Mark Scheme Summer 2009

GCE

GCE Biology (8040/9040 & 8042/9042)

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ii 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

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Summer 2009

Publications Code UA021146

All the material in this publication is copyright © Edexcel Ltd 2009

iii 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Contents

General Introduction iv

Unit Codes and Unit Titles v

General Information vi

Mark Schemes

Unit 1 6101 Molecules and cells 1

Unit 2B

Unit 2H

6102

6112

Exchange, transport and reproduction

Exchange, transport and reproduction in humans

12

21

Unit 3 6103/02*

6103/03

Written alternative to coursework*

Energy and the environment

31

35

Unit 4 Core material

Option A

Option B

Option C

Respiration and coordination

Microbiology and biotechnology

Food science

Human health and fitness

40

47

52

58

Unit 5B

Unit 5H

6105

6115

Genetics, evolution and biodiversity

Genetics, human evolution and biodiversity

63

75

Unit 6 6106/02

6106/03

Written alternative to coursework

Synoptic Paper

86

92

iv 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

GENERAL INTRODUCTION Mark schemes are prepared by the Principal Examiners and revised, together with the relevant questions, by a panel of senior examiners and subject teachers. The schemes are further amended at the Standardisation meetings attended by all examiners. The Standardisation meeting ensures as far as possible that the mark scheme covers the candidates' actual responses to questions and that every examiner understands and applies it in the same way. The schemes in this document are the final mark schemes used by the examiners in this examination and include the amendments made at the meeting. They do not include any details of the discussions that took place in the meeting, nor do they include all of the possible alternative answers or equivalent statements that were considered to be worthy of credit. It is emphasised that these mark schemes are working documents that apply to these papers in this examination. Every effort is made to ensure a consistent approach to marking from one examination to another but each marking point has to be judged in the context of the candidates' responses and in relation to the other questions in the paper. It should not be assumed that future mark schemes will adopt exactly the same marking points as this one. Edexcel cannot under any circumstances discuss or comment informally on the marking of individual scripts. Any enquiries about the marks awarded to individual candidates can be dealt with only through the official Enquiry about Results procedure.

v 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Unit Codes and Unit Titles These Mark Schemes cover the units offered in this examination for Advanced Subsidiary Biology and Biology (Human) (8040 and 8042) and Advanced Biology and Biology (Human) (9040 and 9042). The units available in this examination series for the complete qualifications are listed in the table below.

Level Unit Biology Biology (Human)

1 6101 Molecules and cells 6101

2 6102 Exchange, transport and reproduction

Exchange, transport and reproduction in humans 6112

AS

3 6103 Energy and the environment and Practical Assessment 6103

4 6104 Respiration and coordination and Options 6104

5 6105 Genetics, evolution and biodiversity

Genetics, human evolution and biodiversity 6115

A2

6 6106 Synoptic and Practical Assessment 6106

Cashing in The following tables show the units that must be taken in order to obtain an award for AS or Advanced GCE Biology, or for AS or Advanced GCE Biology (Human). Advanced Subsidiary Level Unit 8040 Biology 8042 Biology (Human)

AS 1 2 3

6101* 6102* 6103*

6101* 6112* 6103*

Advanced GCE Level Unit 9040 Biology 9042 Biology (Human)

AS 1 2 3

6101* 6102* 6103*

6101* 6112* 6103*

A2 4 5 6

6104#

6105#

6106#

6104#

6115#

6106#

* No longer available – final resit opportunity was June 2009 # Available for final time in January 2010.

vi 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

GENERAL INFORMATION The following symbols are used in the mark schemes for all questions:

Symbol Meaning of symbol

; semi colon Indicates the end of a marking point

eq Indicates that credit should be given for other correct alternatives to a word or statement, as discussed in the Standardisation meeting

/ oblique Words or phrases separated by an oblique are alternatives to each other

{} curly brackets Indicate the beginning and end of a list of alternatives (separated by obliques) where necessary to avoid confusion

() round brackets Words inside round brackets are to aid understanding of the marking point but are not required to award the point

[] square brackets Words inside square brackets are instructions or guidance for examiners

[CE] or [TE] Consecutive error / transferred error Crossed out work If a candidate has crossed out an answer and written new text, the crossed out work can be ignored. If the candidate has crossed out work but written no new text, the crossed out work for that question or part question should be marked, as far as it is possible to do so. Spelling and clarity In general, an error made in an early part of a question is penalised when it occurs but not subsequently. The candidate is penalised once only and can gain credit in later parts of the question by correct reasoning from the earlier incorrect answer. No marks are awarded specifically for quality of language in the written papers, except for the essays in the synoptic paper. Use of English is however taken into account as follows: •

•

•

the spelling of technical terms must be sufficiently correct for the answer to be unambiguous

e.g. for amylase, ‘ammalase’ is acceptable whereas ‘amylose’ is not e.g. for glycogen, ‘glicojen’ is acceptable whereas ‘glucagen’ is not e.g. for ileum, ‘illeum’ is acceptable whereas ‘ilium’ is not e.g. for mitosis, ‘mytosis’ is acceptable whereas ‘meitosis’ is not

candidates must make their meaning clear to the examiner to gain the mark.

a correct statement that is contradicted by an incorrect statement in the same part of an answer gains no mark – irrelevant material should be ignored.

Unit 1 (6101 /01) - Molecules and cells Question Number

Answer Mark

1

one mark for every two correct responses ;;;;

Feature Prokaryotic cell

Eukaryotic cell

nuclear envelope x

cell surface membrane

mitochondria x

Golgi apparatus x

(4)

1 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

2

1. Benedict’s / Fehling’s ; 2. orange / red / brown / yellow / green ; 3. acid / named acid ; 4. alkali / named alkali ; 5. iodine (in KI) ;

(5)

2 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

3(a)

1. one glycerol, two fatty acids and one

phosphate group drawn ; 2. fatty acid(s) joining to glycerol with ester bond

/ ester bond joining fatty acid(s) to glycerol ;

3. one phosphate group joined to glycerol with ester bond ;

(3)

Question Number

Answer Mark

3(b)

{soluble / can dissolve} in water / eq ;

(1)

Question Number

Answer Mark

3(c)

1. form a (phospholipid) bilayer / eq ; 2. {phosphate / hydrophilic region} {interacts /

eq} with {aqueous environment / surroundings / cytoplasm} ;

3. {fatty acids / hydrophobic region } {restricts /

eq} movement of {charged / polar / water soluble molecules} {into cell / out of cell / eq} ;

max (2)

3 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

4(a)

A = starch grain ; B = granum ;

(2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

4(b)

1. correct measurement between X and Y ;

(from 99 to 104 mm) 2. correct division by 5 ; 3. correct magnification e.g. 19800 to 20800 ;

(3)

Question Number

Answer Mark

4(c)

palisade / guard / spongy / mesophyll ;

(1)

4 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

5(a)(i)

1. {root tip / shoot tip / meristematic tissue} /

eq ; 2. dividing cells are present / eq ;

(2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

5(a)(ii)

{acetic / acid} orcein / Feulgen’s / acetocarmine / Schiff’s reagent / lactoproprionic acid / toluidine blue / eq ;

(1)

Question Number

Answer Mark

5(a)(iii)

idea of getting {a single layer / eq} of cells ;

(1)

Question Number

Answer Mark

5(b)(i)

B D A C ;

(1)

Question Number

Answer Mark

5(b)(ii)

A = anaphase ; C = telophase ;

(2)

5 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

6(a)

1. reference to kinetic energy of molecules /eq ;

2. idea that molecules are moving randomly /

eq ;

3. idea that overall movement of molecules is down the concentration gradient ;

max (2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

6(b)

1. (at beginning) there is a concentration gradient

/eq ; 2. as concentration of A decreases on outside, it

increases on inside / eq ;

3. substance A moves from outside to inside ;

4. as concentration {gradient / difference} gets smaller, rate of change decreases ;

5. {no change in concentration / eq} when equal

on both sides / it reaches equilibrium ;

max (3)

6 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

6(c)(i)

1. active transport requires {energy / ATP} ;

2. active transport can move molecules against a

concentration gradient ;

3. active transport requires a protein (pump) ;

max (2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

6(c)(ii)

1. rate of change would be (almost) {linear /

constant / eq} ;

2. (changes) would occur faster /eq ;

3. idea that (overall) movement of molecules would not stop when concentrations equal e.g. equilibrium would not be reached, concentration inside would be greater than outside ;

max (2)

7 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

7(a)(i)

C A G U C A C G C ;;

(2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

7(a)(ii)

gln, ser, arg ;

(1)

Question Number

Answer Mark

7(a)(iii)

1. 21 (amino acids) ; 2. correct multiplication by 3 (to give 63) ;

(2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

7(b)(i)

1. contains {protein / enzymes} ; 2. and (r)RNA ;

3. reference to two subunits ;

4. reference to appropriate binding sites e.g. for

mRNA ;

max (2)

8 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

7(b)(ii)

