content

Woody wastes Coal ashsewage sludge

(high P contents)

1.Compost

2.Organic soil amendment(difficult to decompose to CO2 (contribution to decrease CO2) )

3.Soil medium for grow revegetation plant 4.Phosphorous

fertilizer and soil fertility of P

5.Soil fertility of N

contents 1.Wood chip compost2. Organic soil amendment3 Coal ash as for soil medium3.Coal ash as for soil medium4.Phosphorous fertilizer and soil fertility of P5. Soil fertility of N

Back ground

Why we used woody wastes (clear-cut tree, thinned wood, wood shaving, bark)

for composts in Japan？

•68% of land of Japan is forest.k l i f ki•It takes long time for making mature compost.

•Level of mature of compost is unsure.•It is unsure how much co-materials depend on composts quality.•There is not so many research on compost of woody wastes•It would be sustainable.

Method for making composts

clear-cut tree

Mixing with co-material

chipping swelling

Enter the compost machine (7m3) with air blower

Composting for 5 months

Carry out from composting

machine

Enter the bag

Composting on ground for 5 months (pile)

compost

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Mixing ratio of 17 composts （volume%）Wood chip

Chicken Feces

urea Lime nitrogen

City refuse

Coal ash

Volcanic ash

charcoal

1 1001Cs 85.2 14.81Cw 82.6 15.01Us 85.0 14.4 2.91Uw 58.5 14.5 2.91Us-2 45.5 22.1 2.21Us-3 87.4 10.5 2.1

1S 69 3 25 6 5 11S 69.3 25.6 5.11R 54.1 15.02Us 51.7 18.7 1.9 18.72Uw 85.0 19.7 2.0 19.72S 75.7 15.1 3.0 30.23U 69.3 20.9 2.1 20.93S 56.1 17.0 3.4 34.1

4Uw 60.7 21.8 2.3 21.85U-1 73.7 12.0 2.4 12.05U-2 79.2 9.5 1.9 9.5

Chemical analysis• After 5,7,10 month sample

• T-C･T-N, NH3-N･NO3-N, CEC, humus composition, etc

• Determination of maturity of compost.

• 10 month sample

• T-P, T-K, T-Ca

• To make index of maturity of composts

• To estimate the period for getting mature compost from mixing ratio

Definition of maturity of compost in this study

control：only chemical fertilizer test：chemical fertilizer＋compost

I h

×Immature compost :growth

rate was less than 99%

Mature compost: growth rate was more than 100%

N,P2O5,K2O 100g/m3

Growth rate(%)＝Dry weight of planton control medium (g)

Dry weight of planton test medium (g)

×100 ○(checking nitrogen starvation)

Index of maturity of compost

C/NNO3-N

(mg/100g）

HA/FA

(%)

index <14 >21.9 >63.3

Red: immature compostBlue: mature compostg

Chemical properties of composts after 10 months

P2O5 K2O CaO NO3-N T-C CN CEC maturity% % % mg 100g % cmol(+) /kg

1 0.08 0.16 0.16 0.4 37.1 68.7 30.7 ×

1Cs 1.19 1.42 1.42 0.6 28.9 19.3 67.3 ×

1Cw 2.07 1.37 1.37 7.9 32.3 16.4 81.8 ×

1Us 1.30 1.54 1.54 147.0 33.5 12.0 81.2 ○

1Uw 1.22 0.76 0.76 356.4 39.6 15.8 78.2 ○

1Us-2 1.23 1.34 1.34 134.3 43.0 13.8 95.0 ○

1Us-3 0.32 0.48 0.48 85.3 25.8 21.4 44.0 ○

1S 4.09 1.17 1.17 154.4 20.4 14.3 53.2 ○

1R 0.25 0.19 0.19 0.0 42.8 32.0 62.8 ×

2Us 0.96 0.72 0.72 38.9 25.2 14.4 65.6 ○

2Uw 0.16 0.64 0.64 332.9 17.3 11.6 48.8 ○

2Ss 0.98 0.30 0.30 127.1 19.7 13.6 43.7 ○

3Sw 2.26 0.90 0.90 139.3 16.6 17.2 41.1 ○

3Uw 2.96 1.22 1.22 59.1 17.9 18.0 50.1 ○

4Uw 1.74 0.95 0.95 314.1 20.2 12.4 41.6 ○

5U1 0.98 0.69 0.69 40.0 39.3 17.8 56.7 ○

5U2 0.94 0.78 0.78 43.2 31.0 14.1 43.3 ○

Prediction of final composts quality (especially indexes of maturity) from Multiple-regression analysis

