Edgar Allan Poe-Collected Works of Poe, Volume I (Webster's French Thesaurus Edition) (2006).pdf

8/10/2019 Edgar Allan Poe-Collected Works of Poe, Volume I (Webster's French Thesaurus Edition) (2006).pdf

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COLLECTED WORKS

OF POE, VOLUME I

WEBSTER'S FRENCH THESAURUS

EDITION

for ESL, EFL, ELP, TOEFL, TOEIC

, and AP

Test Preparation

Edgar Allan Poe

TOEFL

, TOEIC

, AP

and Advanced Placement

are trademarks of the Educational Testing Service which hasneither reviewed nor endorsed this book. All rights reserved.


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TOEFL, TOEIC, APand Advanced Placementare trademarks of the Educational Testing Service which

has neither reviewed nor endorsed this book. All rights reserved.

Collected Works of Poe,

Volume IWebster's FrenchThesaurus Edition

for ESL, EFL, ELP, TOEFL, TOEIC, and APTestPreparation

Edgar Allan Poe


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ii

I C O N C L A S S I C S

Published by ICON Group International, Inc.7404 Trade Street

San Diego, CA 92121 USA

www.icongrouponline.com

Collected Works of Poe, Volume I: Webster's French Thesaurus Edition for ESL, EFL, ELP, TOEFL,TOEIC, and APTest Preparation

This edition published by ICON Classics in 2005Printed in the United States of America.

Copyright2005 by ICON Group International, Inc.Edited by Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. (INSEAD); Copyright 2005, all rights reserved.

All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher.

Copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright lawsand can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, pleasecontact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grantspermission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, andacademic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON GroupInternational, Inc.

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Service which has neither reviewed nor endorsed this book. All rights reserved.

ISBN 0-497-25593-6
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iii

Contents

PREFACE FROM THE EDITOR..........................................................................................1

AN APPRECIATION............................................................................................................ 2

LIFE OF EDGAR ALLAN POE BY JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL .......................................... 11

DEATH OF EDGAR A. POE BY N. P. WILLIS .................................................................... 20

THE UNPARALLELED ADVENTURES OF ONE HANS PFAAL............................................ 29

THE GOLD BUG ............................................................................................................. 75

FOUR BEASTS IN ONE THE HOMO-CAMELEOPARD.................................................... 114

THE MURDERS IN THE RUE MORGUE......................................................................... 123

THE MYSTERY OF MARIE ROGET A SEQUEL TO THE MURDERS IN THE RUEMORGUE..................................................................................................................... 159

THE BALLOON-HOAX................................................................................................... 208

MS. FOUND IN A BOTTLE............................................................................................. 222

THE OVAL PORTRAIT ................................................................................................... 235

GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................... 239


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Edgar Allan Poe 1

PREFACE FROM THE EDITORWebsters paperbacks take advantage of the fact that classics are frequently assigned readings inEnglish courses. By using a running English-to-French thesaurus at the bottom of each page, this

edition of Collected Works of Poe, Volume Iby Edgar Allan Poe was edited for three audiences.

The first includes French-speaking students enrolled in an English Language Program (ELP), anEnglish as a Foreign Language (EFL) program, an English as a Second Language Program (ESL),

or in a TOEFLor TOEICpreparation program. The second audience includes English-speaking

students enrolled in bilingual education programs or French speakers enrolled in English speakingschools. The third audience consists of students who are actively building their vocabularies in

French in order to take foreign service, translation certification, Advanced Placement (AP)1or

similar examinations. By using the Webster's French Thesaurus Edition when assigned for an

English course, the reader can enrich their vocabulary in anticipation of an examination in French

or English.

Websters edition of this classic is organized to expose the reader to a maximum number ofdifficult and potentially ambiguous English words. Rare or idiosyncratic words and expressions are

given lower priority compared to difficult, yet commonly used words. Rather than supply a single

translation, many words are translated for a variety of meanings in French, allowing readers to

better grasp the ambiguity of English, and avoid them using the notes as a pure translation crutch.

Having the reader decipher a words meaning within context serves to improve vocabulary

retention and understanding. Each page covers words not already highlighted on previous pages. If

a difficult word is not translated on a page, chances are that it has been translated on a previous

page. A more complete glossary of translations is supplied at the end of the book; translations are

extracted from Websters Online Dictionary.

Definitions of remaining terms as well as translations can be found at www.websters-online-dictionary.org. Please send suggestions to [email protected]

The EditorWebsters Online Dictionary

www.websters-online-dictionary.org

1TOEFL, TOEIC, APand Advanced Placementare trademarks of the Educational Testing Servicewhich has neither reviewed nor endorsed this book. All rights reserved.
http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/http://../to%20be%20ISBNd/Classic_French_02062006/DOCS/[email protected]://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/http://../to%20be%20ISBNd/Classic_French_02062006/DOCS/[email protected]://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/


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Collected Works of Poe, Volume I2

A N A P P R E C I A T I O NCaught

%

from someunhappy

master whomunmerciful

Disaster Followed fast and followed faster till his songs one burdenbore

Till the dirges of his Hope that melancholy burden boreOf never--never more!

This stanza from The Raven was recommended by James Russell Lowell asan inscription upon the Baltimore monument which marks the resting place ofEdgar Allan Poe, the most interesting and original figure in American letters.

And, to signify that peculiar musical quality of Poes genius which inthrallsevery reader, Mr. Lowell suggested this additional verse, from the HauntedPalace:

And all with pearl and ruby glowingWas the fair palace door,Through which came flowing, flowing, flowing,And sparkling ever more,

A troop of Echoes, whose sweet dutyWas but to sing, In voices of surpassing beauty,

Frenchbore: ennuyer, percer, forer, alsage,

lasser, rencontrer, toucher, vrille,calibre, fatiguer.

burden: charge, fardeau, alourdir, litde fusion, charger, grever.

flowing: coulant, coulement, fluent.genius: gnie.glowing: incandescence.inscription: inscription.marks: marque.melancholy: mlancolie,

mlancolique, abattement, sombre.

monument: monument.musical: musical.pearl: perle.peculiar: trange, singulier, drle,

particulier.recommended: recommandtes,

recommandas, recommandmes,

recommandai, recommanda,recommandrent, recommand.

ruby: rubis.signify: signifier, signifies, signifiez,

signifient, signifions, signifie.

sing: chanter, chante, chantes,chantent, chantez, chantons.

sparkling: tincelant, brillant,mousseux, ptillant.

stanza: strophe, stance.surpassing: dpassant, surpassant,

matrisant.troop: troupe.unhappy: malheureux, mcontent.unmerciful: impitoyable, sans piti.verse: vers, strophe.wit: esprit.


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Edgar Allan Poe 3

The wit and wisdom of their king.%

Born in poverty at Boston, January 19 1809, dying under painfulcircumstances at Baltimore, October 7, 1849, his whole literary career of scarcelyfifteen years a pitiful struggle for mere subsistence, his memory malignantlymisrepresented by his earliest biographer, Griswold, how completely has truthat last routed falsehood and how magnificently has Poe come into his own, ForThe Raven, first published in 1845, and, within a few months, read, recited andparodied wherever the English language was spoken, the half-starved poetreceived $10! Less than a year later his brother poet, N. P. Willis, issued thistouching appeal to the admirers of genius on behalf of the neglected author, hisdying wife and her devoted mother, then living under very straitened

circumstances in a little cottage at Fordham, N. Y.:

Here is one of the finest scholars, one of the most original men of genius,and one of the most industrious of the literary profession of our country,whose temporary suspension of labor, from bodily illness, drops himimmediately to a level with the common objects of public charity. Thereis no intermediate stopping-place, no respectful shelter, where, with thedelicacy due to genius and culture, be might secure aid, till, withreturning health, he would resume his labors, and his unmortified senseof independence.

And this was the tribute paid by the American public to the master who hadgiven to it such tales of conjuring charm, of witchery and mystery as The Fall ofthe House of Usher and Ligea; such fascinating hoaxes as The UnparalleledAdventure of Hans Pfaall, MSS. Found in a Bottle, A Descent Into aMaelstrom and The Balloon Hoax; such tales of conscience as WilliamWilson, The Black Cat and The Tell-tale Heart, wherein the retributions of

remorse are portrayed with an awful fidelity; such tales of natural beauty asThe Island of the Fay and The Domain of Arnheim; such marvellous studies

Frenchbiographer: biographe.bodily: corporel, physique,

physiquement.conjuring: conjurant.delicacy: friandise, dlicatesse, finesse.drops: drops.falsehood: mensonge.fidelity: fidlit.industrious: laborieux, appliqu,

assidu, travailleur, industrieux.labor: travail.magnificently: de manire

magnifique, de faon magnifique.malignantly: malignement.misrepresented: dform,

dformmes, dnatur, dnaturtes,dnaturas, dnaturmes, dnaturai,dnatura, dformrent, dformas,dnaturrent.

neglected: nglig.pitiful: pitoyable, pauvre, misrable,

malheureux, lamentable.portrayed: peignit, peigntes,

peignirent, peignmes, peignis, peint.

recited: rcitas, rcittes, rcitai,rcitmes, rcit, rcita, rcitrent.

remorse: remords.respectful: respectueux.resume: reprendre, reprennent,

reprenons, reprenez, reprends,recommencer, recommence,

recommencent, recommences,recommencez, recommenons.

subsistence: subsistance.tribute: tribut, hommage.wherein: o.


