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2 A_©bxwZ

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A_©bxwZ cwiPq 3

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Aa¨vcK Gj. iweb&m A_©bxwZi A‡bK †ewk MÖnY‡hvM¨ msÁv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| Zvi g‡Z, ÒA_©bxwZ n‡jv GgbGKwU weÁvb hv gvby‡li Amxg Afve Ges weKí eënvi‡hvM¨ `y®cÖvc¨ DcKiYmg~‡ni g‡a¨ mgš^q mvabKvixKvh©vewj Av‡jvPbv K‡i|Ó G msÁvi êwkó¨¸‡jv wbgœiƒc:

1. gvby‡li Afve Amxg Ges Afv‡ei cÖK…wZ I cwigvY wewfbœ iK‡gi| 2. Afve c~iYKvix m¤ú` I mgq LyeBmxwgZ| 3. Amxg Afve‡K Kxfv‡e mxwgZ m¤ú` Øviv mgš^q mvab Kiv hvq Zv A_©bxwZi GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y©Av‡jvPbvi welq| 4. m¤ú‡ì †hvMvb mxwgZ e‡j GKB m¤ú` Øviv Avgv‡ì wewfbœ Afve c~i‡Yi †Póv Ki‡Znq| 5. Afv‡ei AMÖvwaKv‡ii wfwË‡Z Zv c~iY Ki‡Z nq| Gme Kvi‡Y G msÁvwU‡K AwaKZi MÖnY‡hvM¨ e‡jg‡b Kiv nq|

iwe‡Ýi msÁvwUi mgv‡jvPbv : 1. iweÝ A_©bxwZi welqe¯‘‡K we¯Í…Z `„wófw½‡Z †`‡L‡Qb| 2. gvbyl Zvie¨w³MZ I mvgvwRK Rxe‡b Ggb wKQz cQ›` K‡i hv A_©bxwZ‡Z Av‡jvPbv nq bv| 3. A_©‰bwZK KvRK‡g©i g~jD‡Ïk¨ †h gvbe Kj¨vY Zvi D‡jøL †bB| 4. iwe‡Ýi msÁvq A_©bxwZi mvgvwRK Ae¯’v‡K Av‡jvPbv Kiv nqwb|5. AvaywbK we‡k¦i A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb Zvi msÁvq Av‡mwb| 6. iweÝ A_©bxwZ‡K ïay g~j¨ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡QbwKšÍy RvZxq Avq, wb‡qvM eë¯’v, wewb‡qvM BZ¨vw` Av‡jvPbv K‡ibwb| me‡k‡l ejv hvq iwe‡Ýi msÁvA‡c¶vK…Z RwUj| A_©bxwZ‡Z †Kv‡bv ZË¡B mgv‡jvPbvi D‡aŸ© bq| ZvB ÎywU-wePz¨wZ _vKvi c‡iI iwe‡ÝimsÁvwU AwaK MÖnY‡hvM¨|

1.4 Avgv‡ì mgv‡R m¤ú` ¯^íZvi †cÖwÿ‡Z Amxg Afve †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z nq| A_©bxwZi wewfbœ aviYvmg~‡niAv‡jvPbvi c~‡e© A_©bxwZi `kwU †gŠwjK bxwZi mswÿß Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|

A_©bxwZi `kwU bxwZ

1| gvbyl †Ìqv-†bIqv K‡i (People Face Trade-Offs)

cQ›`g‡Zv †Kv‡bv wKQz †c‡Z †M‡j Avgv‡ì‡K Aek¨B cQ‡›ì Aci GKwU wRwbm Z¨vM Ki‡Z nq| D`vniYw`‡q ewj, Zzwg hw` A_©bxwZ welq co‡Z me mgq e¨q Ki Z‡e evsjv ev Bs‡iwR wel‡q cov †_‡K †Zvgv‡KweiZ _vK‡Z n‡e| Giƒc Zzwg hw` wUwf †`L Z‡e †Ljvayjvi †cQ‡b mgq e¨q Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| miKvi hwèv‡R‡U mvgwiK Lv‡Z †ewk e¨q K‡i Z‡e wkÿvLvZmn Ab¨vb¨ †emvgwiK Lv‡Z e¨q Kgvq| A_©vr mgv‡R gvbylGKwU †Ìqv-†bIqvi (Trade offs) weKí Ae¯’v †e‡Q †bq|

2| my‡hvM e¨q (Opportunity Cost)

Zzwg hw` ¯‹z‡j †jLv covi Rb¨ mgq e¨q Ki Z‡e Zzwg †Zvgvi evwo‡Z †Zvgvi evevi Kv‡R mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡ebv| A_P Zzwg evwo‡Z †Kv‡bv GKwU A_©‰bwZK KvR Ki‡j Zv †_‡K †Zvgv‡ì cwievi Avw_©Kfv‡e DcK…Z n‡ZcviZ| wKšÍy †m mgq Zzwg ¯‹z‡j †jLvcov Ki‡Qv| GLv‡b †jLvcov Kivi Rb¨ evwo‡Z KvR Ki‡Z bv cviv†jLvcovi my‡hvM e¨q|

4 A_©bxwZ

3| gvbyl cÖvwšÍK ch©v‡q wPšÍv K‡i (Rational People Think at the Margin)

gvbyl cÖvwšÍK ch©v‡q wPšÍv K‡i| we‡qevwo‡Z LvIqv †k‡l †Zvgiv †KD †KD fv‡ev Av‡iv GKUz †L‡Z cviZvg,Avevi †KD †KD fv‡ev Avi GKUz Kg †L‡j fv‡jv n‡Zv| GB Aí GKUz †ewk ev Aí GKUz Kg LvIqv n‡”QcÖvwšÍK LvIqv| a‡iv, Zzwg GKwU wel‡q A †c‡j, †Zvgvi g‡b n‡e Av‡iKUz co‡jB A+ †c‡Z| gvbyl cÖvwšÍKmyweav-Amyweavi K_vI fv‡e| a‡iv, Zzwg ci ci wZbwU Kjv †L‡j| 3 b¤i KjvwU n‡jv cÖvwšÍK Kjv| cÖvwšÍKKjv †L‡q Zzwg †h Z…wß †c‡j Zvi bvg cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM| cÖvwšÍK ev 3 b¤i KjvwU †c‡Z Zzwg hZ UvKv e¨qKi‡j Zvi bvg cÖvwšÍK e¨q| hyw³ev`x gvbyl wn‡m‡e Zzwg ZLbB cÖvwšÍK KjvwU Lv‡e hLb cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvMcÖvwšÍK e¨‡qi †P‡q †ewk n‡e|

4| gvbyl cÖ‡Yv`bvq mvov †`q (People Respond to Incentives)

cÖwZwU Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Drmvn ev cÖ‡Yv`bv ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L| gvbyl cÖ‡Yv`bv cvq e‡j KvRwU AwaKZi h‡Zœimv‡_ K‡i| †Zvgvi evev hw` e‡jb Zzwg cixÿvq †mvbvjx A+ †c‡j wZwb †Zvgv‡K GKwU mvB‡Kj wK‡b†`‡eb| wbðqB †Zvgvi †fZ‡i cov‡kvbv Kivi Drmvn Av‡iv †e‡o hv‡e| †Zgwb A_©bxwZ‡Z kÖwgK cÖ‡Yv`bv†c‡j †ewk Drcv`b K‡i|

5| evwY‡R¨ mevB DcK…Z nq (Trade can Make Everyone Better-Off)

gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi †dvW© Ges Rvcv‡bi U‡qvUv we‡k¦ Mvwo eëmv‡qi Rb¨ AwaK cwiwPZ `ywU †Kv¤úvbx| †Kv¤úvbx`ywUi g‡a¨ h‡_ó eëmvwqK cÖwZ‡hvwMZv we`¨gvb| †Kv¤úvbx `ywU mvaviY †µZv‡ì `„wó AvKl©Y Kivi Rb¨wewfbœ iKg my‡hvM-myweav w`‡q `vg h_vmva¨ Kwg‡q evRvi `Lj Ki‡Z Pvq| eëmvwqK Kvh©µ‡g gvwK©b hy³ivóªI Rvcvb eëmvwqKfv‡e jvfevb nq; Ab¨ w`‡K gvbylI Kg `v‡g Mvwo †Kbvi my‡hvM cvq|

6| A_©‰bwZK Kvh©µg msMwVZ Kivi Rb¨ evRvi GKwU DËg cš’v (Markets areUsually a Good Way to Organize Economic Activities)

A_©‰bwZK KvRKg© msMwVZ n‡q _v‡K evRvi eë¯’vi gva¨‡g| dvg© I cwievimg~‡ni cvi¯úwiK wµqv-cÖwZwµqvid‡jB †Kv‡bv `ª‡eï `vg wba©vwiZ nq| dv‡g©i gvwjKiv evRv‡ii Pvwn`v †`‡L ªe¨ mieivn K‡i Ges AmsL¨cwievi Zv‡ì Avq I cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i G mg¯Í `ªe¨ I †mevmvgMÖx µq K‡i|

7| miKvi KL‡bv KL‡bv evRvi wba©vwiZ djvd‡ji DrKl© mvab Ki‡Z cv‡i(Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomes)

evRvi eë¯’v ÔA`„k¨ nv‡ZiÕ Bkvivq P‡j| wKšÍy me mgq e¨vcviwU mwVKfv‡e nq bv| bvbv Kvi‡Y A`„k¨ nvZmwVKfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z e¨_© nq| Ggb Ae¯’vq miKvwi n¯Í‡ÿc Riywi n‡q c‡o| m¤ú‡ì myôz eënv‡iAcviMZv, cwi‡ek `~lY Ges `ybx©wZi g‡Zv welq¸‡jv †_‡K iÿv Kivi Rb¨ miKvwi n¯Í‡ÿ‡ci ìKvi nq|

8| GKwU †`‡ki gvby‡li RxebhvÎvi gvb wbf©i K‡i †m †`‡ki ªe¨ I †mev Drcv`‡bi ÿgZviDci (A Country’s Standard of Living Depends on Its Ability toProduce Goods and Services)

†hme †`‡ki gvby‡li `ªe¨ I †mev Drcv`b Kivi ÿgZv †ewk Zv‡ì RxebhvÎvi gvb DbœZ nq| DbœZ†`kmg~‡ni gvby‡li Drcv`b ÿgZv †ewk e‡j Zv‡ì gv_vwcQz Avq A‡bK †ewk (gvwK©b hy³ivóª 37,500 gvwK©b

A_©bxwZ cwiPq 5

Wjvi Ges Rvcvb 35,200 gvwK©b Wjvi| d‡j Zviv DbœZ Lvevi MÖnY, DbœZ ¯^v¯’¨‡mev, DbœZ bvMwiK myweavjvf K‡i| kÖwgK‡ì Kg©ÿgZvI ev‡o|

9| hLb miKvi AwZ gvÎvq gy`ªv Qvcvq ZLb `ªe¨g~j¨ †e‡o hvq (Prices Rise When theGovernment Prints Too Much Money)

gy`ªv Qvcv‡bvi ÿgZv †K› ªxq e¨vs‡Ki nv‡Z _v‡K| †K› ªxq e¨vsK hw` AwaK gvÎvq gy`ªv Qvcvq Zvn‡j gy`ªvùxwZ

N‡U A_©vr ª‡eï g~j¨¯Íi ev‡o| gy`ªvùxwZ NU‡j A‡_©i gvb ev g~j¨ K‡g hvq| a‡iv, Zzwg 500/- UvKv LiPKi‡j †jLvcovi cÖ‡qvRbxq mvgMÖx †c‡q hvI| wKšÍy UvKvi gvb K‡g hvIqvq H mvgMÖx †c‡Z †Zvgv‡K 650/-

UvKv e¨q Ki‡Z n‡”Q| hv c~‡e©i 500/- UvKvi †P‡q (650/- Ñ 500/-) = 150/- UvKv †ewk|

10| mgvR gy`ªvùxwZ Ges †eKvi‡Z¡i g‡a¨ ¯^íKvjxb †Ìqv-†bIqvi gy‡LvgywL nq (SocietyFaces a Short-Run Trade-Off between Inflation and Unemployment)

`ªe¨ mvgMÖxi g~j¨¯Íi †e‡o hvIqvi Ae¯’v‡K gy`ªvùxwZ e‡j| Avi †Kv‡bv kÖwgK evRvi gRywi‡Z KvR Ki‡ZB”QzK wKšÍy KvR cvq bvÑ Giv n‡jv †eKvi| g~j¨ùxwZ Kg‡j †eKviZ¡ ev‡o| Avevi †eKviZ¡ Kg‡j g~j¨ùxwZev‡o|

1.5 Av‡qi e„ËvKvi cÖevn (`ywU LvZ)

GKwU mej A_©bxwZ‡Z `yB ai‡bi cÖwZwbwa (Agent) _v‡K| †fv³v ev cwievi Ges Drcv`K ev dvg©| GB `yB

ai‡bi cÖwZwbwai g‡a¨ Avq-e¨q Kxfv‡e PµvKv‡i cÖevwnZ nq Zv wP‡Îi gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|

Av‡qi e„ËvKvi cÖevn

6 A_©bxwZ

Avq (= GDP) weµq (= GDP)

`ªe¨ I †mev weµq `ªe¨ I †mev µq

Drcv`‡bi DcKiY kÖg, f~wg, g~jab

gRyix, LvRbv, my` Avq (= GDP)

dvg© cwievimg~n

ªe¨ I †mevi evRvi

Drcv`‡biDcKiYmg~‡ni

evRvi

wP‡Î Av‡qi e„ËvKvi cÖev‡n †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q dvg© Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxq Drcv`‡bi DcKiY¸‡jv (f~wg, kÖg, I g~jab)cvq cwievimg~n †_‡K| Gi wewbg‡q cwiev‡ii m`mïv dvg© †_‡K cvq LvRbv, gRyix I my`| GLv‡b dv‡g©i hve¨q cwiev‡ii Zv Avq| Avevi cwievimg~n cÖvß Avq dvg© Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ †Kbvi Rb¨ e¨q K‡i hv dv‡g©i Avq|Gfv‡e cwievi Ges dv‡g©i g‡a¨ Avq-e¨‡qi ev RvZxq Avq RvZxq e¨‡qi g‡a¨ PµvKvi cÖevn we`¨gvb _v‡K|