1. ribosome {attaches/eq} to mRNA ; 2. two tRNA molecules (held in ribosome) /eq ;

3. (each) carrying a {specific/eq} amino acid /

eq ;

4. reference to anticodons on tRNA /eq ;

5. reference to complementary {bases / codon} on mRNA /eq ;

6. peptide bonds form between amino acids /eq ;

7. ribosome moves along mRNA /eq ;

8. correct reference to {start / stop} codons ;

max (5)

9 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

8(a)(i)

1. {protein / substrate} and enzyme {collide /

bind} / reference to enzymes-substrate complex being formed/ eq ;

2. peptide bonds {broken / eq} ;

3. {reference to / description of} hydrolysis ;

4. reference to formation of {smaller peptide

chains / amino acids} ;

max (3)

Question Number

Answer Mark

8(a)(ii)

idea that {smaller peptides / amino acids} dissolve whereas protein did not / eq ;

(1)

Question Number

Answer Mark

8(b)(i)

1. activity increases between pH 5 and 8 / eq ;

2. most active at pH 8 / eq ;

3. activity drops between pH 8 and 10 ;

4. correct manipulation of figures ;

max (2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

8(b)(ii)

1. pH is determined by {H+ concentration / eq} ;

2. reference to ionisation of {R groups / side

chains} ;

3. reference to {bonds / appropriate named bond} {breaking / eq} ;

4. reference to change in shape of active site ;

5. {substrate / protein} cannot bind to active site

/ eq ;

max (3)

10 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

8(c)

1. to keep the temperature (of the reaction)

constant ; 2. reference to {(45 °C) optimum temperature of

trypsin / fastest rate} ;

3. reference to a change in the temperature changes the rate of reaction e.g. idea that change in temperature {changes the kinetic energy of the molecules / changes the {number / energy / frequency} of the collisions};

max (2)

11 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Unit 2B (6102/01) - Exchange, transport and reproduction Question Number

Answer Mark

1

1. Graafian / ovarian ; 2. luteinising hormone / LH ;

3. corpus luteum / yellow body ;

4. endometrium / lining of the uterus ;

(4)

12 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

2(a)

A sinoatrial node / sinuatrial node / SAN /

pacemaker ; B atrioventricular node / AVN ; C Purkyne fibres / Purkyne tissue / bundle of His ;

(3)

Question Number

Answer Mark

2(b)

. reference to more muscle ;

2. increased force of contraction / increased

3. left ventricle pumps blood round the whole

ax

1

pressure / eq ;

body / eq ;

m(2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

2(c)

. {oxygen / blood} supply to the heart muscle /

2. consists of coronary artery / coronary arteries ;

3. cardiac {vein / veins} / coronary

sinus ;

ax

1eq ;

capillaries /

m(2)

13 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

3(a)

1. {single layer of epithelium / simple ep

/ thin epithelium} to reduce diffusion dista/ eq ;

ithelium nce

sorbed on}

2. (presence of) microvilli to increase surface

area ;

3. (presence of) capillaries to transport abproducts / maintain {diffusion / concentratigradients ;

4. {lacteal / eq} for absorption of fats / eq ;

5. reference to carrier proteins explained ;

max (3)

Question Number

Answer Mark

3(b)(i)

1. {greater / faster / more steady / eq} uptake

when sodium ions are present ;

2. comparative, manipulated data comment – e.‘total uptake is 23 times higher in the presencof sodium ions’ or ‘684 µmol more taken up in presence of sodium ions’ ;

g. e

(2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

3(b)(ii)

1. reference to sodium-glucose cotransport / eq ;

2. membrane contains transporter proteins (for

3. without sodium, uptake is by (facilitated)

glucose and sodium) / eq ;

diffusion only / eq ;

max (2)

14 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

4(a)

. diaphragm contracts / eq ;

2. (and) moves downwards / flattens ;

3. external intercostal muscles contract ;

4. (and) raise the rib cage / pull ribs upwards /

5. reference to increase in volume of the thorax /

ax

1

pull ribs outwards ;

decrease in pressure ;

m(4)

Question Number

Answer Mark

4(b)

. consists of {flattened epithelial cells /

es} /

2. type II pneumocytes / surfactant-secreting

3. (alveolus is) surrounded with {connective tissue

4. (alveolus is) surrounded with capillaries / eq ;

5. edit correct reference to presence of

macrophages / eq ;

6. of basement membrane;

ax

1squamous epithelium / type I pneumocytthin epithelium / thin wall ;

cells / eq ;

/ collagen / elastic fibres} ;

cr

reference to presence

m(3)

15 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

4(c)(i)

concentration of carbon dioxide increases,

pulmonary ventilation increases / eq ;

t, y ventilation

of 26 dm min ;

ax )

1. as

2. reference to less change from 0% to 3% / greater change from 4% to 6% ;

3. credit manipulated, quantitative commen

e.g. overall increase in pulmonar3 -1

m(2

Question Number

Answer Mark

4(c)(ii)

ioxide / reduced pH / increased acidity}

stimulates the respiratory centre / eq ;

(1) {carbon d

16 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

5(a)

Mark as paired points i.e. adaptation ; function ;

1. presence of {haemoglobin / respiratory pigment} ;

2. with a high affinity for oxygen ;

3. presence of breathing tube / eq ;

4. to obtain oxygen from the air ;

5. presence of gills ;

6. to increase surface area (for gas exchange) ;

max (4)

Question Number

Answer Mark

5(b)

1. flattened body / streamlined shape / eq ;

2. to reduce resistance to water / eq ;

3. presence of hooks / claws / eq ;

4. to hold on to substrate / eq ;

(4)

17 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

6(a)

1. vessels / vessel elements ;

2. tracheids ;

3. presence of pits ;

4. fibres / sclerenchyma ;

5. lignified / eq ;

6. parenchyma / packing tissue ;

max (3)

Question Number

Answer Mark

6(b)(i)

1. stomata open ;

2. increase in {light intensity / temperature /

wind speed} / decrease in humidity ;

3. (therefore) transpiration rate increases ;

max (2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

6(b)(ii)

1. stomata close ;

2. decrease in {light intensity / temperature /

wind speed} / increase in humidity ;

3. (therefore) transpiration rate decreases ;

max (2)

18 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

7(a)

Pollination

1. {transfer / eq} of pollen (grains) ;

2. (from an anther) to a stigma / eq ; Protandry

3. stamen ripens / anthers mature / pollen released / eq ;

4. before carpels (mature) / eq ;

(4)

Question Number

Answer Mark

7(b)(i)

1. 90 – 45 or 45 ;

2. ÷ 6 ;

3. = 7.5 ;

(3)

Question Number

Answer Mark

7(b)(ii)

1. (with boron) pollen tubes grow faster / lo

/ eq ; nger

f

2. (with boron) keep growing / no levelling off

AND (without boron) stops growing / levels of/ eq ;

3. manipulated quantitative comparison, e.g. at

the end of experiment, pollen tubes are 3 times longer ;

max (2)

19 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

8(a)

Description Name of leucocyte

neutrophil /polymorph ;

monocyte ;

eosinophil / acidophil ;

(3)

Question Number

Answer Mark

8(b)(i)

1. reference to decrease in the affinity of

haemoglobin for oxygen ;

2. haemoglobin releases oxygen / eq ;

3. {at the same / at a given} partial pressure of oxygen / eq ;

4. idea that this makes oxygen available to

{cells / tissues / organs} ;

max (3)

Question Number

Answer Mark

8(b)(ii)

1. curve shifts to the right ;

2. oxygen released more readily / more oxygen

released / eq / idea that temperature increases in active tissues ;

(2)

20 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Unit 2H (6112/01) - Exchange, transport and reproduction in humans

Question Number

Answer Mark

1

1. Graafian / ovarian ; 2. luteinising hormone / LH ;

3. corpus luteum / yellow body ;

4. endometrium / lining of the uterus ;

(4)

21 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

2(a)

A sinoatrial node / sinuatrial node / SAN /

pacemaker ; B atrioventricular node / AVN ; C Purkyne fibres / Purkyne tissue / bundle of His ;

(3)

Question Number

Answer Mark

2(b)

. reference to more muscle ;

2. increased force of contraction / increased

3. left ventricle pumps blood round the whole

ax

1

pressure / eq ;

body / eq ;

m(2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

2(c)

. {oxygen / blood} supply to the heart muscle /

2. consists of coronary artery / coronary arteries ;

3. cardiac {vein / veins} / coronary

sinus ;

ax

1eq ;

capillaries /

m(2)

22 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

3(a)

1. {single layer of epithelium / simple ep

/ thin epithelium} to reduce diffusion dista/ eq ;

ithelium nce

sorbed on}

2. (presence of) microvilli, to increase surface

area ;

3. (presence of) capillaries, to transport abproducts / maintain {diffusion / concentratigradients ;

4. {lacteal / eq} for absorption of fats / eq ;

5. reference to carrier proteins explained ;

max (3)

Question Number

Answer Mark

3(b)(i)

1. {greater / faster / more steady / eq} uptake

when sodium ions are present ; 2. comparative, manipulated data comment – e.