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in%ratiocination as the Gold bug, The Murders in the Rue Morgue, ThePurloined Letter and The Mystery of Marie Roget, the latter, a recital of fact,demonstrating the authors wonderful capability of correctly analyzing themysteries of the human mind; such tales of illusion and banter as The

Premature Burial and The System of Dr. Tarr and Professor Fether; such bitsof extravaganza as The Devil in the Belfry and The Angel of the Odd; suchtales of adventure as The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym; such papers ofkeen criticism and review as won for Poe the enthusiastic admiration of CharlesDickens, although they made him many enemies among the over-puffed minorAmerican writers so mercilessly exposed by him; such poems of beauty andmelody as The Bells, The Haunted Palace, Tamerlane, The City in theSea and The Raven. What delight for the jaded senses of the reader is thisenchanted domain of wonder-pieces! What an atmosphere of beauty, music,color! What resources of imagination, construction, analysis and absolute art!One might almost sympathize with Sarah Helen Whitman, who, confessing to ahalf faith in the old superstition of the significance of anagrams, found, in thetransposed letters of Edgar Poes name, the words a God-peer. His mind, shesays, was indeed a Haunted Palace, echoing to the footfalls of angels anddemons.

No man, Poe himself wrote, has recorded, no man has dared to record, thewonders of his inner life.

In these twentieth century days -of lavish recognition-artistic, popular andmaterial-of genius, what rewards might not a Poe claim!

Edgars father, a son of General David Poe, the American revolutionarypatriot and friend of Lafayette, had married Mrs. Hopkins, an English actress,and, the match meeting with parental disapproval, had himself taken to thestage as a profession. Notwithstanding Mrs. Poes beauty and talent the youngcouple had a sorry struggle for existence. When Edgar, at the age of two years,was orphaned, the family was in the utmost destitution. Apparently the future

poet was to be cast upon the world homeless and friendless. But fate decreedthat a few glimmers of sunshine were to illumine his life, for the little fellow was

Frenchanalyzing: analysant.angels: anges.banter: badiner, badinage,

plaisanterie.color: couleur, colorer.confessing: confessant, avouant.decreed: dcrt.demons: dmons.demonstrating: dmontrant,

manifestant.destitution: indigence, misre.disapproval: dsapprobation.

echoing: reformulation, renvoi encho.

enchanted: enchant, enchantmes,enchantai, enchantrent, enchanta,enchantas, enchanttes.

extravaganza: oeuvre fantaisiste,superspectacle.

friendless: sans amis.jaded: las, fatigu, surmen.lavish: prodigue, prodiguer, gnreux.melody: mlodie.mercilessly: de manire impitoyable,

de faon impitoyable.orphaned: orphelin.patriot: patriote.recital: rcital, rcit.superstition: superstition.sympathize: compatir, compatis,

compatissez, compatissons,

compatissent.transposed: transposas, transpostes,

transposmes, transposai, transposa,transposrent, transpos.

utmost: extrme.


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Edgar Allan Poe 5

adopted by John Allan, a wealthy merchant of Richmond, Va. A brother andsister, the remaining children, were cared for by others.%

In his new home Edgar found all the luxury and advantages money couldprovide. He was petted, spoiled and shown off to strangers. In Mrs. Allan hefound all the affection a childless wife could bestow. Mr. Allan took much pridein the captivating, precocious lad. At the age of five the boy recited, with fineeffect, passages of English poetry to the visitors at the Allan house.

From his eighth to his thirteenth year he attended the Manor House school,at Stoke-Newington, a suburb of London. It was the Rev. Dr. Bransby, head ofthe school, whom Poe so quaintly portrayed in William Wilson. Returning toRichmond in 1820 Edgar was sent to the school of Professor Joseph H. Clarke. Heproved an apt pupil. Years afterward Professor Clarke thus wrote:

While the other boys wrote mere mechanical verses, Poe wrote genuinepoetry; the boy was a born poet. As a scholar he was ambitious to excel.He was remarkable for self-respect, without haughtiness. He had asensitive and tender heart and would do anything for a friend. Hisnature was entirely free from selfishness.

At the age of seventeen Poe entered the University of Virginia at

Charlottesville. He left that institution after one session. Official records provethat he was not expelled. On the contrary, he gained a creditable record as astudent, although it is admitted that he contracted debts and had anungovernable passion for card-playing. These debts may have led to hisquarrel with Mr. Allan which eventually compelled him to make his own way inthe world.

Early in 1827 Poe made his first literary venture. He induced Calvin Thomas,a poor and youthful printer, to publish a small volume of his verses under thetitle Tamerlane and Other Poems. In 1829 we find Poe in Baltimore withanother manuscript volume of verses, which was soon published. Its title was

Frenchafterward: aprs, plus tard.apt: dou.bestow: accorder, accorde, accordes,

accordez, accordons, octroyer,accordent.

captivating: captivant.childless: sans enfants, sans enfant.compelled: oblig, obligrent,

obligetes, obligeas, obligemes,obligeai, obligea, astreintes.

contracted: contract.contrary: contraire, oppos,

contradictoire.creditable: honorable, estimable.excel: exceller, excelles, excellez,

excellent, excellons, excelle.expelled: expulsas, expulstes,

expuls, expulsmes, expulsrent,expulsa, expulsai.

haughtiness: arrogance, hauteur.induced: induit, induismes,

induistes, induisit, induisis,induisirent.

manuscript: manuscrit.

precocious: prcoce.quaintly: de manire singulire, de

faon singulire.quarrel: querelle, dispute, se quereller,

se disputer, noise.scholar: savant, rudit, colier.selfishness: gosme.spoiled: gt.suburb: banlieue, faubourg.thirteenth: treizime.ungovernable: ingouvernable.youthful: jeune, juvnile.


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Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane and Other Poems. Neither of these ventures seems tohave attracted much attention.%

Soon after Mrs. Allans death, which occurred in 1829, Poe, through the aid ofMr. Allan, secured admission to the United States Military Academy at WestPoint. Any glamour which may have attached to cadet life in Poes eyes wasspeedily lost, for discipline at West Point was never so severe nor were theaccommodations ever so poor. Poes bent was more and more toward literature.Life at the academy daily became increasingly distasteful. Soon he began topurposely neglect his studies and to disregard his duties, his aim being to securehis dismissal from the United States service. In this he succeeded. On March 7,1831, Poe found himself free. Mr. Allans second marriage had thrown the lad onhis own resources. His literary career was to begin.

Poes first genuine victory was won in 1833, when .he was the successfulcompetitor for a prize of $100 offered by a Baltimore periodical for the bestprose story. A MSS. Found in a Bottle was the winning tale. Poe had submittedsix stories in a volume. Our only difficulty, says Mr. Latrobe, one of the judges,was in selecting from the rich contents of the volume.

During the fifteen years of his literary life Poe was connected with variousnewspapers and magazines in Richmond, Philadelphia and New York. He wasfaithful, punctual, industrious, thorough. N. P. Willis, who for some time

employed Poe as critic and sub-editor on the Evening Mirror, wrote thus:

With the highest admiration for Poes genius, and a willingness to let italone for more than ordinary irregularity, we were led by commonreport to expect a very capricious attention to his duties, andoccasionally a scene of violence and difficulty. Time went on, however,and he was invariably punctual and industrious. We saw but onepresentiment of the man-a quiet, patient, industrious and mostgentlemanly person.

Frenchacademy: acadmie, institut.accommodations: emmnagements.admiration: admiration.bent: courb, courbe, courbai,

disposition, cambrai, pench.cadet: lve officier.capricious: capricieux.competitor: concurrent, comptiteur.critic: critique, censeur.dismissal: renvoi, licenciement, cong,

congdiement, destitution.disregard: ngliger.

distasteful: dsagrable, dplaisant,rpugnant.

faithful: fidle, loyal, honnte, droit.gentlemanly: distingu, bien lev.glamour: prestige, gloire.irregularity: irrgularit.neglect: ngliger, ngligence,

ddaigner, coups partis aveclments errons, ngligent.

periodical: priodique, revue, journal,gazette.

presentiment: pressentiment.

prose: prose.punctual: ponctuel.purposely: dessein, exprs.selecting: slectionnant, invitation

recevoir, slection.speedily: de manire rapide, de faon

rapide, rapidement.thorough: minutieux.toward: vers, en, , en relation avec.ventures: entreprises.willingness: volont, gr, bonne

volont.


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Edgar Allan Poe 7

Poes%

first genuine victory was won in 1833, when he was the successfulcompetitor for a prize of $100 offered by a Baltimore periodical for the best prosestory. A MSS. Found in a Bottle was the winning tale. Poe had submitted sixstories in a volume. Our only difficulty, says Mr. Latrobe, one of the judges,was in selecting from the rich contents of the volume.

During the fifteen years of his literary life Poe was connected with variousnewspapers and magazines in Richmond, Philadelphia and New York. He wasfaithful, punctual, industrious, thorough. N. P. Willis, who for some timeemployed Poe as critic and sub-editor on the Evening Mirror, wrote thus:

With the highest admiration for Poes genius, and a willingness to let italone for more than ordinary irregularity, we were led by common

report to expect a very capricious attention to his duties, andoccasionally a scene of violence and difficulty. Time went on, however,and he was invariably punctual and industrious. We saw but onepresentiment of the man-a quiet, patient, industrious and mostgentlemanly person;We heard, from one who knew him well (what should be stated in allmention of his lamentable irregularities), that with a single glass of winehis whole nature was reversed, the demon became uppermost, and,though none of the usual signs of intoxication were visible, his will waspalpably insane. In this reversed character, we repeat, it was never ourchance to meet him.

