Edgerton Bhs Skt Eng Grammar

8/15/2019 Edgerton Bhs Skt Eng Grammar

1/261

B U D D H I S T H Y B R I D S A N S K R I T

GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY

by F R A N K L I N E D G E R T O N , Sterling Professor of

Sanskrit and Com parative Philology, Yale Un iversity

V O L U M E

I:

G R A M M A R

MOTILAL BANARSIDASS

Delhi Varanasi Patna Madras


2/261

©MOTIL L B N RSID SS

Head Office: Bungalow Road, Delhi 110007

Branches: C howk , Varan asi 221 001

Ashok Rajpath, Patna 800 004

6 Appar Swamy Koil Street, Mylapore

Madras 600 004

By arrangement with Yale University Press, New Haven

First Edition: New Haven, 1953

Reprint : De lhi, 1970, 19 72,1977, 1985

ISBN

:

0-89581-180-4

Printed

in

India by Shantilal Ja in

at

Shri Jainend ra Press

A-45 Nara ina, Phase

I,

New Delhi 110 028 and published by

N are ndr a Pra kash Ja in for M otilal Banarsidass, Delhi 110 007.


3/261

TABLE OF CONTENTS OF VOLUME ONE

List of Chapters

Preface XXI

Bibliography and abbreviations XXV

1. Introduction 1

2. Phonology, consonants 15

3. Phonology, vowels 23

4. Samdhi 32

5. Number 38

6. Gender 39

7. Case 42

8. «-stems 48

9. a-stem s 61

10.

z-stems with i- and m-stems 69

11. Feminines in -ä and -i 84

12. u

and ü-stems 85

13. r-stems 90

14. Diphtho ngal stems 93

15. Consonant stems 94

16. 5-stems 96

17. n-stems 99

18.

. n/-stem s , 102

19. Num erals 106

20. Personal pronoun s 108

21. Generic pronoun s : 114

22. Noun suffixes 120

23.

Noun and verb compounds 125

24.

The ve rb: general remark s 127

25. Person and num ber 129

26. Personal endings 131

27. Non-Sanskritic treatment of thematic vowel.. . 134

28.

Summ ary classification of non-Sanskritic presents 136

29.

Optative 141

30. Impe rative 146

31. Futur e 148

32.

Aorist, or preterite (including imperfect)

i

53

33. Perfect 165

34. Participles, including gerundives 167

35.

Gerund .. 171

36. Infinitive . 178

37. Voice 181

38. Stems in aya (e); causative, denominative, etc. 185

39. Intensive 197

40. Desiderative 198

41.

Syntactic addenda to the verb 199

42 . Constructions with mä 200

43.

Synopsis of verb forms 204

List of Chapter-subdivisions

Preface XXI

Bibliography and abbreviations XXV

1. Introduction 1

Languages used in early Buddhism §1.1 1

An original language of Bud dhism '? §1.14 2

Buddhist Hy brid Sansk rit § 1.33 4

Changes in the course of trad ition § 1.39 6

Plan and metho ds of this work § 1.57 9

Sanskrit versus Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit § 1 .7 6 .. . 11

The Pra krit underlying BHS § 1.78 11

The BH S Lexicon § 1.106 13

IX

2 .

Phonology, consonants

15

Assimilation of consonan ts § 2.5 15

Semivowels 'lost' in triconsonantal clusters §2.17... . 16

ch §2.18 16

ks , ksy, s, kh § 2.23 16

Voiced for voiceless stops § 2.28 17

v for p an d m, and for y § 2.30 . . 17

y for intervocalic stop and vice versa § 2.32 17

/ for

y

an d

y

for / § 2.34 17

Aspirates and h § 2.35 17

/ for d for Proto-Indic j

1

(I E


4/261

X

Table of Contents of Volume One

Metrica l ly short

e

§ 3.64 27

e

for o (final) § 3.66 27

e

fo r

ai

§ 3.67 27

e

(o) = MIndic

e (o)

of se co nd ary origin § 3.-68 27

ai

by Hype rsanskr i t i sm fo r

e

§ 3.69 27

ai ,

v rddh i fo r MIndic

i

§ 3.70. 27

o for ö, chiefly as lengthening of

u

§ 3.71 27

o for

ii

before co nso nant c luster § 3.73

f

. 27

M etrically sh ort o § 3.74 27

o

fo r

aim

§ 3.75 28

o

fo r

au

§ 3.78 \ . . . . 28

o

for final a, m. c. § 3.7 9. 28

/ for a § 3.89 28

MIndic repre sen ta t ives o f

r,

and Hype r -Sanskr i t i c

r

§3 .90 28

a

fo r

r

§3 .90 28

i for /• § 3.91 29

u

fo r

r

§ 3.92 29

ri

for r § 3.94 29

H y p e r s a n s k r i t i c

r

§ 3.95 29

Vow el assim ilation § 3.97 29

Ep en the t ic vowels § 3.98 29

E p e n t h e t i c

a

§ 3.99 29

Ep ent he t ic / § 3.102 30

Before

y

§ 3.102 30

Before o the r consonan t s t han

y

§ 3 .107 . . . . 30

Before

r

§ 3.108 30

Before / § 3.109 30

Before sibila nt § 3.110 30

Before nas al § 3.111 • 30

Reverse of epenthesis of

i

§ 3.112 . . . 30

Prothesis of

i

§ 3.113 30

E p e n t h e t i c

u

§ 3.114 30

Sain pras äran a and the l ike § 3.115 30

Loss of a syllable § 3.118 31

4 . S a m d h i 32

Loss of init ia l vow els § 4.1 32

Los s of final vo we ls § 4.20 33

Le ng the nin g of vow el after loss of prec edin g final § 4.31 33

a in samdhi for

as, as, am, am, an, an, e

§ 4.32 . . . 34

o

fo r

as

before voiceless, before pause, and for

ar

§ 4.38 34

Other cases of final

r

§ 4.40 34

Miscel laneous vocal ic sam dhi § 4.43 34

H iatu s § 4.51 '. 35

' Inorgan ic ' samdhi -consonan t s o r 'Hia tus-b r idge rs '

§4.57 ' 35

m

as sam dhi-c ons onan t § 4.59 35

r

a s samdh i -consonan t § 4 .61 36

d

as sam dhi-c onso nan t § 4.64 37

/ i as sam dhi-co nson ant § 4.65 37

z/ as sam dhi-co nso nant § 4.66 37

h

as sam dhi-c ons ona nt? § 4.67 37

5 . N u m b e r 38

Dual nu mb er § 5.6 38

6 . G e n d e r

39

Endings of one gender t ransferred to nouns of another

§ 6.5 39

Att r ibutes formal ly of one gender agreeing wi th nouns

of ano the r § 6.11 40

Mascul ine modif ier wi th neuter , noun § 6 .1 2 . . . . 4 0

Neuter modif ier wi th mascul ine noun § 6 . 1 4 . . . . 40

Mascul ine modif ier wi th feminine noun

§ 6 . 1 5 . . . 4 0

Neuter modifier with feminine noun §6.16 . . . . . 4 0

Masculine and/or neuter modifiers

with feminine

noun s § 6.17 40

Feminine modifier with masculine noun

§

6.19 .. 40

Feminine modifier with neuter noun § 6.20 41

7. Case 42

Sy ntac tic agreem ent between different case-forms § 7.4 42

Nom inative § 7.13 42

Nom inative absolute or nominativus pe ndens § 7.13 42

Nom inative for instrum ental $7.11 43

Nom inative for ablative § 7.15 43

Acc usative § 7.16 43

Accusative with nouns and adjectives verbal in

force §7.16 43

Blend constructions resulting in two accusatives

§7.17 : 43

Acc usative in precise dat ing § 7.18 43

Acc usative of me asure § 7.19 43

Miscellaneous accu sative s § 7.20 43

Instrumental-accusative adverbial phrases § 7.27 . . . . 44

Instru m ental § 7.30 44

Instru m ental for locative § 7.30 44

Instru m ental for ablative § 7.35 45

Miscellaneous uses of ins tru m ent al § 7.37 45

Dative § 7.43 45

Da tive for genitive § 7.43 45

'Exp letive ' or 'ethical' dative § 7.45 45

Ab lative § 7.46 46

Ablative for instrum ental § 7.46 46

Pred icative ablative § 7.47 46

Miscellaneous § 7.48 46

Genitive § 7.53 46

Genitive absolute § 7.53 46

Genitive for abla tive § 7.54 46

Genitive for instrum ental § 7.60 46

Genitive for dativ e § 7.63 46

Genitive in predicate with forms of bhauati § 7.64 47

Genitive with miscellaneous verbs § 7.65 47

Loc ative § 7.80 47

Locative for instrum ental § 7.81 47

Loc ative for abla tive § 7.82 47

Locative for ( dative or) genitive § 7.83 47

8.