‘total uptake is 23 times higher in the presencof sodium ions’ or ‘684 µmol more taken up in presence of sodium ions ;

g. e

(2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

3(b)(ii)

1. reference to sodium-glucose cotransport / eq ;

2. membrane contains transporter proteins (for

3. without sodium, uptake is by (facilitated)

glucose and sodium) / eq ;

diffusion only / eq ;

max (2)

23 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

4(a)

1. diaphragm contracts / eq ;

2. (and) moves downwards / flattens ;

3. external intercostal muscles contract ;

4. (and) raise the rib cage / pull ribs upwards /

pull ribs outwards ;

5. reference to increase in volume of the thodecrease in pressure ;

rax /

max (4)

Question Number

Answer Mark

4(b)

1. consists of {flattened epithelial cells /

squamous epithelium / type I pneumocytes} / thin epithelium / thin wall ;

2. type II pneumocytes / surfactant-secreting

cells / eq ;

3. (alveolus is) surrounded with {connective tiss/ collagen / elastic fibres} ;

ue

5. credit correct reference to presence of

6. reference to presence of basement membrane;

4. (alveolus is) surrounded with capillaries / eq ;

macrophages / eq ;

max (3)

24 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

4(c)(i)

1. as concentration of carbon dioxide increases,

pulmonary ventilation increases / eq ;

2. / greater change from 4% to 6% ;

3. comment,

e.g. overall increase in pulmonary ventilation

ax )

reference to less change from 0% to 3%

credit manipulated, quantitative

of 26 dm3 min-1 ;

m(2

Question Number

Answer Mark

4(c)(ii)

{carbon dioxide / reduced pH / increased acidity}

imulates the respiratory centre / eq ;

) st

(1

25 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

5(a)

1. reference to damage to cartilage ; 2. reference to change in bone ;

3. in joints / knees / hips / spine / hands / feet ;

4. causes swelling / pain / reduced movements

(in joints) ;

max (3)

Question Number

Answer Mark

5(b)

1. in postmenopausal women / eq ;

2. {tablets / skin patches / eq} contain oe

(and progesterone) ; strogen

3. reference to use in preventing bone loss /

reducing the risk of fractures ;

4. due to loss of calcium / eq ;

max (3)

26 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

6(a)

Any two from:

1. air pressure ;

2. partial pressure of oxygen / pO2 ;

3. temperature ;

4. humidity ;

max (2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

6(b)(i)

1. reference to increase in birth weight as

atmospheric pressure increases ;

2. more effect 60 to 80 kPa / little difference 80to 100 kPa / levels out 80 or 87 or 93 to 100 kPa ;

g.

3. credit manipulated quantitative comment e.overall increase of 0.31 kg ;

(3)

Question Number

Answer Mark

6(b)(ii)

1. suggest that birth weight decreases as alt

increases ; itude

2. reference to greater effect at high altitude /

less effect at low altitude / eq ;

(2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

6(b)(iii)

lower pO2 at high altitude / reference to {hypoxia / eq }/ babies develop more slowly ;

(1)

27 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

6(b)(iv)

Any two from:

1. age of mother ;

2. nutrition / diet ;

3. genetic factors / eq ;

4. smoking ;

5. alcohol intake ;

max (2)

28 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

7(a)

1. sweat glands {secrete / eq} sweat ;

2. water in sweat evaporates / eq ;

3. evaporation has a cooling effect / eq ;

4. reference to latent heat ;

5. reference to change in rate of sweating in

relation to changes in body temperature ;

max (3)

Question Number

Answer Mark

7(b)(i)

1. calculation ;

2. 36.8 ;

(2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

7(b)(ii)

1. temperature higher (in the afternoon) ;

2. {exercise / activity} increases {metabolic rate

/ metabolism} ;

3. (which) generates heat / eq ;

(3)

29 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

8(a)

Description Name of leucocyte

neutrophil / polymorph ;

monocyte ;

eosinophil ;

(3)

Question Number

Answer Mark

8(b)(i)

1. reference to decrease in the affinity of

haemoglobin for oxygen ;

2. oxygen released more readily / more oxygen released / eq ;

3. {at the same / at a given} partial pressure of

oxygen / eq ;

4. idea that this makes oxygen available to (respiring) tissues ;

max (3)

Question Number

Answer Mark

8(b)(ii)

1. curve shifts to the right ; 2. oxygen released more readily / more oxygen

released / eq / idea that temperature increases in active tissues ;

max (2)

30 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Unit 3 (6103/02) - Written Alternative to Coursework (International candidates ONLY)

Question Number

Answer Mark

1(a)

Mortality % Snail density

snails per 625 cm2

Juvenile Adult

10 10.0 15.0 20 0 37.5 35 8.6 48.6 50 7.0 58.0

neat table correctly formatted ; correct rows and columns with labels and units ; adult percentages correct ; juvenile percentages correct ;

(4)

Question Number

Answer Mark

1(b)

A axes correctly orientated & labelled scale correct ; F line graph format ; P all points correctly plotted ; L accurately drawn line passing through all points ;

(4)

31 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

1(c)

1. adult mortality increases with population

density eq ;

2. juvenile mortality not affected by population density ;

3. reference to large difference (51%) at highest

density / suitable manipulation of figures ;

4. all juveniles at 20 snails per 625 cm2 survive / eq ;

max (3)

Question Number

Answer Mark

1(d)

1. dead snails in cage may affect live snails ;

2. difficult to control environmental factors for

each cage ;

3. some adult snails may die off naturally / may have only short life span / may give birth / eq ;

4. difficult to {define ‘juvenile’ / determine age

of} snails ;

5. reference to effect on percentage mortality in low density (death of one snail causes large change in percentage) ;

max (3)

32 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

2(a)

1. control of growth medium - any TWO of same

soil/compost, same volume, same containers, seed sown at same density / eq ;

2. TWO named abiotic factors standardised for

growth e.g. light, temperature, water ;

3. standard sampling e.g. same mass / volume / use of cork borer ;

4. sampling at intervals of growth ;

5. {grind / homogenise / blend / eq} sample ;

6. filter extract ;

7. add {stated / same} volume of sucrase / add fixed volume of dilute HCl ;

8. incubate at fixed temperature (max 50 °C) {for fixed time / until equilibrated} / boil then neutralise ;

9. add {stated /same} volume of Benedict’s solution /use of test strip e.g. Diabur ;

10. reference to Benedict’s solution in excess / allow time for test strip colour to develop / eq ;

11. boil / heat above 60 °C for fixed time ;

12. filter dry and weigh precipitate / use of colorimeter / compare with colour chart ;

13. repeat at least 3 times in total ;

max (9)

33 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

2(b)

1. suitable table with raw data and units to

match method plan ;

2. reference to rate of production ;

3. line graph format / alternative matching plan ;

4. correct orientation and labelling of axes ;

max (3)

Question Number

Answer Mark

2(c)

Limitations 1. different regions of the root might contain

different concentrations of sucrose ;

2. presence of other reducing sugars in {either / both} varieties ;

3. mass of precipitate very small / precipitate can give inaccurate colorimeter readings / test strip colours difficult to match to standard ;

4. difficult to ensure that all sucrose is {broken down by sucrase / hydrolysed by HCl / eq} ;

Further work 5. conduct field trials of both varieties / test

both varieties in different climatic conditions ;

6. extract sucrose in normal way and check actual mass / measure sugar content at maturity / eq (if not in method);

7. more detailed analysis for other sugars present ;

max (6)

34 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Unit 3 (6103/03) - Energy and the environment

Question Number

Answer Mark

1(a)(i)

suitable named ruminant e.g. cow / sheep / deer / moose ;

(1)

Question Number

Answer Mark

1(a)(ii)

1. reference to microorganisms / bacteria / eq ;

2. reference to cellulase / cellulose-digesting

enzyme / eq ;

3. into {sugars / monosaccharides / glucose / fatty acids / eq} ;

4. that can be absorbed / are soluble / eq ;

max (3)

Question Number

Answer Mark

1(b)(i)

cross in box under tooth A ;

(1)

Question Number

Answer Mark

1(b)(ii)

1. {side-to-side / rotational / circular / eq}

movement of jaw ;

2. sharp ridges on tooth ;

3. idea of interlocking of upper and lower molar teeth ;

4. reference to {grinding / eq} ;

5. {increase surface area / release cell contents /

break cell walls} for {digestion / enzyme action} ;

max (3)

35 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

2(a)(i)

((295 - 55) ÷ 295) x 100 ; 81.4 ;

(2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

2(a)(ii)

1. A, B and C more-or-less same / eq ;

2. D (significantly) less efficient than A, B & C /

eq ;

3. any other valid comparison ;

4. manipulated data to support any comparison ;

max (3)

Question Number

Answer Mark

2(b)(i)

. nitrification is oxidation, denitrification is

2. nitrification requires {oxygen / aerobic

obic st take

)

1reduction ;

conditions}, denitrification requires anaerconditions / removal of ammonium muplace in aerobic conditions, removal of nitrate in anaerobic conditions ;

(2

Question Number

Answer Mark

2(b)(ii)

. ammonium ;

2. ammonium is {oxidised / converted / nitrified}

3. nitrates ;

4. itrates then need to be removed (by

ax

1

to nitrites ; to ndenitrification) ;

m(3)

36 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

2(c)(i)

e {enrichment / increase / eq} of {nutrients /

) thminerals / eq} ;

(1

Question Number

Answer Mark

2(c)(ii)

1. increased {algae / plant} growth / reference to

2. lgae / plants} die ;

3. ference to increased {decomposition / eq} by

4.