On September 22, 1835, Poe married his cousin, Virginia Clemm, inBaltimore. She had barely turned thirteen years, Poe himself was but twenty-six.He then was a resident of Richmond and a regular contributor to the SouthernLiterary Messenger. It was not until a year later that the bride and her widowedmother followed him thither.

Poes devotion to his child-wife was one of the most beautiful features of hislife. Many of his famous poetic productions were inspired by her beauty and

Frenchbarely: peine, de manire nue, de

faon nue.bride: fiance, accorde, marie.connected: connect, connectrent,

connectai, connectmes, connectas,connecttes, connecta, cohrent,branch, abouch, abouchrent.

contributor: contribuant, cotisant,collaborateur.

cousin: cousin, cousine.demon: dmon.devotion: dvotion, dvouement.

insane: fou, agit, aberrant, insens,alin.

inspired: inspiras, inspirtes, inspira,inspirmes, inspirrent, inspirai,inspir.

intoxication: ivresse, intoxication,brit, griserie, empoisonnement.

invariably: de manire invariable, defaon invariable, invariablement.

lamentable: dplorable.palpably: de manire palpable, de

faon palpable.

poetic: potique.resident: rsident, habitant, interne,

pensionnaire, rsidant.reversed: inverse, renvers.submitted: soumtes, soumirent,

soumit, soummes, soumis.tale: conte, rcit, relation.thirteen: treize.thither: l.uppermost: le plus haut, le plus lev,

en dessus, suprme.widowed: veuf.


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charm. Consumption had marked her for its victim, and the constant efforts ofhusband and mother were to secure for her all the comfort and happiness theirslender means permitted. Virginia died January 30, 1847, when but twenty-fiveyears of age. A friend of the family pictures the death-bed scene-mother and

husband trying to impart warmth to her by chafing her hands and her feet,while her pet cat was suffered to nestle upon her bosom for the sake of addedwarmth.%

These verses from Annabel Lee, written by Poe in 1849, the last year of hislife, tell of his sorrow at the loss of his child-wife:

I was a child and she was a child,In a kingdom by the sea;

But we loved with a love that was more than love-I and my Annabel Lee;

With a love that the winged seraphs of heavenCoveted her and me.And this was the reason that, long ago;In this kingdom by the sea.A wind blew out of a cloud, chillingMy beautiful Annabel Lee;

So that her high-born kinsmen cameAnd bore her away from me,To shut her up in a sepulchreIn this kingdom by the sea.

Poe was connected at various times and in various capacities with theSouthern Literary Messenger in Richmond, Va.; Grahams Magazine and the

Gentlemans Magazine in Philadelphia.; the Evening Mirror, the Broadwayjournal, and Godeys Ladys Book in New York. Everywhere Poes life was

Frenchblew: soufflmes, soufflai, soufflrent,

souffla.bosom: sein, poitrine.capacities: capacits.chafing: usure au talon par frottement,

usure, frottement.charm: charme, amulette, ravir,

charmer, breloque.chilling: trempe, rfrigration,

givrage, refroidissement brusque,refroidissement, refroidissementrapide.

cloud: nuage, brouiller, rendretrouble, rendre confus.

comfort: confort, consoler,consolation, rconfort, rconforter.

consumption: consommation,consomption.

everywhere: partout.happiness: bonheur, flicit.heaven: ciel, paradis.impart: communiquer, donner.kinsmen: parents.loved: aim.

nestle: se pelotonner, se nicher.permitted: permis.pet: choyer, dorloter, chouchou,

animal de compagnie.sake: sak.sepulchre: spulcre.slender: mince, svelte, maigre.sorrow: abattement, chagrin.victim: victime.virginia: virginie.warmth: chaleur.winged: ail, bless.


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Edgar Allan Poe 9

one of unremitting toil. No tales and poems were ever produced at a greater costof brain and spirit.%

Poes initial salary with the Southern Literary Messenger, to which hecontributed the first drafts of a number of his best-known tales, was $10 a week!Two years later his salary was but $600 a year. Even in 1844, when his literaryreputation was established securely, he wrote to a friend expressing his pleasurebecause a magazine to which he was to contribute had agreed to pay him $20monthly for two pages of criticism.

Those were discouraging times in American literature, but Poe never lostfaith. He was finally to triumph wherever pre-eminent talents win admirers. Hisgenius has had no better description than in this stanza from William Winterspoem, read at the dedication exercises of the Actors Monument to Poe, May 4,

1885, in New York:

He was the voice of beauty and of woe,Passion and mystery and the dread unknown;Pure as the mountains of perpetual snow,Cold as the icy winds that round them moan,Dark as the eaves wherein earths thunders groan,Wild as the tempests of the upper sky,

Sweet as the faint, far-off celestial tone of angel whispers, flutteringfrom on high,And tender as loves tear when youth and beauty die.

In the two and a half score years that have elapsed since Poes death he hascome fully into his own. For a while Griswolds malignant misrepresentationscolored the public estimate of Poe as man and as writer. But, thanks to J. H.Ingram, W. F. Gill, Eugene Didier, Sarah Helen Whitman and others thesescandals have been dispelled and Poe is seen as he actually was-not as a man

without failings, it is true, but as the finest and most original genius in Americanletters. As the years go on his fame increases. His works have been translated

Frenchangel: ange.celestial: cleste.colored: color.contributed: contribumes, contribuai,

contribua, contriburent, contribu,contribuas, contributes.

dedication: ddicace.discouraging: dcourageant.dispelled: dissip, dissipai, dissiptes,

dissiprent, dissipa, dissipmes,dissipas.

drafts: brouillons.

dread: crainte, redouter.eaves: gout.elapsed: pass.exercises: exerce.expressing: exprimant.faint: faible, s'vanouir, dfaillir.fame: renomme, gloire, rputation,

clbrit.fluttering: battement des gouvernes,

flottant.gill: branchie, oue, lamelle, gill.groan: gmir, gmissement, geindre.

icy: glac, glacial.malignant: malin.moan: gmir, gmissement, geindre.perpetual: perptuel.securely: solidement.tear: dchirer, larme, pleur, dchirure.tender: offre, tendre, adjudication,

doux, tender, annexe, offrir,prsenter, proposition, gentil, suave.

toil: travailler dur, labeur.unremitting: inlassable.woe: hlas, ae, malheur.


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into many foreign languages. His is a household name in France and England-infact, the latter nation has often uttered the reproach that Poes own country hasbeen slow to appreciate him. But that reproach, if it ever was warranted,certainly is untrue.%

W. H. R.

Frenchappreciate: apprcier, apprcie,

apprcies, apprciez, apprcions,apprcient, estimer, aimer, aime,aiment, aimes.

certainly: certainement, certes,assurment, srement, d'abord, si, demanire certaine, de faon certaine.

foreign: tranger, extrieur.household: mnage.latter: dernier.nation: nation, peuple.reproach: reproche, reprocher,

rprimander, gronder, sermonner,reprendre.

slow: lent, lentement, lourd, ralentir.warranted: garanti.


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Edgar Allan Poe 11

L I F E O F E D G A R A L L A N P O EB Y J A M E S R U S S E L L L O W E L L

The%situation of American literature is anomalous. It has no centre, or, if ithave, it is like that of the sphere of Hermes. It is, divided into many systems,each revolving round its several suns, and often presenting to the rest only thefaint glimmer of a milk-and-water way. Our capital city, unlike London or Paris,is not a great central heart from which life and vigor radiate to the extremities,but resembles more an isolated umbilicus stuck down as near as may be to thecentre of the land, and seeming rather to tell a legend of former usefulness thanto serve any present need. Boston, New York, Philadelphia, each has its

literature almost more distinct than those of the different dialects of Germany;and the Young Queen of the West has also one of her own, of which somearticulate rumor barely has reached us dwellers by the Atlantic.

Perhaps there is no task more difficult than the just criticism of contemporaryliterature. It is even more grateful to give praise where it is needed than where itis deserved, and friendship so often seduces the iron stylus of justice into avague flourish, that she writes what seems rather like an epitaph than acriticism. Yet if praise be given as an alms, we could not drop so poisonous a one

into any mans hat. The critics ink may suffer equally from too large an infusionof nutgalls or of sugar. But it is easier to be generous than to be just, and we

Frenchalms: aumne.anomalous: anormal, anomal.articulate: articuler, articul.boston: Boston.deserved: mrit, mritmes,

mritrent, mritai, mrita, mritas,mrittes.

dialects: dialectes.epitaph: pitaphe.extremities: extrmits.flourish: prosprer, prosprent,

prosprons, prospres, prosprez,

prospre.glimmer: luire, briller, faible lueur.infusion: infusion, perfusion, tisane,

injection.ink: encre, encrer.legend: lgende, marquage.poisonous: toxique, venimeux,

vnneux.presenting: prsentant.radiate: rayonner, rayonnent,

rayonnes, rayonnez, rayonnons,rayonne.

resembles: ressemble, rejoint.revolving: tournant.rumor: renomme, rputation,

rumeur.seduces: sduit, dvoie.seeming: semblant, paraissant.sphere: sphre.stylus: stylet.umbilicus: ombilic.usefulness: utilit.vague: vague, imprcis, flou.vigor: vigueur.