a-stems

48

Stem in -a as oblique case form § 8.3 • 48

Instru me ntal § 8.8 48

Abla tive § 8.9 . 48

Genitive § 8.10 48


Stem final in com position § 8.12 49

Nom inative singular mas culine § 8.18 49

Nom inative singular -o § 8.18 49

Nominative singular -u § 8.20 49

Nom inative singular -ö § 8.21 49

Nominative singular -a § 8.22 50

Nominative singular -d § 8.24 50

Nom inative singular -e § 8.25 50

Nominative singular -a m § 8.26 50

Voc ative singular § 8.27 50

Vocative singular -a § 8.27 50

Vocative singular -o, -u, -e § 8.28 51

Accusative singular masculine and nominative-accusa-

tive singular neute r § 8.29 51

The ending -u § 8.30 51

The ending -a § 8.31 51

The ending -o § 8.36 51

The ending -e § 8.37 52

The endings -a, -am § 8.38 52

Instru me ntal singular § 8.39 52

Instrumental singular -end § 8.39 52

Instrumental singular -ind § 8.40 52

Instrumental singular -asd § 8.41 52

Instrumental singular

-ayd

an d

-dya

f

and perhaps

-d § 8.42 ; 52

Instrumental singular -a § 8.43 52

Da tive singular § 8.44 52

Dative singular -aya an d -dyd § 8.44, 52

Dative singular

-dye

§ 8.45 52


5/261


X I

Ablative singular § 8.46 52

Ablative singular -a § 8.4(3 52

Ablative singular -a § 8.49 53

Ablative singular -dta(h), -ato, -ata § 8.50 53

Ablative singular -ato, -atu § 8.53 53

Ablative singular -atta (for -attah) § 8.56 53

Ablative singular

-asmä

§ 8.57 53

Genitive singular, -asyd for -asya § 8.58 53

Locative singular § 8.59 53

Locative singular

-i

§ 8.59 53

Locative singular -amhi § 8.61 54

Locative singular -amse § 8.62 54

Locative singular -asmin, -asmim, -asmi § 8 . 6 3 . . 54

Locative singular -esmim, -esmin (or -esmi) § 8.70 54

Nom inative-accusative dual masculine § 8.74 55

Nom inative-accusative dual -o § 8.74 55

Nominative-accusative dual ~u § 8.75 55

Nom inative-accusative dual -a § 8.76 55

Nominative-accusative dual neuter, -i for -e § 8.77... 55

Nominative plural masculine § 8.78 t. 55

Nominative plural -d § 8.78 55

Nominative plural -a § 8.79 55

Nominative plural -e § 8.80 56

Nominative plural -i § 8.81 56

Nominative plural

-äyo,

m.c.-dya

§ 8.82 ;. 56

Nominative plural -ah, -o § 8.83 56

Nominative plural -u § 8Í84 56

Nominative plural

-an, -am

§ 8.85 56

Nominative plural -äni § 8.86 56

Vocative plur al § 8.87 56

Vocative plural -d, -a § 8.87 56

Vocative plural -äho § 8.88 57

Vocative plural

-dvo

§ 8.89. 57

Accusative plura l mas culine § 8.90 57

Accusative plural masculine -am, -am §

8.90....

57

Accusative plural masculine -a n § 8.91 57

Accusative plural masculine -ä § 8.92 57

Accusative plural masculine -äs, -d h § 8.93 57

Accusative plural masculine -a § 8.94 57

Accusative plural masculine

-e

§ 8.95 57

Accusative plural masculine

-i

§ 8.96 57

Accusative plural masculine -u § 8.97 57

Accusative plural masculine -äni § 8.98 58

[Accusative plura l mas culine -ana ? § 8.99] 58

Nom inative-accusative plur al neu ter § 8.100 58

Nominative-accusative plural neuter -ä (-ähi)

§ 8 .1 0 0. . . . . . . 58

Nominative-accusative plural neuter -a § 8 .10 1 . . . 58

Nominative-accusative plural neuter

-d m

§ 8J0 2 58

Nominative-accusative plural neuter -e, -i § 8.103 58

Nominative-accusative plural neuter -»'§8.104.. 58

Nominative-accusative plural neuter -dmsi § 8.105 58

Nominative-accusative plural neuter -äni § 8.106 58

Instrum ental plural § 8.107 58

Instrumental plural

-a i

§ 8.107 58Instrumental plural

-ehi

§ 8.108 58

Instrumental plural -ehi § 8.109 59

Instrumental plural -ebhis § 8.110 59

Instrumental plural -ebhi § 8.111 59

Instrumental plural -ebhi § 8.112 59

Instrumental plural -abhis § 8.113 59

Instrumental plural

-ibhis

§8.114 59

Instrumental plural -dbhi § 8.115 59

Dative-ablative plural § 8.116 59

Genitive plural § 8.117 59

Genitive plural -äna § 8.117 59

Genitive plural -änam, -änam § 8.120 60

Genitive plural -ana § 8.122...'. 60

Genitive plural -an' § 8.123 : 60

Genitive pluTal -an, -am § 8.124 60

Genitive plural

-dim

§ 8.125 60

Loe ative plura l § 8.126 60

Locative plural"-is», -asu § 8.126 60

Locative plural -esii § 8.127 60

9. ä-stems 61

Stem form in composition: -a § 9.6 61

Nom inative singular § 9.8 . .. . 61

Nom inative singular -a § 9.8 61

Nom inative singular -äs § 9.10 61

Nominative singular

-d m

§ 9.11 61

Nominative singular -u § 9.13 62


Vocative singular -i for -e § 9.14 62

Vocative singular -a § 9.15 62

Accu sative singular § 9.16 62

Accusative singular -am, -am § 9.16 62

Accusative singular -a § 9.19 62

Accusative singular -d § 9.20 62

Acc usative singular -» § 9.23 63

Accusative singular -an, for -d m § 9.24 63

Accusative singular -dram § 9.25 63

Oblique eases of the singular § 9.26 63

Oblique singular -dye and congeners § 9.31 63

-d e § 9.31 63

-dyi

§9.32 63

-aye § 9.33 63

-dyai § 9.34 63

-dye,

outside of Mv § 9.35 63

• -dye in Mv, Ins tr., Dat., A bi., Gen., Loe. § 9.36 64

Oblique singular -aya and congeners § 9.42 64

-aya, Abi., Gen., Loe. § 9.43 64

-dyd, Ins tr., Gen., Loe. § 9.47 64

-dyam, Ins tr. § 9.51 04

-dydm,

Ab l. or Gen. § 9.5-2 64

-dya in prose, other tha n Mv, Instr., Dat., G en.,

Loe.

§ 9.53 64

-dya in verses, and Mv prose, Instr., Dat., A bi.,

Gen., Loe. § 9.58 65

Oblique singular -d § 9.64 65

Instru m ental § 9.65 65

Ab lative § 9.66 65

Genitive § 9.67 65

Loc ative § 9.68 : 65

Special forms of oblique cases § 9.69 65

Instrumental -ena, -ayena § 9.69 65

Instrumental -aydye § 9.70 65

Ablative -d t § 9.71 65

A b l a t i v e -atas, -ato, -ata, -atas, -atu § 9 . 7 2 . . 65

Genitive -asyd (prono m.) § 9.74 66

Genitive -asya §_9.75 66

Locative -e § 9.77 66

Locative -aydm § 9.79 66

Locative -dyam § 9.80 66

Nom inative-accusative plural § 9.81 66

Nominative-accusat

:

ve plural

-d

§ 9.82 66Nominative-accusative plural

-a

§ 9.86 66

Nominative-accusative plural -äyo § 9.88 67

Nominative-accusative plural -dyd § 9.91 . . . . . . . 67

Nominative-accusative plural -dye §| 9.92 67

Nominative-accusative plural -ävo § 9.93 67

Nominative-accusative plural -e (-i) § 9.94 67

Nom inative-accusative plural -o § 9.97 67

Nominative-accusative j)lural -äni § 9.98 67

Accusative plural -an, -d m § 9.99 67

Vocative plural -dho § 9.100,. ' 68

Instru me ntal plural § 9.101 68

Instrumental plural

-dbhi

§ 9.101 , 68

Instrumental plural -dhi § 9.102 68

Instrumental plural -ais § 9.103 68

Instrumental plural -ebhih § 9.104 68

Instrumental plural

-ehi

§ 9.105 68


6/261

X I I


Genitive plural -ana § 9.106 68

Locative plural § 9.107 " . . . 68

Locative plural -asu § 9.107 68

Locative plural -asö § 9.108 68

10 . i -stems with I- and in-stems ,69

Stem-extensions (in

-a ,

etc.) § 10.3 69

Stem in com position: confusion of i and z § 10.9 69

i for i § 10.10 69

i for i § 10.11 69

No mina tive singular § 10.13 70

Nom inative singular -? § 10.15 70

Mascu line ¿-stems § 10.15 70

Fem inine i-stems § 10.16 . 70

Fem inine i-stems, polysyllabic §10.17 70

Feminine z-stems, monosyllabic §10.18.. '. . . 70

Masculine in-stems § 10.19 70

Nominative singular -is, -ih, -ir, etc. § 10.20. . . . . 70

Feminine z-stems, polysyllabic, monosyllabic

§ 10.21 70


Nominative singular -im or -im § 10.23 71

Masculine and feminine § 10.23 71

Ne ute r § 10.24 -71

Nominative singular

-im

§ 10.25 71

Nominative singular -i § 10.26 71

Masculine i-stems § 10.27 71

Fem inine i-stems § 10.28 71

z'-stems with Sanskrit -Is § 10.29 71

-I as feminine of in-stems § 10.30 71

-i in neu ter in-stems § 10.31 71

Nominative singular -is from i-stems § 10.32 .. . 71


Vocative singular -i § 10.33 71



Vocative singular

-is (-ir)