5. sh suffocate / eq ;

. reference to toxins (from algae) killing fish ;

7. reference to lack of food for fish ;

ax

algal bloom ; {a

reaerobic {bacteria / fungi / eq} ; ses up oxygen (in water) / BOD increases ; u

fi

6

m(4)

37 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

3(a)(i)

87 528 – 50 304 OR 22 953 + 14 271 ;

37 224 ;

(2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

3(a)(ii)

1. biomass can vary {seasonally / eq} ; 2. idea of fluctuations in different trophic levels

may not coincide / eq ; 3. energy flow {takes account of time / cancels

out fluctuations} / biomass only at one time / eq ;

4. reference to variable content of {biomass /

organic} material ;

max (2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

3(b)

1. reference to {biomass / organisms / bodies /

eq} washed away (as stream flows) ; 2. reference to decay / eq ;

3. excretion ;

max (2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

3(c)(i)

1. nitrate decreased, ammonium and phosphate

increased ; 2. phosphate increased more than ammonium ;

3. nitrate decrease much larger than increase in

other two ions ;

4. suitable manipulation of data to support a comparison ;

max (3)

38 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

3(c)(ii)

1. numbers of primary consumers {increase /

decrease} if producers {increase / decrease} ;

te

rtiary consumers {depend / feed} on on

2.secondary consumers which {depend / feed} primary consumers ;

(2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

3(d)

1. (increase in) {grazing animals / cattle} may

2.

3. removes protective canopy /

4. ence to {plant / tree} roots {bind /

5. heat / rain / wind} ;

y /

anges in local weather

8. ed by increased

ax

lead to {overgrazing / increased trampling} ;

{overgrazing / trampling} removes {plant cover / eq} ;

deforestationeq ;

referstabilise} soil ;

soil exposed to {

6. (therefore) soil {dries out / washes awablows away} ;

reference to ch7.pattern (due to plant loss) ;

reference to salinisation causevaporation from surface of exposed soil ;

m(4)

39 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Unit 4 (6104/Core) - Respiration and coordination Question Number

Answer Mark

1(a)

outer segment labelled R / rhodopsin ;

(1)

Question Number

Answer Mark

1(b)

1. rhodopsin is {bleached / broken down / split / eq} (in bright light) ;

2. (re-)synthesized / eq in {dark / dim / eq} ;

3. this takes time / eq ;

4. reference to dark adaptation ;

max (3)

40 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

2(a)(i)

sensory / afferent / pseudo-unipolar (neurone ) ;

(1)

Question Number

Answer Mark

2(a)(ii)

1. {receive / eq} the {impulse / stimulus / eq }

from {receptor /sense} {organ / cell} ;

2. {pass impulse to / eq} {CNS / brain / spinal cord / {relay / effector /eq} neurone} ;

(2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

2(a)(iii)

arrow drawn points upwards from dendrite to synknob ;

aptic

(1)

Question Number

Answer Mark

2(b)

1. depolarisation of (neurone) membrane ; 2. {rapid / brief / sudden / temporary} /

reference to changes from negative to positive (on the inside) ;

3. caused by {inflow / eq} of sodium ions /

increased permeability to Na+ ;

max (2)

41 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

3(a)(i)

B matrix ; C crista / inner membrane ;

(2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

3(a)(ii)

C ;

(1)

Question Number

Answer Mark

3(b)(i)

1. reference to reaction components used up /

not available, e.g. glucose, ADP, phosphate ; 2. no source of {electrons / hydrogen} to {react

with / eq} oxygen / eq ;

3. yeast switch to anaerobic respiration / aerespiration stops / eq ;

robic

5. idea of oxygen dissolving into solution from the

4. this is because oxygen levels are too low / eq ;

air / oxygen levels (in suspension) are maintained / eq ;

max (2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

3(b)(ii)

. (antimycin A) prevents {electrons / H+}

} ;

2. oxygen is not reduced / does not form water

)

1

{reaching oxygen / pass along chain} / eq

/ does not act as (final) electron acceptor / eq ;

(2

42 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

3(b)(iii)

1. ATP production {decreases / slows down} /

eq ; Then any two from:

2. idea of electron transport chain is where {most / eq} ATP produced ;

3. {oxidative phosphorylation / eq} {stops /

eq} ;

4. Krebs cycle {stops / eq} ;

5. idea that {NADH / eq} cannot be reoxidised ;

6. reference to {yeast switches to anaerobic

respiration / ATP produced in glycolysis} ;

max (3)

43 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

4(a)(i)

1. increase in age, slower rate / eq ; 2. credit quantitative manipulation of figures

e.g at age 30 there is a decrease of 2.7 mmol dm-3 / at age 80 the decrease is 0.6 mmol dm-3 ;

3. credit quantitative comparison of two ages

e.g. 80 is 4½ times lower than 30 / rate at 30 is 2.7 mmol dm-3 but at 80 it is much slower at 0.6 mmol dm-3 ;

max (3)

Question Number

Answer Mark

4(a)(ii)

change in activity in {pancreas / liver} {change / decrease} in amount of insulin, change in {seuptake} by body cells ;

nsitivity /

(1)

Question Number

Answer Mark

4(b)(i)

1. correct readings from graph (8.8 and 4.8) ; 2. correct subtraction (4.0) and x 100 ;

3. correct division (÷ 4.8) to give 83(.3) ;

(3)

44 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

4(b)(ii)

1. stimulates the conversion of {glycogen to

glucose / glycogenolysis} / eq ; 2. reference to activation of enzymes ;

3. stimulates uptake of amino acids (into cells) /

eq ;

4. (amino acids / fatty acids) are converted inglucose / gluconeogenesis / eq ;

to

5. glucose released into {blood / hepatic vein /

eq} ;

6. (glucagon) inhibits insulin production / eq ;

max (3)

Question Number

Answer Mark

4(b)(iii)

any appropriate named hormone e.g. adrenaline ;

(1)

45 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

5(a)

1. {active transport / eq} of {Na+ / Cl-} out of

ascending limb ; 2. correct reference to {water potential / eq}

(in medulla) ;

3. water passes out of {collecting duct / descending limb} (into blood / vasa recta / medulla) / eq ;

4. correct reference to osmosis ;

5. reference to counter-current mechanism ;

6. the longer the loop the greater the effect /

eq ;

7. reference to ascending limb being impermeable to water ;

max (5)

Question Number

Answer Mark

5(b)

1. reference to reduces dehydration ; 2. (ADH) increases permeability {of collecting

duct / distal convoluted tubule} to water ;

3. reference to {aquaporins / water channels / eq} ;

4. more water {reabsorbed / absorbed into the

blood} ;

5. correct reference to osmosis ;

6. idea that a more concentrated solution is produced ;

max (4)

46 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Unit 4A (6104/01) - Microbiology and biotechnology Question Number

Answer Mark

6

any 2 correct boxes for 1 mark ;;;;

Stage of Gram stain

Appearance of Gram negative bacteria

Appearance of Gram positive bacteria

purple

purple

purple

purple

colourless

purple

pink / red

purple

(4)

47 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

7(a)

1. reference to infection / bacteria entering

{cells / macrophases / tissues} ;

2. reference to tissue destruction ;

3. credit correct details of tuberculosis ;

max (2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

7(b)(i)

1. (overall) decrease in number of cases / eq ; 2. {sharp / fast / eq} decrease between 1980 an

{1984 to 1988} ; d

3. idea of {fluctuation / smaller decrease}

between {1987 / 1988} and {2003 / 2004} ;

4. credit correct manipulation of figures ;

max (2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

7(b)(ii)

1. treatment is not improving / eq ; 2. bacteria are becoming resistant to antibiotics /

eq ;

3. idea that pulmonary TB does not account for {all / majority} of deaths ;

max (2)

48 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

8(a)(i)

1. a drop in pH to {5.5 to 5.3} has no effect on

viscosity ; 2. drop in pH from {5.5 to 5.3} causes an inc

in viscosity / eq ; rease

(2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

8(a)(ii)

1. reference to lactic acid {fermentation /

production} ; 2. by {bacteria / Lactobacilli} ;

3. (appropriate acid) causes drop in pH ;

4. (fall in pH) causes {coagulation / eq} of (milk)

proteins / eq ;

max (3)

Question Number

Answer Mark

8(b)