1.6 wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK eë¯’v : A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v mgvavb K‡i †`‡ki Kj¨vY evov‡bv we‡k¦i me †`‡kiBKvg¨| A_©‰bwZK eë¯’v ej‡Z †h A_©‰bwZK wewa-weavb, `k©b, wbqg-Kvbyb I †h cwi‡e‡k A_©‰bwZK Kvh©-Kjvc cwiPvwjZ nq Zv‡K †evSvq| c„w_ex‡Z wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK eë¯’v cÖPwjZ Av‡Q| †hgb, K. abZvwš¿KA_©eë¯’v, L. mgvRZvwš¿K A_©eë¯’v, M. wgkÖ A_©eë¯’v Ges N. Bmjvgx A_©eë¯’v|

1.6.1 abZvwš¿K A_©eë¯’v (Capitalistic Economy)

GB eë¯’vq Drcv`‡bi Dcv`vb¸‡jv e¨w³ gvwjKvbvaxb Ges cÖavbZ †emiKvwi D‡`¨v‡M, miKvwi n¯Í‡ÿc Qvov¯^qswµq `vg eë¯’vi gva¨‡g hveZxq A_©‰bwZK Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq| G ai‡bi A_©eë¯’v‡K abZvwš¿K evcuywRev`x A_©eë¯’v e‡j| Aóv`k kZvãxi †klfv‡M divwm wecø‡ei ga¨ w`‡q mgMÖ BD‡iv‡c abZvwš¿KA_©bxwZi m~ÎcvZ N‡U| K¬¨vwmK¨vj A_©bxwZwe` G¨vWvg w¯§_ I Zuvi AbymvixMY G eë¯’v mg_©b K‡ib|

abZvwš¿K A_©eë¯’vi êwkó¨ (Characteristics of Capitalistic Economy)

abZvwš¿K A_©eë¯’vi cÖavb cÖavb êwkó¨ wb‡P ms‡ÿ‡c D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv :

1| m¤ú‡ì e¨w³gvwjKvbv : abZvwš¿K A_©bxwZ‡Z mgv‡Ri AwaKvsk m¤ú` ev Drcv`‡bi DcKiY¸‡jve¨w³gvwjKvbvq _v‡K| e¨w³ G¸‡jv n¯ÍvšÍi I †fvM K‡i _v‡K|

2| e¨w³MZ D‡`¨vM : abZ‡š¿ AwaKvsk A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÊ †hgb: Drcv`b, wewbgq, eÈb, †fvM cÖf…wZe¨w³MZ D‡`¨v‡M cwiPvwjZ nq| Gme D‡`¨v‡M miKv‡ii n¯Í‡ÿc Kvg¨ bq|

3| Aeva cÖwZ‡hvwMZv : G eë¯’vq `ªe¨ I †mev Drcv`‡b A‡bK dvg© Aev‡a cÖwZ‡hvwMZv K‡i| d‡j ª‡eï`vg Kg nq Ges bZzb bZzb Avwe®‹vi m¤¢e nq|

4| ¯^qswµq `vg eë¯’v : abZ‡š¿ evRv‡i Pvwn`v I †hvMvb ¯qswµqfv‡e `ª‡eï `vg wba©viY K‡i|

5| gybvdv AR©b : abZ‡š¿ Drcv`K m‡e©v”P gybvdv AR©‡bi Rb¨ Drcv`b K‡i|

6| †fv³vi ¯vaxbZv : cÖ‡Z¨K †fv³v Zvi wbR¯ cQ›`, B”Qv I iywP Abyhvqx Aev‡a ªe¨ µq I †fvM Ki‡Zcv‡i| †fv³vi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx Drcv`bKvix ªe¨ mieivn K‡i|

7| Avq êlg¨ : abZvwš¿K mgv‡R weËevb I mvaviY RbM‡Yi Av‡qi g‡a¨ êlg¨ †ewk _v‡K|

8| miKv‡ii f‚wgKv : G eë¯’vq miKvi AvBb k„s•Ljv iÿv, †`kiÿv, m¤úwËi AwaKvi iÿvq wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K|

A_©bxwZi wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î cvi¯úwiK wbf©ikxjZvi ga¨ w`‡q abZvwš¿K A_©bxwZi Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq| †KDwbt¯^v_©fv‡e bq, eis cÖ‡Z¨‡K wbR wbR ¯^v‡_© A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b K‡i|

A_©bxwZ cwiPq 7

1.6.2 mgvRZvwš¿K A_©bxwZ ev wb‡`©kg ~jK A_©bxwZ (Socialistic or CommandEconomy)

mgvRZvwš¿K A_©bxwZ‡Z mgv‡Ri AwaKvsk m¤ú` I Drcv`‡bi Dcv`v‡bi Dci iv‡óªi gvwjKvbv cÖwZwôZ_v‡K| AwaKvsk wkí KviLvbv I Drcv`b cÖwZôv‡bi gvwjK miKvi Ges †m¸‡jv miKvwi wb‡`©‡k cwiPvwjZ n‡q_v‡K| †Kvb †Kvb `ªe¨, Kx cwigv‡Y, Kxfv‡e Ges Kvi Rb¨ Drcvw`Z n‡e Zv miKvi wba©viY K‡i|

mgvRZvwš¿K A_©eë¯’vi êwkó¨ (Characteristics of Socialistic Economy)

1| m¤ú‡ì ivóªxq gvwjKvbv : mgvRZvwš¿K A_©bxwZ‡Z AwaKvsk m¤ú` (Rwg, KjKviLvbv, Lwb BZ¨vw`) IDrcv`‡bi Dcv`vb¸‡jvi gvwjK n‡jv miKvi|

2| †K›`ªxq cwiKíbv : miKvi †`‡ki Drcv`b I eÈbmn Ab¨vb¨ me KvR K‡i _v‡K| me cwiKíbv †K› ª evmiKvi MÖnY K‡i _v‡K|

3| †fv³vi ¯^vaxbZvi Afve : mgvRZ‡š¿ AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î †fv³viv miKvi-wba©vwiZ Drcvw`Z ªe¨vw` †fvMK‡i _v‡K| †Kv‡bv †fv³v B”QvK…Z A_© e¨q K‡i †Kv‡bv wKQz †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

4| Aeva cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi Afve : AwaKvsk †¶‡Î miKvwi D‡`¨v‡M Drcv`b cwiPvwjZ nIqvq †mLv‡b eûmsL¨K †emiKvwi D‡`¨v³vi Aeva cÖwZ‡hvwMZv _v‡K bv|

5| e¨w³MZ gybvdvi Abycw¯’wZ : mgvRZ‡š¿ e¨w³MZ gybvdvi cwie‡Z© RvZxq Pvwn`v I mvgwMÖK Kj¨v‡YiRb¨ Drcv`b cwiPvwjZ n‡q _v‡K| d‡j GLv‡b e¨w³MZ D‡`¨v‡M †Kv‡bv wkí cÖwZôvb M‡o I‡V bv| K…wl,wkí I eëmv evwYR¨ meB miKv‡ii Aax‡b _v‡K e‡j e¨w³MZ gybvdv _v‡K bv|

wgkÖ A_©eë¯’v (Mixed Economic System):

†h A_©eë¯’vq e¨w³gvwjKvbv I †emiKvwi D‡`¨v‡Mi cvkvcvwk miKvwi D‡`¨vM I wbqš¿Y weivR K‡i Zv‡K wgkÖA_©eë¯’v e‡j| A_©vr G A_©eë¯’vq e¨w³MZ I miKvwi D‡`¨vM mw¤§wjZ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| c„w_exiAwaKvsk †`‡k wgkª A_©eë¯’v we`¨gvb| h_vÑ hy³ivóª, hy³ivR¨, Rvg©vbx, evsjv‡`k, fviZ BZ¨vw`|

wgkÖ A_©bxwZi êwkó¨ (Characteristic of Mixed Economy)

we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k wgkÖ A_©bxwZi êwkó¨ Avjv`v iK‡gi| mvaviYZ wgkÖ A_©bxwZi wbgœwjwLZ êwkó¨¸‡jv jÿKiv hvq:

1| m¤ú‡ì e¨w³MZ I miKvwi gvwjKvbv : wgkÖ A_©eë¯’vq e¨w³ Zvi ¯’vei I A¯’vei m¤úwË Aev‡a†fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i I µq-weµq Ki‡Z cv‡i| cvkvcvwk MY`ªe¨ (gnvmoK) I †mev (¯^v¯’¨‡mev)Drcv`bKvix cÖwZôvbmg~n miKvi cwiPvjbv K‡i|

2| e¨w³MZ D‡`¨vM : wgkÖ A_©bxwZ‡Z Drcv`b, eëmv-evwYR¨, eÈb I †fvMmn AwaKvsk A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vewje¨w³MZ D‡`¨v‡M msMwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq|

8 A_©bxwZ

3| miKvwi D‡`¨vM : wgkÖ A_©bxwZ‡Z e¨w³ D‡`¨v‡Mi cvkvcvwk miKvwi D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv nq| †`‡ki†gŠwjK I fvix wkí, RvZxq wbivcËv I Rb¸iyZ¡c~Y© cÖwZôvbmg~n miKvi cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K|

4| gybvdv AR©b : wgkÖ A_©bxwZ‡Z †emiKvwi Lv‡Z e¨vcK A_©‰bwZK Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kivi gva¨‡g gybvdvAR©b Kiv m¤¢e nq|

5| †fv³vi ¯vaxbZv : G eë¯’vq †fv³v mvaviY ªe¨ µq-weµq I †fv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î Aeva ¯vaxbZv †fvM K‡i|Z‡e miKvi cÖ‡qvRb g‡b Ki‡j ª‡eï `v‡gi Dci cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i †Kv‡bvª‡eï Drcv`b wKsev †fvM wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ a~gcvb, gv`K ªe¨ Drcv`b I †fvM BZ¨vw`|

we‡k¦ †Kv_vI weky× abZš¿ ev mgRZš¿ bv _vKvq A‡b‡K wgkÖ A_©eë¯’v‡K GKwU DbœZ A_©eë¯’v e‡j g‡bK‡ib|

Bmjvgx A_©‰bwZK eë¯’v (Islamic Economic System)

Bmjv‡gi †gŠwjK wbqg-Kvby‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i M‡o IVv A_©eë¯’v‡K Bmjvgx A_©eë¯’v ejv nq|

Bmjvgx A_©‰bwZK eë¯’vi êwkó¨ :

Bmjvgx A_©eë¯’vq c„w_exi hveZxq m¤ú` gvbe RvwZi Kj¨v‡Y eënv‡ii K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| G eë¯’viD‡jøL‡hvM¨ êwkó¨¸‡jv wbgœiƒc:

1| gvbeRxe‡bi mvgwMÖK w`‡Ki mv‡_ m¤ú„³ : Bmjvgx A_©eë¯’v gvbeRxe‡bi †Kv‡bv wew”Qbœ ev AvswkK†ÿÎ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv bv K‡i gvbeRxe‡bi mgMÖ †ÿÎ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i|

2| gvby‡li AwaKvi I `vwq‡Z¡ †Kv‡bv êlg¨ †bB : Bmjvgx A_©eë¯’vq mgv‡Ri e¨w³ I mgwói AwaKvi,KZ©e¨ I `vwq‡Z¡ †Kv‡bviƒc êlg¨ †bB| KviY G eë¯’vq cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³‡K gh©v`v Ges Rxeb avi‡Yi c~Y©v½AwaKvi †Ìqv nq|

3| Bmjvgx kwiq‡Zi wfwË‡Z cwiPvjbv : Bmjvgx A_©bxwZi g~j bxwZgvjv Bmjvgx kwiq‡Zi Dci wbf©iK‡i| Bmjvg a‡g©i g~j `k©b, cweÎ KziAv‡bi wb‡`©k I ivmyj (m.) Gi nvw`‡mi weavb †gvZv‡eKA_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi mgvav‡bi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q|

4| gvbeKj¨v‡Y me m¤ú‡ì m‡e©v”P eënvi : Bmjvgx A_©eë¯’vq †`‡ki mgMÖ cÖvK…wZK I gvbexqm¤ú`‡K gvby‡li AvqËvaxb Ges Zvi Kj¨v‡Y eënv‡ii K_v ejv nq|

5| m¤ú‡ì AvgvbZ`vwi gvwjKvbv : m¤ú` eënv‡ii †ÿ‡Î gvbyl wb‡R‡K †Kej mªóvi AvgvbZ`vi wn‡m‡eMY¨ K‡i| GRb¨B A_©‰bwZK mg„w× I mvdj¨ gvby‡li Pwi‡Î `yb©xwZ I †jvf m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

6| my`gy³ AvgvbZ : Bmjvgx A_©bxwZ‡Z my` MÖn‡Yi ¯^xK…wZ †bB| GLv‡b e¨vsK eë¯’vq my`gy³ Avgvb‡Zieë¯’v Kiv nq|

7| hvKvZ I wdZiv : G eë¯’vq b¨vqwePviwfwËK eÈb eë¯’v cÖeZ©b Kiv n‡q‡Q| G j‡ÿ¨ hvKvZ IwdZivi gva¨‡g abx‡ì wbKU †_‡K A_© MÖnY K‡i Zv `wi ª‡ì g‡a¨ eÈb Kiv nq|

A_©bxwZ cwiPq 9

Abykxjbx

mswÿß DËi cÖkœ1. A_©bxwZi DrcwË I weKvk m¤^‡Ü Av‡jvPbv Ki|

2. A_©bxwZi msÁv `vI| †Kvb msÁvwU AwaK MÖnY‡hvM¨ Ges †Kb?

3. A_©bxwZi `kwU bxwZ Av‡jvPbv Ki|

eY©bvg~jK cÖkœ1. `y®úÖvc¨Zv I Amxg Afve ej‡Z Kx eyS?