（

• CN ratio＝－1.85M－1.17Mw－1.21Cc ＋49.53• NO3-N(mg/100gDW)＝75.3U－11.6T+25.8L+215.8• HA/FA＝0.64M＋3.69U－0.41F＋50.48

Ratio of mix （M：chicken feces、Mw：city refuse、Cc：charcoalL：limenitrogen、 U：Urea、F：coal ash）、

It become easy to know compost maturity after ten month from mixing ratio

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contents 1.Wood chip compost2. Organic soil amendment3 Coal ash as for soil medium3.Coal ash as for soil medium4.Phosphorous fertilizer and soil fertility of P5. Soil fertility of N

How old is carbon in soil of Japan?

Brown Red soil Immature Podosol

14C year of Andosols

Virgin soil （include buried layer）

Farming soil （surface layer）

14C year （year B.P.）

200～28,000（ Kumada 1987）

460～3,820（yamada 1984）

forest soil soil AndosolsAbout 10 years old Melanic Andosol

(melanic index is less than 1.7)Thick A layer and high C content

(Melanic Andosol is good for reserving CO2 in soil)

Organic

Normal humuscompost

CO2Objective of this studyObjective of this study

compost application

Quick cycle of CUsual way Contribution to

decrease greenOrganic wastes

With volcanic ash

施用

Melanic humuscompost

Long term fixation of CO2 in soil

compost application

ghouse gas

How to make How to make melanicmelanic humushumus

Organic wastesOrganic wastes

Wood shavings (broadleaf)Rice straw Wood shavings(conifer)

Volcanic ash

Waste : volcanic ash=1:4(w/w)

90℃, daily water

ClaryfiyChemical structure of humic acid

Change of colore

0 5025 75 100 160120

Rice straw＋volcanic ash

Broadleaf wood shavings

+ volcanic ash

0 5025 75 100 160

0 5025 75 100 160

volcanic ash

Conifer wood shavings

+ volcanic ash

Last samples (after 160 days) contained melanic humus (from measurement of melanic index) This sample is different from charcoal. Because charcoal does not solubleIn real situation, heat would get from waste heat from power plant.

1313C C NMR spectra of NMR spectra of humichumic acid from natural and artificial acid from natural and artificial AndosolsAndosols

SD-A-300d

WC-A-300d

RS-B-90d

WC-B-120d

WC-B-90d

TMS

TMS

From 13C NMR spectra, chemical structure is very similar

RS-B-120d

SD-B-90d

SD-B-120d

BK-B-120d

100 0ppm200

bA

A

M

100 0ppm200

Humic acid from natural melanic Andosols

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Principal component analysisPrincipal component analysis

N/C

-COOH

Aromaticity

Humic acid from natural melanic Andosols

-OH Mn

Humic acid from natural soil without Andosols

Humic acid from artificial Andosols

If N content is increase in HA from artificial Andosols, it would be same as natural melanic Andosols

contents 1.Wood chip compost2. Organic soil amendment3 Coal ash as for soil medium3.Coal ash as for soil medium4.Phosphorous fertilizer and soil fertility of P5. Soil fertility of N

Increase of coal demand

Coal Information 2004(IEA)

Ce: coal equivalent•Alternative energy of oil•Advanced technology for combustion of coal• Coal reserve will not finish after 100 years

Objective of this study

Increase of coal power plant

Difficulty of dump into sea

Wastes increase

Effective use is very low1998年Coal Fly ash 70.9%Coal bottom ash 45.3%

Difficulty of dump into seaThere is no place in Japan

We want to use for agriculture

Experimental design

6m

6m

GS+BCGS+CA+BC

CA+BC CA

) 50cm

Coal ash Granite soil

Bark compost area

(volume%) (m2)

GS+BC 0 90 10 36GS+CA+BC 45 45 10 36

CA+BC 90 0 10 36CA 100 0 0 36

Ten young tree species were planted (domestic plants in Japan)