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might readily put faith in that fabulous direction to the hiding place of truth, didwe judge from the amount of water which we usually find mixed with it.%

Remarkable experiences are usually confined to the inner life of imaginativemen, but Mr. Poes biography displays a vicissitude and peculiarity of interestsuch as is rarely met with. The offspring of a romantic marriage, and left anorphan at an early age, he was adopted by Mr. Allan, a wealthy Virginian, whosebarren marriage-bed seemed the warranty of a large estate to the young poet.

Having received a classical education in England, he returned home andentered the University of Virginia, where, after an extravagant course, followedby reformation at the last extremity, he was graduated with the highest honorsof his class. Then came a boyish attempt to join the fortunes of the insurgentGreeks, which ended at St. Petersburg, where he got into difficulties through

want of a passport, from which he was rescued by the American consul and senthome. He now entered the military academy at West Point, from which heobtained a dismissal on hearing of the birth of a son to his adopted father, by asecond marriage, an event which cut off his expectations as an heir. The death ofMr. Allan, in whose will his name was not mentioned, soon after relieved him ofall doubt in this regard, and he committed himself at once to authorship for asupport. Previously to this, however, he had published (in 1827) a small volumeof poems, which soon ran through three editions, and excited high expectationsof its authors future distinction in the minds of many competentjudges.

That no certain augury can be drawn from a poets earliest lispings there areinstances enough to prove. Shakespeares first poems, though brimful of vigorand youth and picturesqueness, give but a very faint promise of the directness,condensation and overflowing moral of his maturer works. Perhaps, however,Shakespeare is hardly a case in point, his Venus and Adonis having beenpublished, we believe, in his twenty-sixth year. Miltons Latin verses showtenderness, a fine eye for nature, and a delicate appreciation of classic models,but give no hint of the author of a new style in poetry. Popes youthful pieces

have all the sing-song, wholly unrelieved by the glittering malignity andeloquent irreligion of his later productions. Collins callow namby-pamby died

Frenchaugury: augure.authorship: paternit.barren: strile, aride, infertile.biography: biographie.boyish: puril, de garon, enfantin.callow: inexpriment.competent: comptent, qualifi.condensation: condensation.consul: consul.directness: franchise.eloquent: loquent.extravagant: extravagant.

extremity: extrmit.fabulous: fabuleux.glittering: clat, scintillant.graduated: gradu.heir: hritier, lgataire.hiding: cachant, dissimulation,

masquant.honors: honore.imaginative: imaginatif.insurgent: insurg.irreligion: irrligion.malignity: malveillance.

offspring: descendant, descendance,progniture, successeur.

orphan: orphelin.overflowing: dbordant,

dbordement.passport: passeport.peculiarity: particularit, bizarrerie,

singularit.reformation: rforme.rescued: rescap.tenderness: tendresse, tendret.warranty: garantie.


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Edgar Allan Poe 13

and %gave no sign of the vigorous and original genius which he afterwarddisplayed. We have never thought that the world lost more in the marvellousboy, Chatterton, than a very ingenious imitator of obscure and antiquateddulness. Where he becomes original (as it is called), the interest of ingenuity

ceases and he becomes stupid. Kirke Whites promises were indorsed by therespectable name of Mr. Southey, but surely with no authority from Apollo. Theyhave the merit of a traditional piety, which to our mind, if uttered at all, hadbeen less objectionable in the retired closet of a diary, and in the sober raimentof prose. They do not clutch hold of the memory with the drowning pertinacityof Watts; neither have they the interest of his occasional simple, lucky beauty.Burns having fortunately been rescued by his humble station from thecontaminating society of the Best models, wrote well and naturally from thefirst. Had he been unfortunate enough to have had an educated taste, we shouldhave had a series of poems from which, as from his letters, we could sift hereand there a kernel from the mass of chaff. Coleridges youthful efforts give nopromise whatever of that poetical genius which produced at once the wildest,tenderest, most original and most purely imaginative poems of modem times.Byrons Hours of Idleness would never find a reader except from an intrepidand indefatigable curiosity. In Wordsworths first preludings there is but a dimforeboding of the creator of an era. From Southeys early poems, a safer augurymight have been drawn. They show the patient investigator, the close student of

history, and the unwearied explorer of the beauties of predecessors, but theygive no assurances of a man who should add aught to stock of household words,or to the rarer and more sacred delights of the fireside or the arbor. The earliestspecimens of Shelleys poetic mind already, also, give tokens of that etherealsublimation in which the spirit seems to soar above the regions of words, butleaves its body, the verse, to be entombed, without hope of resurrection, in amass of them. Cowley is generally instanced as a wonder of precocity. But hisearly insipidities show only a capacity for rhyming and for the metricalarrangement of certain conventional combinations of words, a capacity wholly

dependent on a delicate physical organization, and an unhappy memory. Anearly poem is only remarkable when it displays an effort of reason, and the rudest

Frenchantiquated: vieilli.arbor: tonnelle, arbre, axe.ceases: cesse.chaff: balle, menue paille, paillette.closet: armoire, placard.clutch: embrayage, saisir, agripper.contaminating: contaminant.drowning: noyant, noyade.ethereal: thr.explorer: explorateur.fireside: coin du feu.foreboding: pressentiment.

imitator: imitateur.indefatigable: infatigable.indorsed: approuvrent, approuvtes,

approuvas, approuvmes, approuva,approuvai, approuv.

ingenious: ingnieux.ingenuity: ingniosit.intrepid: audacieux, intrpide.investigator: investigateur, enquteur,

chercheur.kernel: noyau, amande, centre.metrical: mtrique.

modem: modem.objectionable: rprhensible.pertinacity: enttement.piety: pit.poetical: potique.precocity: prcocit.resurrection: rsurrection.sift: tamiser, tamises, tamisent,

tamisons, tamisez, tamise, cribler,crible, criblons, criblent, cribles.

soar: monter en flche.sublimation: sublimation.


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verses in which we can trace some conception of the ends of poetry, are worth allthe miracles of smooth juvenile versification. A school-boy, one would say,might acquire the regular see-saw of Pope merely by an association with themotion of the play-ground tilt.%

Mr. Poes early productions show that he could see through the verse to thespirit beneath, and that he already had a feeling that all the life and grace of theone must depend on and be modulated by the will of the other. We call them themost remarkable boyish poems that we have ever read. We know of none thatcan compare with them for maturity of purpose, and a nice understanding of theeffects of language and metre. Such pieces are only valuable when they displaywhat we can only express by the contradictory phrase of innate experience. Wecopy one of the shorter poems, written when the author was only fourteen. There

is a little dimness in the filling up, but the grace and symmetry of the outline aresuch as few poets ever attain. There is a smack of ambrosia about it.

TO HELEN

Helen, thy beauty is to meLike those Nicean barks of yore,That gently, oer a perfumed sea,The weary, way-worn wanderer boreTo his own native shore.

On desperate seas long wont to roam,Thy hyacinth hair, thy classic face,Thy Naiad airs have brought me homeTo the glory that was GreeceAnd the grandeur that was Rome.

Lo! in yon brilliant window-nicheHow statue-like I see thee stand!

Frenchambrosia: ambroisie.attain: atteindre, atteins, atteignent,

atteignons, atteignez, parvenir,acqurir, parviens, parvenez,parvenons, parviennent.

contradictory: contradictoire.dimness: obscurit.filling: remplissage, plombage,

chargement, remplissant, trame,masticage.

grandeur: noblesse, grandeur.hyacinth: jacinthe, hyacinthe.

innate: inn, naturel, congnital.juvenile: juvnile.maturity: maturit, chance.metre: mtre.modulated: modultes, modulas,

modulai, modulmes, modula,modulrent, modul.

native: autochtone, naturel, natif,aborigne, inn, indigne, natal.

perfumed: parfum.poets: potes.roam: errer, errez, errons, erres, erre,

errent, vaguer, rder, rdent, rdes,rdez.

smack: faire un bruit de succion, fairedu bruit avec les lvres.

symmetry: symtrie.thee: toi, te, vous.thy: ton.wanderer: vagabond.weary: las, fatigu.wont: coutume.yon: y, l.yore: jadis.


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Edgar Allan Poe 15

The agate lamp within thy hand,Ah! Psyche, from the regions whichAre Holy Land!

It is the tendency of the young poet that impresses us. Here is no witheringscorn, no heart blighted ere it has safely got into its teens, none of thedrawing-room sansculottism which Byron had brought into vogue. All is limpidand serene, with a pleasant dash of the Greek Helicon in it. The melody of thewhole, too, is remarkable. It is not of that kind which can be demonstratedarithmetically upon the tips of the fingers. It is of that finer sort which the innerear alone can estimate. It seems simple, like a Greek column, because of itsperfection. In a poem named Ligeia, under which title he intended to

personify the music of nature, our boy-poet gives us the following exquisitepicture:%

Ligeia! Ligeia!My beautiful one,Whose harshest ideaWill to melody run,Say, is it thy will,On the breezes to toss,Or, capriciously still,Like the lone albatross,Incumbent on night,As she on the air,To keep watch with delightOn the harmony there?

John Neal, himself a man of genius, and whose lyre has been too longcapriciously silent, appreciated the high merit of these and similar passages, and

drew a proud horoscope for their author.