2. G¨vWvg w¯§‡_i cÖ`Ë A_©bxwZ‡i msÁv `vI|

3. Av‡qi e„ËvKvi cÖevn (wØLvZ) ej‡Z Kx eyS|

4. abZvwš¿K A_©‰bwZK eë¯’v Kx?

5. wgkÖ A_©‰bwZK eë¯’v Kx?

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. A_©bxwZi RbK †K?

K. †WwfW wiKv‡W©v L. Gwi÷Uj

M. G¨vWvg w¯§_ N. Gj iwebm

2. A_©‰bwZK Kvh©µg msMwVZ Kivi R¨ evRvi GKwU DËg cš’v| †Kbbv G‡Z-

i. ì KlvKwl Kiv hvq

ii. m¯Ívq †fvM¨`ªe¨ µq Kiv hvq

iii. Pvwn`v Abyhvqx `ªe¨ Drcv`b Kiv hvq

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

K. i I ii L. i I iii

M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 3 I 4 b¤i cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI

bvwej evRv‡i wPwb wKb‡Z †h‡q †`L‡jb, wPwbi `vg A‡bK †ewk| cv‡k ùvwo‡q _vKv GKRb †µZv ejj,iv¯Ívi Icv‡i GB wPwb miKvwi weµq †K‡› ª b¨vh¨g~‡j¨ wewµ n‡”Q|

10 A_©bxwZ

3. bvwe‡ji †`‡k †Kvb ai‡bi A_©eë¯’v we`¨gvb?

K. Bmjvwg L. wgkÖ

M. abZvwš¿K N. mgvRZvwš¿K

4. bvwe‡ji †`‡ki A_©eë¯’vq-

K. Avq êlg¨ †`Lv †`q L. my`wenxb F‡Yi †jb‡`b nq

M. g~‡jï w¯’wZkxjZv eRvq _v‡K N. e¨w³MZ D‡`¨v‡Mi ¯vaxbZv _v‡K bv

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1. iywg I Zvi cÖevmx eÜzi †Uwj‡dv‡b K‡_vcK_b-

iywg : cÖwZgv‡m Pv‡ji LiP †e‡oB P‡j‡Q|

mywg : Avgvi gvwmK LiP memgq GKB _v‡K|

iywg : †Zvgv‡ì †`‡k GwU Kxfv‡e m¤¢e?

mywg : †KD B‡”Q Ki‡jB G †`‡ki `ª‡eï `vg evov‡Z cv‡i bv|

K. f~wgev` gZev` Kx?

L. `y®cÖvc¨Zv ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

M. mywgi †`‡k †Kvb A_©eë¯’v we`¨gvb? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. mywgi †`‡ki A_©eë¯’vi mv‡_ wgkÖ A_©eë¯’vi cv_©K¨ we‡kølY Ki|

2. Avmv` `xN©w`b ÔAÕ †`‡k evm K‡ib| m¤úªwZ wZwb †`‡k †eov‡Z G‡m †QvU fvB‡K Zvi cÖevmx Rxe‡biAwfÁZvi K_v †kvbvb| †mLvbKvi gvby‡li gv_vwcQz Avq AZ¨šÍ †ewk| †mLv‡b wZwb †h cÖwZôv‡b KvR K‡ibZvi gvwjK‡K KviLvbv cÖwZôvi Av‡M miKv‡ii AbygwZ wb‡Z nqwb| Avevi †m Zvi cQ›` Abyhvqx †h‡Kv‡bv `ªe¨†fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i|

K. G¨vWvg w¯§‡_i cÖ`Ë A_©bxwZi msÁvwU †jL|

L. A_©bxwZ‡Z cÖ‡Yv`bvi ¸iyZ¡ eY©bv Ki|

M. ÔAÕ †`‡k cÖPwjZ A_©eë¯’vi ¯îƒc e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. †fv³vi ¯^vaxbZv iÿvq ÔAÕ †`‡ki A_©eë¯’vi Kvh©KvwiZv we‡kølY Ki|

A_©bxwZ cwiPq 11

wØZxq Aa¨vq

A_©bxwZi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© aviYvmg~nThe Important Ideas of Economics

2. A_©bxwZi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© aviYvmg~nA_©bxwZ m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv AR©‡bi Rb¨ wKQz ¸iyZ¡c~Y© welq Rvbv Riywi| m¤ú` I `ª‡eï msÁv I Gi †kÖwYwefvM, my‡hvM e¨q I wbe©vPb, Avq, mÂq, wewb‡qvM, A_©‰bwZK I A-A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vewj Ges m‡e©vcwievsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li Kg©KvÊ G Aa¨v‡q ms‡ÿ‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| A_©bxwZi g~j Av‡jvPbvq hvIqvi Av‡MG aviYv¸‡jv A_©bxwZ‡K eyS‡Z mnvqK n‡e|

cÖZ¨vkv Kiv hv‡”Q †h, GB Aa¨vq cvV‡k‡l Avgiv� •� A_©‰bwZK m¤ú‡ì aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie� •� cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`, gvbem¤ú` Ges Drcvw`Z m¤ú‡ì g‡a¨ Zzjbv Ki‡Z cvie� •� evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK m¤ú` wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvie� •� `ªe¨ Kx Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie

� •� Aevajf¨ `ªe¨ Ges A_©‰bwZK `ª‡eï g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvie

� •� ¯’vqx I A¯’vqx †fvM¨ ª‡eï Zzjbv Ki‡Z cvie

� •� gaëZ©x `ªe¨ I g~jabx `ª‡eï g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvie� •� my‡hvM e¨q I wbev©P‡bi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie

� •� Avq, mÂq I wewb‡qv‡Mi g‡a¨ m¤úK© wbY©q Ki‡Z cvie

� •� evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vewji LvZIqvix ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvie

2.1 A_©‰bwZK m¤úÀvgiv mevB Ôm¤ú`Õ kãwUi mv‡_ Kg‡ewk cwiwPZ| Avgv‡ì cÖwZw`‡bi Av‡jvPbvq A‡bKfv‡e m¤ú` kãwUAv‡m| †hgb wg. iwng A‡bK m¤ú‡ì gvwjK| GKRb A_©bxwZwe‡ì Kv‡Q me wRwbm m¤ú` bq| A_©bxwZ‡Zm¤ú` n‡jv †mB mg¯Í wRwbm ev `ªe¨ †h¸‡jv †c‡Z PvB‡j A_© e¨q Ki‡Z nq| ms‡ÿ‡c Avgiv G `ªe¨¸‡jv‡KA_©‰bwZK `ªeÏ e‡j _vwK| †hgb- Nievwo, AvmevecÎ, wUwf BZ¨vw` `„k¨gvb e¯‘MZ m¤ú` Ges Wv³v‡ii†mev, wkÿ‡Ki cvV`vb BZ¨vw` A`„k¨gvb ev Ae¯ÍyMZ m¤ú`| DwjøwLZ wRwbm¸‡jv †c‡Z PvB‡j A_© e¨q Ki‡Zn‡e| †Kv‡bv wRwbm‡K hw` A_©bxwZ‡Z m¤ú` ej‡Z nq Z‡e Zvi PviwU êwkó¨ _vKv Avek¨K| êwkó¸‡jvn‡jv-

1| Dc‡hvM : Dc‡hvM ej‡Z †evSvq †Kv‡bv ª‡eï gvby‡li Afve †gUv‡bvi ÿgZv| †Kv‡bv `ªe¨ m¤ú` n‡Zn‡j †mB `ª‡eï Dc‡hvM m„wói ÿgZv _vK‡Z n‡e| Dc‡hvM †bB Ggb ªe¨ gvbyl A_© w`‡q †K‡b bv|

2| AcÖvPzh©Zv: †Kv‡bv ªe¨ m¤ú` n‡Z n‡j Zvi cwigvY I †hvMvb mxwgZ _vK‡e| †hgb : b`xi cvwb, evZvmcÖf…wZi †hvMvb cÖPzi| G¸‡jv m¤ú` bq| Ab¨w`‡K f‚wg, M¨vm, hš¿cvwZ G¸‡jv PvB‡jB cÖPzi cvIqv m¤¢ebq| A_©vr G¸‡jv Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q Ach©vß ªe¨|

3| n¯ÍvšÍi‡hvM¨ : m¤ú‡ì Av‡iv GKwU êwkó¨ n‡jv Gi n¯ÍvšÍi †hvM¨Zv| n¯ÍvšÍi‡hvM¨ ej‡Z †evSvqnvZ e`j nIqv| A_©vr †h ª‡eï gvwjKvbv e`j ev cwieZ©b Kiv hvq ZvB n‡jv m¤ú`| wek¦Kwe iex›`ªbv_VvKz‡ii cÖwZfv‡K A_©bxwZi fvlvq m¤ú` ejv hv‡e bv| KviY Zvi cÖwZfv‡K n¯ÍvšÍi ev gvwjKvbvi e`jKiv m¤¢e bq| Avevi wUwfi gvwjKvbv e`j Kiv hvq e‡j wUwf m¤ú`|

4| evwn¨KZv : †h mg¯Í `ªe¨ gvby‡li Af¨šÍixY ¸Y †evSvq Zv A_©bxwZi fvlvq m¤ú` bq| †Kbbv Gi †Kv‡bvevwn¨K Aw¯ÍZ¡ Avgiv Dcjwä Ki‡Z cvwibv| †hgb : †Kv‡bv e¨w³i Kw¤úDUv‡ii Dci we‡kl AwfÁZv evÁvb wKsev Kv‡iv PvwiwÎK ¸Yvewj‡K m¤ú` ejv hv‡e bv|

m¤ú‡ì †kÖwYwefvMDrcwËi w`K †_‡K m¤ú` wZb cÖKvi| Avevi gvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z m¤ú` Pvi cÖKvi| DrcwËi w`K †_‡K m¤ú`wZb cÖKvi| h_v-

1| cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` : cÖK…wZi KvQ †_‡K cvIqv †h me `ªe¨ gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRb †gUvq Zv‡K cÖvK…wZK m¤úè‡j| †hgb- f~wg, ebf~wg, LwbR m¤ú`, b`-b`x BZ¨vw`|

2| gvbweK m¤ú` : gvby‡li gvbexq ¸Yvewj‡K gvbweK m¤ú` ejv nq| †hgb- kvixwiK †hvM¨Zv, cÖwZfv,D‡`¨vM, `ÿZv, mvsMVwbK ÿgZv BZ¨vw` gvbweK m¤ú`| G¸‡jvi n¯ÍvšÍi‡hvM¨Zv I evwn¨KZv †bB e‡jA_©bxwZ‡Z m¤ú` ejv nq bv|

3| Drcvw`Z m¤ú` : cÖvK…wZK I gvbweK m¤ú` Kv‡R jvwM‡q †h m¤ú` m„wó nq Zv‡K gvby‡li ˆZwi m¤úèjv nq| †hgb- KvuPvgvj, hš¿cvwZ, KjKviLvbv, hvZvqvZ I †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v, wkÿv cÖwZôvb, ¯^v¯’¨ †K›`ªBZ¨vw` gvbyl ˆZwi K‡i e‡j G¸‡jv Drcvw`Z m¤ú`|

A_©bxwZi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© aviYvmg~n 13

Avevi gvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z m¤ú`‡K Pvi fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb-

1| e¨w³MZ m¤ú` : e¨w³i wbR gvwjKvbvaxb mKj m¤ú`‡K e¨w³MZ m¤ú` e‡j| †hgb- wb‡Ri Rwg,Nievwo, AvmevecÎ BZ¨vw` e¨w³MZ m¤ú‡ì D`vniY|

2| mgwóMZ m¤ú` : miKvi I RbM‡Yi gvwjKvbvaxb m¤ú`‡K mgwóMZ m¤ú` e‡j| †hgb- iv¯ÍvNvU,cvK©, wPwoqvLvbv, WvKNi, nvmcvZvj BZ¨vw` n‡jv mgwóMZ m¤ú‡ì D`vniY|

3| RvZxq m¤ú` : e¨w³MZ I mgwóMZ m¤ú‡ì mgwó‡K ejv nq RvZxq m¤ú`| †hgb- RbM‡Yi `ÿZv,cÖvK…wZK M¨vm, cvwb m¤ú` cÖf…wZ RvZxq m¤ú‡ì D`vniY|

4| AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú` : †hme m¤ú` we‡kl †Kv‡bv †`‡ki gvwjKvbvaxb bq eis me †`kB †m¸‡jv †fvM K‡iZv‡K AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú` e‡j| †hgb- mvMi, gnvmvMi, AvšÍR©vwZK b`x BZ¨vw` AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú`|

KvR : A_©bxwZi fvlvq †Kvb¸‡jv m¤ú` Zv hyw³ w`‡q eywS‡q `vI| Mg, Pvj, Kwei cÖwZfv, Kw¤úDUv‡iiAwfÁZv, giyf~wgi evwj|

evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK m¤ú‡ì weeiYwe‡k¦i ¯^‡ívbœZ †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ evsjv‡`k Ab¨Zg| Rbeûj Avgv‡ì †`‡ki gvby‡li gv_vwcQz Avq AZ¨šÍKg| Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK m¤ú‡ì we‡kl m¤úK© _v‡K| G †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK m¤ú‡ì weeiY wb‡P†Ìqv n‡jv-

