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EcotoxicologicalEcotoxicological teststests..ImpactImpact ofof leachatesleachates fromfrom municipalmunicipal landfills landfills
on underground on underground waterswaters qualityquality..
Agnieszka KuczyAgnieszka Kuczyńńskaska, , Lidia WolskaLidia Wolska,,Jacek NamieJacek Namieśśniknik
GDANSK UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGYGDANSK UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGYCHEMICAL FACULTYCHEMICAL FACULTY
Gdańsk, 05.10.2004 r.Gdańsk, 05.10.2004 r.
BiologicalBiological equilibriumequilibrium andand itsits disturbancesdisturbances atatvariousvarious levelslevels ofof biologicalbiological organizationorganization
Impact of stress-causing factors on the state oforganisms biological equilibrium
no is e
enviro nmental po llutio n
ele ctro magne tic fie ld
phy sico che mica l facto rs (te mpe ra tu re , humidity)
ORGANISM
his to patholog ic al les io ns
g rowth inhibitio n
de ath
b ioch emica l re s po ns es
BiologicalBiological equilibriumequilibrium andand itsits disturbancesdisturbances atatvariousvarious levelslevels ofof biologicalbiological organizationorganization –– contcont..
Hierarchial response of organisms to environmental stressors[Adams S. M., Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 123, 103 (2000)]
EvaluationEvaluation ofof thethe degreedegree ofof environment environment pollutionpollution
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS• the number of constituents to estimate,
• varied concentration levels,
• fluctuations of pollutant concentrations in time and space,
• complex composition of the matrix,
• complicated, ie. time- and labour-consuming procedures for preparing samples for analysis,
• further pollution of the environment by the chemical reagents used,
• additional costs connected with the necessity to purchase high-purity reagents and the need to use or utilise the surplus,
• problems connected with obtaining appropriate reference materials, necessary for such processes as validation of analytic procedures and calibration of test and measurement devices.
Obtained information isvery detailed, but insufficient for the
assessment of the degreeof environment pollution.
EvaluationEvaluation ofof thethe degreedegree ofof environment environment pollutionpollution –– contcont..
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS TOTAL INDICES BIOASSAYS
Obtained information is very detailed, but
insufficient for assessment of the degree of
environment pollution.
They supply general information, which are not easily connected with the toxicity of the analysed environmental element.
Obtained information isgeneral, but
comprehensive answer is given if the environment impacts infavourably on
living organisms.
BIOTESTBIOTEST (gr. bios – life + lat. testari – to testify)
- an analytical technique relying on observation of a response at a given level (or levels) of biological
organization, as a result of disruption of homeostasis, following changes that take place in a given element of
the environment (appearance of the pollutant).
The purpose of a biotest is to prove the presence of a toxic substance in the environment or to find out how harmful it is by quantitatively evaluating the influence
of this substance on a living organism (based on comparison with a control sample).
BiotestBiotest
phytotests
bacterial tests
based on the application of animal organisms
BiotestBiotest –– contcont..
BacterialBacterial teststests
Microtox®AZUR Environmental (USA)
ToxAlert 100®Merck (Germany)
Colonies of bioluminescence bacterial strains (species: Vibrio fischeri) photographed in the darkness
BacterialBacterial teststests –– contcont..
Scheme of enzyme reaction of luciferin’s oxidation
Scheme of action of bacterial test
ToxkitsToxkits
TheThe productproduct rangerange
test species duration endpoint standard
Tests for freshwater and terrestrial environments
ALGALTOXKIT FTM Selenastrum capricornutum 72h growth inhibition OECD,
ISO
DAPHTOXKIT FTM magna Daphnia magna 24-48h acute toxicity OECD, ISO
DAPHTOXKIT FTM pulex Daphnia pulex 24-48h acute toxicity OECD
CERIODAPHTOXKIT FTM Ceriodaphnia dubia 12h acute toxicity US EPA
THAMNOTOXKIT FTM Thamnocephalus platyurus 24h acute toxicity -
ROTOXKIT FTM 24h acute toxicity ASTM ROTOXKIT FTM short-chronic
Brachionus calyciflorus 48h short-chronic toxicity AFNOR
PROTOXKIT FTM Tetrahymena thermophila 24h chronic toxicity OECD
OSTRACODTOXKIT FTM Heterocypris incongruens 6 dni chronic toxicity -
Tests for estuarine/marine environments
ROTOXKIT MTM Brachionus plicatilis 24-48h acute toxicity ASTM
ARTOXKIT MTM Artemia salina 24-48h acute toxicity -
ToxkitsToxkits –– contcont..