§ 10.36 72

Vo cativ e sing ular -z" § 10.37 72


Masculine in-stem s § 10.39 72Masculine z"-stems § 10.40 72

Fem inine z'-stems § 10.41 72

Accus ative singular § 10.42 72

Accusative singular -im § 10.42 72

Masculine in-stem s § 10.43 72

z"-stems § 10.44 72

Ne uter i-stems § 10.45 72

Neu ter in-stems § 10.46 72

Accu sative singular -i § 10.47 72

Masculine ¿-stems § 10.48 72

Masculine in-stem s § 10.49 72


Polys yllabic feminine z-stems § 10.51 72

Mo nosyllabic z'-stems § 10.52 72

Accusative singular -y § 10.53 72

Accusative sing ular -z" § 10.54 73

Accusative singular

-im

§ 10.56 73

Masculine i-stem § 10.57 73

Masculine in-stem § 10.58 73


Accusative singular -is (-ir, etc.) § 10.60 73

Accusative singular -inam § 10.61 73

Accusative singular -iya § 10.62 73

Accusative singular -iyam (polysyllabic z and z'-

stems) § 10.63 73

Oblique cases of the singular § 10.64 73

Oblique singular case forms common to all genders

§10.65 73

Oblique singular -i and z § 10.65 73


Abla tive § 10.67 . . 73


Dative singular

-ayi

§ 10.70 74

. Ablative singular -ito § 10.71 74

Genitive singular -e § 10.72 74

Genitive singular -yus (from feminine -pati) § 10.73 74

Locative singular -yau for -a u § 10.74 74

Locative singular -im § 10.75 -. . 74

Distinctively masculine-neuter forms, not normal Sans-

kr it § 10.76 74


-ina

§ 10.76 74

Instrumental singular -Ina § 10.77 74

Genitive singular -isya § 10.78 74

Genitive singular -inah, -ino § 10.81 74

Locative singular -e § 10.82. . 74

Locative singular -esmim § 10.83 74

Locative singular -ismim § 10.84 74

Locative singular -ismi § 10.85 74

Oblique singular feminine § 10.86 74

Oblique singular -lye, -iye, -iyi § 10.00 75

-iye, Instru m ental § 10.91 75

-iye, Dative § 10.92 75

-lye, Ab lative § 10.93 75

-iye, Gen itive § 10.94 . 75

-iye, Loc ative § 10.95 75

-iye,


-iye, Da tive § 10.97 76

-iye, Ab lative § 10.98 76

-iye, Genitive § 10.99 76

-iye Loc ative § 10.100 76

-iyi, Loc ative § 10.101 76

Oblique singular -iya, -iyä, -iyä, -iya §10 .102 . . . 76

-iya, Instr um ental § 10.103 76

-iya, Ab lative § 10.104 76

-iya, Genitive § 10.105 76

-iya, Loc ative § 10.106 76

-iyä, Instr um enta l § 10.107 76

-iyä, Instr um enta l § 10.108 76

-iyä, Ab lative § 10.109 76

-iyä, Lo cative § 10.110 76

-iya,

Instr um enta l § 10.111 76-iya, Gen itive § 10.112 76

Oblique singular -iyo and variants -iyu (m.c ) , -iyo

§10.113 76

-iyo,

Instr um ental § 10.114 77

-iyo,

Ablative § 10.115 77

-iyo,

Genitive § 10.116 77

-iyo, Lo cative § 10.117 77

-iyu, Gen itive § 10.118 77

-iyo,

Gen itive § 10.119 77

Oblique singular -yá, -ya § 10.120 77

-yä, Instru m ental § 10.121 77

-yä, Ab lative § 10.122 77

-yä, Gen itive § 10.123 77

-yä, Lo cative § 10.124 77

-ya,. Instru m ental § 10.125 77

-z/a, Genitive § 10.126 77

-ya, Loc ative § 10.127 77

Miscellaneous feminine singular oblique endings

§10.128 77

Instrumental -iyena § 10.129 77

Dative -ye for -yai § 10.130 77

Dative

-iyai

§ 10.131 77

Ablative -ito, -itas § 10.132 77

Ablative -ito, -itah § 10.133 77

Ablative -itu § 10.134 77

Ablative -itu § 10.135 77

Ablative

-yätas

§ 10.136 77

Ablative -ihi § 10.137 77

Genitive -yas, -yo § 10.138 77

Genitive -aye § 10.139 78

Genitive

-ayi

§ 10.140 78


7/261


XIII

Genitive

-iyam

§ 10.141 78

Locative

-äyäm

§ 10.142 78

Locative -iyäm § 10.143 78

Locative

-iyam

§ 10.144 78

Locative -iyam § 10.145 78

Dual nominative-accusative masculine -inaü § 10.146 78

Dual instrumental

-ibliya

§ 10.147 78

Nominative-accusative plural § 10.148 78

Nominative-accusative plural

-ayas

§ 10.152 . . . . 79

Masculine z-stems, accusative plural § 10.153 79

Feminine z-stems, accusative plural § 10.153 79


-aya

§ 10.154 79

Nominative-accusative plural -inas (-ino, etc.)

§10.155 79

Nominative-accusative plural -ina § 10.156 79



-ino

§10.158. . . . . . . 79



-ini

§ 10.160 7$

Nominative-accusative plural -Ini § 10.161 79

Nominative-accusative plural -yas § 10.162 .. . . . . 79


-ya

§ 10.163 79

Nominative-accusative plural -ya(s) § 10.164 . . . . 79


-in, -im

§10.165.. 80

Accusative plural

-im

§ 10.166 80

Nominative-accusative plural -is § 10.167 80


-iyas, -iyo

§ 10.168 80

(Masculine z-stems, nominative, accusative;

masculine zn-stems, nominative; feminine

z-stems, nominative, accusative; feminine

polysyllabic ¿-stems, nominative, accusative)


-iya

§ 10.169 80

Nominative-accusative plural -iyä §10.170 80


-io

§ 10.171 80

Nominative-accusative plural -iyo § 10.172 80


feminine z-stems, nominative, accusative;

feminine z-stems, nominative, accusative;

feminine monosyllabic z-stem, nominative)


-iya

§10.173 81

Nominative-accusative plural -iyä § 10.174 81

Nominative(-accusative) plural

-iye,

feminine z-

stems § 10.175 81


-iye

§ 10.176 81

Nominative-accusative plural -i § 10.177 81

Masculine z-(z-)stems, nominative §10.179.. 81

Masculine z-stems, accusative §10.180 81

Masculine z'n-stems, nominative § 10 .181. . . . 81

Masculine zn-stems, accusative § 10,182 . . . . 81

Feminine zn-stems, nominative § 10.183 81

Feminine z-stems, nominative § 10.184 81

Feminine z-stems, accusative § 10.185 81

Feminine z -stems, nominative § 10.186 81

Feminine z-stems, accusative § 10.187 81

Neuter z and m-stems § 10.188 81

Nominative-accusative plural -i § 10.189 81


masculine zn-stems, accusative; feminine

z-stems, nominative, accusative; feminine

z-stems, nominative, accusative)

Nominative plural -is, -ih, etc. § 10.190 82

Vocative plural § 104 91 82

Vocative plural -f § 10.191 82

Vocative plural

-iho

§ 10.192 82

Instrumental plural § 10.193 . , 82

Instrumental plural -ihi § 10.194 82

(Masculine z-stems; neuter z-stems; masculine

zn-stems; feminine z-stems; feminine z-

stems,

monosyllabic, polysyllabic)

Instrumental plural -ibhis (etc.) § 10.195 82

Instrumental plural

-ibhi

§ 10.196 82

Instrumental plural

-ihi

§ 10.197 82

(Masculine z-stems; feminine z-stems; mascu-

line zn-stems)

Instrumental plural

-ibhi

§ 10.198 82

Ablative plural -ihi § 10,199 82

Genitive plural § 10.200 . 82

Genitive plural

-inäm,

from zn-stems § 10 .2 01 .. . 82

Genitive plural -ina § 10.202 83

(Masculine and feminine

i-

and z-stems; zn-

stems)

Genitive plural -inäm, from i and z-stems § 10.203 83

Genitive plural

-ina

§ 10.204 83

Genitive plural -iya § 10.205 , 83

Genitive plural

-isäm

§ 10.206 83

Genitive plural -im § 10.207 83

Locative plural § 10.208 83

Locative plural

-isu,

from z-stems § 10.208 83

Locative plural -isü and -isü § 10.209 83

1 1 .

Fem ini nes in -a and -1 84

-ä

for Skt. -z § 11.2 . 84

-z"

for Skt. -a § 11.3 84

1 2 . u and ü- st em s 85

Forms with intrusive -n § 12.2 85

Stem form in composition § 12.4 85

ö for u as stem final in composition § 12.6 . . . . 85

u

for ö as stem final in composition § 12.7 . . . . 85

Nominative singular § 12.8 85

Nominative singular feminine

-a

§ 12.9 85

Nominative singular feminine -v § 12.10. 85

Nominative singular feminine -ü § 12.11 85


-urn

§ 12.12 85

Nominative singular masculine -u § 12.13 85

Nominative singular masculine

-u

§ 12.14 86

Vocative singular § 12.15 86

Vocative singular -u § 12.15 86

Vocative singular -ö § 12.16 . . . 86

Accusative singular § L2.17 86

Accusative singular feminine

-u

§ 12.18 86

Accusat ive singular feminine -ö § 12.19 86

Accusative singular feminine -urn § 12.20 86


-uyam

§ 12.21 86

Accusative singular masculine -u § 12.22 86

Accusative singular masculine

-am

§ 12.23 86

Accusative singular masculine -unam § 1 2 . 2 4 . . . 86

Accusative singular masculine -izna § 12.25 . . . . . 86

Accusative singular masculine

-uvam

§ 12. 26. . . . 86

Accusative singular masculine -us § 12.27 86

Nominative-accusative singular neuter § 12.28 86

Nominative-accusative singular neuter -0. § 12.28 86

Nominative-accusative singular neuter

-urn, -urn

§12.29 86

Obliqre singular, distinctively masculine-neuter forms

§ 12.31 87

Instrumental singular -Una § 12.32 87

Ablative singular

-uno

§ 12.33. 87

Genitive singular

-unah, -uno

§ 12.34 87

Genitive singular -usya § 12.35 87

Genitive singular

-üsya

§ 12.36 87

Genitive singular -o § 12.37 87

Locative singular

-usmin

or

-usmim

§ 12.38 87

Locative singular

-une

§ 12.39 87


Oblique singular

-üye

§ 12.41 87

Oblique singular -uye § 12.42 87

Oblique singular

-üya

§ 12.43 87

Oblique singular -uya § 12.44 87

Oblique singular -öyo § 12.45 88

Oblique singular

-uyam, -uyam

§ 12.46. . . . . 88

Nominative-accusative plural § 12.47 . . 88


-avah

(-avo)