Method for making revegetation area

Coal ashBefore Bark compost and mix

Coal ash

Finish and tree planting Mulch by rice straw

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How to estimate good for plant and environment

•Growth rate measurement of woody plant (D2H: diameter and height of plant)

•Hazard elements (As, B, Cd, Pb, Zn, NO3 etc) leached out from substrate were monitored (30cm×30cm pan lysimeters were used in this study)

•Hazard elements (As, B, Cd, Pb, Zn etc) uptake by plant were monitored

Growth rate D2H

0 month

After

GS+BC CA+GS+BC CA+BC CA

After32months

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

シャリンバイ トベラ ヒサカキ マサキ

D2H生

長量

（%）

GS+BC区

CA+GS+BC区

CA+BC区

CA区

a

bb

ab

a

ab

b

a

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

ウバメガシ シラカシ スダジイ ヤブツバキ ヤマザクラ

D2H生

長量

（%）

GS+BC区

CA+GS+BC区

CA+BC区

CA区

bab

aa

a abb

a

There is no significant difference between GS+BC and CA+BC

element concentration in leachate

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

60 90 120 150 180 210 240

Al

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

60 90 120 150 180 210 240

Ca

10

15

20

25Mg

6080

100120140 K

0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

60 90 120 150 180 210 240

B

0.30.40.50.60.70.8 Na

2

3

4

5

6 Fe

0 2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6Mn

0

4

8

12

16

20

60 90 120 150 180 210 240

Cu

NO3-

150200250300350

F-

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

60 90 120 150 180 210 2400

2

4

6

8

10

12

60 90 120 150 180 210 240

As

度* ntra

tion

GS+BC1GS+BC2GS+BC3GS+BC4CA+GS+BC2CA+GS+BC4CA+BC4

0

5

60 90 120 150 180 210 2400

2040

60 90 120 150 180 210 240

012345678

60 90 120 150 180 210 240

P

00.10.2

60 90 120 150 180 210 240

0

1

2

60 90 120 150 180 210 240

05

10152025303540

60 90 120 150 180 210 240

Si

0

0.1

0.2

60 90 120 150 180 210 240

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

60 90 120 150 180 210 240

Zn

0

1

2

3

4

5

60 90 120 150 180 210 240

Pb

0

100

200

300

400

60 90 120 150 180 210 240

SO42-

050

100

60 90 120 150 180 210 240

濃度

期間（日数） *As, Cu, Pb, Znの単位はmg L-1, その他の単位はmg L-1

conc

en

Period (day) As, Cu, Pb, Zn ppb, other element ppm

Arsenic and boron were little bit high contents (early period)

Elements concentration in leaf

B Na Al Mn Fe Cu Zn Mg P K Ca AsGS+BC 18 524 781 1457 85 5 34 2028 2894 10943 16449 0.11CA+GS+BC 61 410 706 781 104 6 28 2097 3706 14137 16781 0.23

CA+BC 45 280 530 304 108 5 23 1525 3620 17579 15538 0.37

CA 44 282 710 439 98 4 27 1338 2532 17137 14263 0.34Plant species

ウバメガシ 40 139 66 1064 127 4 25 394 3096 10366 9050 0.20

シラカシ 98 53 67 1083 89 4 17 1884 2871 12498 12750 0.51

スダジイ 51 739 60 815 74 3 20 803 2430 15898 10649 0 36スダジイ 51 739 60 815 74 3 20 803 2430 15898 10649 0.36

タブ 54 398 48 500 91 4 16 2315 1530 9801 10673 0.14

ヤブツバキ 37 651 2554 1274 97 4 7 1912 1591 12845 11523 0.16

ヤマザクラ 18 296 79 711 128 6 18 3268 6995 18082 22959 0.43

シャリンバイ 14 83 42 91 63 6 60 2032 3320 14414 18897 0.03

トベラ 36 643 44 626 122 4 86 672 3216 24373 19453 0.20

ヒサカキ 56 548 3913 1157 88 4 11 2406 3209 13065 14861 0.43

マサキ 13 204 76 151 117 8 17 1880 3890 18262 27112 0.22

There is no problem for plant growth from these data. (but there are interesting data. Because plant nutrition of woody plant is few)

contents 1.Wood chip compost2. Organic soil amendment3 Coal ash as for soil medium3.Coal ash as for soil medium4.Phosphorous fertilizer and soil fertility of P5. Soil fertility of N

