Editorial Protocols and Architectures for Next · PDF fileEditorial Protocols and Architectures for Next-Generation Wireless Sensor Networks ... increase the network lifetime. e paper

EditorialProtocols and Architectures for Next-GenerationWireless Sensor Networks

Sana Ullah,1 Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues,2,3 Farrukh Aslam Khan,4

Christos Verikoukis,5 and Zuqing Zhu6

1 CISTER Research Unit, ISEP/IPP, Rua Dr. Antonio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal2 Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilha, Portugal3 University ITMO, Saint-Petersburg 197101, Russia4National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, A. K. Brohi Road H-11/4, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan5 Telecommunications Technological Centre of Catalonia, Avenida Carl Friedrich Gauss 7, 08860-Castelldefels, Spain6Department of EEIS, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Sana Ullah; [email protected]

Received 10 August 2014; Accepted 10 August 2014; Published 23 December 2014

Copyright © 2014 Sana Ullah et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The massive deployment of Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs) is expected to increase exponentially in the nextfew years, allowing millions of wireless devices to workautonomously for new applications. These next-generationWSNs are also expected to interact with other devices suchas RFID tags, home appliances, cars, and mobile equipment.When integrated with the cloud, these networks couldprovide pervasive and ubiquitous services to the users byproviding powerful and unlimited storage infrastructure.The current challenges for next-generation WSNs are scala-bility, decentralization, resource scarcity, heterogeneity, anddynamicity. These requirements and challenges cannot befulfilled by traditional WSNs. In addition, the network,Medium Access Control (MAC), and Physical (PHY) layerprotocols developed for traditional WSNs are not applicableto the next-generation WSNs, where millions of battery-powered nodes should operate for longer durations. In otherwords, the next-generationWSNs require the development ofnovel protocols at each layer that must be able to extend thenetwork lifetime from months to years. These protocols mayallow seamless integration of next-generation WSNs withother networks and platforms including internet of thingsand cloud computing.

The aim of this special issue was to attract high qualitypapers on protocols and architectures for the next-generationWSNs. We have received forty one articles, which were

rigorously peer-reviewed by experts, and have finally selectedtwenty one articles for publication. The paper entitled “LoadBalanced Routing for Lifetime Maximization in Mobile Wire-less Sensor Networks” proposes a novel lifetime maximizationprotocol for heterogeneous and homogenous networks withuncontrolled mobility by considering residual energy, trafficload, and mobility of nodes. Simulation results show thatthe proposed scheme provides significant improvement innetwork lifetime, data packet latency, and load balancingcompared to minimum hop routing and greedy forwardingschemes.The paper entitled “WirelessM-Bus Sensor Networksfor Smart Water Grids: Analysis and Results” investigateswireless metering bus protocol for consideration in futuresmart water grids. Simulation and experimental results showthe effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed protocol.The paper entitled “ZEQoS: A New Energy and QoS-AwareRouting Protocol for Communication of Sensor Devices inHealthcare System” proposes a novel and QoS-aware routingprotocol using two main modules and three algorithms forresource allocation. Simulations conducted in a real hospitalscenario using Castalia 3.2 show that the proposed protocoloffers good performance in terms of throughput and packetdropping rate at MAC and network layers.The paper entitled“Energy Consumption Optimisation for Duty-Cycled Schemesin Shadowed Environments” proposes a metric for low-powerwireless links by considering shadow fading and truncated

Hindawi Publishing CorporationInternational Journal of Distributed Sensor NetworksVolume 2014, Article ID 705470, 3 pageshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/705470

2 International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks

ARQ schemes. NS-3 simulations are used to determine theoptimal operating regions for direct, multihop, and CDC-ARQ forwarding. The paper entitled “Game-Theoretic BasedDistributed Scheduling Algorithms for Minimum CoverageBreach in Directional Sensor Networks” formulates the prob-lem of direction set K-Cover as a direction schedulinggame and proposes synchronous and asynchronous game-theoretic based distributed algorithms. Experimental resultsshow that the proposed algorithms (Nash equilibria) providea near-optimal andwell-balanced solution.Thepaper entitled“Altruistic Backoff: Collision Avoidance for Receiver-InitiatedMAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks” presents anovel collision avoidancemethod called altruistic backoff thatreduces a significant amount of energy by minimizing theidle listening period of the nodes. The performance of theproposed backoffmethod is validated by several experimentsusing TI eZ430-rf2500 nodes. The paper entitled “A QoS-Based Wireless Multimedia Sensor Cluster Protocol” presentsa new protocol for deliveringmultimedia stream features andguaranteeing quality of communication. Real experimentsshow performance of the proposed protocol for several videoand audio cases in terms of bandwidth, delay, and jitter.