§ 12,48 88


8/261

X IV


Nominative-accusative plural -aim § 12.49 88

Nominative plural -uvah § 12,50 88

Nominative-accusative plural -uno § 12.51 88

Nominative-accusative plural -Una § 12.52 88

Nominative-accusative plural -üni § 12.53 88

Nominative-accusative plural -uni § 12.54 $8

Accusative plural -um, -um § 12.55 88

Nominative plural -üs, -üh § 12.56 88

Nominative plural -uh § 12.57 88

Nominative-accusative plural -üyo and -uyo § 12.58 88

Nominative-accusative plural -ü and -u § 12.59. . 88

-o ,

mase. fern, and nt., nominative and accusa-

tive §12.60 88

-u , mase, fern, and nt., nominative and accusa-

tive § 12.61 88

Vocative plural § 12.62 89

Vocative. plural -üh § 12.62 89

Vocative plural -o § 12.63 89

Instrumental plural § 12.64 89

Instrumental plural -ühi § 12,65 89

Instrumental plural -übhi § 12.66 89

Instrumental plural -uhi § 12.67 89

Instrumental plural -ubhi § 12.68 89

Instrumental plural -ubhir § 12.69 89

Genitive plural § 12.70 . 89

Genitive plural -Una § 12.70 89

Genitive plural

-unäm, -undm

§ 12.71 89

Genitive plural -unam, -ünam § 12.72 89

Locative plural

-ilsu

§ 12.73 89

13. r-ste ms 90

Stems in -a for -r § 13.3 90

Stems in -ä for -r § 13.7 90

Stem -ä in composition § 13.8 90

Vocative singular -e § 13.9 90

Accusative singular -am (-d) § 13.10 90

Oblique singular -äye, -dyam, -äya § 13.11 90

Nominative-accusative plural -a(s) § 13.12 90

Stems in -ra {-rd, -rl) for -r § 13.Í4 90

Stems in

-ara

(-ard,

-art)

for -r § 13.16 91

Masculine (and neuter) forms, stem -ara § 13.17.. 91

Feminine forms, stem -am (-ari) § 13.18 91

Stems in -ära for -r § 13.19 91

Stems in -i for -r § 13.20 91

Stems in -u for -r § 13.21 91

Stem in -u in composition § 13.22 91

Nominative singular

-uh

or more often

-u

§ 13.23 91

Accusative singular -um (or -u, m.c.) § 13.24 . . . 91


-una

§ 13.25 91

Ablative singular -usmd § 13.26

¿

. $1

Genitive singular masculine

-uno

§ 13.27 91

Genitive plural -undm § 13.28 > 91

Miscellaneous forms of r-stems § 13.29 91

Nominative singular -äs § 13.30 91

Vocative singular -d § 13.31 92

Accusative singular -r § 13.32 92

Oblique singular -are, -ari § 13.33 92

Instrumental singular -rnd § 13.38 92

Genitive singular -u § 13.39 92

Genitive singular -aro § 13.40 92

Nominative plural -ara, -ara § 13.41 92

Accusative plural feminine -fn § 13.42 . 92

Accusative plural -m, -rm § 13.43 92

Instrumental plural -rhi, -fhi § 13.44 92

Genitive plural -rndm § 13.45 92

Locative plural -fsu § 13.46 92

14. Diphthongal st em s 93

15 . Consonant stems 94

Vocalic stems produced by loss of final consonants § 15.2 94

a-stems § 15.2 94

Feminine stems in -ä § 15.4 94

¿-stems § 15.5 94

H-stems § 15.6 . . . - . . • 94

Consonant-stems made into

a-stems

by addition of

-a

§15.7 94

Masculine and neuter stems § 15.7 94

Feminine stems § 15.9 95

The stem hrdi § 15.14 95

Other, miscellaneous irregularities § 15.15 95

16. s-s tems 96

Stem -asa § 16.2 96

In composition § 16.2 96

Nominative singular masculine -asas, -aso, etc.

§16.3 96

Nominative singular feminine -asä § 16.4 96

Vocative singular masculine -asa § 16.5 96

Nominative-accussative singular neuter -asam §16.6 96

Nominative-accusative singular neuter -asa § 16.7 96

Locative singular -ase § 16.8 96

Genitive plural

-asänäm

§ 16.9 96

Stem -a for -as § 16.10 96

In composition § 16.10 . . 96

Nominative singular masculine -as, -o etc. § 16.12 96


-a

§ 16.13 96

Accusative singular masculine -am § 16.14 96

Accusative singular feminine -am § 16.15 96

Nominative-accusative singular neuter -am, -am

§ 16.16 96

Instrumental singular -ena § 16.17 96

Ablative singular -äto, and m.c. -ato, -ätu, -ahí

§16.18 96

Genitive singular -asya § 16.19 96

Locative singular -e § 16.20 96

Locative singular -asmi § 16.21 97

Instrumental dual -äbhyäm § 16.22 97

Nominative piural masculine and feminine -äs

§16.23 97

Nominative-accusative plural neuter -än/,

#

m.c. -äni

§ 16.24 97

Accusative plural -a § 16.25. .

97

Instrumental plural -ais § 16.26 97

Genitive plural -anam § 16.27 97

Locative plural

-esu

§ 16.28. 97

Miscellaneous non-Sanskrit forms of as-stems § 16.29. 97

Comparative stems in -yas § 16.34 97

Stems in -is § 16.36 97

Stems in -us § 16.40 97

Stems in -usa § 16.41 97

Stems in -u § 16.42 , 97

Stems in -yarns, -us § 16.49 98

17 . n-st ems 99

Weak stem in -a, declined as a-stem § 17.2 99


-ah, -o

etc. § 17.4 99


-u

§ 17.5 99

Nominative singular masculine -a § 17.6 99

Vocative singular masculine -a § 17.7 99

Accusative singular masculine -am § 17.8 99

Accusative singular masculine -a § 17.9 99

Nominative-accusative singular neuter -am {-am)

§17.10 99


Instrumental singular -ind § 17.12 99

Ablative singular -a § 17.13 99

Genitive singular -asya § 17.14 99

Locative singular -e § 17.15 99

Locative singular -i § 17.16 99

Nominative plural masculine -äs, -ä § 17.17 99

Nominative-accusative plural neuter -d §17.18.. 99

Instrumental plural -ehi § 17.19 99

Genitive plural

-andm

§ 17.20 99


9/261


X V

Loca t ive p lu ra l

-esu

§ 17.21 100

Prcvocal ic weak stem extended by

-a

§17 .22 100

Stein form in com pos ition § 17.23 100

Nomina t ive s ingu la r mascu l ine

-nas

§ 1 7 . 2 4 . . . . 1 00


-(a)na

§ 17.25 . . 100

Accu sat ive singular mascul ine-ana/72, -ana/n§ 17.26 100

Accusat ive singular mascul ine

-ami

o r

-ana

§ 17.27 100

Nomina t ive -accusa t ive s ingu la r neu te r

-(a)nam,

-(a)nam

§ 17.28 100

ins t rumenta l s ingu la r

-(a)nena

§ 17.29 100

Abla t ive s ingu la r

-rnitu

§ 17.30 100

Geni t ive singular

-(a)nasya

§ 17.31 . 100

Loca t ive s ingu la r

-ne

§ 17.32 100

Nomina t ive p lu ra l mascu l ine

-näs

§

17 . 33 .

1Ö0

Nomina t ive -accusa t ive p lu ra l neu te r -nanz §17 .34 100

I n s t r u m e n t a l p l u r a l

-nais

§ 17.35 100


-nesu

§ 17.36 100

St rong s t em ex tended by

-a

§ 17.37 100

Stem in comp osi t ion § 17.38 100


(-änas,) -äno

§ 17.39 100


-ana

§ 17.40 . . . 100

Geni t ive singular

-änasya

§ 17.41 100

Loca t ive s ingu la r

-cine

§ 17.42 100

Locat ive singular

-ani

§ 17.43 100

Nomina t ive p4«ra l mascu l ine

-änäs

§ 1 7 .4 4 . . . . 1 00


-änais

§ 17.45 .'. 100


-änchi

§ 17.46 . 100


-dnesn

§ 17.47 100

Epenthesis of vowel before

n

§ 17.48 100

Miscel laneous non -San skri t ic forms § 17.51 101

Nom ina t ive s ingu la r mascu l ine -ä s §17 .51 . . . . 101

Vocat ive singular mascul ine

-a

§ 17.52 101

Voc at ive singular mascu l ine -e § 17.53 101


-a

§ 17.54 101


-äna

§ 1 7 .5 5 . . . . 1 0 1

Nomina t ive -accusa t ive s ingu la r neu te r

-ä

§ 17.56 101

Geni t ive singular

-anas, -äno

§ 17.57 101

Geni t ive singular

-(a)na

§ 17.58 101

Locat ive singular

-(a)ni

§ 17.59 101


-äna

§ 17.60 101


-nas

§ 17.61 101

Accusa t ive p lu ra l mascu l ine

-änah

§ 17.62 101

Accusa t ive p lu ra l mascu l ine

-äi\a

§ 1 7. 63 . . . . . . 1 01


-äbhisi

§ 17.64 101

18 . n t - s t em s 102

Forms of stem mahäni- § 18.2 102

Stem -nta § 18.4 102

Stem in composition and before suffix -tara § 18.5 102

Nominative singular masculine -ntah, -nto, etc.

§18.6 ' 102

Nominative singular masculine -nta § 18.7 102

Nominative singular masculine -ntu § 18.8 . . . . . 102

Nominative singular feminine -ntä § 18.9 102

Vocative singular -nta § 18.10 102


-ntäm,

and m.c.

-nta

§18.11 102

Nominative-accusative singular neuter -ntarn

§18.12 '. 102

Instrumental singular -ntena § 18.13 102

Genitive singular -ntasya § 18.14 102

Locative singular -nte § 18.15 102

Locative singular -nti § 18.16 102

Nominative plural masculine -ntás § 18.17 103

Nominative plural masculine -ntä § 18.18 103

Nominative plural masculine -nti § 18.19 103

Accusative plural masculine -ntän (-ntäm, -ntäm)

§18.20 103

Accusative plural masculine -ntä § 18.21 103

Nominative-accusative plural neuter -ntäni § 18.22 103

Nominative-accusative plural neuter

-ntä

§ 18.2$ 103

Instrumental plural -ntais § 18.24 103

Instrumental plural

-niebhi(s)

§ 18.25 . 103

Dative plural -ntebhyas § 18.26 103

Genitive plural -ntänäm § 18.27 103

Genitive plural -ntänam § 18.28 103

Genitive plural -ntäna § 18.29 103

Genitive plural -ntän' § 18.30 . 103

Locative plural -ntesu § 18.31 103

Stems in -ta § 18.32 103

Stem in com position § 18.32 103

Nominative singular masculine -tas, -to § 18.33 . 103

Nominative singular masculine -ta § 18.34 103

Nominative singular masculine -h i § 18.35 103

Nominative singular feminine -ta § 18.36 103

Vocative singular masculine

-lä

§ 18.37 103

Accusative singular masculine -tarn § 18.38 . . . . 103

Accusative singular masculine -h i § 18.39 103

Accusative singular feminine -tarn § 18.40 103

Nominative-accusative singular neuter -tarn, -tarn

§18.41.