no further need to support a culture all the time
low unit cost of sample analysis
the possibility to test several samples simultaneously
short response time
small volume of the tested sample
small amount of laboratory space occupied by the test package, and finally
the possibility to use the test in the field
TheThe assessmentassessment ofof impactimpact of selected of selected municipal municipal landfillslandfills, , placedplaced inin thethe
PomeranianPomeranian voivodshipvoivodship,, on the on the ecotoxicityecotoxicityof underground watersof underground waters
-- preliminarypreliminary projectproject
((thethe researchresearch performedperformed withinwithin thetheframeworkframework ofof ccontractontract
No.:No.:WFOS/D/366/20/2003)WFOS/D/366/20/2003)
EcotoxicityEcotoxicity ofof underground underground waterswaters–– preliminarypreliminary projectproject
EcotoxicityEcotoxicity ofof underground underground waterswaters–– preliminarypreliminary projectproject
Geographic localization of municipal landfills included Geographic localization of municipal landfills included inin tthehe ecotoxicologicalecotoxicological assessment.assessment.
BIERKOWO
LUCIN ŁEBCZ
LINOWIEC
BĄDKI
ROKITKI
RYBSKA KARCZMA
Daphnia – a waterfleaVibrio fischeri
EcotoxicityEcotoxicity ofof underground underground waterswaters–– preliminarypreliminary projectproject
BioanalyticalBioanalytical toolstools......organism test standard
acute toxicity
Daphnia magna Daphtoxkit FTM Magna (Crustacean Toxicity Screening Test for Freshwater)
ISO 6341 MicroBio test performed according to producent’s requirements.
Vibrio fischeri ToxAlert 100® (Merck, Germany) PN-EN ISO 11348-2:2002
chronic toxicity
Daphnia magna Assessment of chronic toxicity on the crustacean Daphnia magna
ISO 10706
EcotoxicityEcotoxicity ofof underground underground waterswaters–– preliminarypreliminary projectproject
Decree of the Minister of the Environment (dated: 11 February2004) - classification of the state of surface and underground waters,
(Dz.U. Nr 32, poz. 284)
German classification system for sediments (Krebs F., The pT-value as a classification index in aquatic toxicology. GIT Edition
Umweltanalytik-Umweltschutz, 32, 293 (1998))
Categories for management of dredged material Highest dilution
level without effect
Dilution factor
pT-value
Toxicity classes
seven- level
system Colour coding
Three-level assessment system
Original sample 20 0 0 0 1:2 21 1 I I 1:4 22 2 II II
unproblematic
1:8 23 3 III III 1:16 24 4 IV IV
critical
1:32 25 5 V V
≤ (1:64) ≤ 26 ≥ 6 VI VI hazardous
Helcom Recommendation 23/10, 23/11 i 23/12, adopted 6March 2002 having regard to Article 20, Paragraph 1 b) of the
Helsinki Convention
EcotoxicityEcotoxicity ofof underground underground waterswaters–– preliminarypreliminary projectproject
Classification of underground waters according to…
Piezometer Decree of the Minister of the Environment
Helcom Krebs
P2 (07.12.2003) V III P2 (23.02.2004) V IV P6 (07.12.2003) V VI P6 (23.02.2004) V VI P7 (07.12.2003) V I P7 (23.02.2004) V I P8 (07.12.2003) V 0 P8 (23.02.2004) V VI P9 (07.12.2003) IV 0 P9 (23.02.2004) IV II
P10 (07.12.2003) IV 0 P10 (23.02.2004) IV II
ClassificationClassification ofof underground underground waterswaters samplessamplesfromfrom thethe landfilllandfill inin LinowiecLinowiec, , accordingaccording to to variousvarious standardsstandards......
EcotoxicityEcotoxicity ofof underground underground waterswaters–– preliminarypreliminary projectproject
anilinechlorobenzene
Chromatogram obtained during the GC-MS analysis of underground water sample collected from a P-6 piezometer
(sampling site: Linowiec, dated: 23.02.2004)
SummarySummary
The results obtained using classical analytical methods cannot be a source of direct data regarding
the toxic effect (both acute and chronic) on living organisms.
However, results obtained using appropriate biotests can be a source of such information.
We should, therefore, consider the possibility of including ecotoxicological tests in examinations of the
quality of underground waters from waste dumps. This, however, requires earlier preparation of a proposal for
classification of underground waters, selection of appropriate ecotoxicological tests and implementation
research.
This presentation was supported by the “Centre of Excellence in Environmental Analysis and
Monitoring” which is a research project supported by the European Commission under the Fifth
Framework Programme and contributing to the implementation of the Key Action “Sustainable Management and Quality of Water” within the
Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development (Contract No.: EVK1-CT-2002-80010).
http://http://wwwwww..pgpg..gdagda..plpl//chemchem/CEEAM//CEEAM/
ThankThank you you for for youryour attentionattention