Electronic Road Pricing

The Singapore way

Electronic Road Pricing

The Singapore way

Eddie Lim Sing LoongLand Transport AuthoritySingapore

Early 70s’...

CBD

Singapore

42 km

23 km

Land Area : 680 km2 Population : 4.2 millionRoad : 3,100 kmE’way : 150 km

Facts and Figures

Total Daily Trips : 7.7 millionBy Bus : 3.0 million

By MRT : 1.0 million

By Taxi : 0.9 million

By Private Car : 2.8 million

Target: 75% by public transport

63%

100%

37%

LTA’s White Paper (1996)

Multi-pronged strategy

• Integrate transport & land use planning

• Manage Supply - Expand road network &Enhance capacity

• Manage Demand - Ownership & Usage ofvehicles

• Provide alternatives - Improve public transport

Road Pricingin Singapore

Area License Scheme

• Manual road pricing introduced in Central Business District (CBD) since 1975

• High manpower needs, inconvenient, limited in varying road pricing charges

Road Pricing - ALS

Road Pricing - ALS

• Automated with ERP system

Electronic Road Pricing (ERP)

• Implemented in September 1998

Number of ERP Gantries

48 (an Orchard cordon with operating hours from noon to 8pm, Mondays to Saturdays)

From 3 October 2005:

33 (27 in CBD; 6 along ORR)

As of 1 September 1998:

45 (28 in CBD; 17 along ORR)

Before 1 August 2005:

46 (the first evening charging gantry at northbound CTE)

As of 1 August 2005:

* Outer Ring Roads

Expressways & ORR*CBD

7:30 am to 9:30 am

&6pm to 8pm

for northbound

7:30 am to 7:00 pm

Operationalhours

1819Gantries

OrchardCordon

12:00 pm to 8:00 pm

(Including Saturdays)

11

ERP Operating hours

• Varies by vehicle type• Varies by location of gantry• Varies by time of day

$0.00$0.50$1.00$1.50$2.00$2.50$3.00

Road

Pric

ing

(Car

s)

7:30

am -

8:00

am8:

00am

-8:

30am

8:30

am -

9:00

am9:

00am

-9:

30am

9:30

am -

10:0

0am

10:0

0am

-12:

00pm

12:0

0pm

-123

0pm

12:3

0pm

-5:3

0pm

5:30

pm -

6:00

pm6:

00pm

-6:

30pm

6:30

pm -

7:00

pm

ERP

ALS

Road Pricing Charges

• To ensure optimal use of road space • Reviewed every 3 months

65 kph45 kph

Increase DecreaseExpressways

30 kph20 kph Other RoadsIncrease Decrease

Adjustment of ERP Rates

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

Morning (2 hours)

Off-Peak (7.5 hours)

Evening (2 hours)

ALSERP-7.2 %

-7.6 %

+28 %

Impact - Traffic Volume (CBD)

Operations Statistics

• Transactions (about 280,000 per day)

• Violations

• No In-vehicle Unit (IU)

- Fine of S$70

• No CashCards or Insufficient value in card

- Manual payment: Administrative Charge of $10- ePayment: Administrative Charge of $8- Payment via SMS: Administrative Charge of $4

Our Technologies...

Components of ERP System

• In-vehicle Unit (IU) and CashCard

• Equipment on ERP gantry

• Central Computer System

Types of IUs• Different types for different categories of

vehicles - allow different road pricing charges for different categories

Vehicle Type Passenger Car Unit(PCU)

Cars 1.0

Motorcycles 0.5

Lorries/Buses 1.5

Big Lorries/Buses 2.0

Types of IUs

• A smart card marketed by consortium of local banks for multiple uses.

CashCards

• Top-up at Automated Teller Machines (ATMs), petrol stations and other outlets.

• At start of journey, insert CashCard into IU. This initiates checking process to ascertain that IU and CashCard are working.

• On going through ERP gantries, deduction is made and balance displayed.

• At end of journey, remove CashCard.

Simple for Motorists

• In-vehicle Unit (IU) and CashCard

• Equipment on ERP gantry

• Central Computer System

Components of ERP System

ERP Gantry

Gantry Equipment• Antennae

Gantry Equipment• Antennae• Vehicle Detectors

Gantry Equipment• Antennae• Vehicle Detectors• Enforcement

Cameras

How does it work?

AntennaController

ECS SiteController

DetectorController

AntennaController

AVID Controller

Comms. Controller

CentralComputer

System

LocalControllerHousing

How does it work?

AntennaController

ECS SiteController

DetectorController

AntennaController

AVID Controller

Comms. Controller

CentralComputer

System

LocalControllerHousing

How does it work?

AntennaController

ECS SiteController

DetectorController

AntennaController

AVID Controller

Comms. Controller

CentralComputer

System

LocalControllerHousing

Night Charging

• In-vehicle Unit (IU) and CashCard

• Equipment on ERP gantry

• Central Computer System

Components of ERP System

Central Computer System

Central Computer System• 24-hour operations to ensure ERP

gantries are working properly.

• Monitoring of equipment.

• Processing of financial transactions.

• Processing of violation images.

OurPreparations...

• Policy Changes• Vehicle tax changes - lower rates• Vehicle tax rebates• Reducing impact for commercial vehicles

• Fitting of In-vehicle Units (IU)

• Publicity

• Testing for Motorists

Preparing for ERP

• All vehicle owners given opportunity to fit IUsover 10-month period from Sep 97.

• IU fitting free-of-charge if fitted within allocated time period.

• Overall, more than 97% of 680,000 vehicles fitted with IUs.

IU Fitting Programme

• Special ERP hot-lines.• Brochures sent to vehicle owners.

Publicity

• ERP system switched on 4 weeks ahead of start-date for motorists to try out system.

• Road Pricing charges zero-rated.

Testing for Motorists

• Motorists able to check and rectify IU problems at specially set-up locations.

Checking of IUs

Electronic Parking Systems

Using ERP technology for car park applications

Electronic Parking System (EPS)

EPSAntenna

ERP IU

Electronic Parking System (EPS)

Speed-Flow Curve (Example)

65 kph

45 kph

WHY ROAD PRICING?WHY ROAD PRICING?• Road space is a scarce resource.• Pricing is an effective mechanism to

optimise the usage of road space. • Pricing allows externalities to be factored

into the decisions of motorists.

ERP CONTRACTERP CONTRACT

• Tender specifications drawn up in early 90s with much consultations.

• Contract awarded in Oct 95 to international consortium comprising

• Philips Singapore Pte Ltd• Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd• Miyoshi Electronics Corporation• CSE Systems & Engineering Pte Ltd

• Contract cost : S$197m.

SYSTEM RELIABILITYSYSTEM RELIABILITY• Tested over more than 5 million transactions

at test site before implementation on roads.• High Reliability of RF communication • > 99.999%.

COMPONENTS OF ERP SYSTEMCOMPONENTS OF ERP SYSTEM

µ-waveµ-wave

Leased Lines

Leased Lines

EASEAS EMSEMS ESSESS

Central Computer SystemCentral Computer System

RFRFDigitalDigitalSCAcceptor

Unit

SCAcceptor

Unit

In-vehicle UnitIn-vehicle Unit

AVIDAVID EnforcementEnforcement

VPDSystemVPD

SystemECS

SystemECS

System

ERP OutstationERP Outstation

RFSystem

RFSystem