Frenchagate: agate.albatross: albatros.appreciated: apprci, apprcites,

apprcias, apprcirent, apprcimes,apprciai, apprcia, aimrent, aim,aimtes, aimas.

arithmetically: de manire

arithmtique, de faon arithmtique.breezes: poussier de coke, brises.capriciously: de manire capricieuse,

de faon capricieuse.dash: tiret, trait.

ere: avant, avant que.exquisite: exquis.finer: affineur.harmony: harmonie.horoscope: horoscope.lamp: lampe, ampoule.limpid: limpide.lone: solitaire, seul.lyre: lyre.merit: mrite, mriter, gloire.passages: canalisation.perfection: perfection.

personify: personnifier, personnifies,personnifie, personnifient,personnifiez, personnifions, incarner.

poem: pome.poet: pote.psyche: psychisme, psych.safely: de manire sre, de faon sre.serene: serein, tranquille.teens: adolescence.tips: feuilles du sommet.toss: lancement, tirage au sort.vogue: vogue.


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Mr. %Poe had that indescribable something which men have agreed to callgenius. No man could ever tell us precisely what it is, and yet there is none whois not inevitably aware of its presence and its power. Let talent writhe andcontort itself as it may, it has no such magnetism. Larger of bone and sinew it

may be, but the wings are wanting. Talent sticks fast to earth, and its mostperfect works have still one- foot of clay. Genius claims kindred with the veryworkings of Nature herself, so that a sunset shall seem like a quotation fromDante, and if Shakespeare be read in the very presence of the sea itself, his versesshall but seem nobler for the sublime criticism of ocean. Talent may makefriends for itself, but only genius can give to its creations the divine power ofwinning love and veneration. Enthusiasm cannot cling to what itself isunenthusiastic, nor will he ever have disciples who has not himself impulsivezeal enough to be a disciple. Great wits are allied to madness only inasmuch asthey are possessed and carried away by their demon, While talent keeps him, asParacelsus did, securely prisoned in the pommel of his sword. To the eye ofgenius, the veil of the spiritual world is ever rent asunder that it may perceivethe ministers of good and evil who throng continually around it. No man ofmere talent ever flung his inkstand at the devil.

When we say that Mr. Poe had genius, we do not mean to say that he hasproduced evidence of the highest. But to say that he possesses it at all is to saythat he needs only zeal, industry, and a reverence for the trust reposed in him, to

achieve the proudest triumphs and the greenest laurels. If we may believe theLonginuses; and Aristotles of our newspapers, we have quite too many geniusesof the loftiest order to render a place among them at all desirable, whether for itshardness of attainment or its seclusion. The highest peak of our Parnassus is,according to these gentlemen, by far the most thickly settled portion of thecountry, a circumstance which must make it an uncomfortable residence forindividuals of a poetical temperament, if love of solitude be, as immemorialtradition asserts, a necessary part of their idiosyncrasy.

Mr. Poe has two of the prime qualities of genius, a faculty of vigorous yetminute analysis, and a wonderful fecundity of imagination. The first of these

Frenchaccording: selon.asserts: affirme.contort: tordre, tordent, tordez,

tordons, tords.creations: crations.disciple: disciple.disciples: adhrents, parti, suite.fecundity: fcondit, fertilit.geniuses: gnies.hardness: crudit, compacit,

difficult, duret d'un feuil, degr duvide.

idiosyncrasy: idiosyncrasie.immemorial: immmorial.impulsive: impulsif.indescribable: indescriptible.inkstand: encrier.kindred: parent.laurels: lauriers.loftiest: le plus haut.magnetism: magntisme.pommel: pommeau.reposed: repos.reverence: rvrence.

seclusion: solitude.sinew: tendon.solitude: solitude.sublime: sublimer.thickly: de manire paisse, de faon

paisse.throng: cohue, affluer, foule, se

presser, multitude.veil: voile, voiler.veneration: vnration.writhe: se dbattre, se dmener.zeal: zle, ferveur.


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Edgar Allan Poe 17

faculties is as needful to the artist in words, as a knowledge of anatomy is to theartist in colors or in stone. This enables him to conceive truly, to maintain aproper relation of parts, and to draw a correct outline, while the second groups,fills up and colors. Both of these Mr. Poe has displayed with singular

distinctness in his prose works, the last predominating in his earlier tales, andthe first in his later ones. In judging of the merit of an author, and assigning himhis niche among our household gods, we have a right to regard him from ourown point of view, and to measure him by our own standard. But, in estimatingthe amount of power displayed in his works, we must be governed by his owndesign, and placing them by the side of his own ideal, find how much is wanting.We differ from Mr. Poe in his opinions of the objects of art. He esteems thatobject to be the creation of Beauty, and perhaps it is only in the definition of thatword that we disagree with him. But in what we shall say of his writings, weshall take his own standard as our guide. The temple of the god of song isequally. accessible from every side, and there is room enough in it for all whobring offerings, or seek in oracle.%

In his tales, Mr. Poe has chosen to exhibit his power chiefly in that dim regionwhich stretches from the very utmost limits of the probable into the weirdconfines of superstition and unreality. He combines in a very remarkablemanner two faculties which are seldom found united; a power of influencing themind of the reader by the impalpable shadows of mystery, and a minuteness of

detail which does not leave a pin or a button unnoticed. Both are, in truth, thenatural results of the predominating quality of his mind, to which we havebefore alluded, analysis. It is this which distinguishes the artist. His mind atonce reaches forward to the effect to be produced. Having resolved to bringabout certain emotions in the reader, he makes all subordinate parts tend strictlyto the common centre. Even his mystery is mathematical to his own mind. Tohim X is a known quantity all along. In any picture that he paints he understandsthe chemical properties of all his colors. However vague some of his figures mayseem, however formless the shadows, to him the outline is as clear and distinctas that of a geometrical diagram. For this reason Mr. Poe has no sympathy withMysticism. The Mystic dwells in the mystery, is enveloped with it; it colors all

Frenchalluded: insinua, insinurent, insinu,

insinutes, insinuas, insinumes,insinuai.

anatomy: anatomie.assigning: assignant, attribuant,

adjugeant.colors: colore.combines: combine.conceive: concevoir, concevez,

conoivent, conois, concevons.confines: confins.distinctness: diffrenciation,

distinction, nettet.distinguishes: distingue, dgage.dwells: demeure, loge.enveloped: envelopp, enveloppmes,

enveloppai, envelopprent,enveloppa, enveloppas,envelopptes.

estimating: estimant, valuant, taxant.fills: bonde, remplit.formless: informe.geometrical: gomtrique.impalpable: impalpable.

influencing: influant.needful: ncessaire.niche: niche.paints: peintures.predominating: souverain,

prdominant.singular: singulier.stretches: tire.subordinate: subordonn, infrieur,

subalterne, subordonner.unnoticed: inaperu.unreality: irralit.


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his thoughts; it affects his optic nerve especially, and the commonest things get arainbow edging from it. Mr. Poe, on the other hand, is a spectator ab extra. Heanalyzes, he dissects, he watches

with an eye serene,The very pulse of the machine,

for such it practically is to him, with wheels and cogs and piston-rods, allworking to produce a certain end.%

This analyzing tendency of his mind balances the poetical, and by giving himthe patience to be minute, enables him to throw a wonderful reality into his mostunreal fancies. A monomania he paints with great power. He loves to dissect

one of these cancers of the mind, and to trace all the subtle ramifications of itsroots. In raising images of horror, also, he has strange success, conveying to ussometimes by a dusky hint some terrible doubt which is the secret of all horror.He leaves to imagination the task of finishing the picture, a task to which onlyshe is competent.

For much imaginary work was there;Conceit deceitful, so compact, so kind,

That for Achilles image stood his spearGrasped in an armed hand; himself behindWas left unseen, save to the eye of mind.

Besides the merit of conception, Mr. Poes writings have also that of form.

His style is highly finished, graceful and truly classical. It would be hard tofind a living author who had displayed such varied powers. As an example of hisstyle we would refer to one of his tales, The House of Usher, in the first

volume of his Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque. It has a singular charmfor us, and we think that no one could read it without being strongly moved byits serene and sombre beauty. Had its author written nothing else, it would alone

Frenchaffects: affecte, meut, influe.analyzes: analyse.balances: quilibre.compact: compact, compacter.conveying: transport, vhiculant,

acheminant, transmettant.deceitful: trompeur.dissect: sectionner, dissquer,

sectionne, sectionnons, sectionnez,sectionnent, sectionnes, dissquent,dissquons, dissquez, dissques.

dissects: sectionne, dissque.

dusky: crpusculaire, sombre.edging: lisire, bord, bordure,

bordage.finishing: terminant, finissant,

achevant, finition, finissage,achvement.

graceful: gracieux, lgant, mignon.imaginary: imaginaire.loves: amours, aime.monomania: monomanie.nerve: nerf.optic: optique.

patience: patience.practically: de faon pratique, de

manire pratique, pratiquement.pulse: pouls, impulsion, pulsation.rainbow: arc en ciel.sombre: sombre.spear: lance, javelot.spectator: spectateur.unreal: irrel.unseen: inaperu.watches: montres, guette.wheels: roues.