1. reference to use of Penicillium ; 2. reference to {(fed) batch fermentation /

secondary metabolite / production at end of growth phase} ;

3. reference to {nutrients / carbon source / named carbon source / nitrogen source / named nitrogen source} (at start) ;

4. reference to {maintaining temperature (25-27°C) / use of water jacket} ;

5. reference to maintaining pH (6.8-7.7) ;

6. reference to aeration / eq ;

7. reference to addition of {growth factor / phenylacetic acid} ;

8. reference to {extraction from / secretion} of penicillin into culture fluid ;

max (4)

49 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

9(a)

reference to or description of {absorbance / transmission} ;

(1)

Question Number

Answer Mark

9(b)

1. 0.09 – 0.07 x 100(%) ; 2. divided by 0.07 = 28.57(%) ;

(2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

9(c)

1. no change in turbidity from {0 – 1 / 3 – 4 / 9 –

10} cell numbers remain constant / eq ; 2. (0 – 1 hour) bacteria {acclimatises / sy

enzymes} / eq ; nthesises

7. (4 – 9 hours) {second nutrient / carbon source}

3. (3 – 4 hours) synthesis different enzymes ;

4. (9 – 10 hours) nutrient {run out / eq} / toxin

built up / eq ;

5. turbidity increases from {1 – 3 / 4 – 9} cell numbers are increasing ;

6. (1 -3 hours (first)) first nutrient metabolised ;

used ;

max (4)

50 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

9(d)

. reference to serial dilution / description of

. (0.1 – 1 cm bacterial suspension {onto /

3. reference to plating technique / eq ;

4. range of dilutions plated / replicates used ;

5. count colonies and multiply by dilution factor

6. reference to sampling at regular time

7. reference to agitation of culture ;

8. reference to aseptic technique ;

ax

1two steps ;

3)2into} solid agar ;

for cells/cm3 ;

intervals ;

m(4)

51 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Unit 4B (6104/02) - Food science Question Number

Answer Mark

6

Method of preservation Means of reducing food spoilage

prevents growth of aerobic

microorganisms / delays growth of

facultative anaerobes ;

decreases pH / increases acidity / eq ;

prevents rancidity (of lipids) / prevents

oxidation / reference to reduction of free

radicals;

heat treatment / high temperature (62 - 72ºC) ;

(4)

52 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

7(a)

1. energy needed (by an individual) for {e

body processes / at rest / eq} ; ssential

mping

2. named example of body process e.g. puof heart / ventilation / maintenance of body temperature / chemical processes ;

(2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

7(b)(i)

1. (energy expenditure of) males is greater than

that for females (for all activities) / eq ;

2. the greatest difference is during running and swimming / eq ;

3. manipulation of figures to compare males an

females (with units) ; d

max (2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

7(b)(ii)

1. idea that males could be putting in more ef

than females ; fort

2. males were heavier than females / eq ;

3. males have faster metabolic rate ;

4. reference to activity not standardised / eq ;

max (2)

53 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

8(a)

1. cholesterol increases the chances of de

coronary heart disease / eq ; veloping

2. HDL cholesterol decreases the chances of

developing coronary heart disease / eq ; 3. credit quantitative manipulated figures ;

max (2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

8(b)

Maximum of two marks from either list Cause an increase in coronary heart disease:

high levels of LDL ; high levels of cholesterol ; high levels of saturated fat ; high levels of salt ; excess energy intake ;

Cause a decrease in coronary heart disease:

HDL ; NSPs / pectins / gums ; antioxidants / vitamin C ; unsaturated fat ;

max (3)

54 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

8(c)

1. help to reduce incidence of cancer / eq ;

2. decreases transit time of stools / eq (in large

intestine) ;

3. idea of reduces contact time of carcinogens with wall of intestine ;

4. reference to digestion (of NSP) by bacteria ;

5. producing metabolites that help to prevent

cells becoming cancerous / eq ;

6. reference to reducing {constipation / IBS / diverticulitis} ;

7. softens stools / eq ;

8. idea of reducing pressure on walls of intestine ;

9. which would form tears / pouches (in

diverticulitis) ;

max (4)

55 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

9(a)(i)

cabbage ; salt / sodium chloride ;

(2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

9(a)(ii)

any 2 from: Enterobacter (chloacae), Leuconostoc (mesanteroides), {Lactobacillus / eq} (plantarum), {Lactobacillus / eq} (brevis) lactic acid bacteria ;;

(2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

9(b)(i)

1. correct subtraction ; 2. correct division to give answer of 1 ;

(2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

9(b)(ii)

1. up to two days no change in pH ; 2. due to bacteria acclimatising / synthesising

enzymes ;

3. decrease in pH between {2 and 6 / 8 and 13} days ;

4. due to bacteria producing (organic) acid;

5. increase in pH between {6 and 8 / 13 and 15}

days ;

6. due to bacterial {breakdown/ metabolism }of some of the acids produced ;

max (4)

56 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

9(b)(iii)

reference to lowest pH reached / to allow cabbage toabsorb acid / to allow changes to occur to the flavo/ to allow gas production to stop before packagingeq ;

ur

/

(1)

57 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Unit 4C (6104/03) - Human health and fitness Question Number

Answer Mark

6

any 2 correct boxes for 1 mark ;;;;

One location One function

synapse / terminal bouton / synaptic cleft / {neurotransmitter / eq}/

motor end plate / neuromuscular junction

initiate muscle

contraction / slows down heartbeat / eq

(skeletal) muscle

{phosphorisation of ADP / eq} / energy

store / eq

bone / teeth

(mechanical) strength

/ eq

muscle

oxygen store / eq

(4)

58 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

7(a)

1. (individuals training have) higher energy

demands / carbohydrates provide {energy / ATP} ;

2. reference to supplies carbohydrate to glucose ;

3. reference to conversion of glucose to

4. reference to glycogen stores in muscle ;

glycogen ;

max (2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

7(b)(i)

. both decrease during exercise and increase

. (during exercise) {greater / faster} decrease in

3. (after exercise) {more glycogen replaced /

4. correct comparative manipulation of data ;

ax

1after exercise ;

2glycogen in individual on high carbohydrate diet / eq ;

glycogen replaced faster} in individual on highcarbohydrate diet / eq ;

m(2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

7(b)(ii)

. high carbohydrate reference to more glucose

2. high carbohydrate idea that {surplus / eq}

)

1(available) ;

glucose remains from glycogen breakdown during exercise ;

(2

59 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

8(a)(i)

. (during first two minutes / up to 5 minutes)

. (after this) {great / eq} decrease in energy

)

1{both increase / rise in oxygen consumption asincrease in energy expenditure / eq} ;

2expenditure but oxygen consumption {rises a little and falls / plateaus / changes very little / eq} ;

(2

Question Number

Answer Mark

8(a)(ii)

. idea that during exercise oxygen demand of

. reference to anaerobic respiration ;

3. produces lactic acid / eq ;

4. (lactic acid) results in muscle fatigue ;

5. oxygen needed to remove lactic acid / eq ;

6. oxidising it to carbon dioxide and water / eq ;

ax

1muscles exceeds supply ;

2

m(3)

Question Number

Answer Mark

8(b)

. ATP is source of energy that can be used (by

. (during muscle contraction) myosin binds to

3. myosin head {swivels / eq} to move actin /

4. and this

1muscles) directly / eq ;

2actin / eq ;

eq ;

uses ATP ;

5. ATP needed to detach myosin (from actin) /

6. so that process can continue / eq ;

ax

eq ;

m(4)

60 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

9(a)(i)

1. (occupational) lung diseases / eq ; 2. (caused due to) inhalation of dust / eq ;

3. occurs over time / effects not seen for at least

10 years / eq ;

4. dust particles engulfed by macrophages / eq ;

5. formation of nodular lesions / eq ;

6. ref to fibrosis / collagen network ;

7. leads to necrosis / cavities (within the lungs) / eq ;

8. severe cases ischaemia / shortage of oxygen /

hypoxemia / eq ;

max (4)

Question Number

Answer Mark

9(a)(ii)

asbestosis/ silicosis / bauxite fibrosis / berylliosis / siderosis / labrador lung / byssinosis ;

(1)

61 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

9(b)(i)

1. (1020 - 435) x 100(%) ; 2. divided by 435 = 134.48(%) ;

(2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

9(b)(ii)

rs

fluctuate / eq ;

2. 2001 to 2002 {largest / eq} increase in numbers

3. 2002 to 2004 number relatively steady / eq ;

4. / eq} decrease / eq ;

5. no overall trend / eq ;

max (3)

1. 1993 to 2001 no real pattern / numbe

/ eq ;

2004 to 2005 {large

Question Number

Answer Mark

9(c) most miners are men / eq ; (1)

62 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Unit 5B (6105/01) - Genetics, evolution and biodiversity Question Number

Answer Mark

1(a)

cop

pice / coppiced / coppicing ;

(1)

Question Number

Answer Mark

1(b)

ls /

q} ation / each year /eq} ;

ground level ;

4. to form {stools / stump / eq} ;

