Edexcel GCSE History B - Schools History Project Revision Guide Sample

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Had a look Nearly there Nailed it!Had a look Nearly there Nailed it!

61

Cowboys

The AmericanWest

You need to know about the fi rst cowboys, how they lived, and how their role changed.

The changing role of the cowboy between 1865 and 1895

Who were they?Cowboys were mostly young, single men. There were black American, Indian, Spanish and Mexican cowboys as well as white Americans. Many were former soldiers or drifters and some were criminals on the run.

STETSON HAT: protects cowboy from sun, rain and cold

SPURS: worn by cowboys at all times

LARIAT or LASSO: for catching cattle

HIGH-HEELED BOOTS: prevents feet slipping through stirrups

SADDLE: a cowboy’s most important possession

CHAPS: protects legs from vegetation, the weather and falls

BANDANA: pulled up over nose and mouth to protect cowboy from the dust when driving cattle

What were they like?Cowboys were tough, hard-working, hard-drinking men. On a long trail they were in the saddle for between 12 and 24 hours a day in all weathers. Although there were other cowboys on a drive they could be miles apart so it was a lonely life as well.

Jot down three differences between the role of cowboys on trails and the role of cowboys on ranches. Identify a key word to help you remember each difference.

What did cowboys wear?

Cowboys on trails

Seasonal work – hired for the spring round up of cattle and paid off in the autumn.

Work involved rounding up, branding and driving the cattle for hundreds of miles. They started fast and then slowed to around 20 km a day for grazing.

Cowboys had to work in all weathers and the Long Drive was especially dangerous (see page 59).

They slept in the open air and cooked on camp �res.

When not working, most cowboys spent their time in cow towns in saloons and brothels.

Cowboys on ranches

Full-time, year round jobs with one ranch owner.

Work still involved rounding up, branding cattle and driving them to market but over much smaller distances.

Dangers were far fewer although there was still the risk of wild animals and Indian attacks.

They slept in bunkhouses and a cook prepared food.

Drinking and gambling were often banned on ranches as were carrying guns and knives.

DRAFT - SUBJECT TO REVIEW

Revise_History SHP_REV_sample pages.indd 61 17/04/2012 15:41

Edexcel GCSE History B - Schools History Project Revision Guide Sample

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Edexcel GCSE History B - Schools History Project Revision Workbook Sample

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16 17

Activity

Now let’s look at another question:

Why were Florey and Chain able to mass produce penicillin by 1944? (12 marks)

• The word ‘Why’ reminds you to focus on reasons why they managed to do it, not a description of what they did.

• The date helps you to think about what details are relevant.

• The details you need to use should be about Florey and Chain and mass production of penicillin (not an explanation of why Fleming didn’t mass produce penicillin).

A good answer is planned around the reasons.

3. Match up each reason below with the detail relevant to it. An answer based on this plan should then achieve Level 3.

1 2 3 4

Reason Detail

1. Florey and Chain knew that penicillin was an antibiotic.

A. The government was willing to fund mass production of penicillin as they knew it would save soldiers’ lives.

2. Florey and Chain set up a team of specialists.

B. They had read the article by Fleming about his investigation into penicillin.

3. They asked the American government for help.

C. Scientists at the Pfizer chemical company in New York found that freeze-drying the mould was the best way to purify it.

4. They got help in finding the most effective technology to mass produce penicillin.

D. The specialists could approach problems from different angles and share their ideas.

1A Medicine and treatment

Unit 1 is a Development Study. Questions on causation in this unit ask why change happened but also why change didn’t happen (why there was continuity) or why it took so long for the situation to change. For example:

Why did it take so long for penicillin to be produced on a large scale? (12 marks)

The following information may help you with your answer:

Alexander Fleming investigated penicillin bacteria in 1928 when it affected a mould he was growing as part of an experiment. He published his findings in an article in 1929.

Activity

1. Read Answer A below. Underline any reasons that you can find in it which explain why it took so long for penicillin to be produced on a large scale. Then check your answer with the markscheme on page 15.

Answer A

Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin when he came back from holiday and found that a mould he had been growing in a petri dish was being killed off by a new bacteria growing there. He investigated and found that the new bacteria, penicillin, could kill other bacteria. It was an antibiotic which could be used to fight infection. He found that it was killed by stomach acid but he thought it could be used on the skin. However, it was difficult to produce in large quantities so he published his findings in a medical journal and went back to his original research. Later on, Florey and Chain decided to investigate penicillin and developed ways to mass produce it but they needed to get funding. The US government were willing to fund it during the Second World War because they knew more soldiers die from infection than from their actual wounds, so penicillin would keep their soldiers alive.

Read the following Examiner’s comments.

Although this answer includes all the right information, the only reason it specifically identifies why penicillin took so long to be developed is that Fleming found it difficult to produce in large quantities.

To get a Level 3 mark, Answer A would need to identify and explain the reasons why penicillin wasn’t mass produced. Answer B below identifies three of these reasons.

2. Use the information in Answer A to complete these sentences.

Fleming discovered penicillin by chance but it was not part of his research work. Therefore, after he investigated it, he …

Another reason why Fleming did not continue working on penicillin after 1928 was because he did not think it was a major breakthrough in medicine. He thought it could only be used to fight infection on the skin because …

It also needed technology and funding to mass produce penicillin but Fleming didn’t have this and Florey and Chain only managed to get funding in 1940 because …

Edexcel GCSE History B - Schools History Project Revision Workbook Sample

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