. . '. 103

Instrumental singular -tena § 18.42 103

Genitive singular -tasya § 18.43 103

Locative singular -te § 18.44 103

Nominative dual -tau § 18.45 103

Nominative plural masculine

-tä

§ 18.46 103

Nominative plural feminine -tä(s) § 18.47 103

Accusative plural masculine (-tan,) -tarn § 18.48 103

Accusative plural masculine -tä § 1 8 . 4 9 . . . . . . . . 103

Nominative-accusative plural neuter -täni § 18.50 103

Genitive plural

-tänärn

§ 18.51 103

Forms based on a stem in -a (minus -nt-) § 18.52 . 103

Stem -a in com position § 18.52 103

Stem -a m in com position § 18.54 104

Nominative singular masculine -as, -0 etc. § 18.55 104


-ä

§ 18.57 104

Accusative singular masculine -a m § 18.58 104

Accusative singular masculine -a § 18.59 104

Nominative-accusative singular neuter -a m § 18.60 104


Genitive singular

-asya

§ 18.62 104

Locative singular feminine -äyäm § 18.63 104

Nom inative plural masculine -äs § 18.64 104

Nominative-accusative plural neuter -äni, -ä, -a

§ 18.65 104

Substitution of

n

for

nt

stem forms § 18.66 104

Strong stem used for weak and vice versa § 18.68 . 104

Instrumental singular -ntä § 18.68 104

Genitive singular -ntah § 18.69 104

Nominative plural -tas, -to § 18.70 104

Nominative plural -ta $ 18.71 104

Accusative plural -ntas, -nto § 18.72 104

Accusative plural -nta, -ntu § 18.73 104

Genitive plural -ntam § 18.74 104

Miscellaneous non -Sa nsk ritic forms § 18.75 104

Nominative singular masculine, miscellaneous

§ 18.75

104

Nominative singular feminine -(m)äm § 18,80 .. 1#5

Vocative singular masculine -an, ^ä m

§ 18 .8 1 . . 1 0 5

Vocative singular masculine -a § 18.82 105

Accusative singular masculine -nta, -ntu

§ 18.83 105

Instrumental singular -ta § 18.84 105

Genitive singular -tu § 18.85 . . v 105

Nominative plural masculine -nta, -ntu

§ 18.86

.

105

Nominative plural masculine -nte § 18.87. .

f

... 105

Nominative plural masculine -(v)än § 18.88

105

Genitive plural -tu § 18.89 105

19 . Nu mer als 106

ek a

§ 19.1 106

dva, dvi, etc. § 19.2

106

tr i

etc . § 19.8

. 106


10/261

X V I


catur etc . § 19.13 106

pama § 19.22 106

sas § 19.24 107

sapia § 19.25 '. 107

daéa § 19.26 107

Teens § 19 28 107

Tens § 19 29 107

Ordinals § 19.36 107

Nominative forms with other cases and in composition§19.37 107

20.

Personal pronouns

108

Stem in composition § 20.1 108

Nom inative singular § 20.6 , 108

First person § 20.6 108

Second person § 20.8 108

Accusative singular § 20.11 108



Instru me ntal singular § 20.17 109

Fir st person § 20.17 109


Dativ e singular § 20.24 110

Ablative singular § 20.25 110

Gen itive singula r § 20.26 110

Firs t person § 20.27 110


Locative singular, iirst person § 20.36 I l l

Nominative plural § 20.37 I l l

First person § 20.37 I l l

Second person § 20.42 I l l

Accusative plural § 20.45 I l l

First person § 20.45 I l l


Instrumen tal plural § 20.51 112



Ablative plura l, tirst person § 20.55 112




Table of Personal Prono uns § 20.63 113

21 . Generic pronouns 114

Stems ta (sa), eta (esa), ya, ka and prominal adjectives

§21 .1 ". 114

Stem in composition § 21.2 114

Nominative singular masculine § 2 1 .5 . . 114

Nom inative singular feminine § 21.8 114

Accusative singular masculine and feminine §21.9 114

Nominative-accusative singular neuter §21.10.. 114


Instrume ntal singular masculine and neuter § 21.14 114

Ablative singular masculine and neuter §21.15. 115

Genitive singular masculine and neuter §21.16 115

Genitive singular feminine § 21.17 115

Genitive singular masculine and feminine

se ,

SÍ

§21.18 115

Locative singular masculine and neuter

§

21.20 115

Locative singular feminine § 21.23 115

Nominative-accusative dual

neuter § 21.24 115

Nominative plural masculine § 21.25 115

Nom inative plural feminine § 21.29 115

Accusative plural masculine § 21.30 115

Accusative plural feminine § 21.35 116

Nom inative-accusative plural neuter § 21.36 . . . 116

Instrumental p lural masculine and feminine § 21.37 116


Paradigms § 21.46 116

Stems ena, na § 21.47 117

ayam,

etc.: stem

ima-

inflected throughout §2 1. 49 .. 117

Stem ima- in composition § 21.50 117

Nominative singular masculine imo (ima* , ime*>)

§21.51 , 117

Nominative singular feminine im ä § 21.52 117

Accusative singular masculine imu, imam §21.53 117

Accusative singular feminine imam, ima, imu

§21.54 117

Nom inative-accusative singular neuter imam, ima,

imu, im' § 21.55 117

Instrumental singular masculine-neuter

imena

§21.56 117

Instrumental singular masculine-neuter iminä

§21.57 117

[Instrumental singular masculine-neuter eminä]

§21.53 117

Instrumental singular feminine image and imäya

§21.59 117

Dative singular masculine-neuter imäya § 21.60 117

Ablative singular masculine-neuter im*to §21.61 117

Genitive singular m asculine-neuter imasya § 21.62 117

Genitive singular feminine imasyä(s) §21.63. . . 117

Genitive singular feminine imaye § 21.64 . . . . . . 117

Locative singular masculine-neuter imasmim,

imasmi § 21.65 117

Locative singular masculine-neuter imamhi §21.66 117

Locative singular m asculine-neuter

imahim

§

21.67 117

Locative singular feminine imasyäm § 21.68 . . . 117

Nominative plural masculine im i § 21.69 117

Accusative plural masculine ime (imi, ima) § 21.70 117

Nominative-accusative plural neuter im e § 21.71 117

Instrum ental plural masculine-neuter imais § 21.72 117

Instrumental plural masculine-neuter imebhih

§21.73 '. 117

Instrume ntal plural masculine-neuter imehi § 21.74 117

Instrum ental plural masculine-neuter imehir § 21.75 117

Instrumental plural feminine imäbhih § 21.76 .. 118

Genitive plural masculine-neuter imesäm § 21.77 118

Locative plural masculine-neuter imesu §21.78. 118

ayam, etc.: phonetic alterations of Sanskrit forms

§21.79 . : 118

ayam,

etc.: miscellaneous non-Sanskrit forms, §21.80 118

Paradigm for

ayam, idam

§ 21.85 118

asau, adas § 21.86 119

2 2 .

Noun suffixes

* 120

Suffix ak a § 22.2 120

Suffix ana, and § 22.7 120

S u f f i x äni (ayanl, äyanl, äyanikä, (ä)yini) § 2 2 . 1 0 . . 1 2 0

Suffix ära § 22.11 120

Suffix- itar § 22.12 120

Suffix (i)ma § 22.13 120

Suffix ila § 22.17 121

Suffix Ika § 22.18 121

Suffix ina § 22.19 121

Suffix lya (aniya) § 22.20 121

Suffix Ara § 22.2 1 121

ka svärthe § 22.23 121

Diminutive

ka

§ 22.32 122

Specifying ka § 22.38 122

Suffix tara § 22.40 123

Suffix

tä

§ 22.41

123

Suffix tha, or atha § 22.44 123

Suffix

nikä §

22.45 123

Suffix maya § 22.46 123

Suffix

la (laka) §

22.47 123

Suffixes vant and mant § 22.48 123

Suffix

(d)vin §

22.51 124

2 3 . Noun and verb compounds 125

Dual

dvandvas

§

23.1 125

Inflected forms as prior members § 23.5 125

Irregular order of

par ts

of

compounds

§

23.10. 125

Adjective agreeing in sense with prior member § 23.11 126


11/261


XVII

Compounds of type phaläphala § 23.12 126

Verb compounds § 23.15 126

2 4. The verb: general remarks 127

Thematic presents § 24.4 127

Stems in long vowels § 24.8 127

Stems in -e- § 24.10 128

Stems in -ä- § 24.11 128

Stems in -z- § 24.12 128

Stems in -fl- § 24.13 128

Stems in -o- § 24.14 128

Non-thematic stems § 24.15 128

2 5. Person and num be r 129

The dual § 25.1 129

Confusion of person and number § 25.4 129

Third singular forms § 25.8 129

Present indicative with first singular subject

§

25.8 129

Present indicative with second singular subject

§25.9 129

Present indicative with third plural subject § 25.10 129

Present optat ive with first singular subject § 25.11 129

Present optative with second singular subject

§25.12 129

Present optative with third plural subject §25.13 129

Imperative with third plural subject §25.14... 129

Imperative with first (or third) plural subject §25.15 129

Future with first singular subject § 25.16 129

Future with second singular subject § 25.17 . . . 129

Future with third plural subject § 25.18 130

Preterite with first singular subject § 25.19 130

Preterite with second singular subject § 25.20. . 130

Preterite with first plural subject § 25.21 130

Preterite with third plural subject §25.22 130

Perfect with second singular subject §

25.23. . .