K. K…wl m¤úèvsjv‡`k K…wlcÖavb †`k| G †`‡ki we¯Í…Z GjvKv Ry‡o i‡q‡Q cwj mg„× De©i K…wl‡ÿÎ| Avgv‡ì RwgiDe©iZv, AbyK~j AvenvIqv, e„wócvZ, b`b`x cÖf…wZ K…wl Drcv`‡bi mnvqK| G †`‡k cÖvq 2 †KvwU 22 jÿGKi Pvl‡hvM¨ K…wlRwg i‡q‡Q| Avgv‡ì K…wl‡ÿ‡Î avb, Mg, Wvj, Avjy, ˆZjexR, djg~j cÖf…wZ Lv`¨km¨ GescvU, Bÿz, Pv, ZvgvK, †ikg cÖf…wZ A_©Kix dmj Drcbœ nq| †`‡ki cÖvq 75 fvM †jvK cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡eK…wli Dci wbf©ikxj| RvZxq Av‡qi cÖvq 21 fvM K…wl †_‡K Av‡m|

L. LwbR m¤úèvsjv‡`k LwbR m¤ú‡` mg„× bq| GLv‡b G ch©šÍ †hme LwbR m¤ú` Avwe®‹…Z n‡q‡Q Zvi mswÿß weeiYwb‡P †Ìqv n‡jv :

1. cÖvK…wZK M¨vm : cÖvK…wZK M¨vm evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb LwbR m¤ú`| G ch©šÍ †`‡k 23wU M¨vm‡ÿÎ Avwe®‹……Zn‡q‡Q| †mLv‡b M¨v‡mi †gvU gRy` cÖvq 13223.149 wewjqb NbdzU| eZ©gv‡b †Kej 17wU M¨vm‡ÿÎ†_‡K M¨vm D‡ËvwjZ n‡”Q| Drcv`biZ M¨vm‡ÿÎ¸‡jv n‡jv: evLivev`, nweMÄ, ˆKjvmwUjv, iKx`cyi,wm‡jU, wZZvm, †ejv‡ev (biwms`x), †gNbv, mv½y, mvj`v b`x, Rvjvjvev`, weqvwbevRvi, †dÂ zMÄ,†gŠjfxevRvi, †dbx, weweqvbv I ev½yiv| G M¨vm ivmvqwbK mvi ˆZwi‡Z KvuPvgvjiƒ‡c eëüZ nq| G Qvovwe`y¨r Drcv`b †K‡›`ª, KjKviLvbv I M„‡n G M¨vm R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq|

14 A_©bxwZ

2. Pzbvcv_i : wm‡g›U, KvP, KvMR, mvevb, weøwPs cvDWvi cÖf…wZ Drcv`‡b Pzbvcv_i eëüZ nq| evsjv‡`‡kiwm‡j‡Ui fv½vinvU I evMjxevRvi, mybvgM‡Äi †U‡KinvU, RqcyinvU, Rqcyinv‡Ui RvgvjMÄ Ges

PÆMÖv‡gi †m›U gvwU©b Øx‡c Pzbvcv_‡ii gRy` i‡q‡Q|

3. PxbvgvwU : gqgbwms‡ni weRqcyi I bIMvu †Rjvi cZœxZjvq PxbvgvwUi gRy` i‡q‡‡Q| GwU evmbcÎ,†mwbUvwi `ªe¨ ˆZwii Kv‡R eëüZ nq|

4. Kqjv : evsjv‡`‡ki wm‡jU, ivRkvnx, RqcyinvU, dwi`cyi I w`bvRcy‡ii eo cyKzwiqvq Kqjvi mÜvbcvIqv †M‡Q| m¤cÖwZ w`bvRcy‡ii eo cyKzwiqvq Kqjv D‡Ëvjb Kiv n‡”Q|

5. KwVb wkjv : w`bvRcyi †Rjvi ga¨cvov Ges iscyi †Rjvi ivYxcyKz‡i KwVb wkjvi gRy` i‡q‡Q| iv¯Ív,†ijc_, evua wbg©vY BZ¨vw` Kv‡R G wkjv ìKvi nq|

6. wmwjKv evjy : wm‡jU, PÆMÖvg, Kzwgjøv I Rvgvjcy‡i wmwjKv evjyi gRy` i‡q‡Q| GwU KvP, is, ivmvqwbK`ªe¨ ˆZwi‡Z eëüZ nq|

7. MÜK : eviy` ˆZwi, w`qvkjvB KviLvbv, †Zj cwi‡kvab cÖf…wZ †ÿ‡Î MÜK jv‡M| PÆMÖv‡gi KzZzew`qvØx‡c MÜK cvIqvi m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q|

8. LwbR †Zj : wm‡j‡Ui nwicy‡i LwbR †Z‡ji mÜvb cvIqv †M‡Q| †`‡ki DcK~jxq GjvKv, cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvgI wm‡j‡U †Zj AbymÜv‡bi KvR Pvjv‡bv n‡”Q|

9. Zvgv : iscyi †Rjvi ivYxcyKzi I cxiMÄ Ges w`bvRcy‡ii ga¨cvovq KwVb wkjvi ¯Í‡i mvgvb¨ ZvgvimÜvb cvIqv †M‡Q| ê`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZ I Zvi, gy`ªv cªf…wZ ˆZwii Rb¨ Zvgv eënvi Kiv nq|

M. ebR m¤ú`

ebf~wg I ebR m¤ú` AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`| cÖvK…wZK I cwi‡ekMZ Ae¯’v fv‡jv ivLvi Rbëvsjv‡`‡ki f~L‡Êi Kgc‡ÿ 25 fvM ebvÂj _vKv ìKvi| wKšÍy evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU ebf~wg †gvU f~L‡Êi cÖvqkZKiv 17 fvM hv Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki Zzjbvq Kg| †hgb, Av‡gwiKvq kZKiv 34 fvM, Rvcv‡b kZKiv 63 fvM,evg©vq kZKiv 67 fvM Ges fvi‡Z kZKiv 22 fvM ebvÂj i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki mgMÖ ebf~wg‡K cvuP fv‡MfvM Kiv hvq|

1. my›ìeb : Lyjbv, mvZÿxiv, ev‡MinvU I ei¸bv †Rjvi mgy`ª DcK~‡j G eb Aew¯’Z| Gi AvqZb cÖvq6,017 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi| G ebvÂ‡j my›ìx, Mivb, †MIqv, †KIov, evBb cÖf…wZ g~jëvb MvQ Rb¥vq|

my›ìe‡b c„w_ex weL¨vZ evN Ôi‡qj †e½j UvBMviÕ Ges wewfbœ cÖRvwZi g~jëvb cï-cvwL evm K‡i|

2. PÆMÖvg I cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi ebf~wg : G `ywU †Rjvi cÖvq 15,333 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi cvnvwo GjvKv Ry‡o G ebwe¯Í…Z| G e‡b †m¸b, MR©b, Mvgvwi, Rviyj, wkgyj, P¤úv, evuk, †eZ cÖf…wZ MvQ cÖPzi cwigv‡Y Rb¥vq|


3. gaycyi I fvIqvj ebf~wg : gqgbwmsn I Uv½vBj †Rjvi gaycyi Mo Ges MvRxcyi †Rjvi fvIqv‡ji Mowg‡j G ebf~wgi AvqZb cÖvq 1064 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi| GLv‡b kvj, MRvwi, ebRvg KoB cÖf…wZ MvQ Rb¥vq|

4. wm‡j‡Ui ebf~wg : G ebf~wg wm‡jU †Rjvq Aew¯’Z| Gi AvqZb cÖvq 1,040 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi| GLv‡bwkgyj, ebRvg, evuk, †eZ cÖf…wZ eû iK‡gi MvQ Rb¥vq|

5. w`bvRcyi I iscy‡ii ebf~wg : G eb †`‡ki DËi-cwð‡g w`bvRcyi I iscyi †Rjvi e‡i›`ª f~wg‡ZAew¯’Z| Gi AvqZb cÖvq 39 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi| GLv‡b kvj, MRvwi cÖf…wZ MvQ Rb¥vq|

N. cÖvwYR m¤úèvsjv‡`‡ki me©Î wewfbœ cÖRvwZi cï-cvwL †`Lv hvq| M„ncvwjZ cï-cvwLi g‡a¨ Miy, QvMj, †fov, gwnl, nuvm,gyiwM cÖf…wZ cÖavb| G Qvov my›ìeb I cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi ebvÂ‡j i‡q‡Q evN, nvwZ, nwiY cÖf…wZ g~jëvb RxeRšÍyI AmsL¨ cÖRvwZi cvwL| Avgv‡ì b`b`x, wej, nvIi, cyKzi BZ¨vw` Rjvkq Ges e‡½vcmvM‡i wewfbœ iKggvQ cvIqv hvq|

O. kw³ m¤ú`KjKviLvbv, hvbevnb I †hvMv‡hvM, hvwš¿K Pvlvev`, M„nKg© cÖf…wZ †ÿ‡Î kw³ m¤ú‡ì eënvi Acwinvh©|K‡qKwU Drm †_‡K kw³ cvIqv hvq| G¸‡jv n‡jv Kqjv, LwbR †Zj, cÖvK…wZK M¨vm, cvwb, AvYweK kw³,†mŠikw³ Ges wewfbœ cÖKvi cÖPwjZ R¡vjvwb mvgMÖx|

evsjv‡`‡ki K‡qKwU ¯’v‡b Kqjvi mÜvb cvIqv †M‡jI Zv GLbI D‡Ëvjb Kiv ïiy nqwb| wm‡j‡Ui nwicy‡i†c‡Uªvwjqv‡gi mÜvb cvIqv †M‡Q| cÖ‡qvRbxq cwigvY †c‡Uªvwjqvg we‡`k †_‡K Avg`vwb Ki‡Z nq| AvYweK I†mŠikw³i Drcv`b GLbI G †`‡k ïiy Kiv m¤¢e nqwb|

evsjv‡`‡k kw³i †hvMvb eûjvs‡k cÖvK…wZK M¨vm, we`y¨r I cÖPwjZ DcKiY †_‡K Av‡m| Avgiv cÖvK…wZK M¨vmKjKviLvbv, M„nKg© I we`y¨r Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ eënvi Kwi| G †`‡k cvwb †_‡K we`y¨r Drcv`b Kiv nq| G‡Kcvwb we`y¨r e‡j| cve©Z¨ PUªMÖv‡gi KvßvB bvgK ¯’v‡b KY©dzwj b`xi Zx‡i †`‡ki GKgvÎ cvwb we`y¨r Drcv`b†K›`ªwU Aew¯’Z| M¨vm, †Zj Kqjvi mvnv‡h¨ †h we`y¨r Drcbœ nq Zv‡K Zvc we`y¨r e‡j| evsjv‡`‡k wbgœwjwLZwe`y¨r Drcv`b †K‡›`ª LwbR †Zj R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq :

1. †Mvqvjcvov Zvc we`y¨r †K›`ª, Lyjbv

2. †fovgviv Zvc we`y¨r †K› ª, Kzwóqv

3. VvKziMvuI Zvc we`y¨r †K›`ª

4. ˆmq`cyi Zvc we`y¨r †K›`ª, bxjdvgvix

G †`‡ki M¨vmPvwjZ we`y¨r Drcv`b †K› ª¸‡jv n‡jvÑ

1. wmw×iMÄ Zvc we`y¨r †K›`ª, bvivqYMÄ

2. AvïMÄ Zvc we`y¨r †K›`ª, eªvþYevwoqv

16 A_©bxwZ

3. †Nvovkvj Zvc we`y¨r†K›`ª, biwms`x

4. kvnwRevRvi Zvc we`y¨r †K› ª wm‡jU

5. PUªMÖvg Zvc we`y¨r †K›`ª

G †`‡k wewfbœ cÖKvi cÖPwjZ R¡vjvwb †hgb, KvV, Lo, †Mvei, cvULwo, Zzl, cvZv BZ¨vw` †_‡KI Zvc kw³ m„wónq| eZ©gvb miKvi KzBK †i›Uvj mvwf©‡mi gva¨‡g we`y¨r mieiv‡ni eë¯’v MÖnY K‡i‡Q|

D‡jøL Kiv ìKvi, eZ©gv‡b wewfbœ †`‡k evqycÖevn, †mŠi Zvc I ˆRe M¨vm‡K kw³ Drcv`‡bi DcKiY wn‡m‡eeënvi Kiv ïiy n‡q‡Q| AvaywbK we‡k¦ AvYweK kw³i DciI we‡kl ¸iyZ¡ †Ìqv n‡”Q| Avkv Kiv hvq, A`~ifwel¨‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki Gme Drm †_‡K kw³ Drcv`‡bi cÖ‡Póv MÖnY Kiv n‡e|

P. cvwb m¤ú`cvwb GKwU †gŠwjK cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` hv cÖvYx I Dw™¢‡ì Rxeb avi‡Yi Rb¨ Acwinvh©| †`‡ki K…wlR, ebR,cÖvwYR I kw³ m¤ú‡ì Aw¯ÍZ¡ iÿv I Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cvwb m¤ú` cÖ‡qvRb| evsjv‡`‡k cvwbi Drm cÖavbZwZbwU, h_v : 1. b`b`x, Lvjwej, cyKzi I mgy`ª, 2. e„wócvZ Ges 3. f~-Mf©¯’ cvwb|