. reference to (side) {shoots / poles / eq} allowed to grow / eq ;

r several years / at least 3 years ;

max

1. woodland divided into {areas / blocks / fel

eq} ; 2. idea of different {areas / blocks / fells / e

harvested in {rot

3. reference to cutting down trees (close) to

5

6. fo (4)

Question Number

Answer Mark

1(c)

1. different {environmental / abiotic / named

abiotic} factor(s) within the {wood / eq} ; 2. (because) {areas / eq} are at different stages

of development / eq ; 3. idea of a {range of / new / diversity of}

{habitats / niches / food sources} {created / maintained / eq} ;

max (2)

63 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

2(a)

(plant) growth substances / PGS / growth regulator / GR ;

) P

(1

Question Number

Answer Mark

2(b)(i)

. A is largest / A has {developed / grown} the

. B shows no signs of {development / growth /

3. C {grown / developed} to approximately 2/3

4. reference to another visible difference e.g.

ax )

1most / A is larger than {B / C / both} ;

2eq} / very small / eq ;

to 3/4 the size of A / eq ;

shape, depth of colour ;

m(2

64 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

2(b)(ii)

{development / ripening / growth / eq} ; 2. {auxin / PGS} {formed / eq} by {achenes / eq} ;

iffuses) into {flesh / cells / strawberry / eq};

[NB if awarded, do not award mp7]

. (therefore) strawberry does not {develop /

. auxin (in paste) {stimulates / causes / eq}

iven]

8. reference to another PGS involved in

{development / ripening / growth / eq} ;

9. named example of another suitable PGS ;

10. reference to enhanced effect on auxin with another PGS ;

11. reference to synergism ;

max (5)

1. {auxin / PGS} needed for strawberry

3. (d

4. no {auxin /PGS} when {achenes /eq} removed ;

5ripen / grow / eq} in B ;

6

strawberry {development / ripening / growth /eq} in C ;

7. (diffuses) into {flesh / cells / strawberry / eq};

[NB do not award if mp3 g

65 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

3(a)

1. reference to {controlled / eq} by a pair

alleles ; of

eles / eq ;

ax )

2. reference to {different / alternative} forms of

all

3. reference to same locus ;

m(2

Question Number

Answer Mark

3(b)

1. erozygous for both characteristics / eq ;

2. 3. bilateral is dominant (over radial) / accept

4. correct use of term {genotype / phenotype} ;

ax )

all {offspring / F1} are het

colour shows codominance / eq ;

converse ;

m(3

Question Number

Answer Mark

3(c)

1. use of} symbols ;

radial given ;

3. correct gametes for both ;

4. genotypes of expected offspring ;

5. phenotypes linked to genotypes of offspring ;

6. 1 :1 :1 :1 ;

max (4)

key {showing /

2. genotypes of F1 and white,

66 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

4(a)(i)

. reference to active {transport / uptake} / eq ;

3. s / protein carriers /

transport proteins / eq} in membrane ;

ax

1. ATP as a source of energy ;

2

for {proton pump

m(2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

4(a)(ii)

. increases surface area / large SA : V ;

2. maximises / eq}

uptake ;

. reference to more

1

(increased SA) {increases /

3 {proton pumps / protein

ax ) carriers / transport proteins / eq} ;

m(2

Question Number

Answer Mark

4(b)(i)

pigment plant sun shade mp

1 g/mass abc both less or more ;

2 g/area a / c both more or less ;

3 g/area b M same or same ;

4 g/area b T less or more ;

max (3)

67 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

4(b)(ii)

1. idea of less light available to shaded plants /

eq ;

2. re pigment able to absorb more light (in shade) ;

3. asses through leaf / eq ;

4. pigments absorb different wavelengths ;

5. light in sun and shade may have different wavelengths / eq ;

6. examples quoted ;

7. otosynthesis rates maintained in shade plants ;

ax )

mo

more pigment per mass means less light p

m(4

idea of ph

68 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

5(a)(i)

1. produces {sucrase / carbohydrase} ; 2. ference to {hydrolysis / breakdown} of

3. form glucose and fructose ; ax )

reglycosidic bond ;

to

m(2

Question Number

Answer Mark

5(a)(ii)

1. , carbohydrates for nergy ;

2. larva (needs more protein because it) is main

3. adult (needs more carbohydrate because it) is {more active / flies} ;

ax (2)

proteins used for growthe

growth stage ;

m

Question Number

Answer Mark

(b) 1. biological (control) ;

Then any TWO from:

2. crops not {contaminated / toxic / eq} / no bioaccumulation ;

3. pesticides less specific / eq ;

4. long-term balance can be established /

pesticides may need to be applied several times / reference to resurgence / reference to resistance ;

5. no health risk to glasshouse workers / eq ;

6. adult lacewings might aid pollination / eq ;

7. suitable for organic crops ;

max (3)

5

69 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

5(c)

1. reference to sympatric speciation ;

3. sub-populations are reproductively isolated /

4. gene flow {inhibited / restricted / eq}

(between sub-populations) ;

5. mutations arise (in sub-populations) ;

7. sub-populations become {phenotypically /

offspring / eq ;

2. reference to prezygotic mechanism ;

eq ;

max (5)

6. (cause) gene pools diverge / eq ;

physically / physiologically} different from each other ;

8. so that successful mating cannot occur between them / no fertile

70 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

6(a)

1. carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas / eq ;

e removed from atmosphere {long ago / eq} and

ntly / eq} ;

n tain balance /

are carbon neutral / eq} ;

ax )

2. idea of fossil fuels release carbon dioxid

biofuels release carbon dioxide removed {rece

3. fossil fuel use increases carbon dioxide i

atmosphere and biofuels {main

m(2

Question Number

Answer Mark

6(b)

1. ith {petrol / petroleum / eq} ;

eq ;

{mixed / eq} w

2. {10 / 20} % ethanol to {90 / 80} % petrol /

(2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

6(c)(i)

1. reference to {many times greater / a lot

higher / eq} ;

2. mean from other sources = 1000 dm3 (per hectare) ;

3. palm seeds approximately {4 times / 300%}

greater than other sources ;

max (3)

Question Number

Answer Mark

(c)(ii) 1. more income / eq ;

2. create more employment / eq ;

3. prevents increased urbanisation / maintains

rural population / eq ;

4. reduce dependency on fossil fuels / eq ;

5. reduce need to import fuels / eq ;

max (2)

6

71 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

6(d)

1. reference to legislation / eq ;

2. reference to {EU Habitats Directive / Natura

2000} ;

3. promotes conservation of (natural) habitats / eq ;

4. to {maintain / encourage} biodiversity eq ;

5. example of specific {ecosystems / habitats} in

annexe 1 ;

max (3)

72 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

7(a)

biotic are caused by living organisms, abiotic by non-living ;

(1)

Question Number

Answer Mark

7(b)

1. named animal in suitable named habitat ;

2. suitable abiotic factor and how it is measured ;

3. suitable technique ;

(3)

Question Number

Answer Mark

7(c)(i)

1. haemoglobin is found in {red blood cells /

erythrocytes} ;

2. haemoglobin can bind {temporarily / reversibly} to oxygen / haemoglobin has high affinity for oxygen ;

3. reference to (haemoglobin molecule has) four

{iron-containing / haem} groups ;

4. each {iron-containing / haem} group combines with one oxygen molecule / four oxygen molecules can combine with each haemoglobin molecule ;

max (3)

73 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

7(c)(ii)

1. at{low altitudes / high ppO2}, no difference

in % saturation (between the two mice) ;

2. {as altitude increases / ppO2 falls} dissociation curve of high altitude {haemoglobin / mice} is {to the left / above} ;

3. (so) oxygen combines more easily with high

altitude haemoglobin / eq ;

4. credit manipulation of figures ;

5. at high altitudes, mice with high altitude haemoglobin are at an {advantage / eq} ;

6. (high altitude haemoglobin) allows mice to {be active / move around / eq} ;

max (4)

74 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Unit 5H (6115/01) - Genetics, human evolution and biodiversity Question Number

Answer Mark

1(a)

coppice / coppiced / coppicing ;

(1)

Question Number

Answer Mark

1(b)

1. woodland divided into {areas / blocks / fells /

eq} ; 2. idea of different {areas / blocks / fells / eq}

harvested in {rotation / each year /eq} ;

3. reference to cutting down trees (close) to ground level ;

4. to form stools / stump / eq ;

5. reference to (side) {shoots / poles / eq}

allowed to grow / eq ;

6. for several years / at least 3 years ;

max (4)

Question Number

Answer Mark

1(c)

1. different {environmental / abiotic / named

abiotic} factor(s) within the {wood / eq} ; 2. (because) {areas / eq} are at different stages

of development / eq ; 3. idea of a {range of / new / diversity of}

{habitats / niches / food sources} {created / maintained / eq} ;

max (2)

75 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

chorionic villus sampling / amniocentesis ;

(1) 2(a)(i)

Question Number

Answer Mark

2(a)(ii)