130

Perfect with first plural subject § 25.24 130

Perfect with third plural subject § 25.25 130

Other than third singular forms § 25.26 130

First person forms § 25.27 130

Second person forms § 25.28 130

Third plural forms § 25.30 130

26. Personal endings 131

i for final i § 26.2 131

z for e § 26.3 131

Secondary first singular n for m (m) § 26.4 131

First plural ma and mas § 26.5 131

First plural mhai § 26.7 131

First plural matha (mathä) § 26.8 131

Second plural ta varying with tha § 26.11 132

Second plural imperative tha in prose §26.13.. 132

Second plural imperative tha. n vss, m.c. § 26.14 132

Second plural optative in tha § 26.15 132

Second plural f/ia/z(?), tha § 26.16 132

Second plural middle dhvam for dhue, and vice versa

§26.17 ." .. . 133

Third plural

u

for

us

§ 26.18 133

27. Non-Sanskritic treatment of thematic vowel 134

ä for a as thematic vowel § 27.1 134

äsi, äti, second and third singular apparently or sup-

posedly with modal force § 27.4 134

a for ä as thematic vowel § 27.9 134

z instead of thematic vowel a,

ä

§ 27.10 134

28. Summary class ification of non-San skr t ic

presents 136

Third singular ati based on Sanskrit third plural anti

§ 28.3 136

Third singular ati to first singular ami, and to third plu-

ral ati § 28.8 136

Present ati based on Sanskrit preterites in at § 28.12 136

Present

ati

based on future

isyati

§ 28.13 13(5

Third s ingu la r ati f rom or ig inal (Sanskr i t) f if th and

e igh th c lass p r esen ts § 28.15 137

Presen ts based on pas t pass ive par t ic ip les § 28 .19 . . . 137

New p resen ts in ya § 28.20 137

ya af ter long vowels § 28.20 137

ya a f te r consonan ts § 28.26 138

a for ya p r e s e n t s § 28 .29 138

Loss of inf ixed nasal in t h e m a t i c p r e s e n t s §

2 8 . 3 1 .

. . 138

Inf ixation of n a s a l in t h e m a t i c p r e s e n t s § 2 8 . 3 2 138

T h e m a t i c p r e s e n t s w i t h

ä

for

a

in

root sy llable §28.33

138

L o n g I, 0. for z, u in root sy llable of t h e m a t i c p r e s e n t s

§ 28.34 138

O t h e r new p resen ts of the s ix th c lass typ e §2 8 .3 7 . 139

O t h e r new p r e s e n t s of the f i r s t c las s type §28 .38 . . 139

P r e s e n t s in eti § 28 .46 139

P r e s e n t s in äti § 28 .51 139

P r e s e n t s in o ther long vowels § 28.56 140

N o n - t h e m a t i c p r e s e n t s § 28.57 140

Strong for we ak s tem form s, second class § 28.60 140

Third class § 28 .61 140

Fif th and eighth classes § 28 .62 140

Nin th c lass § 28 .63 140

W e a k for s t rong s tem fo rms § 28.64 140

2 9 . Optative

141

Suppression of -ay- in stem, and the like § 29.4 . . . 141

Non-thematic middle endings in aya stems § 29.6 . . 141

Heirs of thematic optative § 29.7 141

First singular e § 29.8 141

First singular z § 29.9 141

Second singular e § 29.10 141

Second singular i § 29.11 142

Third singular e § 29.12 142

Third singular z § 29.14 142

Third plural e § 29.15 142

First plural ema § 29.16 142

First plural e § 29.17 142

Third plural etsu(h), ensu(h) § 29.18 142

Second singular esi § 29.20. 142

So-called 'subjunctives' in


12/261

XVIII


First plural make § 30.17 147

Second plural dhua § 30.18 147

Second plural dhve § 30.19 147

Third plural ntän § 30.20 147

31 . Fu tur e 148

isya with them atic Dresents § 31.1 148

Fu tu re sign affixed to stem s in long vowels § 31 .3. . . 149

Futures containing h for sy (sy) § 31.19 150

First singular forms in

eham(k)

§ 31.21 150

Futures in sya (sya) after consonants, more or less

un-S anskritic § 31.23 151

Futures with s for sy § 31.26 - 151

First singular futures in

am (a)

§ 31.30 ..• 151

Second singular futures in sye, isye (isyi) §31 .35 . . . 152

Periph rastic future § 31.36 '. 152

Opta tive and impe rative of the future § 31.37 152

Cond itional § 31.38 152

32 .

A o r i s t , o r p re t e r i t e (i n c lu d in g im p e r fe c t ) . . . 153

Augm ent § 32.2 153

Confusion of person and num ber § 32.13 154

Conspe ctus of pre terite s § 32.14 154

Descendants of the Sanskri t z>aorist §32.15. . . . . . . 154

The ending

i

§ 32.16 154

The ending i § 32.17 154

Special forms of the endings z and z § 32.1 8.. . 155

Distinctive third plural forms § 32.29 156

Third plural isu and congeners § 32.30 156

isu §32.3 1 156

zsiz § 32.32 156

isü § 32.33 156

isu

§ 32.34 156

isu, isü § 32.35 156

isuh, isus § 32.36 156

su added to quasi stem-final i, or to third

singular it § 32.37 156

Third plural imsu and congeners § 32.38 156

(imsu, insu, imsü, imsü, itsu[h])

Other non-Sanskritic personal endings of z's-aorist

ty pe § 32.39 ' 157

First singular im § 32.39 157

First plural imha § 32.40 157

itha, ithd, ittha, ita (m ostly 3d singular) § 32.41 157

Third plural or singular ire § 32.43 157

Other MIndie forms with Skt. zs-aorist endings

§32 .44 .' 157

Descendants of Sanskrit s an d sis aorists and similar

forms § 32.47 157

Type äsi (äsit) § 32.53 158

Type esi (esi, esit) § 32.63 159

Other si (sit, etc.) after long vowels § 32.69 159

s-aorists from roots in r (r) § 32.74 160

Third plural

äsu(h), dnsu(h), amsu(h), atsu

etc.

§32.75 ' ' . . . . . ' . . . 160

Miscellaneous s-aorists § 32.78 160

Opta tive forms used as aorists § 32.85 160

The ending e{t) as prete rite § 32.87 161

Third plural forms in esu, emsii, ensu, etsu(h) etc.

§32.95 161

Miscellaneous optative forms used as aorists

§ 32.105 162

Relatives of the Sansk rit root-ao rist § 32.106 162

Relatives of Sanskrit thematic aorists (and imperfects)

§ 32.110 163

Third singular a, ä (roots drs, gam, vac, etc.)

§32.110 163

Third singular (plural) atha § 32.117 163

Third plural u(/i) for an § 32.118 163

Aorist forms w ith opta tive or future meaning § 32.119 163

33 .

Per fect 165

34. Pa r t i c i p l e s , i n c lu d in g g e ru n d iv es 167

Present participle suffixes affixed to past participles

§34.1 167

mäna with athe ma tic stems § 34.3 167

än a with them atic stems § 34.4 167

Blend of perfect vdms an d (ta)vant § 34.6 167

ita added to them atic presen t stems § 34.7 167

Spread of ta outside its Sanskrit bounds § 34.11. . . . 168

Strong form of root, for Sanskrit weak form, before ta

§34.13 169

Weak form of root, for Sanskrit strong form, before ta

§ 34.14 169

Participles in ta with active meaning from transitive

verb s § 34.15 . . 169

Suffix na § 34.16 169

Gerundives in itavya § 34.20 169

Other non-Sanskrit forms in tavya § 34.21 169

Gerundives in aniya § 34.22 170

Gerundives in ya § 34.24 170

35. Ge rund 171

Gerunds in am § 35.3 171

Gerunds in im § 35.6 171

Gerunds in tvä an d ya § 35.7 171

Present stems as 'roots' before

Iva

an d

y a

§ 35.12 . 172

From nasal infix presents § 35.13 172

From redup licating presents § 35.14 172

From ninth-class presents § 35.15 172

From z/a-presents § 35.16 172

The type of grahäya § 35.19 172

Gerunds in ituä § 35.22 173

(in etvä § 35.25) 173

Gerunds in (i)iväna (°tuan ä, °tvana) § 35.29 174

Gerunds in tüna, m.c. tuna § 35.36 175

Gerunds in iya (iyá, ia) § 35.37 175

From a (not aya) presents § 35.42 175

From aya presen ts § 35.43 175

Gerunds in iyäna § 35.45 175

Gerunds in i, i § 35.49 175

Gerunds in

ta

§ 35.52 176

Gerunds in tu(m) § 35.54 177

Gerund (falsely alleged) in dhya § 35.56 177

36. Inf initive 178

Ending Hum § 36.2 178

tu

for

turn

§ 36.3 178

tu for tu = turn § 36.5 179

itum for itum § 36.6 179

atum for itum § 36.7 179

Ending etum § 36.8 179

Miscellaneous non-Sanskrit forms in turn § 36.9 . . . . 179

Ending tave (tavai) § 36.14 179

Ending andya § 36.15 179

Ending anäye § 36.16 179

Ending ana-tdyai § 36.17 180

Ending

and (anal)

§ 36.18 18Í)

Oth er dat ive infinitives § 36.19 180

am , akam, imC?) § 36.20 180

37. Vo ice 181

Passives in iya, iya § 37.2 181

iya passives from aya (e) presen ts § 37.6 181

iya passives from a prese nts § 37.7 181

iya passives from aya (e) presents § 37.8 182

iya passives from a presen ts § 37.9 182

Active for middle (passive) endings § 37.10 182

Seemingly passive forms with active meaning and

usually active endings § 37.22 183

Medio-passive for activ e endings § 37.24 183

Non-p resent forms from passive stems § 37.26 183

MIndie phonology in passive forms § 37.27 183

Miscellaneous non -Sa nsk rit passives § 37.29 184


13/261


X I X

38. Stems in aya (e); causative, denomina-

tive, etc 185

Gausatives in ayati § 38.9 185

Causatives in aya from passive stems § 38.10 186

Causatives with long

a

for a in root-syllable § 38.14. 186

Verbs

in

ayati

(eti) = at: § 38.18 186

Historic causatives with non-causative meaning § 38.22 188

Non-causative forms with causative meaning § 38.24 189

Verbs in ati =

ayati

(eti) § 38.25 189

Optatives

§

38.27

189

Present Indicatives § 38.28 190

Present Imperatives § 38.29 190

Present Participles § 38.30 190

Futures

§ 38.31 190

Aorists § 38.32 190

Gerunds § 38.33 190

Denominatives § 38.34 190

Causatives in äpayati (äpeü, äveti) § 38.41 191

Forms

in

apayati from roots

in ä §

38.52

192

Causatives in äpaya (äpe) to present stems in a

§ 38.53 192

Causatives in äpaya (äpe) to present stems in aya(e)

§ 38.54 193

Causatives from aya presents which are neither

caus.

nor

denom.