G wZbwU Dr‡mi cvwb Avgv‡ì K…wli Rb¨ Acwinvh©| cvwbi †hvMvb Kg ev †ewk n‡j K…wlKvR ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq|Af¨šÍixY Rjvkq I mgy`ª GjvKvq i‡q‡Q gvQ I Ab¨vb¨ RjR m¤ú`| b`xi †mªvZ †_‡K Drcbœ nq cvwbwe`y¨r| Avgv‡ì AmsL¨ b`b`x, Lvjwej I Rjvkq‡K †K›`ª K‡i M‡o D‡V‡Q G †`‡ki hvZvqvZ eë¯’v Ieëmv-evwYR¨| b`b`xi cvwb I e„wócvZ †`‡ki AvenvIqv I cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨ AbyK~j cÖfve m„wó K‡i| cvwbm¤ú‡ì Dbœqb I myôz eënvi wbwðZ Kiv †M‡j Avgv‡ì A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi MwZ evo‡e|

2.2 ªe¨ : `ªe¨ ej‡Z Avgiv mvaviYZ ïay e¯ÍyMZ m¤ú`‡K ey‡S _vwK| wKšÍy ev¯Í‡e Ggb A‡bK ªe¨ Av‡Q†h¸‡jv Ae¯ÍyMZ (†hgb- Av‡jv, evZvm BZ¨vw`) n‡jI A_©bxwZ‡Z G¸‡jv `ªe¨| AZGe, gvby‡li Afve wgUveviÿgZvm¤úbœ e¯ÍyMZ I Ae¯ÍyMZ me wRwbm‡K Avgiv A_©‰bwZK ªe¨ e‡j _vwK| A_©vr †h wRwb‡mi Dc‡hvMAv‡Q A_©bxwZ‡Z ZvB `ªe¨|

Aevajf¨ ªe¨ : †h mg¯Í `ªe¨ webvg~‡j¨ cvIqv hvq Zv‡K Aevajf¨ ªe¨ e‡j| Gme ªe¨ cÖK…wZ‡Z Aev‡acvIqv hvq Ges Gi †hvMvb _v‡K mxgvnxb| †hgb- Av‡jv, evZvm, b`xi cvwb BZ¨vw`|

A_©‰bwZK `ªe¨ : †h mg¯Í `ªe¨ cvIqvi Rb¨ gvbyl‡K g~j¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq Zv‡K A_©‰bwZK `ªe¨ ejv nq|G‡ì †hvMvb mxgve× _v‡K| †hgb- Lv`¨, e¯¿, eB, Kjg, †Pqvi, †Uwej BZ¨vw`|

¯’vqx †fvM¨ ªe¨ : †h mg¯Í †fvM¨ ªe¨ `xN©Kvj a‡i †fvM Kiv hvq Zv‡K ¯’vqx †fvM¨ `ªe¨ e‡j| †hgb- wd«R,Mvwo, Nievwo, Rwg, †Ljvi gvV BZ¨vw`|

A¯’vqx †fvM¨ ªe¨ : †h mg¯Í †fvM¨ `ªe¨ ¯^íKv‡j †fvM Kiv hvq Ges †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î GKevi gvÎ †fvM Kiv hvqZv‡K A¯’vqx †fvM¨ `ªe¨ e‡j| †hgb- Lv`¨, e¯¿, AjsKvi, ZwiZiKvwi BZ¨vw`|


gaëZx© ªe¨ : †h mg¯Í Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ mivmwi †fv‡Mi Rb¨ eënvi bv K‡i Drcv`‡b DcKiY wn‡m‡e eënviKiv nq Zv‡K gaëZ©x `ªe¨ e‡j| †hgb, KvuPvgvj, im‡Mvjøv ˆZwii Rb¨ eëüZ `ya I wPwb gaëZ©x ªe¨|

g~jabx `ªe¨ : †h mg¯Í Drcvw`Z `ªe¨, Ab¨ `ªe¨ Drcv`‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i Zv‡K g~jabx ªe¨ e‡j| †hgb- hš¿cvwZ,KviLvbv, ¸`vgNi BZ¨vw`| g~jabx `ªe¨ Avevi g~jabx ªe¨ Drcv`‡bI eëüZ nq|

KvR : †KvbwU †Kvb cÖK…wZi `ªe¨ Zv D‡jøL KiÑ Av‡jv, b`xi cvwb, †Uwej, Rwg, AjsKvi, hš¿cvwZ|

2.3 my‡hvM e¨q I wbe©vPbA_©bxwZ‡Z eûj eëüZ GKwU aviYv Ômy‡hvM e¨qÕ| g‡b Ki Zzwg GKRb wkÿv_©x| Zzwg wK cÖwZw`b me KvRKi‡Z cvi‡e? †hgb : Zzwg GKB m‡½ A_©bxwZ cixÿv Ges gv‡V wµ‡KU †Ljv †`L‡Z cvi‡e bv| Zzwg hw`GKwU KvR Ki‡Z PvI Z‡e Aek¨B Ab¨ KvRwU Kiv m¤¢e n‡e bv| Av‡iv GKwU D`vniY †Ìqv hvK, g‡b Ki†Zvgv‡ì GK weNv Rwg Av‡Q| G Rwg‡Z avb Pvl Ki‡j wek KzB›Uvj avb Drcv`b Kiv hvq| H Rwg‡Z avbPvl bv K‡i hw` cvU Pvl Ki‡Z PvI Z‡e `k KzB›Uvj cvU Drcv`b Kiv †hZ| G‡ÿ‡Î wek KzB›Uvj av‡bimy‡hvM e¨q n‡jv `k KzB›Uvj cvU| ms‡ÿ‡c ejv hvq, †Kv‡bv GKwU wRwbm cvIqvi Rb¨ Ab¨wU‡K Z¨vM Ki‡ZnqÑ GB Z¨vMK…Z cwigvYB n‡jv Ab¨ ªe¨wUi Ômy‡hvM e¨qÕ (Opportunity Cost)| my‡hvM e¨‡qi aviYvwUGKwU wP‡Îi gva¨‡g Av‡iv fv‡jvfv‡e †`Lv‡bv hvq-

my‡hvM e¨q

wP‡Î OX A‡ÿ KvMR Ges OY A‡ÿ Kjg †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Avgvi mg¯Í m¤ú` hw` Kjg Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ e¨qKwi Z‡e OA cwigvY Kjg Drcv`b Ki‡Z cvie| Avevi hw` ïay KvMR †c‡Z PvB Z‡e OB cwigvY KvMRDrcv`b Ki‡Z cvie| A I B we› y ms‡hvMKvix AB †iLvwU n‡jv Drcv`b m¤¢vebv †iLv ev PPC (Production

Posibility Curve)| Avwg PvB‡j ywU ªe¨B †c‡Z cvwi| Avgvi cy‡iv m¤ú` e¨q K‡i Avwg ON cwigvY Kjg GesOM cwigvY KvMR Drcv`b Ki‡Z cvie| Drcv`b m¤¢vebv †iLvi K we›`y GB Ae¯’v †`Lvq| GLb hw`

18 A_©bxwZ

`ªe¨(Kjg)

`ªe¨ (KvMR)

Drcv`b m¤¢vebv †iLv (PPC)

O

K

QN1

N

A

Y

M M1 B X

Avwg MM1 cwigvY KvMR †ewk Drcv`b Ki‡Z PvB Zvn‡j Avgv‡K NN1 cwigvY Kj‡gi Drcv`b Z¨vMKi‡Z n‡e| Q we›`y GB Ae¯’v †`Lvq| GLv‡b NN1 cwigvY Kjg n‡jv MM1 cwigvY AwZwi³ KvM‡Rimy‡hvM e¨q|

Gevi GKUz wPšÍv Ki‡j wbe©vP‡bi aviYvwU‡K eyS‡Z cvie| Avgv‡ì wK GKwU ªe¨ w`‡q Rxeb P‡j? Aek¨Bbv| Avgv‡ì evuPvi Rb¨ A‡bK `ª‡eï cÖ‡qvRb| GLv‡b †evSvi myweav‡_© ïay `ywU `ªe¨ †bIqv n‡jv| Zzwg KjgPvI Avevi PK‡jUI PvI| my‡hvM e¨q †iLvi Ggb GKwU we›`y (†hgb- Q A_ev K) Avgiv wbe©vPb Kwi †hLv‡bKjg I PK‡jU `y‡UvB cvIqv hvq| ïay e¨w³i Rb¨ bq Avgv‡ì mgv‡RI Ggb GKwU Ae¯’v wbe©vPb K‡i wb‡Znq †hLv‡b mxwgZ m¤ú‡ì AcPq bv K‡i mgv‡Ri m‡e©v”P DcKvi mvwaZ nq|

KvR : ev¯Íe Rxe‡bi my‡hvM e¨q msµvšÍ `ywU D`vniY D‡jøL K‡i wP‡Î Dc¯’vcb K‡i †Zvgvi wkÿK‡K †`LvI|

2.4 Avq, mÂq I wewb‡qvMAvq : Drcv`‡bi †Kv‡bv DcKiY eënv‡ii Rb¨ DcKiYwU ev GwUi gvwjK GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q †h A_© cvqZv‡K Avq e‡j| kª‡gi Rb¨ cÖvß Avq‡K gRyix e‡j|

mÂq : gvbyl Avq K‡i †fvM Kivi Rb¨| fwel¨‡Zi K_v †f‡e eZ©gv‡b AwR©Z Av‡qi cy‡ivUvB gvbyl †fvM K‡ibv| Av‡qi GKwU Ask †i‡L †`q †Kv‡bv Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡b| GB †i‡L †Ìqv As‡ki bvg mÂq| a‡iv, †Zvgvievev GK gv‡m `k nvRvi UvKv †eZb cvb| bq nvRvi UvKv †Zvgv‡ì cwiev‡ii Rb¨ e¨q K‡ib| GLv‡b †Zvgvievev GK nvRvi UvKv mÂq K‡ib| mÂ‡qi GaviYvwU mgxKiY w`‡q †evSv‡bv hvq| †hgb : S = Y – C (hLbY>C)

GLv‡b, S = mÂq, Y = Avq, C = †fvM e¨q

e¨w³i mÂq wbf©i K‡i g~jZ Av‡qi cwigvY, cvwievwiK `vwqZ¡‡eva, `~i`„wó, mvgvwRK wbivcËv Ges my‡ìnv‡ii Dci|

wewb‡qvM : gvbyl Avq †_‡K mÂq K‡i _v‡K| mwÂZ A_© hLb Drcv`b evov‡bvi Kv‡R eëüZ nq ZLb Zv‡Kwewb‡qvM e‡j| a‡iv, GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q GKwU KviLvbvq GK jÿ UvKvi g~jab mvgMÖx Av‡Q| Drcv`bevov‡bvi Rb¨ Av‡iv cÂvk nvRvi UvKv H KviLvbvq eëüZ n‡jv| AwZwi³ G cÂvk nvRvi UvKv n‡jvwewb‡qvM| wewb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g Drcv`‡bi cwigvY ev‡o Ges A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb m¤¢e nq|

KvR : wewb‡qvM A_©‰bwZK mg„w× Av‡b G iKg 4wU †ÿÎ D‡jøL Ki|

2.5 A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vewj I A-A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vewj†eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ gvbyl bvbvwea KvR K‡i| Gme Kv‡Ri g~j jÿ¨ n‡jv RxweKv msMÖn Kiv| RxweKvi Rb¨ †KDKj-KviLvbvq, †KD Awdm ev †KD Rwg‡Z KvR K‡i| RxweKv msMÖn QvovI gvbyl †Ljvayjv, wPËwe‡bv`b evmšÍvb cÖwZcvj‡bi g‡Zv KvRI K‡i| Avevi A‡b‡K Pzwi, WvKvwZ Ges wQbZvB Gi g‡Zv Kv‡Ri mv‡_I RwoZ_v‡K| Dc‡ii me¸‡jv KvR‡K Avgiv A_©‰bwZK KvR eje bv| Dc‡ii G Kvh©vewj Avgiv `yfv‡e fvM Kwi|†hgb- K) A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vewj, L) A-A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vewj|


K) A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vewj

gvbyl RxweKv msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ †h Kvh©vewj K‡i _v‡K Zv‡K A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vewj ejv nq| A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Êigva¨‡g gvbyl A_© DcvR©b K‡i Ges Rxeb avi‡Yi Rb¨ Zv e¨q K‡i| †hgb- kÖwgKiv KjKviLvbvq KvR K‡i,

K…lKiv Rwg‡Z KvR K‡i, Wv³vi †ivMx‡ì wPwKrmv K‡i, wkícwZiv wkícÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv K‡i- G¸‡jv n‡jv

A_©‰bwZK KvR| gvby‡li A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Êi g~j †cÖiYv n‡jv ªe¨mvgMÖxi Afve c~iY Kiv|

L) A-A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vewj

†h mg¯Í A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Êi gva¨‡g A_© DcvwR©Z nq bv Ges Zv Rxebavi‡Yi Rb¨ e¨q Kiv hvq bv Zv‡K A-A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÊ ejv nq| G ai‡bi Kg©KvÊ gvby‡li Afve c~iY Ki‡jI A_© DcvR©‡b f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡ibv| †hgb- wcZvgvZvi mšÍvb jvjb-cvjb, †Ljvayjv Kiv, avwg©K †jv‡Ki ag©PP©v BZ¨vw` A-A_©‰bwZK Kv‡RiD`vniY| G Qvov †h mg¯Í Kv‡R mgv‡R weiƒc dj ev mgvR ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq †m mg¯Í KvR A_©‰bwZK KvR bq|†hgb- Pywi, wQbZvB, WvKvwZ, `ybx©wZ BZ¨vw`|

2.6 evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vewj

evsjv‡`k `wÿY Gwkqvi wbgœ Av‡qi GKwU Dbœqbkxj †`k| G †`‡ki A_©bxwZ g~jZ K…wl wbf©i| Z‡e

mv¤úªwZKKv‡j wkí Lv‡Zi Ae`vb µ‡gB evo‡Q|

K…wl msµvšÍ A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vewj : evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li Kg©ms¯’v‡bi w`K †_‡K K…wlB GLb eo LvZ wn‡m‡ecwiwPZ| G †`‡ki kÖgkw³i cÖvq 50% fvM kÖwgK G Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ| RbmsL¨vi cÖvq 75 fvM gvbyl K…wli