PhosphorousPhosphorous depletiondepletion

from USGS data

After 60-70 years, half of P reserve will be finished

We should recycle P

After that, Heavy metal , radioactive metal would be increase as impurity in P rock

Shortage of Phosphorous fertilizer

Shortage of foods and bio-ethanol

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HeatHeat--phosphos method method (recovery of P from sewage sludge)(recovery of P from sewage sludge)

Sewage sludge

Concentrated sewage sludge

Add Ca

High pressure

Dissolved sewage sludge

High temperature + water

Roasted artificial phosphate rock(Roasted APR)

Burned at500℃

It can be used as natural phosphate rock for industry

objectiveobjectiveCan they use as a phosphate Can they use as a phosphate fertilizer?fertilizer?

precipitationDried artificial phosphate rock

(Dried APR included much organic matter)

Dry by heat

P material C-P2O5(%） TC%

Dried APR 18.0 13.4

Roasted APR 31.5 -

Superphosphate 17.5 -

Control 0.0 -

Method for clarify the quality of phosphorous materialsMethod for clarify the quality of phosphorous materialsas a phosphorous fertilizeras a phosphorous fertilizer

crop：maize（Zea mays）soybean（Glycine max）groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea)

C-P2O5 means 2% citrate acid l bl P O

Vermiculite 100ml

P2O5 20ppm

Soil 300gCultivated for 2 monthsWith nutrient solution without P

P availability by chemical method (Truog, Bray2, Olsen)

soluble P2O5

Mesurement P uptake by crops

Soil name Soil character pH(H2O)

P retention(mgP2O5/100g)

Available-P (mgP2O5/100g)

Truog Bray2 Olsen

Maji Sub-tropical red soil. acid 4.7 160 1.7 1.8 0.4

Fukuyama alluvial soil (Paddy field) 5.7 540 11.2 63.8 13.8

Soil sample used

)

Jyagal Calcium soil (high pH) 8.2 1570 0.6 4.6 0.4

Kitakami Non-allophanicAndosol 6.3 1940 6.3 57.5 4.9

Tsukuba Allophanic Andosol 5.9 2250 2.2 6.9 2.4

Alluvial soil Red soil

Old soilLow pHMiddle P retention(Fe type)

Paddy fieldAlong the riverLow P retentionLow carbon

About Japanese soil for farming

AndosolVolcanic ash soilExtremely high P retention(Al type or allophane type)

JagalImmature calcium soilOn the raised coral reefHigh pHHigh P retention(Ca type)

Photo of pot experimentGroundnut

maize

Control super P dried roasted

Soybean

Soil P material Maize Soybean Groundnut

Maji(pH=4.8)P retention＝160

control 0.45 c 1.17 e 1.97 d

Super P 2.69 b 4.27 b 5.28 bc

dried APR 4.05 a 5.28 a 6.42 ab

Roasted APR 4.42 a 3.76 b 5.71 b

Fukuyama(pH=5.7)P retention=540

control 7.80 c 10.0 bc 8.24

Super P 12.0 a 13.0 a 10.4

dried APR 9.68 b 10.5 bc 10.8

Roasted APR 7.60 c 8.60 c 9.62

Jyagal(pH=8.2)P retention

control 0.59 c 1.20 de 1.70 d

Super P 5.65 a 7.43 a 8.46 a

dried APR 3 28 b 4 78 c 4 46 bc

P uptake of each crop (Average mg, n=4）

SP<APRSoil (Maji) is too low pH(Inhibition?)