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Edgar Allan Poe 19

have been enough to stamp him as a man of genius, and the master of a classicstyle. In this tale occurs, perhaps, the most beautiful of his poems.%

The great masters of imagination have seldom resorted to the vague and theunreal as sources of effect. They have not used dread and horror alone, but onlyin combination with other qualities, as means of subjugating the fancies of theirreaders. The loftiest muse has ever a household and fireside charm about her.Mr. Poes secret lies mainly in the skill with which he has employed the strangefascination of mystery and terror. In this his success is so great and striking as todeserve the name of art, not artifice. We cannot call his materials the noblest orpurest, but we must concede to him the highest merit of construction.

As a critic, Mr. Poe was aesthetically deficient. Unerring in his analysis ofdictions, metres and plots, he seemed wanting in the faculty of perceiving the

profounder ethics of art. His criticisms are, however, distinguished for scientificprecision and coherence of logic. They have the exactness, and at the same time,the coldness of mathematical demonstrations. Yet they stand in strikinglyrefreshing contrast with the vague generalisms and sharp personalities of theday. If deficient in warmth, they are also without the heat of partisanship. Theyare especially valuable as illustrating the great truth, too generally overlooked,that analytic power is a subordinate quality of the critic.

On the whole, it may be considered certain that Mr. Poe has attained an

individual eminence in our literature which he will keep. He has given proof ofpower and originality. He has done that which could only be done once withsuccess or safety, and the imitation or repetition of which would produceweariness.

Frenchaesthetically: de manire esthtique,

de faon esthtique.analytic: analytique.artifice: artifice.attained: atteint, atteigntes,

atteignmes, atteignis, atteignit,atteignirent, parvnmes, parvins,

parvenu, parvint, parvinrent.coherence: cohrence.coldness: froideur, froid.concede: concder, concdent,

concde, concdons, concdez,

concdes.deficient: dficient, insuffisant.eminence: minence.ethics: thique.exactness: exactitude.fascination: fascination.illustrating: illustrant.imitation: imitation.mathematical: mathmatique.muse: muse.originality: originalit.overlooked: nglig.

partisanship: partialit, partisanerie.perceiving: apercevant, percevant,

discernant.precision: prcision, exactitude.refreshing: rafrachissant, actualisant.repetition: rptition.resorted: recouru.strikingly: de manire frappante, de

faon frappante.subjugating: soumettant.unerring: infaillible, sr.weariness: lassitude, fatigue.


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D E A T H O F E D G A R A . P O EB Y N . P . W I L L I S

The%ancient fable of two antagonistic spirits imprisoned in one body,equally powerful and having the complete mastery by turns-of one man, that isto say, inhabited by both a devil and an angel seems to have been realized, if allwe hear is true, in the character of the extraordinary man whose name we havewritten above. Our own impression of the nature of Edgar A. Poe, differs insome important degree, however, from that which has been generally conveyedin the notices of his death. Let us, before telling what we personally know of him,copy a graphic and highly finished portraiture, from the pen of Dr. Rufus W.

Griswold, which appeared in a recent number of the Tribune:Edgar Allen Poe is dead. He died in Baltimore on Sunday, October 7th. This

announcement will startle many, but few will be grieved by it. The poet wasknown, personally or by reputation, in all this country; he had readers inEngland and in several of the states of Continental Europe; but he had few or nofriends; and the regrets for his death will be suggested principally by theconsideration that in him literary art has lost one of its most brilliant but erraticstars.

His conversation was at times almost supramortal in its eloquence. Hisvoice was modulated with astonishing skill, and his large and variably

Frenchantagonistic: antagoniste.art: art.astonishing: tonnant.consideration: considration.conversation: conversation.dead: mort.degree: degr, grade, titre, intitul,

diplme, rang.devil: diable.differs: diffre.eloquence: loquence.erratic: erratique, irrgulier.

fable: fable.friends: amis.graphic: graphique.grieved: affligeas, affligetes, afflig,

affligea, affligrent, affligemes,affligeai, chagrinas, chagrintes,chagrin, chagrina.

inhabited: habitas, habittes, habit,habitai, habitrent, habita, habitmes.

literary: littraire.mastery: matrise, prminence.pen: plume, stylo, enclos.

powerful: puissant.regrets: regrette.reputation: rputation.skill: habilet, comptence, adresse.spirits: spiritueux.stars: toiles.startle: effaroucher, alarmer,

effarouchez, surprenons,surprennent, surprenez,effarouchons, effarouches, alarme,effarouche, alarmons.

written: crit.


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Edgar Allan Poe 21

expressive eyes looked repose or shot fiery tumult into theirs who listened,while his own face glowed, or was changeless in pallor, as his imaginationquickened his blood or drew it back frozen to his heart. His imagery was fromthe worlds which no mortals can see but with the vision of genius. Suddenly

starting from a proposition, exactly and sharply defined, in terms of utmostsimplicity and clearness, he rejected the forms of customary logic, and by acrystalline process of accretion, built up his ocular demonstrations in forms ofgloomiest and ghastliest grandeur, or in those of the most airy and deliciousbeauty, so minutely and distinctly, yet so rapidly, that the attention which wasyielded to him was chained till it stood among his wonderful creations, till hehimself dissolved the spell, and brought his hearers back to common and baseexistence, by vulgar fancies or exhibitions of the ignoblest passion.%

He was at all times a dreamer-dwelling in ideal realms-in heaven or hell-peopled with the creatures and the accidents of his brain. He walked-the streets,in madness or melancholy, with lips moving in indistinct curses, or with eyesupturned in passionate prayer (never for himself, for he felt, or professed to feel,that he was already damned, but) for their happiness who at the moment wereobjects of his idolatry; or with his glances introverted to a heart gnawed withanguish, and with a face shrouded in gloom, he would brave the wildest storms,and all night, with drenched garments and arms beating the winds and rains,would speak as if the spirits that at such times only could be evoked by him from

the Aidenn, close by whose portals his disturbed soul sought to forget the ills towhich his constitution subjected him---close by the Aidenn where were those heloved-the Aidenn which he might never see, but in fitful glimpses, as its gatesopened to receive the less fiery and more happy natures whose destiny to sin didnot involve the doom of death.

He seemed, except when some fitful pursuit subjugated his will andengrossed his faculties, always to bear the memory of some controlling sorrow.The remarkable poem of The Raven was probably much more nearly than has

been supposed, even by those who were very intimate with him, a reflection andan echo of his own history. Hewas that birds

Frenchaccretion: accroissement, accrtion,

augmentation, croissance,dveloppement.

chained: enchan.clearness: clart, limpidit, nettet.drenched: tremp.engrossed: grossoyrent, grossoyai,

grossoymes, grossoyas, grossoytes,grossoy, grossoya.

fitful: irrgulier.ghastliest: le plus horrible.glimpses: entrevoit.

gloomiest: le plus sombre.gnawed: rongeas, rongetes,

rongrent, rongea, rongeai,rongemes, rong.

idolatry: idoltrie.indistinct: confus, touffu, trouble,

indistinct.introverted: introverti.minutely: minutieusement.ocular: oculaire.pallor: pleur.professed: confessrent, confess,

confesstes, confessas, confessmes,confessa, confessai, professtes,professas, professa, professai.

quickened: acclrmes, httes,htas, hta, htmes, htrent, htai,acclr, acclras, acclrai, acclra.

repose: repos, se reposer, trve.shrouded: envelopp.subjugated: soummes, soumirent,

soumis, soumit, soumtes.tumult: barouf, baroufle, bagarre,

tumulte.


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Unhappy master whom unmerciful DisasterFollowed fast and followed faster till his songs one burden boreTill the dirges of his Hope that melancholy burden bore

Of Never-never more.%Every genuine author in a greater or less degree leaves in his works,

whatever their design, traces of his personal character: elements of his immortalbeing, in which the individual survives the person. While we read the pages ofthe Fall of the House of Usher, or of Mesmeric Revelations, we see in thesolemn and stately gloom which invests one, and in the subtle metaphysicalanalysis of both, indications of the idiosyncrasies of what was most remarkableand peculiar in the authors intellectual nature. But we see here only the betterphases of his nature, only the symbols of his juster action, for his harshexperience had deprived him of all faith in man or woman. He had made up hismind upon the numberless complexities of the social world, and the wholesystem with him was an imposture. This conviction gave a direction to hisshrewd and naturally unamiable character. Still, though he regarded society ascomposed altogether of villains, the sharpness of his intellect was not of thatkind which enabled him to cope with villany, while it continually caused him byovershots to fail of the success of honesty. He was in many respects like FrancisVivian in Bulwers novel of The Caxtons. Passion, in him, comprehended -

many of the worst emotions which militate against human happiness. You couldnot contradict him, but you raised quick choler; you could not speak of wealth,but his cheek paled with gnawing envy. The astonishing natural advantages ofthis poor boy--his beauty, his readiness, the daring spirit that breathed aroundhim like a fiery atmosphere--had raised his constitutional self-confidence into anarrogance that turned his very claims to admiration into prejudices against him.Irascible, envious--bad enough, but not the worst, for these salient angles wereall varnished over with a cold, repellant cynicism, his passions ventedthemselves in sneers. There seemed to him no moral susceptibility; and, what

was more remarkable in a proud nature, little or nothing of the true point ofhonor. He had, to a morbid excess, that, desire to rise which is vulgarly called

Frencharrogance: arrogance.comprehended: compris, comprmes,

comprirent, comprit, comprtes.contradict: contredire, contredisons,

contredisent, contredis, contredisez,dmentir.

cynicism: cynisme.daring: audace, audacieux, hardi,

osant, aventurant.fiery: ardent, fougueux.gnawing: rongeant.honor: honneur, honorer.

immortal: immortel, immortelle.intellect: intellect, intelligence.invests: investit.irascible: irascible.metaphysical: mtaphysique.militate: militer.morbid: morbide.numberless: innombrable.passions: passions.readiness: disponibilit,

empressement.salient: saillant.

sharpness: acuit, nettet, finesse.shrewd: sagace, avis, perspicace.solemn: solennel.stately: imposant.survives: survit.susceptibility: susceptibilit,

recevabilit, prdisposition,

sensibilit.varnished: verni.vented: trou de fuite.vulgarly: de manire vulgaire,

vulgairement, de faon vulgaire.