The paper entitled “WSN4QoL: AWSN-Oriented Health-care System Architecture” presents network coding and dis-tributed localization solutions for achieving efficiency incommunication and indoor people tracking. Preliminaryresults show the efficiency of the proposed solutions. Thepaper entitled “An Improved User Authentication Protocolfor Healthcare Services via Wireless Medical Sensor Net-works” proposes an improved user authentication scheme forhealthcare applications and proves that the proposed schemeeliminates security problems that are identified in the existingsecurity schemes.The paper entitled “Wireless HDLCProtocolfor Energy-Efficient Large-Scale Linear Wireless Sensor Net-works” proposes a wireless HDLC architecture that supportshalf-duplex communication and point-to-point and multi-point networking. A hardware prototype for self-poweredwireless sensors, based on XBee PRO modules, is developedfor a large-scale infrastructure monitoring system.The paperentitled “Protocol and Architecture to Bring Things into Inter-net of Things” proposes a Communication Things Protocol(CTP) that provides interoperability among things with dif-ferent communication standards. CTP considers an ontologi-cal representation and interactionmodel of things and imple-mentation feasibility in standard communication protocols.Performance analysis shows the feasibility of CTP in termsof energetic cost, data efficiency, and message latency. Thepaper entitled “Energy-Efficient Node Selection Algorithmswith Correlation Optimization in Wireless Sensor Networks”first proposes a new cover set balance algorithm to select aset of active nodes with partially ordered tuple, and then itproposes a new algorithm to find the correlated node set fora given node. In addition, a high residual energy first algo-rithm is proposed for reducing the number of active nodes.Experiments show that the proposed algorithms significantlyincrease the network lifetime. The paper entitled “SecuringCognitive Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey” presents anoverview of the recent progress in the area of cognitive sensornetworks and highlights open research issues and challenges.

The paper entitled “Collection Tree Extension of ReactiveRouting Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks” presentsan extension to the Lightweight On-Demand Ad hoc Dis-tance Vector Routing Protocol-Next Generation (LOADng)routing protocol for efficient construction of a collectiontree. The extended LOADng imposes minimal overheadand complexity and avoids complications of unidirectionallinks in the collection tree. The complexity, security, andinteroperability of the proposed protocol are analyzed usingextensive simulations. The paper entitled “Design and Exper-iment Analysis of a Hadoop-Based Video Transcoding Systemfor Next-Generation Wireless Sensor Networks” presents ahadoop-based video transcoding system for accommodatinghundreds of high-definition video streams in the next-generation sensor networks. Experimental results show thatthere is an optimal value of the number of mappers, which isclosely related to the file size. In addition, it is also shown thatthe time consumption of video transcoding depends on theduration of video files rather than on their sizes.

The paper entitled “RFID Localization Using Angle ofArrival Cluster Forming” presents a test-bed comparison ofpower control and RSSI distance estimation approaches foractive RFID tags. It also presents an angle of arrival clusterforming localization approach that utilizes the angle of arrivalof the tag’s signal and the reader’s transmission power controlin order to localize the active tags.The paper entitled “EnergyEfficient and Load Balanced Routing for Wireless MultihopNetwork Applications” presents a novel, energy-efficient, andtraffic balancing routing protocol that provides a weightedand flexible trade-off between energy consumption and loaddispersion. Simulation results show that the proposed pro-tocol achieves high energy efficiency, decreases the numberof failed nodes, and extends the network lifetime. The paperentitled “A Cross-Layer Approach to Minimize the EnergyConsumption in Wireless Sensor Networks” presents a cross-layer solution to reduce idle listening period by triggeringthe node whenever a packet is detected. The wakeup circuitor MAC scheduler wakes up the nodes using a commercialpower detector connected to the nodes. Experiments areconducted to show effectiveness of the proposed solution.Thepaper entitled “A Survey on Deployment Algorithms in Under-water Acoustic Sensor Networks” overviews the most recentadvances of deployment algorithms in underwater acous-tic sensor networks. It classifies the algorithms into staticdeployment, self-adjustment deployment, and movement-assisted deployment. The paper entitled “Maximizing Net-work Lifetime of Directional Sensor Networks ConsideringCoverage Reliability” addresses the Directional Cover-setswith Coverage Reliability (DCCR) problem by presenting aCoverage Reliability model and a Directional Coverage andReliability (DCR) greedy algorithm.The Coverage Reliabilitymodel considers the detection probability of each node inthe cover-sets. The DCR algorithm solves the DCCR prob-lem. Simulation results show that the proposed approachesincrease network lifetime while guaranteeing the minimumcoverage reliability. The paper entitled “A QoS Model for aRFID Enabled Application with Next-Generation Sensors forManufacturing Systems” proposes a quality model for RFIDsystems. The criterion for the quality model is borrowed

International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 3

from ISO 9126 and the DeLone and McLean models. Theproposedmodel consists of functionality, reliability, usability,efficiency, maintainability, and business criteria. When themanufacturing system addresses these criteria and satisfiesusers and developers, RFID system benefits can be obtained.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank all the reviewers who haverigorously reviewed the papers and helped them select thebest papers for publication.They would also like to thank theeditorial staff for their continuous support.

Sana UllahJoel J. P. C. RodriguesFarrukh Aslam KhanChristos Verikoukis

Zuqing Zhu

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Editorial Protocols and Architectures for Next · PDF fileEditorial Protocols and Architectures for Next-Generation Wireless Sensor Networks ... increase the network lifetime. e paper