Dci cÖZ¨ÿ A_ev c‡ivÿfv‡e RwoZ| RwgPvl, exR ecb, cvwb †mP, mvi †Ìqv, KxUbvkK Jla wQUv‡bv,

dmj KvUv, dmj weµq, cï cvjb, gvQ Pvl, gvQ aiv, gvQ weµq, nuvm-gyiwM cÖwZcvjb, wewfbœ iKg

ZwiZiKvwi I djg~j Drcv`b I weµ‡qi g‡Zv KvR¸‡jv K…wlLv‡Zi AšÍfz©³|

K…wl ewnf~©Z A_©‰bwZK KvR : K…wlKvR QvovI G †`‡ki gvby‡li A_©‰bwZK KvR¸‡jv n‡jv- †cvlvK wk‡íiKvR, wewfbœ ÿz`ª I KzwUi wk‡íi KvR, eo eo wkí I Kj-KviLvbvi KvR, miKvwi I †emiKvwi wewfbœ PvKzwi,

iv¯ÍvNvU I †ijjvBb wbg©vY, hvbevnb Pvjbv, †QvU eo eëmv-evwYR¨ BZ¨vw` KvR| G Qvov G †`‡ki A‡bKgvbyl †Ljbv, cyZzj I wgwó ˆZwi, `wR©, Kvgvi, ¯^Y©Kvi, Pg©Kvi, ZvuwZ, KvVzwiqv, †dwiIqvjv, wewo ˆZwii KvR

K‡i RxweKv wbe©vn K‡i _v‡K| A‡b‡K MÖvg¨ Wv³vi, KweivRx, SvoduyK, eb¨ cÖvYxi †Ljv †`Lv‡bv, wfÿve„wË

BZ¨vw` Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g RxweKv wbe©vn K‡i|

evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv `wi ª †`‡ki gvby‡li A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÊ AZ¨šÍ wewPÎ ai‡bi| AwZ cÖvPxb Kvj †_‡K wewPÎG Kg©Kv‡Êi gva¨‡g G †`‡ki gvbyl myL-¯v”Q‡›`¨ _vKvi Aweivg cÖ‡Póv Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q|

KvR : evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li K…wl msµvšÍ Ges K…wl ewnf~©Z 10wU K‡i A_©‰bwZK Kv‡Ri GKwU ZvwjKvˆZwi Ki|

20 A_©bxwZ

Abykxjbx

mswÿß DËi cÖkœ

1. evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK m¤ú‡ì mswÿß eY©bv `vI|

2. evsjv‡`‡ki LwbR m¤ú‡ì eY©bv `vI|

3. my‡hvM e¨q I wbe©vPb wPÎmn eywS‡q `vI|

4. evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li A_©‰bwZK KvR¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki|

eY©bvg~jK cÖkœ1. m¤ú‡ì êwkó¨¸‡jv Kx Kx?

2. m¤ú‡ì †kÖwYwefvM D‡jøL Ki|

3. `ªe¨ Kx?

4. `ª‡eï †kÖwYwefvM D‡jøL Ki|

5. my‡hvM e¨q Kx?

6. Av‡qi msÁv `vI|

7. mÂq Kx?

8. wewb‡qvM ej‡Z Kx eyS?

9. A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vewj Kx?

10. A-A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vewj ej‡Z Kx eyS?

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mgwóMZ m¤ú`?

K. Nievwo L. WvKNi

M. cÙv b`x N. e‡½vcmvMi

2. eëmv‡qi mybvg m¤ú`| KviY Gi-

i. Afve c~i‡Yi ÿgZv Av‡Q

ii. ¯^Z¡ cwieZ©b Kiv hvq

iii. mvgwóK gvwjKvbv †`Lv hvq



K. i L. i I ii


wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 3 I 4 b¤î cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI

iv‡njvi GKwU †mjvB †gwkb Av‡Q| Gi †_‡K Zuvi gvwmK Avq 10,000/- UvKv| wZwb cvwievwiK fiY †cvlY,

mšÍv‡bi wkÿv e¨q ev‡` evwK UvKv mÂq c‡Î Rgv K‡ib| mÂ‡qi A_© †_‡K G eQi wZwb Av‡iKwU †mjvB

†gwkb µq K‡i‡Qb|

3. iv‡njvi bZzb †mjvB †gwkb µq‡K A_©bxwZ‡Z Kx e‡j?

K. mÂq L. g~jab

M. wewb‡qvM N. my‡hvM e¨q

4. iv‡njvi †k‡lv³ Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g-

i. cvwievwiK wbivcËv evo‡e

ii. mšÍv‡bi cÖwZ `vwqZ¡ e„w× cv‡e

iii. Kg©ms¯’vb e„w× n‡e


K. i L. i I ii

M. ii I iii N. i I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1. kwdK‡ì evwo‡Z K‡qKRb †gngvb G‡m‡Qb| Zvi gv Zv‡K 1000/- UvKv w`‡q wKQz gvQ I gvsm wKb‡Z

evRv‡i cvVvb| †m evRv‡i wM‡q †`‡L cy‡iv UvKv w`‡q 2 †KwR gvQ A_ev 4 †KwR gvsm wKb‡Z cv‡i| A‡bK

wPšÍvi ci †m 1 †KwR gvQ Ges 2 †KwR gvsm µq K‡i|

22 A_©bxwZ

K. Aa¨vcK †mwjMg¨v‡bi g‡Z Avq Kv‡K e‡j?

L. kw³ m¤ú` ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

M. kwd‡Ki gvQ-gvsm µ‡qi aviYvwU wP‡Î Dc¯’vcb K‡i e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. kwd‡Ki `ywU `ªe¨ wbe©vP‡bi A_©‰bwZK Zvrch© we‡kølY Ki|

2. nvwdR Zuvi K_vi gva¨‡g mn‡RB gvbyl‡K DØy× Ki‡Z cv‡ib| gvbyl‡K msMwVZ Kivi `ÿZv Zvi

Acwimxg| †`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’vb †_‡K Avmv gvjvgvj msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ mì Nv‡U Zvi GKwU Ni Av‡Q| GLvb †_‡K

Zuvi Kg©Pvixiv Zuvi K_vg‡Zv †`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b gvjvgvj mieivn K‡ib|

K. A_©‰bwZK ªe¨ Kv‡K e‡j?

L. cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

M. nvwd‡Ri mìNv‡Ui NiwU A_©bxwZ‡Z Kx ai‡bi ªe¨? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. nvwd‡Ri ¸Yvewj Kx m¤ú`? DË‡ii mc‡ÿ hyw³ `vI|


Z…Zxq Aa¨vq

Dc‡hvM, Pvwn`v, †hvMvb I fvimvg¨

Utility, Demand, Supply and Equilibrium

G Aa¨v‡q Dc‡hvM, †fvM, †gvU Dc‡hvM I cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM, µgn«vmgvb cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM wewa, Pvwn`v, evRviPvwn`v †iLv I fvimvg¨ `vg wba©viY wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

cÖZ¨vkv Kiv hv‡”Q GB Aa¨vq cvV‡k‡l AvgivÑ

� •� Dc‡hv‡Mi aviYv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie

� •� Dc‡hvM, †fvM I †fv³vi g‡a¨ m¤úK© wbY©q Ki‡Z cvie

� •� †gvU Dc‡hvM †h cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hv‡Mi mgwó Zv cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvie

� •� µgn«vmgvb cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM wewa wPÎ mnKv‡i e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie

� •� `vg I Pvwn`vi cwigv‡Yi m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie

� •� `vg I †hvMv‡bi cwigv‡Yi m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie

� •� fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY wbY©q Ki‡Z cvie

3. Dc‡hvM, Pvwn`v, †hvMvb I fvimvg¨

3.1 Dc‡hvM, †fvM I †fv³v

Dc‡hvM : Avgv‡ì †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ A‡bK ªe¨-mvgMÖxi cÖ‡qvRb nq| Lvevi mvgMÖx, cwiav‡bi mvgMÖxmn A‡bK

wKQziB cÖ‡qvRb nq| G¸‡jv bv _vK‡j Avgiv ¯vfvweK Rxebhvcb Ki‡Z cvwibv| †hgb- Lv`¨, e¯¿, eBcÎ,Wv³v‡ii †mev cÖf…wZ `ªe¨ gvby‡li Afve †gUvq| AZGe, A_©bxwZ‡Z Dc‡hvM ej‡Z †Kv‡bv ª‡eï gvby‡li

Afve c~i‡Yi ÿgZv‡K †evSv‡bv nq|

†fvM : cÖwZw`b Avgiv fvZ, gvQ, Kjg, Nwo, Rvgv-Kvco eënvi Kwi ev G¸‡jv Avgiv †fvM Kwi| GLv‡b †fvMej‡Z wKšÍy G¸‡jv wbt‡kl Kiv‡K †evSvq bv| †Kbbv Avgiv †Kv‡bv wRwbm aŸsm ev wbt‡kl Ki‡Z cvwibv|

Avgiv ïay `ªe¨¸‡jv eënv‡ii gva¨‡g Gi Dc‡hvM MÖnY Ki‡Z cvwi| †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e Afve †gvPb Qvov Ab¨

†Kv‡bvfv‡e ª‡eï Dc‡hvM aŸsm Kiv n‡j Zv‡K †fvM ejv n‡e bv| AZGe A_©bxwZ‡Z gvby‡li Afve c~i‡YiRb¨ †Kv‡bv `ª‡eï Dc‡hvM wbt‡kl Kiv‡K †fvM ejv nq|

†fv³v : †h e¨w³ †fvM K‡i Zv‡K Avgiv †fv³v ewj| A_©vr †Kv‡bv Aeva mnRjf¨ ªe¨ Qvov Ab¨ me ªe¨ †fvMKivi Rb¨ †h e¨w³ A_© e¨q Ki‡Z cÖ¯‘Z _v‡K Zv‡K †fv³v ejv nq|

KvR : †fvM I †fv³vi g‡a¨ 2wU cv_©K¨ D‡jøL Ki|

3.2 †gvU Dc‡hvM I cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM

†gvU Dc‡hvM

evRv‡i wM‡q Zzwg LvIqvi Rb¨ GKvwaK Avg wKb‡Z PvI| 1g AvgwU wKb‡Z Zzwg †h UvKv e¨q Ki 2q, 3q ev

4_© evi Avg µq Ki‡Z Zv Ki bv| KviY 1g AvgwU †fvM Kivi ci †Zvgvi Avg LvIqvi B”Qv A‡bKUv c~iY n‡qhvq| 2q evi Av‡gi cÖwZ †Zvgvi AvKv•¶v ev AvMÖn K‡g hvq| 3q, 4_© Av‡gi †ÿ‡Î AvMÖn Av‡iv Kg‡e| Ggb

n‡Z cv‡i †h, Zzwg Avi Avg wKb‡ebv| KviY Avg LvIqvi cÖwZ †m mg‡q †Zvgvi Avi †Kv‡bv AvMÖn _v‡K bv ev

†Zvgvi Kv‡Q AwZwi³ Av‡gi Dc‡hvM k~b¨| Avg µq Ki‡Z †Zvgv‡K UvKv e¨q Ki‡Z nq| awi, 1g AvgwU ZzwgwKb‡j 8 UvKvq, 2q AvgwU wKb‡Z Zzwg 7 UvKv w`‡Z ivwR _v‡Kv, 3q Av‡gi Rb¨ 6 UvKv w`‡Z PvI Ges 4_©

Av‡gi Rb¨ 5 UvKv| Gfv‡e (8 + 7 + 6 + 5) = 26 UvKv w`‡q Zywg 4wU Avg wKb‡j| UvKv‡K Dc‡hv‡Mi

gvcKvwV ai‡j GLv‡b 4wU Av‡gi †gvU Dc‡hvM 26| AZGe, †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mg‡q GKwU ª‡eï wewfbœ GKK

†_‡K cÖvß Z…wßi mgwó‡K †gvU Dc‡hvM e‡j| †h‡nZz AwZwi³ Avg †_‡K µgvš‡q Kg Z…wß cvIqv hvq,

†m‡nZz †fv‡Mi cwigvY evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ †gvU Dc‡hvM µgn«vmgvb nv‡i ev‡o|

cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM :

g‡b Ki Zzwg 3wU Avg wK‡bQ| GLb Zzwg Avevi Av‡iKwU Avg wKb‡j| GB AwZwi³ 4_© AvgwU n‡jv cÖvwšÍKAvg| GB cÖvwšÍK Avg †_‡K Zzwg †h Z…wß ev Dc‡hvM †L‡j ZvB cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM| GB Avg wKb‡Z Zzwg 5 UvKv

Dc‡hvM, Pvwn`v, †hvMvb I fvimvg¨ 25

e¨q Ki‡j cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM n‡e 5| A_©vr AwZwi³ GK GKK `ªe¨ ev †mev †fvM K‡i †h AwZwi³ Dc‡hvM evZ…wß cvIqv hvq Zv‡K cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM e‡j|

m~wPi gva¨‡g †gvU Dc‡hvM I cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM Dc¯’vcb

Dc‡ii m~wP‡Z †`Lv hvq 1g Av‡gi `vg hLb 8 UvKv cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM ZLb 8 UvKv| 2q Avg †Kbvq 1g I 2qAv‡gi e¨q 15 UvKv| `ywU Avg †_‡K cÖvß †gvU Dc‡hvM 15| 2q Avg †_‡K cÖvß cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM 7| Gfv‡e4wU Avg †_‡K cÖvß Dc‡hvM 26| 4_© Av‡gi cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM 5| Gfv‡e cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM h_vµ‡g 8, 7, 6, 5,4, 0 I -1 UvKv| 7g AvgwUi †Zvgvi Kv‡Q †Kv‡bv Dc‡hvM bv _vKvq Zzwg Zv wKb‡e bv|