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Edgar Allan Poe 23

ambition, but no wish for the esteem or the love of his species; only the hardwish to succeed-not shine, not serve -succeed, that he might have the right todespise a world which galled his self-conceit.%

We have suggested the influence of his aims and vicissitudes upon hisliterature. It was more conspicuous in his later than in his earlier writings. Nearlyall that he wrote in the last two or three years-including much of his best poetry-was in some sense biographical; in draperies of his imagination, those who hadtaken the trouble to trace his steps, could perceive, but slightly concealed, thefigure of himself.

Apropos of the disparaging portion of the above well-written sketch, let ustruthfully say:

Some four or five years since, when editing a daily paper in this city, Mr. Poe

was employed by us, for several months, as critic and sub-editor. This was ourfirst personal acquaintance with him. He resided with his wife and mother atFordham, a few miles out of town, but was at his desk in the office, from nine inthe morning till the evening paper went to press. With the highest admiration forhis genius, and a willingness to let it atone for more than ordinary irregularity,we were led by common report to expect a very capricious attention to his duties,and occasionally a scene of violence and difficulty. Time went on, however, andhe was invariably punctual and industrious. With his pale, beautiful, and

intellectual face, as a reminder of what genius was in him, it was impossible, ofcourse, not to treat him always with deferential courtesy, and, to our occasionalrequest that he would not probe too deep in a criticism, or that he would erase apassage colored too highly with his resentments against society and mankind, hereadily and courteously assented-far more yielding than most men, we thought,on points so excusably sensitive. With a prospect of taking the lead in anotherperiodical, he, at last, voluntarily gave up his employment with us, and, throughall this considerable period, we had seen but one presentment of the man-a quiet,patient, industrious, and most gentlemanly person, commanding the utmost

respect and good feeling by his unvarying deportment and ability.

Frenchacquaintance: connaissance, relation,

personne de connaissance, abord.atone: expier, expie, expies, expient,

expiez, expions.biographical: biographique.commanding: commandant,

dominant, ordonner.courteously: courtoisement, de

manire courtoise, de faon courtoise.deferential: dfrent, respectueux.deportment: procd.despise: mpriser, mprise, mprises,

mprisez, mprisons, mprisent,ddaigner, ddaignent, ddaignez,ddaignons, ddaignes.

disparaging: dnigrant.editing: dition, ditant, montage,

rdigeant.erase: effacer, effaons, effacez,

effacent, effaces, efface, gommer,effacement, gomme, gomment,gommes.

esteem: estime, estimer, considrer,apprcier.

excusably: de manire pardonnable,de faon pardonnable.

resided: rsidrent, rsida, rsidai,rsidmes, rsidas, rsidtes, rsid.

shine: briller, luire, tre lumineux,clat, lustre, reluire.

truthfully: de manire vridique,

vridiquement, de faon vridique.unvarying: invariable.voluntarily: de manire volontaire,

volontairement, de faon volontaire.yielding: cdant.


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Residing as he did in the country, we never met Mr. Poe in hours of leisure;but he frequently called on us afterward at our place of business, and we methim often in the street-invariably the same sad mannered, winning and refinedgentleman , such as we had always known him. It was by rumor only, up to the

day of his death, that we knew of any other development of manner or character.We heard, from one who knew him well (what should be stated in all mention ofhis lamentable irregularities), that, with a single glass of wine, his whole naturewas reversed, the demon became uppermost, and, though none of the usualsigns of intoxication were visible, his will was palpably insane. Possessing hisreasoning faculties in excited activity, at such times, and seeking hisacquaintances with his wonted look and memory, he easily seemed personatingonly another phase of his natural character, and was accused, accordingly, ofinsulting arrogance and bad-heartedness. In this reversed character, we repeat, itwas never our chance to see him. We know it from hearsay, and we mention it inconnection with this sad infirmity of physical constitution; which puts it uponvery nearly the ground of a temporary and almost irresponsible insanity.%

The arrogance, vanity, and depravity of heart, of which Mr. Poe wasgenerally accused, seem to us referable altogether to this reversed phase of hischaracter. Under that degree of intoxication which only acted upon him bydemonizing his sense of truth and right, he doubtless said and did much thatwas wholly irreconcilable with his better nature; but, when himself, and as we

knew him only, his modesty and unaffected humility, as to his own deservings,were a constant charm to his character. His letters, of which the constantapplication for autographs has taken from us, we are sorry to confess, the greaterportion, exhibited this quality very strongly. In one of the carelessly writtennotes of which we chance still to retain possession, for instance, he speaks ofThe Raven--that extraordinary poem which electrified the world ofimaginative readers, and has become the type of a school of poetry of its own-and, in evident earnest, attributes its success to the few words of commendationwith which we had prefaced it in this paper. -It will throw light on his sanecharacter to give a literal copy of the note:

Frenchacquaintances: connaissances.attributes: attribue.carelessly: de manire ngligente, de

faon ngligente, ngligemment.commendation: louange,

recommandation.confess: confesser, avouer, confessent,

confessons, confessez, confesses,confesse, avouent, avouons, avoues,avoue.

depravity: dpravation.doubtless: sans aucun doute.

earnest: srieux.electrified: lectris, lectrisa,

lectrisrent, lectrismes, lectrisai,lectristes, lectrisas.

hearsay: renomme, rputation,rumeur.

humility: humilit, modestie.infirmity: infirmit.insulting: insultant.irreconcilable: irrconciliable,

inconciliable.irresponsible: irresponsable.

literal: littral, libell.mannered: manir.modesty: modestie, pudeur.possessing: possdant.reasoning: raisonnement.refined: raffintes, raffinas, raffinai,

raffinrent, raffinmes, raffina,

raffin, dlicat, tendre, affin, pura.sane: raisonnable.unaffected: naturel, simple.vanity: vanit, futilit.wonted: habituel, accoutum.


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Edgar Allan Poe 25

FORDHAM, April 20, 1849

My DEAR WILLISThe poem which I inclose, and which I am so vain as to hope you

will like, in some respects, has been just published in a paper for whichsheer necessity compels me to write, now and then. It pays well as timesgo-but unquestionably it ought to pay ten prices; for whatever I send it Ifeel I am consigning to the tomb of the Capulets. The versesaccompanying this, may I beg you to take out of the tomb, and bringthem to light in the Home journal? If you can oblige me so far as tocopy them, I do not think it will be necessary to say From the -, thatwould be too bad; and, perhaps, From a late ---- paper, would do.%

I have not forgotten how a good word in season from you madeThe Raven, and made Ulalume (which by-the-way, people have doneme the honor of attributing to you), therefore, I would ask you (if Idared) to say something of these lines if they please you.

Truly yours ever,EDGAR A. POE

In double proof of his earnest disposition to do the best for himself, and ofthe trustful and grateful nature which has been denied him, we give another of

the only three of his notes which we chance to retain :

FORDHAM, January 22, 1848.My DEAR MR. WILLIS

I am about to make an effort at re-establishing myself in the literaryworld, and feel that I may depend upon your aid.

My general aim is to start a Magazine, to be called The Stylus, butit would be useless to me, even when established, if not entirely out of

the control of a publisher. I mean, therefore, to get up a journal whichshall be my own at all points. With this end in view, I must get a list of at

Frenchaccompanying: accompagnant.attributing: attribuant.beg: mendier, mendions, mendiez,

mendies, mendie, mendient,demander, prier, qumander,implorer, supplier.

compels: oblige.consigning: consignant.dared: os, osa, osai, osrent, ostes,

osmes, osas, aventurrent,aventurtes, aventura, aventuras.

disposition: disposition, don,

dispositif, aptitude, talent.journal: journal, tourillon, quotidien,

revue, journal de bord, livre journal,porte d'arbre, magazine.

necessity: ncessit, besoin.oblige: obliger, oblige, obliges,

obligez, obligent, obligeons.pays: paie, paye.proof: preuve, preuve, tmoignage,

dmonstration.publisher: diteur.respects: respecte.

retain: retenir, retiennent, retenez,retenons, retiens, rprimer.

sheer: coup de barre, pic, absolu,abrupt, accore, tonture, transparent,tissu transparent, faire une embarde,faire des embardes, embarde.

tomb: tombe, tombeau.trustful: confiant.unquestionably: de manire

incontestable, de faon incontestable.useless: inutile, vain, abortif.vain: vain, vaniteux, abortif, frivole.


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least%five hundred subscribers to begin with; nearly two hundred I havealready. I propose, however, to go South and West, among my personaland literary friends--old college and West Point acquaintances -and seewhat I can do. In order to get the means of taking the first step, I propose

to lecture at the Society Library, on Thursday, the 3d of February, and,that there may be no cause of squabbling, my subject shall not be literaryat all. I have chosen a broad text: The Universe.