1. miscarriage / abortion /eq ; 2. damage / injury to { mother / fetus} ;

3. infection to {mother / fetus} ;

max (2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

2(b)

1. Down’s syndrome ;

Then any four from:

2. reference to {extra chromosome / trisomy /

three chromosomes} at 21 ;

3. reference to non-disjunction ;

4. chromosomes fail to separate / eq ;

5. during anaphase 1 / meiosis 1 ;

6. {egg / oocyte / ovum} has 24 chromosomes / has an extra chromosome ;

max (5)

76 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

3(a)

1. reference to {controlled / eq} by a pair of

alleles ; 2. reference to {different / alternative} forms of

alleles / eq ;

3. reference to same locus ;

max (2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

3(b)

1. all {offspring / F1} are heterozygous for both

characteristics / eq ;

2. colour shows codominance / eq ; 3. bilateral is dominant (over radial) / accept

converse ;

4. correct use of term {genotype / phenotype} ;

max (3)

Question Number

Answer Mark

3(c)

1. key {showing / use of} symbols ; 2. genotypes of F1 and white, radial given ;

3. correct gametes for both ;

4. genotypes of expected offspring ;

5. phenotypes linked to genotypes of offspring ;

6. 1 :1 :1 :1 ;

max (4)

77 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

4(a)(i)

1. sequence of {nucleotides / bases} on DNA /

{length / section} of DNA ; 2. codes for {sequence of amino acids /

polypeptide} ;

3. reference to triplet of bases corresponds to an amino acid ;

max (2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

4(a)(ii)

1. formed by condensation (reaction) ; 2. between (two) amino acids ; 3. between carboxyl group (of amino acid 1) and

amino group (of amino acid 2) ;

max (2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

4(b)

1. Neanderthals, (modern) human and

chimpanzee most closely related ; 2. (because) sequences identical ;

3. idea of orang-utan, gorilla and monkey

relationship rank order ;

4. (because) orang-utan has 1 difference, gorilla 2 differences and monkey 3 differences ;

5. one difference described ;

6. idea of number of differences indicates

divergence related to geological time ;

max (4)

78 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

4(c)

1. reference to {carbon / potassium-argon}

dating ; 2. reference to decay of {radio-isotope / 14C /

40K} is {predictable / eq} ;

3. reference to {carbon / potassium} taken into skull material when Neanderthal was {alive / eq} ;

4. reference to how skull is aged by reference

to data from decay of isotopes ;

max (3)

79 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

5(a)(i)

1. produces {sucrase / carbohydrase} ; 2. reference to {hydrolysis / breakdown} of

glycosidic bond ;

3. to form glucose and fructose ;

max (2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

5(a)(ii)

1. proteins used for growth, carbohydrates for

energy ;

2. larva (needs more protein because it) is main growth stage ;

3. adult (needs more carbohydrate because it) is {more active / flies} ;

max (2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

5(b)

1. biological (control) ;

Then any TWO from:

2. crops not {contaminated / toxic / eq} / no bioaccumulation ;

3. pesticides less specific / eq ;

4. long-term balance can be established /

pesticides may need to be applied several times / reference to resurgence / reference to resistance ;

5. no health risk to glasshouse workers / eq ;

6. adult lacewings might aid pollination / eq ;

7. suitable for organic crops ;

max (3)

80 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

5(c)

1. reference to sympatric speciation ;

2. reference to prezygotic mechanism ;

3. sub-populations are reproductively isolated /

eq ;

4. gene flow {inhibited / restricted / eq} (between sub-populations) ;

5. mutations arise (in sub-populations) ;

6. (cause) gene pools diverge / eq ;

7. sub-populations become {phenotypically /

physically / physiologically} different from each other ;

8. so that successful mating cannot occur

between them / no fertile offspring / eq ;

max (5)

81 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

6(a)

1. carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas / eq ; 2. idea of fossil fuels release carbon dioxide

removed from atmosphere {long ago / eq} and biofuels release carbon dioxide removed {recently / eq} ;

3. fossil fuel use increases carbon dioxide in

atmosphere and biofuels {maintain balance / are carbon neutral / eq} ;

max (2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

6(b)

1. {mixed / eq} with {petrol / petroleum / eq} ;

2. {10 / 20} % ethanol to {90 / 80} % petrol / eq ;

(2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

6(c)(i)

1. reference to {many times greater / a lot

higher / eq} ;

2. mean from other sources = 1000 dm3 (per hectare) ;

3. palm seeds approximately {4 times / 300%}

greater than other sources ;

max (3)

Question Number

Answer Mark

6(c)(ii)

1. more income / eq ;

2. create more employment / eq ;

3. prevents increased urbanisation / maintains

rural population / eq ;

4. reduce dependency on fossil fuels / eq ;

5. reduce need to import fuels / eq ;

max (2)

82 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

6(d)

1. reference to legislation / eq ;

2. reference to {EU Habitats Directive / Natura

2000} ;

3. promotes conservation of (natural) habitats / eq ;

4. to {maintain / encourage} biodiversity eq ;

5. example of specific {ecosystems / habitats} in

annexe 1 ;

max (3)

83 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

7(a)

biotic are caused by living organisms, abiotic by non-living ;

(1)

Question Number

Answer Mark

7(b)

1. named animal in suitable named habitat ;

2. suitable abiotic factor and how it is measured ;

3. suitable technique ;

(3)

Question Number

Answer Mark

7(c)(i)

1. haemoglobin is found in {red blood cells /

erythrocytes} ;

2. haemoglobin can bind {temporarily / reversibly} to oxygen / haemoglobin has high affinity for oxygen ;

3. reference to (haemoglobin molecule has) four

{iron-containing / haem} groups ;

4. each {iron-containing / haem} group combines with one oxygen molecule / four oxygen molecules can combine with each haemoglobin molecule ;

max (3)

84 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

7(c)(ii)

1. at{low altitudes / high ppO2}, no difference

in % saturation (between the two mice) ;

2. {as altitude increases / ppO2 falls} dissociation curve of high altitude {haemoglobin / mice} is {to the left / above} ;

3. (so) oxygen combines more easily with high

altitude haemoglobin / eq ;

4. credit manipulation of figures ;

5. at high altitudes, mice with high altitude haemoglobin are at an {advantage / eq} ;

6. (high altitude haemoglobin) allows mice to {be active / move around / eq} ;

max (4)

85 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Unit 6 (6106-02) - Written Alternative to Coursework Question Number

Answer Mark

1(a)

Number of Mimosa seeds / 0.25 m-2

In floodplain habitat

In woodland habitat

Without mining moths

With mining moth

Without mining moth

With mining moth

500 194 22 32 505 200 28 34 605 241 29 35 606 255 33 38 729 306 33 39

751 340 38 48 Median number

758 350 42 52 805 369 46 55 825 400 48 60 830 491 51 62

900 512 61 65 Median number

751 340 38 48

neat tables correctly formatted including medians (only if medians identified) ; correctly labelled columns with units ; numbers ranked ; all medians correct ;

(4)

86 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

1(b)

A graph correctly orientated with labelled axes and

key ; F bar chart {for medians / for means (if

calculated)} OR histogram for size classes ; Floodplain Number classes

Not infected

Infected

101 – 200 2 201 – 300 2 301 – 400 5 401 – 500 1 501 – 600 2 1 601 – 700 2 701 – 800 3 801 – 900 4

Woodland Number classes

Ninfected

fected ot In

21 – 30 3 0 31 – 40 3 5 41 – 50 3 1 51 – 60 1 3 61 – 70 1 2

plotted correctly ;

(3) P data

Question Number

Answer Mark

1(c)

there is no significant difference between {the number of seeds produced in uninfected and infected Mimosa in either the floodplain or woodland habitats / the effect of mining moths in the two habitats / eq} ;

(1)

87 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

1(d)

there is a significant difference between {the (median) number of seeds produced in the floodplain, ut not in the woodland / the effect of the mining

moths in the two habitats / eq} ; since the smallest U / U2 value is less than 30 in the floodplain habitat, but not in woodland ;

(2)

b

Question Number

Answer Mark

1(e)

biological control is effective in the floodplain, but not in t d ;

(1) he woodlan

88 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

2(a)

General methodology

1. plant buttercups at different densities / eq ;

2. TWO named abiotic factors for growth

controlled ;

3. stated area for each density (at least 1m x 1m) ;

sampling using quadrat of stated size (max 1m2) / method of determining suitably sized quadrat ;

thod of random sampling described ;

6. number of samples for each density

(minimum 10) ;

7. use of key to identify buttercups ;

8. count / tally total number of parent plants in quadrat and

4.