§

38.55

193

Causatives from denominatives § 38.56 . . . . 193

Causatives from

aya

forms which are them-

selves originally causative § 38.57 194

Formal causatives in (a)paya without causative

meaning § 38.58 195

Miscellaneous

and

irregular forms

in

pay

at i

§ 38.64

195

Prakritic forms in äveti § 38.68 190

39. Intensive 197

4 0.

Desiderative 198

4 1 . Syntactic addenda to the verb 199

Special uses

of as and bhü;

periphrastic verbal expres-

sions § 41.1 199

4 2 . Constructions with

mä

200

Prohibitions § 42.5 200

Strong determination § 42.6 200

'Lest' clauses

§ 42.7 200

Strong negative wishes or hopes for the future § 42.8 201

Fears for the future (also referring to present and past)

§ 42.9 201

Questions § 42.12 202

na for

mä

with imperative(?) § 42.16 203

4 3 .

Synopsis

of

verb forms

204


14/261

PREFACE

N

EARLY TWO DECADES ago I began tentative studies which have grown into the

present w ork, the first attem pt at a description of the gramm ar and lexicon of Bud dhist

Hybrid Sanskrit. By no means all, but the major part, of my research activity during

these two decades has gone into this work. I know that especially the dictionary falls short of

what I wish it were. If I could take the time to repeat the whole process, that is to restudy

carefully and minutely all the texts included in my plan, I am certain that these volumes

could be enlarged and brought nearer to completion.

One limitation has been self-imposed. I have deliberately excluded words and forms oc-

curring (with the same meanings) in standard Sanskrit. For this reason, in order to interpret

BHS texts, one must supplement my grammar and dictionary by Sanskrit grammars and

Sanskrit dictionaries, especially the lexicons of Boehtlingk (and Roth), which I treat as con-

taining substantially the Sanskrit word-stock. (They also contain some words and meanings

which are not standard Sanskrit but BHS; these are, of course, included in my work.)

I have no doub t th at some competent scholars will question th e wisdom of this lim itation.

I ask them at least not to condemn it until they have carefully considered my reasons, which

are stated in Chapter 1, especially §§ 1.57 if., to which §§ 1.33-56 furnish a necessary back-

ground. I admit that at first sight it may seem startling that a dictionary of Buddhist Hybrid

Sanskrit should contain no article on, for instance, the word

nirvana,

because in the texts

included in this work I have failed to find any use of that word which is not adequate ly covered

for standard Sanskrit by Boehtlingk. This is not to deny that in certain works of technical

Buddhist metaphysics, composed in standard Sanskrit and therefore not considered by me,

philosophical aspects of the meaning of nirvana may depart considerably from those recognized

by Boehtlingk. But, unless I have erred, the Northern Buddhists wiio used BHS did not use

the word

nirvana

in any way not known to their b rahmanical fellow-countrymen. To this fact

(and I believe it is a fact) the silence of my dictionary bears eloquent testimony. It does not,

to be sure, guarantee the converse, namely that every standard Sanskrit word is used in BHS

in all its Sanskrit meanings; that is far from being true. What I have tried to do is to record

all non-Sanskrit elements, grammatical or lexical, found in BHS. The elements common to

Sanskrit and to the BHS texts

as we have them

cannot safely be assumed to be genuine BH S,

for reasons explained in the place cited; that is why I have omitted them.

I considered seriously providing the Grammar with an index. No doubt the lack of it

may seem a defect to some. It would have added to the already swollen bulk of this work,

and I finally decided that it was made unnecessary by the following considerations. The Table

of Contents is very detailed, and, it is hoped, analyzes the grammar so clearly as to make

an index scarcely profitable. The Dictionary also, to a large extent, replaces such an index.

XXI


15/261

XXII

Preface

The verb-forms, for which an index might seem more needed than for other parts of the

grammar, are summarily analyzed by roots in Chapter 43, the Synopsis of Verb Forms. This

chapter especially, and also all the rest of the Grammar and the Dictionary, contain many

cross-references to sections of "the Grammar in which grammatical features, especially less

obvious ones, are recorded.

Alter finishing the Grammar and Dictionary, I decided to publish with them, or shortly

after, a Reader containing selections from the most important texts, which are hardly acces-

sible except in large libraries. It is hoped that this third volume will facilitate the use of the

other two, and prove helpful to Indologists, both for private reading and in conducting

university courses.

In my lamented ignorance of Chinese and Japanese, I have often applied for help in

dealing with those languages to various Sinological or Japanological colleagues, past or

present. Those who have contributed most, in addition to Mr. Chang Kun (who is mentioned

below), are Professors Kan-ichi A sakawa (deceased), Chao Yuen-ren, George A. Kennedy,

Li Fang-kuei, Lo Ch'ang-pei, and Johannes Rahder. I am deeply indebted to all these gentle-

men for their unvarying patience and helpfulness.

Mr. D. R. Shackleton Bailey, of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, England, gener-

ously put at my disposal some of his notes on the Tibetan version of the Divyávadána, supple-

menting his valuable Notes in JR AS 1950.166 ff.

Professor Paul Mus, at present my colleague at Yale, most generously volunteered to

help in the final checking of quotations and references, and did a considerable part of the

labor of checking those from the M añjusrlmülakalpa. In doing so he made a num ber of cor-

rections and at least one notable improvement in the Dictionary; the article clraka is almost

wholly his work, and I am proud to be able to include it.

My very able pupil, Mr. Chang Kun, gave me invaluable help by checking the quotations

and references from a number of texts, including some of the greatest importance, such as

the Saddharmapundarlka, the Gandavyüha, and the Mahävyutpatti. His knowledge of

Tibetan and of his native Chinese, as well as of Sanskrit, made his assistance especially

important.

My secretary, Miss Eleanor A. Hill, who also knows Sanskrit, has helped by checking

the quotations and references from a number of tex ts. She has typed the entire work, much of

it more than once and some of it more than twice (owing to no fault of hers), with ex trao rdinary

skill and efficiency. She has made many other valuable contributions; for example, the sub-

divisions and typographical arrangement of the parts of the grammar owe much to her in-

telligence and skill. It would be hard to overstate what she has done to lighten my labors in

preparing this work for publication.

Another able pupil of mine, Miss Betty Jean Shefts, cooperated with Miss HilJ in read-

ing the first proof of the entire Grammar and Dictionary. These two readers, who showed

remarkable competence at this none too easy task, have notably reduced the number of

misprints and other errors which would have escaped my own proof reading.

The publication has been very materially assisted by generous financial support from

the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. To it, and to its Secretary General, Mr.

Henry Allen Moe, and Assistant Secretary, Mr. James F. Mathias, I am very deeply indebted.

Even with this help, the publication would perhaps not have been possible without the


16/261

Preface XXIII

generosity of the Yale University Press in issuing it, an undertaking which will certainly

not be financially profitable. I am especially grateful to Provost E. S. Furniss, at that time

Director of the Press, whose influence certainly had much to do with these arrangements.

I cannot close without an expression of gratitude to my friend William Clyde DeVane,

Dean of Yale College. He is himself a great h um anist, and one of the most effective supp orters

of humanistic research whom I know. This makes me the more appreciative of the unwavering

confidence he has shown in my ability to accomplish the task I undertookrin thi s work—a con-

fidence which has been shown in various ways, and which has had imp ortan t practical results.

If it should prove that this confidence was not seriously misplaced, I know he would feel

rewarded.


17/261

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS

T

HE BHS TEXTS fall roughly into three main classes, as regards their language. These

may possibly, if only loosely, represent successive chronological layers in the tradition . It

must be emphasized, however, that such a chronological classification does not necessarily

apply to the original composition of the texts in question, but only to the forms in which they

are now preserved to us. Some of them are known to have undergone changes, always in the

direction of greater Sanskritization (see §§ 1.39 ff.; note for example the facts about Vaj,

§ 1.41, which is put in my third class). W internitz (H ist. Ind . Lit. 2.314) holds tha t t he Prajñá -

Päramitäs 'belong

to the

earliest Mahäyäna-Sütras . . .

A

Prajnä-Päram itä was already

translated into Chinese

as

early as 179 A.D .' Yet AsP and SsP, the two works

of

this class

which I have included, belong linguistically in my third class, in the forms now preserved to

us; they contain practically no verses, and very little non-Sanskrit morphology.

1. The first class consists only of Mv, plus

a

short citation from the lost Bhiksupraklrnaka

(in Siks), and

a

short Jä tak a printed in the Appendix to Jm . In these works, the prose pa rts

are thoroughly hybridized, showing as many Middle-Indicisms as the verses. In its 'nucleus',

at least, Mv seems to be the oldest BHS text we have; and this linguistic type is surely older

than the other two.

2.

In the second class, the verses are hybridized, as in the first class, but the prose contains

relatively few signs of Middle Indie phonology or morphology. However, the vocabulary, at

least, stamps even the prose as BHS. In this class belong SP, LV, Gv (including Bhad), KP,

Dbh, RP, Sukh, Samädh, Suv, Ud (contains no prose), and nearly all of Siks (which consists

mainly

of

quotations from older tex ts, many

of

which are not otherwise preserved).

3.

In the third class, even the verses if any; some of these tex ts contain few or none;

those which have none could be included in the second class) are substantially as Sanskritized

as the prose parts; the entire text of these works resembles linguistically the prose p art s of

the second class. That is, non-Sanskritic forms are not common; the vocabulary is the clearest

evidence that they belong to the BHS tradition. These include MSV, Divy, Av, Prät, Mink,

Bbh, AsP, SsP, May, Bhlk, Karmav, Kv, Lank, Vaj, and Jm; here belong also the vocabulary-

lists

in

Dharmas and Mvy, and most

of

the miscellaneous short tex ts collected

in

Sädh,

so

far as they are not standard Sanskrit, which not a few of them seem to be.