Having thus given you the factsof the case, I leave all the rest to thesuggestions of your own tact and generosity. Gratefully, most gratefully,

Your friend always,EDGAR A. POE

Brief and chance-taken as these letters are, we think they sufficiently provethe existence of the very qualities denied to Mr. Poe-humility, willingness topersevere, belief in anothers friendship, and capability of cordial and gratefulfriendship! Such he assuredly was when sane. Such only he has invariablyseemed to us, in all we have happened personally to know of him, through afriendship of five or six years. And so much easier is it to believe what we haveseen and known, than what we hear of only, that we remember him but withadmiration and respect; these descriptions of him, when morally insane, seemingto us like portraits, painted in sickness, of a man we have only known in health.

But there is another, more touching, and far more forcible evidence thatthere wasgoodnessin Edgar A. Poe. To reveal it we are obliged to venture uponthe lifting of the veil which sacredly covers grief and refinement in poverty; butwe think it may be excused, if so we can brighten the memory of the poet, evenwere there not a more needed and immediate service which it may render to thenearest link broken by his death.

Our first knowledge of Mr. Poes removal to this city was by a call which wereceived from a lady who introduced herself to us as the mother of his wife. She

was in search of employment for him, and she excused her errand bymentioning that he was ill, that her daughter was a confirmed invalid, and that

Frenchassuredly: assurment, de manire

assure, de faon assure.brighten: claircir, s'claircir.capability: capacit, aptitude.cordial: cordial.errand: commission, message, course.excused: excus.forcible: de force.generosity: gnrosit, largesse.goodness: bont.gratefully: avec reconnaissance, de

manire reconnaissante, de faon

reconnaissante.grief: peine, chagrin, dsolation,

abattement, douleur.invalid: invalide, non valide, non

valable, prim.lifting: levage.mentioning: mentionnant.morally: moralement, de manire

morale, de faon morale.obliged: obligetes, obligeas, obligea,

obligemes, obligrent, obligeai,oblig.

persevere: persvrer, persvres,persvrent, persvre, persvrons,persvrez, persister.

refinement: raffinement, dlicatesse,affinement, affinage.

render: rendre.sacredly: de manire sacre, de faon

sacre.sickness: maladie.tact: tact, mesure.touching: attendrissant, mouvant,

touchant.


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Edgar Allan Poe 27

their circumstances %were such as compelled her taking it upon herself. Thecountenance of this lady, made beautiful and saintly with an evidently completegiving up of her life to privation and sorrowful tenderness, her gentle andmournful voice urging its plea, her long-forgotten but habitually and

unconsciously refined manners, and her appealing and yet appreciative mentionof the claims and abilities of her son, disclosed at once the presence of one ofthose angels upon earth that women in adversity can be. It was a hard fate thatshe was watching over. Mr. Poe wrote with fastidious difficulty, and in a styletoo much above the popular level to be well paid. He was always in pecuniarydifficulty, and, with his sick wife, frequently in want of the merest necessaries oflife. Winter after winter, for years, the most touching sight to us, in this wholecity, has been that tireless minister to genius, thinly and insufficiently clad,going from office to office with a poem, or an article on some literary subject, tosell, sometimes simply pleading in a broken voice that he was ill, and beggingfor him, mentioning nothing but that he was ill, whatever might be the reasonfor his writing nothing, and never, amid all her tears and recitals of distress,suffering one syllable to escape her lips that could convey a doubt of him, or acomplaint, or a lessening of pride in his genius and good intentions. Herdaughter died a year and a half since, but she did not desert him. She continuedhis ministering angel--living with him, caring for him, guarding him againstexposure, and when he was carried away by temptation, amid grief and the

loneliness of feelings unreplied to, and awoke from his self abandonmentprostrated in destitution and suffering, beggingfor him still. If womans devotion,born with a first love, and fed with human passion, hallow its object, as it isallowed to do, what does not a devotion like this-pure, disinterested and holy asthe watch of an invisible spirit-say for him who inspired it?

We have a letter before us, written by this lady, Mrs. Clemm, on the morningin which she heard of the death of this object of her untiring care. It is merely arequest that we would call upon her, but we will copy a few of its words--sacredas its privacy is--to warrant the truth of the picture we have drawn above, andadd force to the appeal we wish to make for her:

Frenchabandonment: abandon, dlaissement,

abdication, abandonnement.adversity: adversit, abaissement.appreciative: reconnaissant.begging: mendiant, mendicit.clad: cladd, vtu, chemisage, gaine,

revtu.countenance: encourager.disinterested: dsintress.fastidious: difficile.guarding: garde.habitually: de manire habituelle, de

faon habituelle, habituellement.hallow: sanctifier.insufficiently: de manire

insuffisante, de faon insuffisante.lessening: diminuant, amoindrissant.loneliness: solitude.mournful: sombre, morne, triste,

mlancolique.necessaries: articles d'usage.pecuniary: pcuniaire, financier.pleading: plaidant, plaidoirie.privation: privation.

recitals: expos des motifs.saintly: de saint, saint.sorrowful: afflig, triste.syllable: syllabe.thinly: de faon mince, de manire

mince.tireless: infatigable.unconsciously: de manire

inconsciente, de faon inconsciente,inconsciemment.

untiring: inlassable.urging: exhortant.


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I%have this morning heard of the death of my darling Eddie... Can you giveme any circumstances or particulars?... Oh! do not desert your poor friend in hisbitter affliction!... Ask -Mr. -- to come, as I must deliver a message to him frommy poor Eddie... I need not ask you to notice his death and to speak well of him.

I know you will. But say what an affectionate son he was to me, his poordesolate mother

To hedge round a grave with respect, what choice is there, between therelinquished wealth and honors of the world, and the story of such a womansunrewarded devotion! Risking what we do, in delicacy, by making it public, wefeel--other reasons aside--that it betters the world to make known that there aresuch ministrations to its erring and gifted. What we have said will speak to somehearts. There are those who will be glad to know how the lamp, whose light of

poetry has beamed on their far-away recognition, was watched over with careand pain, that they may send to her, who is more darkened than they by itsextinction, some token of their sympathy. She is destitute and alone. If any, faror near, will send to us what may aid and cheer her through the remainder ofher life, we willjoyfully place it in her bands.

Frenchaffectionate: affectueux, tendre,

dvou, attach, amoureux.bands: bandes.beamed: rayonn.bitter: amer, cre, acerbe.cheer: acclamation, acclamer,

applaudir.darkened: fonc, fonas, foncrent,

fontes, fona, fonai, fonmes,assombrmes, assombri,assombrirent, assombris.

darling: chri.

deliver: livrer, livre, livrons, livrez,livrent, livres, fournir, dlivrer.

desert: dsert, abandonner, dlaisser,quitter, dserter, livrer.

desolate: dsol, sombre, morne.destitute: dpourvu, indigent.erring: errant.extinction: extinction.gifted: dou, surdou.grave: tombe, grave, srieux.hearts: coeurs.hedge: haie, couverture, haie vive.

joyfully: de manire joyeuse, de faonjoyeuse.

poetry: posie.relinquished: abandonn,

abandonnas, abandonnmes,abandonnrent, abandonna,abandonntes, abandonnai.

remainder: reste, dbris, reliquat.risking: risquant.sympathy: sympathie, compassion.token: jeton, signe, tmoignage, signal,

marque, preuve, gage.


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Edgar Allan Poe 29

T H E U N P A R A LL E L E D A D V E N T U R ES O F O N EH A N S P F A A L

By%late accounts from Rotterdam, that city seems to be in a high state ofphilosophical excitement. Indeed, phenomena have there occurred of a nature socompletely unexpected -- so entirely novel -- so utterly at variance withpreconceived opinions -- as to leave no doubt on my mind that long ere this allEurope is in an uproar, all physics in a ferment, all reason and astronomytogether by the ears.

It appears that on the -- -- day of -- -- (I am not positive about the date), a vastcrowd of people, for purposes not specifically mentioned, were assembled in the

great square of the Exchange in the well-conditioned city of Rotterdam. The daywas warm -- unusually so for the season -- there was hardly a breath of airstirring; and the multitude were in no bad humor at being now and thenbesprinkled with friendly showers of momentary duration, that fell from largewhite masses of cloud which chequered in a fitful manner the blue vault of thefirmament. Nevertheless, about noon, a slight but remarkable agitation becameapparent in the assembly: the clattering of ten thousand tongues succeeded; and,in an instant afterward, ten thousand faces were upturned toward the heavens,

ten thousand pipes descended simultaneously from the corners of ten thousandmouths, and a shout, which could be compared to nothing but the roaring of

Frenchagitation: agitation, bagarre, barouf,

baroufle, brassage.assembled: montmes, montas,

monttes, montrent, assemblas,assembltes, monta, montai, mont,assembl, assembla.

astronomy: astronomie.chequered: carreaux.corners: accule.descended: descendu, descendirent,

descendmes, descendtes, descendis,descendit.

ferment: fermenter, ferment.firmament: firmament.heavens: cieux.humor: humour, humeur.instant: instant, moment.momentary: momentan.mouths: bouches.multitude: multitude, amas, foule, tas,

masse.noon: midi.philosophical: philosophique.pipes: tuyaux.

preconceived: prconu.roaring: rugissant.shout: crier, cri, pousser des cris.showers: douc

Documents

Edgar Allan Poe-Collected Works of Poe, Volume I (Webster's French Thesaurus Edition) (2006).pdf