5. suitable me

number with runners / eq (note parent counts not needed if fixed densities used) ;

Specific precautions 9. any suitable precaution to ensure validity

of counts in the context of quadrat use e.g. only runners inside quadrat counted ;

10. parent plant definition in the context of

runners (e.g. plant with no incoming runners / no intact runners to older plants) ;

11. defining a runner (in the context of this

investigation) e.g. runner with a young plant OR developing bud attached ;

Repeats

12. reference to sound environmental protection ;

13. repeat two more times {not in different

season etc};

max (8)

89 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Style account is concise and well-organised, there is

nical vocabulary and almost no spelling errors – 2 marks

there is some lack of organisation, limited voc 1 ma

the account lacks organisation, there is little or no technical vocabulary and many spelling errors – 0 marks

)

otal (10)

(2 T

good use of tech

abulary and a number of spelling errors – rk

Question Number

Answer Mark

2(b)

1. appropriate null hypothesis described (in terms

of significant correlation / significant difference linked to method) {accept in method} ;

2. table with all raw data (and repeats if carried

out) and units ;

3. density (shown / calculated) with SI units i.e..

m-2;

4. means calculated ;

5. suitable graphical format (scatter gram / line of best fit / bar chart) ;

6. axes with units (that correspond to summary

data) correct way round ;

7. use of (named) appropriate statistical test ;

max

)

(5

90 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

2(c)

Limitat

fying plant as a parent ;

3. plants not evenly distributed / eq ;

t

ntra-specific competition / species} not considered ;

5. unsuitable time / season for asexual

reproduction ; 6. difficult to control one named abiotic

factor {not if method suggests greenhouse or similar} ;

Further work

7. investigate (density-dependent) asexual reproduction in other species OR types of plants ;

8. carry out laboratory-based investigation

(on density of plants and asexual reproduction) ;

9. find density at which asexual

stops ;

10. investigate further details of density effect e.g. number of runners / young plants per parent / average length of

11. investigate relationship between density

flowers / seeds ;

(6)

ions 1. difficulty in identi

2. difficulty in identifying runners ;

4. influence of {other density-dependenfactors / i

max

reproduction

runners ;

and sexual reproduction / fruits /

91 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Unit 6 (6106/03) - Synoptic Paper

Question Number

Answer Mark

1(a)(i)

1. {stimulates / eq} {ovulation / eq} ;

2. rpus

luteum / eq} ;

3. {stimulates /eq} secretion of {progesterone / oestrogen / testosterone / androgens} ;

max (2)

{stimulates / eq} {development of the co

Question Number

Answer Mark

1(a)(ii)

exocytosis / a

(1)

description of this process ;

Question Number

Answer Mark

1(a)(iii)

negative ;

(1)

Question Number

Answer Mark

1(a)(iv)

1. GnRH transported {directly / faster / straight /

2. LH tran

round t

)

(2

short distance} to the (anterior) pituitary ;

sported {in the general circulation / he body / longer distance / slowly} ;

92 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

1(b) 1. concentration of oestrogen increases,

concentration of progesterone decreases / eq ;

2. credit a comment on the relative change in

each e.g. change in oestrogen concentration is {less / slower} than the change in progesterone / percentage change in oestrogen is greater ;

3. credit a manipulated quantitative

comparative comment (e.g. change in estrogen is 8.5 ng per cm3, change in

progesterone is 56 ng per cm3 / change in oestrogen is 85%, change in progesterone is 35%) ;

max (2)

o

93 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

2(a)(i)

1. feed on dead or decaying (organic) matter /

eq ;

2. {secrete / releases} enzymes / reference to extracellular digestion ;

3. {absorb / eq} products of digestion / eq ;

max (2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

2(a)(ii)

1. {obtain nutrients / eq} from {a host / living

organism} ;

2. reference to {harm / eq} to host ;

3. (only) the parasite benefits / eq ;

max (2)

Question Number

Answer Mark

2(b)(i)

1. aphids {obtain nutrients from crop plants /

suck sap / feed on crop} ;

2. reduce crop yield / reduce productivity / eq ;

3. spread diseases / spread viruses / eq ;

4. reduce value of crop / eq ;

max (3)

Question Number

Answer Mark

2(b)(ii)

1. use of {one organism / predator / parasite} ;

2. idea of reduce number of {pests / prey} ;

(2)

94 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

2(c)(i)

1. use of quadrat of suitable stated area ;

2. reference to the use of {Lincoln Index /

capture-mark-recapture method} ;

3. credit correct formula for Lincoln Index ;

4. use of (sweep) net / pooter / pitfall trap ;

5. reference to counting ladybirds ;

6. population density = number (of ladybirds) per unit area / number ÷ area ;

max (3)

Question Number

Answer Mark

2(c)(ii)

1. harlequin ladybirds have increased / eq ;

2. both other species have decreased / eq ;

3. reference to {competition / niche /

competitive exclusion / breed faster / able to exploit other food sources / fewer predators / disease resistant / eat native species / eq} ;

(3)

95 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Synoptic Essay mark scheme

Scientific Content (S)

Descriptor

11 (Good)

The essay demonstrates a sound understanding of the topic and contains a significant amount of material from most areas of the mark scheme, including A2 content. Suitable examples are included and the candidate has clearly and coherently linked together information from different parts of the specification.

9 (Above

average)

An above average essay, with accurate content. The essay includes a good balance of material from several areas of the mark scheme, including A2 content, and examples where appropriate. There may be some minor factual errors.

7 (Average)

The essay includes relevant information from some areas of the mark scheme, including A2 content. The candidate links together some facts and principles. Some examples are included.

ay be some minor factual errors. There m

5 (Below

average)

The essay includes some generally factually accurate and relevant material, and there is some attempt to link material from more than one area of the mark scheme. The A2 content, in particular, lacks depth and accurate details.

3 (Poor)

There are some correct facts, but the essay lacks depth and accuracy. The essay contains little or no relevant information from the A2 content.

1 (Poor)

There are very few correct facts. The essay is generally superficial and inaccurate.

0 (Poor)

No correct or relevant material is included.

Notes Marks If a scientific content mark of 0, 1, or 3 is awarded, it is very unlikely that balance mark of more than 1 is appropriate.

An essay containing AS content only can be awarded a max of 3 for

ientific content. n essay containing A2 content only can be awarded a max of 7 for

scientific content.

S = (11)

a

sc

A

96 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Balance(B) Descriptor Marks

2 Most of the main topic areas outlined are covered Some discussion of each of the areas chosen, illustrated with suitable examples where appropriate Material included is all relevant to the topic and the candidate has linked information from more than one

area of the specification. Few, if any, errors

(2)

1 Some of the main topic areas outlined are covered. Some discussion of each of the areas chosen. Some irrelevant material included. There are some examples which link together different areas of the specification. ome errors

(1) S

0 Very limited account, possibly only one aspect chosen Material mostly irrelevant No examples of the candidate linking information from ifferent topics

d

Large number of errors

(0)

Coherence(C) Descriptor Marks

2 Material logically presented, with little or no repetition Essay has coherence, ideas are developed well; continuous prose used throughout Essay has an introduction and a conclusion, summing up

nctuation and grammar are sound

(2)

the main points Technical terms have been used correctly Spelling, pu

1 some ideas

developed Continuous prose used throughout The introduction and conclusion may be present, but brief Technical terms are used and generally in the correct context Spelling, punctuation and grammar are generally sound

(1)

Material is presented in an orderly way and

0 Essay style not used Material in note form or numbered points Very poor standard of spelling, punctuation and grammar

(0)

97 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

3

introduction could include outline structure of DNA and explanation of term GMO – basic structure of a nucleotide – phosphate –

DNA as a polynucleotide complementary base pairing and the double helix – use of plasmids as vectors – isolation of gene – roles of endonuclease and ligase – isolation of mRNA and role of reverse transcriptase - introductio plasmid replication – use of marker genes - credit references to specific examples e.g. production of chymosin and use of Agrobacterium –

(15)

deoxyribose –

purine and pyrimidine bases –

-

n of recombinant plasmid to host cell –

98 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Answer Mark Number 4B

introduction could include outline of transport in flowering plants and need for mineral ions – uptake of ions, root hairs and active transport – diffusion of ions – pathways across root – apoplast pathway – symplast pathway – vacuolar pathway – structure and role of endodermis – structure of xylem in relation to transport – cohesion tension, transport of mineral ions in xylem – specific references to: nitrate – phosphate – magnesium – could also include a reference to transport of phosphate in phloem –

(15)

99 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Question Number

Answer Mark

introduction could include outline of protein structure and how proteins are used as evidence for human evolution – mino acids and the formation of a peptide bond –

olypeptides –

primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure –

bonding –

reference to globular proteins and fibrous proteins –

haemoglobin and collagen –

references to analysis of amino acid sequences in haemoglobin / cytochrome ; immunological studies of blood sera – serum protein precipitation as evidence for phylogenetic relationships –

(15)

5H

a p

100 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042

Further copies of this publication are available from Edexcel Publications, Adamsway, Mansfield, Notts, NG18 4FN Telephone 01623 467467 Fax 01623 450481 Email publications@linneydirect.comOrder Code UA021146 Summer 2009 For more information on Edexcel qualifications, please visit www.edexcel.com/quals dexcel Limited. Registered in England and Wales no.4496750

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101 0906 8040/9040, 8042/9042