Except as otherwise stated below, references are

to

page and line

of

editions.

xxv


18/261

Abbreviations of Texts from which BHS forms are cited

AbhidhK. = Abhidharmakosa, transí. LaVallée Poussin,

Paris and Louvain, 1923-31; many technical words

cited from Index, transí., and notes. References, as

in the Index, are to Book (of the original) and page

of the translation.

AbhK. = preceding.

AdP K onow MAS I = Sten Konow, Central Asian Fra g-

ments of the Astädasasähasrikä, in Memoirs of the

Archaeological Survey of India , No . 69, 1942. Only

a few rare and important words.

AsP = Astasähasrikä-prajnäpäramitä, ed. Rajendralala

Mitra, Calcutta, 1888.

Av = Avadäna-sataka, ed. Speyer, 2 vols., St. Petersburg,

1902,

1906; transí. Feer, Ármales du Musée Guimet

18 (1891).

Bbh = BodhisattvabJiümi, ed. Wogihara, Tokyo, 1930—

36. Includes the editor's dissertation, Lexikalisches

aus der Bodhisattvabhümi, which is referred to as

Wogihara, Lex.

Bet, Bca.t. — Bodhicaryäv atära-tikä, ed. LaVallée Pous-sin, Brussels, 1898. Technical terms cited from Index.

Bhad = Bhadracarl, ed. Watanabe, Leipzig, 1912. Identi-

cal with Gv 543.9-548.2. Cited by numbered verses.

Bhlk = Bhiksunl-karmaväcanä, ed. Ridding and LaVallée

Poussin, BSOS 1, Part 3, 123-143. Cited by page

and line of the manuscript as reproduced in ed.

Buddhac. = Buddhacarita, ed. Johnston, Calcutta, 1935.

The language is standard Skt.; a few words» chiefly

religious, are cited by chapter and verse.

Cale. = Calcutta; see LV.

Dbh = Dasabhümikasütra, ed. Rahder, Paris and Lou-

vain, 1926.

Dbh.g. = id. (Gäthä portion), ed. (Rahder and) Susa,

Eastern Buddhist, 5.337 ff. and 6.51 ff., cited from

reprint with consecutively numbered pages 1—58;

the pages of the reprint are cited first, then in paren-

theses the pages of the original, then the line on each

page.

Dbs = Dasabalasütra, in W aldschmidt, KL Skt. Texte 4,

209 ff.

Dharmas = Dharmasamgraha, ed. Müller, Oxford, 1885..

Cited by section numbers.

Divy — Divy ävad äna, ed. Cowell and Neil, Cambridge,

1886.

Foucaux, see LV.

Guhyasamäja, ed. Bhattacharya, Gaekwad's Oriental

Series 53, Baroda, 1931; contains a few verses with

BHS forms; very rarely cited.

Gv = Gandavyüha, ed. Suzuki and Idzumi, Kyoto, 1934-

36; 2d ed., photographically reproduced with correc-

tions, 1949.

Hoernle, see MR.

Jra - Jäta kam älä, ed. Kern (HOS 1), Boston, 1891. Its

language is close to standard Skt., but contains quite

a number of BHS words, and even a few forms; see

§ 1.53, -fn. 17. Transí. Speyer, London, 1895.

K', see SP.

Karmav = (Mahá-)Karmavibhañga, and Karmavibhañ-

gopadesa, ed. Lévi, Paris, 1932

Kl. Skt. Texte = Kleinere Sans krit Texte (5 vols.; Kgl.

Preuss. Turfan-Expeditionen), Leipzig (Vol. 1 Berlin),

1911-39.

KN, see SP.

KP = Käsyapa Parivarta, ed. Staél-Holstein, Shanghai,

1926. Cited by sections as numbered in edition, and

lines.

Kv = Kära ndavyü ha, in The Hindu Commentator, vol. 5;

1872.

Lank = Lankävatära-sütra, ed. Nanjio, Kyoto, 1923;

transí. Suzuki, London, 1932; Index, by Suzuki,

Kyoto, 1934; 'Studies' = Suzuki, Studies in the

Lankavatara Sutra, London, 1930.

Lefm., see LV.

LV = Lalitavistara, ed. Lefmann, Halle, 1902; Critical

Apparatus, 1908; abbreviated Lefm.; 'Cale' == ed.

of Rajendralala Mitra, Calcutta, 1877; transí. Fou-

caux, Annales du Musée Guimet 6, and Notes, 19;

Tibetan version (partial), with transí., by Foucaux,

Paris, 1847; Weller = F. Weller, Zum Laiita Vistara,

I. Über die Prosa des Lal. Vist., Leipzig, 1915.

MadhK = Müla-Madhyamaka-kärikäs, with comm., ed.

LaVallée Poussin, St. Peters burg, 1903-1910. Only

partially excerpted.

Mahäsamäj. = Mahäsamäjasütra, in Waldschmidt, Kl.

Skt. Texte 4.

Mäy = Mahä-M äyürl. Two figures refer to page and lineof ed. by Oldenbourg in Zapiski Vostochnago Otdel-

enija Imp. Russk. Archeol. Obschestva, Tom 11

(1899), 218-261. A single number refers to the num-

bered lines of 'Le catalogue géographique des yaksa

dans la Mahä-Mäyüri', by S. Lévi, JAs. XL 5 (1915),

pp.

1-138.

Megh = Megh asütra, ed. Benda ll, JR AS 1880, 288 ff.

MinaefT, see Mvy.

Mironov, see Mvy.

Mmk = (Arya-)Mañjusrímülakalpa, ed. Ganapati áastri,

3 vols., Trivandrum, 1920, 1922, 1925. See Lalou,

in the following list of abbreviations.

MPS = E. W aldschmidt, Das Ma häparinirvänasütra. 3

par ts; Abhandlungen der deutschen x\kademie . . . zu

Berlin, 1950, 1951. Arrived too late to be extensively

used; references are to W aldschm idt's numbered divi-

sions.

(Hoernle) MR = Hoernle (general editor), Manuscript

Remains of Buddhist literature found in Eastern

Turkestan, Oxford, 1916. BHS fragments ed. by

Hoernle, Lüders, Pargiter, Thomas.

MSV = Müla-Sarvästiväda-Vinaya; Gilgit Manuscripts, ed.

Nalinaksha Dutt, Vol. 3, Parts i (undated), ii (1942),

iii (1943), Srinagar, Kashmir. Part iv (1950) arrived

late, but its most impo rtant words have been included.

Unfortunately this valuable series came to hand so

late in the progress of my task that I felt it impossible

to include Volumes 1 and 2, which seem somewhat

less important.

Mv = Ma hävas tu, ed. Sena rt, Par is, 1882, 1890, 1897.

The first volume of Jones's translation (London, 1949)

appeared, to my regret, too late to be much used

(I received it in 1950).

Mvy = Mahävyutpatti. Cited by numbered entries in ed.

of Sakaki, Kyoto, 1916, with Sanskrit and Tibetan

Indexes, 1925 and 1936; some variants are cited from

Mironov (2d ed. of

Mnaeff,

which is cited in BR and

pw), St. Petersburg, 1910-11. Tibetan version cited

from Sakaki; also translations of many Chinese and

Japanese renderings ibidem.

Pischel, SBBA 1904 pp. 807 -827: Bruchs tücke des Sanskrit-

kanons der Buddhisten aus IdykuUari. A few rarer

words cited by number of page and manuscript-folio.

Prät = Prätimoksasütra des Sarvästivädins, ed. Finot

(with translation of Chinese version by Haber), JAs.

XI.2 (1913), 473 ff.

(XXVI)


19/261


20/261

XXVIII

Other abbreviations and works chiefly referred to:

eh., chap. = chapter.

Childers = Diction ary of the Pali Lan guag e, R. C. Childers.

Chin. = Chinese.

Cl. Skt. = Classical S ansk rit.

comb. = combination.

coinm. = commentary.

comp.

= composition.

Compendium of Philosophy (Aung and Rhys Davids,

London, 1910).

compv. = comparative,

corr. — correct(s), correction.

corres]). = correspondent, corresponding, corresponds.

Corrig. = Corrigenda,

cpd. = compound.

CPD = Andersen and Sm ith, Critical Pali Dictionary

(V ol.1 ), Copenhagen, 1924 IT.

crit. app. — critical apparatus .

Das = S. C. Das, Tibetan-En glish Dictionary.

Dasak. = Dasakumäracarita.

dat. = dative,

def. = definition,

denom. = denominative,

der(iv). = derived, derivative.

Desin. = Desinämamälä, ed. Pischel, Bombay, 1880.

Dhätup. = Dhätupätha.

Dhp.

= Dhammapada (Pali); Dhp. c(omm.), commentary

on Dhp.; Fausb. refers to Fausböll's ed. of Dhp.

Dhs.

== Dhammasamgani (Pali),

dial. = dialectic.

Diet. = Dictionary, usually referring to my Diet, of BH S;

Dictt. = Dictionaries.

Diet, of the Fr. Cath. Miss. = the Tibetan Dictionary of

the French Catholic Mission.

Diet. Hindu Arch. = Acharya, Dictionary of Hindu

Architecture.

difT. = different,

dim. = diminutive.

Dip. = DTpavamsa (Pali).

DN = DIghanikäya (Pali).

DPPN = Malalasekara, Dictionary of Pali Proper Names.

Dpv., Dpvs. = Dip.

Du treuil (de Rh ins ms .), see § 1.3 with fn. 2.

E = Epic (Sanskrit, in citing Whitney's Roots),

ed. = editor, edition,

em. = emended, emendation,

ep .

= epithet.

Ep. Zeyl. = Epigraphia Zeylanica.

equiv. = equivalent,

erron. = erroneously,

etym. = etymology,

esp.

= especially.

exc. = except.

expl. = explained, explanation,

f. = feminine; following,

fern. = feminine.

Fest. = Festschrift,

ff. = following,

fig. = figurative(ly).

fn. = footnote.

foil. = followed (by); following,

fut. — future,

gdve. = gerundive.

Geiger (W.) = Pali, Strassburg, 1916. Cited by numbers

of sections, without the symbol §.

gen. == genitive,

ger. == gerund.

Ger. = German.

Git. = Gltagovinda.

GobhGS = Gobhila Grhya Sütra.

GOS = Gaekwad's Oriental

Documents

Edgerton Bhs Skt Eng Grammar