SP>APRSoil (Jyagal) is too high pH

SP>APR (maize, soybean)(Normal results)

P retention＝1570

dried APR 3.28 b 4.78 c 4.46 bc

Roasted APR 1.16 c 1.97 d 3.00 cd

Kitakami（ｐH=6.3 ）P retention＝1940

control 8.17 c 11.4 bc 7.33 b

Super P 12.5 a 9.98 bc 8 .67 b

dried APR 11.0 a 14.3 ab 13.8 a

Roasted APR 9.19 b 13.8 b 11.3 a

Tsukuba(pH=5.9)

P retention=22５0

control 2.55 d 4.69 c 4.99 b

Super P 6.34 a 8.63 a 8.50 a

dried APR 7.07 a 8.62 a 8.99 a

Roasted APR 3.28 d 4.71 c 4.36 b

Same letter means no significant difference in same crop and same soil（P>0.05, Tukey-HSD）

Soil (Jyagal) is too high pH

Roasted APR < SP <=dried APRAndosols are high P retention (Aluminum type)(why?)

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Differences of P uptake ability between crops from bi-plot

The points on the black line means same P uptake ability

a: maize < soybeanb: maize<groundnutc:soybean<groundnut

Relationship between P availability from chemical measurement and P uptake by maize

R=0.43R=0.61**

R=0.86**

Truog method is official method for P-availability of soil in JapanBray2 method and olsen method are better than Truog method.

Bra

y2-P

(mg

100g

soil)

Why dried APR is good for soil fertility ?

Al3+ H3PO4

Crop rootAbsorbed to soilsoil

Non organic matter condition

Composition of P (ester or inorganic)Composition of organic compoundby NMR

Al3+H3PO4

Crop rootUptake by plant

soil

Organic matter(Phosphate ester)Organic matter-COO-H2PO4

or

with Organic matter condition

hypothesis

Phosphorous composition of APR by 31P NMR

ts (m

g g-

1)

60

80

100

120

OrthophosphatePyrophosphateOrthophosphate monoestersOrthophosphate diesters

Dried APR

Roasted APR

Almost orthophosphate→determine organic composition

過石

31P NMR spectrum soil extracts at pH>13 (Cade-Menun et al. 2005)

P co

nten

t

0

20

40

Super Phosphate

Chemical composition from NMRChemical composition from NMR

Extract solution

aliphatic Carbo-hydrate aromatic

Hot H2O2 77.4 19.4 3.3 HCl - - -PB 68.4 27.5 4.1

NaOH 71 4 24 6 4 0

Composition of unexchangeable 1H （%）b y 1H-NMR

-8.5

-10.0

-9.5

-10.5

-9.0D2O

sugaraliphatic

LogD(m2/s)

NaOH 71.4 24.6 4.0

Extract solution

-CH2- -OCH3Carbo-hydrate C6H6 -COOH C=O

Hot H2O2 53.9 1.6 15.1 6.4 22.5 0.4 HCl - - - - - -PB - - - - - -NaOH 23.3 3.5 31.1 15.8 18.2 7.9

Composition of C（%）by 13C-NMR

Hot H2O2 :aliphatic acid and saccharideOther: saccharide is main compound

046 28ppm

8.5

Molecular weight from logD1,000～8,000Da

DOSY-1H NMR spectra

Under going experiment

We make some fertilizer in lab scale by co-precipitation

H3PO4

Ca2+

H3PO4 Ca2+

Organic acid

H3PO4 Ca2+

Polysaccharide (chitosan large MW)

H3PO4 Ca2+

Polysaccharide (chitosan small MW)

These fertilizers response will be check by pot experiment

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contents 1.Wood chip compost2. Organic soil amendment3 Coal ash as for soil medium3.Coal ash as for soil medium4.Phosphorous fertilizer and soil fertility of P5. Soil fertility of N

Easy determination method for N fertility of soil

1/15M phosphate buffer extractable organic nitrogen is correlated with N fertility of soil by measuring incubation method in Japanese soil.

Phosphate buffer extractable organic nitrogen (PEON) is though to be compounds of concerning N fertility

Prof. Ae et al. have a lot of results and he made presentation here last year.PEON would be MW 8,000da

directory uptake by plantabsorb with soil particle, and it easily become NO3 after desorbmade by bacteria

From purified PEON, PEON-antibody was made for experiment (ELISAWestern blot, etc.)

After I work with prof. Ae, I measured purified PEON by NMR

NMR spectra of purified PEON

-COOHCarbo-hydrate

aliphatic

OCH3

13C NMR spectra 1H DOSY-NMR spectra

LogD(m2/s)Carbo-hydrate

aliphatic