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EditorialThe Green Internet of Things (G-IoT)
Fadi Al-Turjman ,1 Ahmed Kamal,2 Mubashir Husain Rehmani ,3
Ayman Radwan,4 and Al-Sakib Khan Pathan5
1Antalya Bilim University, Antalya, Turkey2Iowa State University, Ames, USA3Cork Institute of Technology, Ireland4Instituto de Telecomunicacoes Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal5Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Correspondence should be addressed to Fadi Al-Turjman; [email protected]
Received 3 February 2019; Accepted 3 February 2019; Published 19 February 2019
Copyright © 2019 FadiAl-Turjman et al.This is an open access article distributed under theCreativeCommonsAttribution License,which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The Internet ofThings (IoT) has been envisaged to describe anumber of technologies and research disciplines that enableglobal connectivity over the worldwide physical objects.Enabling technologies like Radio-Frequency Identification(RFID), sensor networks, biometrics, and nanotechnologiesare now becoming very common, bringing the IoT into realimplementations addressing varying applications, includingsmart grid, e-health, and intelligent transportation. Theyforeshadow an exciting future that closely interconnectsour physical world via green networks. Green networks inIoT will contribute to reducing emissions and pollutions,exploiting environmental conservation and surveillance, andminimizing operational costs and power consumption.
The Green Internet of Things (G-IoT) is predicted tointroduce significant changes in our daily life and wouldhelp realize the vision of “green ambient intelligence”. Withinfew years, we will be surrounded by a massive amountof sensors, devices, and “things,” which will be able tocommunicate via 5G, act “intelligently,” and provide greensupport for users in managing their tasks. These new smartobjects will also be context-aware and able to perform certainfunctions autonomously, calling for new forms of green com-munication between people and things and between thingsthemselves, where power consumption is optimized andbandwidth utilization ismaximized.This development wouldbe relevant not only to researchers, but also to corporationsand individuals alike. Considering these facts, the aim ofthis special issue (SI) was to focus on both theoretical and
implementation aspects in green next generation networksor networks that can be utilized in providing green systemsthrough IoT enabling technologies.
We are glad to reach this stage after processing all thesubmitted papers to this SI. Finally, we could include totalfour (4) high-quality papers that provide beneficial datapoints within the spectrum of this ongoing research anddevelopment efforts. These four papers were selected from 16outstanding submissions; all accepted papers have undergonemultiple reviews.Wehave been also very selective in choosingthe reviewers. In the following, we summarize the commonthemes within these papers.
In the paper “An IoT Architecture for Assessing RoadSafety in Smart Cities”, the author introduces a novel, cost-effective Internet of Things (IoT) architecture that facilitatesthe realization of a robust and dynamic computational corein assessing the safety of a road network and its elements.In doing so, the author introduces a new, meaningful, andscalable metric for assessing road safety. He also showcasesthe use of machine learning in the design of the metriccomputation core through a novel application of HiddenMarkovModels (HMMs). Finally, the impact of the proposedarchitecture is demonstrated through an application to safety-based route planning.
Meanwhile, the paper “Power Profiling of Context AwareSystems: A Contemporary Analysis and Framework forPower Conservation”, addresses the need for smart servicediscovery, delivery, and adaptation through a context aware
HindawiWireless Communications and Mobile ComputingVolume 2019, Article ID 6059343, 2 pageshttps://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6059343
2 Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
system, which adapts to the users’ context. Given that thedevices are mobile and battery operated, the main challengein a context awareness approach is power conservation. Thedevices are composed of small sensors that consume power inthe order of a fewmW.However, their consumptions increasemanifold during data processing. And thus, there is a needto conserve power while delivering the requisite functionalityof the context aware system. Therefore, this feature is termedas ‘power awareness.’ In this paper, authors describe differentpower awareness techniques and compare them in terms oftheir conservation effectiveness. In addition, based on theinvestigations and comparison of the results, a power awareframework is proposed for a context aware system.
In the paper “CongestionControl andPrediction SchemesUsing Fuzzy Logic System with Adaptive Membership Func-tion in Wireless Sensor Networks”, the network congestionchallenge has been considered. This challenge is crucialin wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with restrictions andconstraints, including limited computing power, memory,and transmission due to self-contained batteries, which limitsensor node lifetime. Determining a path to avoid congestedroutes can prolong the network. Thus, the authors present apath determination architecture for WSNs that takes conges-tion into account. The architecture is divided into 3 stages,excluding the final criteria for path determination: (1) initialpath construction in a top-down hierarchical structure, (2)path derivation with energy-aware assisted routing, and (3)congestion prediction using exponential smoothing. Withseveral factors, such as hop count, remaining energy, bufferoccupancy, and forwarding rate, we apply fuzzy logic systemsto determine proper weights among those factors in additionto optimizing the weight over the membership functionsusing a bat algorithm. The simulation results indicate thesuperior performance of the proposed method in termsof high throughput, low packet loss, balancing the overallenergy consumption, and prolonging the network lifetimecompared to state-of-the-art protocols.
Since the digital revolution led by the Internet of Things(IoT) is already reshaping several traditional business sectors.Moreover, because of its very nature, the promise of theIoT is also to reduce energy consumption and pollutantemissions in several environmental scenarios. At the sametime, it is desirable to keep the development of IoT assustainable as possible, hence truly realizing the vision of thegreen IoT. In the paper “An Open IoT Platform to PromoteEco-Sustainable Innovation in Western Africa: Real Urbanand Rural Testbeds”, authors show how a full-stack IoTframework can alleviate some real environmental problemsafflicting countries in Western Africa. In this paper authorspresent three real IoT-based deployments currently hosted intwo rural areas of Senegal and Ghana and one metropolitanarea of Togo. These testbeds are connected to a Cloud-basedsoftware platform, purposely designed, and engineered toaddress some very specific environmental, economic, andsocial requirements of the region.
We hope that this collection of papers contributes tothe active discussion among industry, academia, and gov-ernmental regulators. Ultimately, it will be the technicalinterchange among the IoT systems, and the wireless sensor
networks that will support the emerging systems in the nearfuture.
Conflicts of Interest
The editors declare that they have no conflicts of interestregarding the publication of this special issue.
Fadi Al-TurjmanAhmed Kamal
Mubashir Husain RehmaniAyman Radwan
Al-Sakib Khan Pathan
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