KvR : †gvU Dc‡hvM I cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hv‡Mi PviwU cv_©K¨ wjL|

3.3 µgn«vmgvb cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM wewa

Dc‡ii D`vniY †_‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q Zzwg evi evi GKB cwigvY Avg †L‡j Av‡gi cÖwZ †Zvgvi AvMÖn Kg‡Z _v‡KGes Dc‡hvMI K‡g| Dc‡hvM K‡g e‡jB Zzwg AwZwi³ GKK Av‡gi Rb¨ Kg `vg w`‡Z PvI| 6ô Av‡gi Rb¨Dc‡hvM k~b¨ (Zero) Ges 7g Av‡gi cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM FYvZ¥K (Negative)| A_©vr GKB wRwbm evi evi †fvMKi‡j AwZwi³ GK‡Ki Dc‡hvM µgvš^‡q Kg‡Z _v‡K| myZivs †fv³v †Kv‡bv GKwU ªe¨ hZ †ewk †fvM K‡i ZviKv‡Q H `ª‡eï cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM ZZ K‡g †h‡Z _v‡K| †fv‡Mi GKK e„w×i d‡j cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM K‡g hvevi GcÖeYZv‡K µgn«vmgvb cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM wewa e‡j|

µgn«vmgvb cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM wewawU wKQz kZ© †g‡b P‡j| Zv n‡jv K) †fv³v n‡e ¯^vfvweK wePvieyw× m¤úbœ;L) †fv³v PvB‡j `ª‡eï Dc‡hvM A_© w`‡q cwigvc Ki‡Z cv‡i; M) `ª‡eï `vg cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hv‡Mi mgvb n‡e;

N) `ªe¨wU †fvM Kivi mgq †fv³vi Avq, iywP Ges cQ‡›ì cwieZ©b n‡e bv|

†iLvwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ wewawUi e¨vL¨vµgn«vmgvb cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM wewawU †iLvwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ †`Lv‡bv hvq| wP‡Î f~wg A‡ÿ Av‡gi cwigvc Ges j¤A‡ÿ cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM I `vg cwigvc Kiv n‡q‡Q|

26 A_©bxwZ

`ª‡eï GKK †gvU Dc‡hvM (UvKvq) cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM (UvKvq)

1g 8 8.00

2q 8 + 7 = 15 7.00

3q 15 + 6 = 21 6.00

4_© 21 + 5 = 26 5.00

5g 26 + 4 = 30 4.00

7g 30 - 1 = 29 -1.00

6ô 30 + 0 = 30 0.00

wPÎ :

wP‡Î Zzwg 1g Avg †_‡K aa1 cwigvY Dc‡hvM Z_v cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM jvf Ki Ges 1g Av‡gi Rb¨ 8 UvKv `vg

`vI| †fvM evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ 2q, 3q, 4_© Ges 5g Avg †_‡K Zzwg h_vµ‡g bb1, cc1, dd1 Ges ee1 cwigvY

cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM jvf Ki| A_©vr †fvM evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ Zzwg 2q Av‡gi Rb¨ 7 UvKv, 3q Av‡gi Rb¨ 6 UvKv,

4_© Av‡gi Rb¨ 5 UvKv, 5g Av‡gi Rb¨ 4 UvKv w`‡Z ivwR _vKv| 6ô Av‡gi cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM k~b¨ Ges 7g

Av‡gi cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM FYvZœK A_©vr -1.00 UvKv| f~wg Aÿ †iLvi f we›`y k~b¨ cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM wb‡`©k K‡i|

7g Av‡gi cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM FYvZœK (-1 UvKv) weavq gg1 Zv wb‡`©k K‡i| GLv‡b ee1<dd1<cc1<bb1<aa1|

G †_‡K eySv hvq Av‡gi Rb¨ †fvM evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ †Zvgvi Kv‡Q AwZwi³ GKK¸‡jvi Dc‡hvM µ‡gB K‡g

hvq| Gevi a1, b1, c1, d1, e1, f Ges g1 we›`y¸‡jv †hvM K‡i cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM ev MU (Marginal Utility)

†iLv cvIqv hvq| †iLvwU Wvbw`‡K wbgœMvgx| GLv‡b jÿ Kiv hv‡”Q †fv‡Mi cwigvY evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ cÖvwšÍKDc‡hvM µgvš‡q K‡g hv‡”Q| †m Kvi‡YB cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM †iLvwU wbgœMvgx|

3.4 Pvwn`v, Pvwn`v wewa, Pvwn`v m~wP †_‡K Pvwn`v †iLv AsKb (¯^vfvweK ªe¨) : Avgiv ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bA‡bK wKQz †c‡Z PvB| Mvwo, my›ì evwo, DbœZ Lvevi BZ¨vw`| Avgv‡ì me AvKv•¶v wKšÍy Pvwn`v bq| wf¶z‡Ki

D`vniY `vwi‡`ªi cÖwZ wbôziZv †`Lv‡bv| A_©bxwZ‡Z Pvwn`v n‡Z n‡j wZbwU kZ© c~iY Ki‡Z nq| †hgb- 1.

†Kv‡bv `ªe¨ cvIqvi B”Qv ev AvKv•¶v , 2. µ‡qi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq AwaK mvg_©¨, Ges 3. A_© e¨q K‡i ªe¨wU

µ‡qi B”Qv| myZivs †µZvi GKwU cY¨ wbw`©ó mg‡q †Kbvi AvKv•¶v, mvg_©¨ Ges wbw`©ó g~‡j¨ `ªe¨wU µq Kivi

B”Qv _vK‡j Zv‡K A_©bxwZ‡Z Pvwn`v (Demand) e‡j|

Pvwn`v wewa : †Zvgvi gv †Zvgvi evev‡K evRvi †_‡K Bwjk gvQ Avb‡Z ej‡jb| evRvi †_‡K G‡m †Zvgvi evevweiw³i mv‡_ ej‡jb, Bwjk gv‡Qi `vg †ewk ZvB †Kbv m¤¢e bq| A_©vr `vg †e‡o hvIqvq †Zvgvi evevi Kv‡Q

Bwjk gv‡Qi Pvwn`v †bB ev K‡g †M‡Q| Avevi GKw`b †Zvgvi evev nVvr `ywU Bwjk gvQ wb‡q evwo G‡jb Ges

nvwmgy‡L ej‡jb AvR‡K Bwjk gv‡Qi `vg Kg ZvB `y‡Uv gvQ wb‡q Gjvg| A_©vr Pvwn`vi mv‡_ `v‡gi GKwU

Nwbô m¤úK© i‡q‡Q|


µgn«vmgvbcÖwšÍKDc‡hvMI`vg(UvKvq)

10

8

7

6

5

4

Av‡gi cwigvY (GKK)

a1

O

Y

M

1 2 3 4 5 7a b c d e

b1

c1

d1

e1

f g

g1

U

X

µgn«vmgvb cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM †iLv

AZGe Pvwn`v wewa ev m~Î ej‡Z Avgiv eywS ÒAb¨vb¨ Ae¯’v AcwiewZ©Z †_‡K †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mg‡q c‡Yï `vg

Kg‡j Zvi Pvwn`vi cwigvY ev‡o Ges `vg evo‡j Pvwn`vi cwigvY K‡g|Ó [`vg ( ) - Pvwn`v ( ) Avevi `vg ( )

- Pvwn`v ( )]| Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v AcwiewZ©Z ej‡Z GLv‡b †evSv‡bv n‡”Q, †µZvi iywP, Af¨vm I cQ‡›ì †Kv‡bv

cwieZ©b n‡e bv Ges †µZvi Avq I weKí ª‡eï `vg AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e BZ¨vw`|

Pvwn`v m~wP †_‡K Pvwn`v †iLv AsKb

Pvwn`v wewa‡Z Avgiv †`‡LwQ `v‡gi mv‡_ Pvwn`vi wecixZ m¤úK© we`¨gvb| A_©vr ª‡eï `vg evo‡j Pvwn`vi

cwigvY K‡g Avevi ª‡eï `vg Kg‡j Pvwn`vi cwigvY ev‡o| G aviYvwU hLb m~wPi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv nq ZLb

Zv‡K Pvwn`v m~wP e‡j| AZGe, ejv hvq GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q wewfbœ `v‡g †Kv‡bv ª‡eï †h wewfbœ cwigvY Pvwn`v

nq Zv †h ZvwjKvi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv nq Zv‡K Pvwn`v m~wP ev Pvwn`v ZvwjKv e‡j|

m~wP‡Z †`Lv hvq, †Kv‡bv ª‡eï cÖwZ GK‡Ki `vg 8 UvKv n‡j GKRb †fv³v 4 GKK `ªe¨ µq K‡i| `vg K‡g6 UvKv, 4 UvKv I 2 UvKv n‡j Pvwn`v †e‡o h_vµ‡g 8 GKK, 12 GKK I 16 GKK nq| Pvwn`v m~wPi gva¨‡g`vg I Pvwn`vi g‡a¨ wecixZ m¤úK© †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

Dc‡ii G Pvwn`v m~wP †_‡K Avgiv Pvwn`v †iLv AsKb Ki‡Z cvwi|

Pvwn`v †iLv

28 A_©bxwZ

cÖwZ GKK `ª‡eï `vg (UvKvq) Pvwn`vi cwigvY (GKK)

8.00 4

6.00 8

4.00 12

2.00 16

Pvwn`v m~wP ev Pvwn`v ZvwjKv

8

Y

D

Q

R

S

T

D

O X4 8 12 16

6

4

2

`ª‡eï`vg(UvKvq)

Pvwn`vi cwigvY (GKK)

Dc‡ii †iLvwP‡Î f~wg A‡ÿ ev OX A‡ÿ Pvwn`vi cwigvY I j¤^ A‡ÿ ev OY A‡ÿ `ª‡eï `vg †`Lv‡bvn‡q‡Q| ª‡eï `vg hLb 8 UvKv ZLb Pvwn`vi cwigvY 4 GKK Ges †iLv `ywU Q we›`y‡Z wgwjZ n‡q‡Q|Gfv‡e R,S I T we›`y‡Z h_vµ‡g 6 UvKvq 8 GKK, 4 UvKvq 12 GKK Ges 2 UvKvq 16 GKK ª‡eïcwigvY wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gevi Q, R, S I T we›`y¸‡jv‡K †hvM Ki‡j Avgiv cv‡ev DD †iLv| GB DD†iLvB Pvwn`v †iLv| DD Pvwn`v †iLvi we›`y¸‡jv ª‡eï wewfbœ `v‡g Pvwn`vi wewfbœ cwigvY wb‡`©k Ki‡Q|

Gfv‡e Avgiv Pvwn`v wewa Abyhvqx Pvwn`v m~wP †_‡K Pvwn`v †iLv AsKb Ki‡Z cvwi| D‡jøL¨, Avgiv GLv‡b¯^vfvweK `ª‡eï Pvwn`v †iLv AsKb K‡iwQ| A¯vfvweK `ª‡eï Pvwn`v †iLvI AsKb Kiv m¤¢e| hv †ZvgivDc‡ii †kÖwY‡Z wkL‡Z cvi‡e|

KvR : Pvwn`v m~wP I Pvwn`v †iLvi g‡a¨ 3wU cv_©K¨ D‡jøL Ki|

3.5 evRvi Pvwn`v †iLv AsKb

GKRb e¨w³i Pvwn`v m~wP †_‡K e¨w³MZ Pvwn`v †iLv AsKb Kiv hvq| †Zgwb evRvi Pvwn`v †iLvI AsKb Kivm¤¢e| evRv‡i wbw`©ó `v‡g me †fv³vi e¨w³MZ ev wfbœ wfbœ cwigvY Pvwn`vi mgwó‡K ejv nq evRvi Pvwn`v|Avgiv †evSvi myweav‡_© a‡i †be GKwU evRv‡i †fv³vi msL¨v n‡jv `yRb| wb‡P `yRb †fv³vi e¨w³MZ Pvwn`v m~wP†_‡K Pvwn`v †iLvi gva¨‡g evRvi Pvwn`v †iLv AsKb Kiv n‡jv:

Dc‡ii m~wP‡Z `ª‡eï wewfbœ `v‡g 1g I 2q †fv³vi Pvwn`v †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| G `yRb †fv³vi e¨vw³MZ Pvwn`vm~wP †_‡K Kxfv‡e evRvi Pvwn`v m~wP ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|

†Kv‡bv mgRvZxq ªe¨ wewfbœ `v‡g wewfbœ e¨w³ †h cwigvY µq Ki‡Z B”QzK ev cÖ¯‘Z _v‡K Zv †h Pvwn`v †iLvqmvnv‡h¨ †`Lv‡bv nq Zv‡K ejv nq evRvi Pvwn`v †iLv|

1g I 2q †fv³vi Pvwn`v †iLv cvkvcvwk †hvM K‡i evRvi Pvwn`v †iLv AsKb Kiv hvq|


`ª‡eï `vg (UvKvq)`ª‡eï GKK (KzB›Uvj) `ª‡eï GKK (KzB›Uvj)1g †fv³vi Pvwn`v (Q1) 2q †fv³vi Pvwn`v (Q2)

evRvi Pvwn`v (Q)(Q=Q1+ Q2)

`ª‡eï GKK (KzB›Uvj)

6.00 5 10 15

4.00 10 15 25

2.00 15 20 35

evRvi Pvwn`v m~wP

wPÎ:

Dc‡ii †iLvwP‡Î evRv‡ii 1g I 2q †fv³vi e¨w³MZ Pvwn`v †iLv n‡jv h_vµ‡g D1D1 I D2D2| `ª‡eï `vg

hLb 6 UvKv ZLb 1g I 2q †fv³vi Pvwn`vi cwigvY h_vµ‡g 5 KzB›Uvj I 10 KzB›Uvj Ges evRvi Pvwn`v n‡e

(5 KzB›Uvj + 10 KzB›Uvj) ev 15 KzB›Uvj| hv evRvi Pvwn`v †iLvq R we›`y‡Z †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| `vg K‡g 4

UvKv I 2 UvKv nIqvq 1g I 2q †fv³vi e¨w³MZ Pvwn`v h_vµ‡g (10 KzB›Uvj + 15 KzB›Uvj) ev 25 KzB›Uvj

Ges (15 KzB›Uvj + 20 KzB›Uvj) ev 35 KzB›Uvj hv evRvi Pvwn`v †iLvq S I T we›`y Øviv wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Gevi Avgiv R, S I T we›`y †hvM K‡i DD Pvwn`v †iLv AsKb Kwi| GwU evRvi Pvwn`v †iLv wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|

3.6 †hvMvb, †hvMvb wewa, †hvMvb m~wP †_‡K †hvMvb †iLv AsKb

†hvMvb : evRv‡i †M‡j Avgiv †`Le weµ‡qi Rb¨ wewfbœ `ªe¨ wb‡q we‡µZvMY †`vKvb mvwR‡q †i‡L‡Qb| Z‡eAvgiv GUv‡KB †hvMvb ev mieivn eje bv| A_©bxwZ‡Z †hvMvb ej‡Z GKRb we‡µZv †Kv‡bv GKwU ª‡eï †h

cwigvY GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q Ges GKwU wbw`©ó `v‡g mieivn Ki‡Z B”QzK I mg_© _v‡K Zv‡K †hvMvb e‡j|

D‡jøL¨- GKwU ªe¨, GKwU wbw`©ó mgq I GKwU wbw`©ó `vg GLv‡b we‡eP¨| AZGe, we‡µZv †h `v‡g `ª‡eï †h

cwigvY mieivn Ki‡Z B”QzK Zv‡KB A_©bxwZ‡Z †hvMvb (Supply) e‡j|

†hvMvb wewa

Avgiv cÖwZwbqZ evRv‡i wRwbmcÎ µq-weµq K‡i _vwK| GKRb we‡µZv KLb Zvi `ªe¨wU weµq Ki‡Z AvMÖnx

n‡eb? Aek¨B H `ª‡eï `vg hLb evRv‡i me‡P‡q †ewk ZLbB GKRb we‡µZv Zvi cY¨ weµq Ki‡Z PvB‡eb|

a‡iv, Avjyi †KwR hLb 15 UvKv ZLb we‡µZv 2 KzB›Uvj Avjy weµq K‡i| `vg †e‡o 20 UvKv †KwR n‡j we‡µZv

†ewk cwigv‡Y Avjy mieivn Ki‡Z Pvq| g‡b Kwi, ZLb mieivn n‡e 30 KzB›Uvj| A_©vr `ª‡eï `vg e„w×i

mv‡_ mv‡_ ª‡eï †hvMv‡bi cwigvY ev‡o Ges `vg Kgvi mv‡_ mv‡_ ª‡eï †hvMv‡bi cwigvY K‡g hvq| AZGe

`vg I †hvMv‡bi m¤úK© mggyLx| `vg †hw`‡K cwiewZ©Z nq †hvMvbI †mw`‡K cwiewZ©Z nq| A_v©r Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’vAcwiewZ©Z _vK‡j (†hgb, cÖhyw³ w¯’i, ¯vfvweK mgq we‡ewPZ), `vg e„w× †c‡j †hvMv‡bi cwigvY e„w× cvq

Ges `vg n«vm †c‡j †hvMv‡bi cwigvY n«vm cvq|

30 A_©bxwZ

`ª‡eï`vg

UvKv

UvKv

UvKv

1g, 2q †fv³vi e¨vw³MZ I evRvi Pvwn`vi cwigvY

KzB›Uvj1g †fv³vi Pvwn`vi cwigvY 2q †fv³vi Pvwn`vi cwigvY evRvi Pvwn`vi cwigvYKzB›Uvj KzB›Uvj

2

4

6

2

4

6

1g †fv³vi Pvwn`v †iLv (D1D1)

6

4

2

5 10 10 15 15 25 352015

Y

D1

D1

D2

D2

Y

X XO

Y

D

R

S

T

D

OX O

D1

2q †fv³vi Pvwn`v †iLv (D2D2) evRvi Pvwn`v †iLv (DD)

†hvMvb m~wP †_‡K †hvMvb †iLv AsKb

`ª‡eï `vg evo‡j †hvMv‡bi cwigvY ev‡o, `vg Kg‡j †hvMv‡bi cwigvY K‡g| `vg cwieZ©‡bi d‡j †hvMv‡bi GmggyLx cwieZ©b‡K †hvMvb m~wP‡Z †`Lv‡bv hvq|

†hvMvb m~wPi GKw`‡K ª‡eï `vg Ges Ab¨w`‡K `ª‡eï †hvMvb MvwYwZKfv‡e †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|

m~wP‡Z †`Lv hvq †Kv‡bv `ª‡eï cÖwZ †KwR `vg 10 UvKv n‡j Zvi †hvMvb nq 10 KzB›Uvj| `vg †e‡o 20 UvKv,30 UvKv I 40 UvKv n‡j †hvMv‡bi cwigvY †e‡o `vuovq h_vµ‡g 20 KzB›Uvj, 30 KzB›Uvj I 40 KzB›Uvj|Gfv‡e †hvMvb m~wP‡Z †hvMvb wewa cÖwZdwjZ nq|

†hvMvb †iLv

†Kv‡bv ª‡eï `vg evo‡j †hvMv‡bi cwigvY ev‡o, `vg Kg‡j †hvMv‡bi cwigvY K‡g| `vg cwieZ©‡bi d‡j†hvMv‡bi cwigv‡Yi G mggyLx cwieZ©b‡K hLb †iLvwP‡Îi gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv nq ZLb Zv‡K †hvMvb †iLv e‡j|

†hvMvb m~wP †_‡K Kxfv‡e †hvMvb †iLv AsKb Kiv hvq Zv wb‡P †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|

wP‡Î OX ev f~wg A‡ÿ `ª‡eï †hvMvb ev cwigvY I OY ev j¤Â‡ÿ `ª‡eï `vg wb‡`©k Kiv n‡jv| ª‡eï `vg hLb 10 UvKv ZLb`ª‡eï †hvMv‡bi cwigvY 10 KzB›Uvj| hv wgwjZ n‡q‡Q Awe›`y‡Z| Gfv‡e `ª‡eï `vg hLb 20 UvKv, 30 UvKv I 40 UvKvZLb `ª‡eï †hvMvb h_vµ‡g 20 KzB›Uvj, 30 KzB›Uvj Ges 40KzB›Uvj| we›`y¸‡jv wgwjZ n‡q‡Q h_vµ‡g B, C Ges D we›`y‡Z|Gevi Avgiv A,B,C I D we›`y¸‡jv‡K †hvM Ki‡j cv‡ev SS †iLvhv‡K †hvMvb †iLv ejv nq|


cÖwZ GKK ª‡eï `vg (UvKv) †hvMv‡bi cwigvY (KzB›Uvj)

10.00 10

20.00 20

30.00 30

40.00 40

†hvMvb m~wP

10†hvMv‡bi cwigvY

KzB›Uvj20 30 40

40

3020

10

0

`ª‡eï`vg(UvKv)

Y

X

SA

B

C

D

S

3.7 evRvi †hvMvb †iLv AsKb

GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q GKRb we‡µZv wewfbœ `v‡g GKwU `ª‡eï †h wewfbœ cwigvY `ªe¨ †hvMvb †`b Zv‡K e¨w³MZ†hvMvb e‡j| Ab¨w`‡K †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mg‡q GKwU ªeï wewfbœ `v‡g evRv‡ii me we‡µZv †h cwigvY `ªe¨†hvMvb †`b Zv‡K evRvi †hvMvb e‡j| me we‡µZvi e¨w³MZ †hvMvbm~wP †hvM K‡i evRvi †hvMvb m~wP ˆZwi Kivhvq| wb‡P GKwU mswÿß I mijxK…Z evRvi †hvMvb m~wP †`Lv‡bv n‡jv-

Dc‡ii †Uwe‡j 1g I 2q we‡µZvi `ª‡eï †hvMvb †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| G `yRb we‡µZvi †hvMvbK…Z ªe¨ w`‡qKxfv‡e evRv‡i †hvMvb †iLv AsKb Kiv hvq Zv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv-

Dc‡ii †iLv wP‡Î 1g I 2q we‡µZvi e¨w³MZ †hvMvb †iLv n‡jv h_vµ‡g S1S1 I S2S2| `ª‡eï `vg hLb 10UvKv ZLb 1g I 2q we‡µZvi mieiv‡ni cwigvY h_vµ‡g 100 I 50 KzB›Uvj Ges evRvi †hvMvb n‡e(100+50) = 150 KzB›Uvj| hv wP‡Î A we›`y Øviv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| `vg †e‡o 15 UvKv nIqvq 1g I 2qwe‡µZvi e¨w³MZ †hvMv‡bi cwigvb n‡e h_vµ‡g 150 I 75 KzB›Uvj Ges evRvi †hvMvb (150+75) = 225KzB›Uvj| hv wP‡Î B we›`y Øviv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| `vg Av‡iv †e‡o 20 UvKv nIqvq 1g I 2g we‡µZvi †hvMv‡bicwigvY n‡e h_vµ‡g 200 I 100 KzB›Uvj| †gvU †hvMv‡bi cwigvY n‡e (200+100) = 300 KzB›Uvj| hvwP‡Î C we›`y Øviv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Gevi A,B Ges C we›`y †hvM K‡i Avgiv SS †iLv AsKb Kwi| hv evRvi†hvMvb †iLv wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|

KvR : †hvMvb m~wP I †hvMvb †iLvi g‡a¨ 3wU cv_©K¨ D‡jøL Ki|

32 A_©bxwZ

1g we‡µZvi †hvMv‡bi cwigvY

1g we‡µZvi †hvMvb †iLv (S1S1) 2q we‡µZvi †hvMvb †iLv (S2S2) evRvi †hvMvb †iLv (SS)

KzB›Uvj KzB›Uvj KzB›Uvj2q we‡µZvi †hvMv‡bi cwigvY

1g, 2q †fv³vi e¨vw³MZ I evRvi †hvMv‡bi cwigvY

evRvi †hvMv‡bi cwigvY

UvKv UvKv UvKv

`ª‡eï`vg

YS1

S1

X0

10

15

20

100 150 200

YS2

S2

X0

10

15

20

50 75 100

YS

S

A

B

C

X0

10

15

20

150 225 300

`ª‡eï `vg(UvKv)

1g we‡µZvi †hvMvb (S1)`ª‡eï GKK (KzB›Uvj)

2q we‡µZvi †hvMvb (S2)`ª‡eï GKK (KzB›Uvj)

evRvi †hvMvb (S)S=S1+ S2

`ª‡eï GKK (KzB›Uvj)

10.00 100 50 150

15.00 150 75 225

20.00 200 100 300

evRvi †hvMvb m~wP

3.8 fvimvg¨ `vg wba©viY

evRv‡ii GKwU mvaviY `„k¨ n‡jv †µZv-we‡µZvi g‡a¨ `ª‡eï `vg wb‡q ì KlvKwl Kiv| †µZv †Póv K‡ime©wbgœ `v‡g `ªe¨wU µq Ki‡Z| Avevi, we‡µZv †Póv K‡i m‡e©v”P `v‡g `ªe¨ weµq Ki‡Z| †µZv-we‡µZviìKlvKwli d‡j Ggb GKwU `v‡g ªe¨wU µq-weµq nq †hLv‡b Zvi Pvwn`v I †hvMvb ci®úi mgvb| †h `v‡gPvwn`v I †hvMvb mgvb nq Zv‡K fvimvg¨ `vg e‡j| fvimvg¨ `v‡g †h cwigvY ªe¨ †Kbv-†ePv nq Zv‡K fvimvg¨cwigvY e‡j|

Dc‡ii †iLv wP‡Î f~wg A‡ÿ Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi cwigvY Ges j¤ A‡ÿ `ª‡eï `vg wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q| †iLvwP‡ÎevRvi Pvwn`v †iLv DD Ges evRvi †hvMvb †iLv SS A¼b Kiv n‡q‡Q|

a‡iv, OA `v‡g Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi cwigvY h_vµ‡g OE I OH| G `v‡g Pvwn`v †_‡K †hvMv‡bi cwigvY†ewk| Pvwn`v †_‡K †hvMvb †ewk n‡j `v‡gi Dci wbgœgyLx Pvc m„wó n‡e| d‡j `vg K‡g OA †_‡K OP †ZAvm‡e| †hLv‡b Pvwn`v I †hvMvb mgvb n‡e| Avevi `vg hw` OC nq Zvn‡j †hvMv‡bi cwigvY OE GesPvwn`vi cwigvY OH| A_©vr GLv‡b †hvMv‡bi Zzjbvq Pvwn`vi cwigvY †ewk d‡j `ª‡eï `vg Aek¨B evo‡e Ges`vg OP †Z wM‡q w¯’i n‡e| †hLv‡b Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi cwigvY ci¯úi mgvb| Gfv‡e †`Lv hvq `vg hLb OPnq †Kej ZLbB Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi †gvU cwigvY mgvb A_©vr OM| AZGe OP `v‡g Pvwn`v I †hvMvb mgvb_v‡K Ges `vg evov wKsev Kgvi †Kv‡bv cÖeYZv _v‡K bv| Kv‡RB OP n‡jv fvimvg¨ `vg Ges fvimvg¨ cwigvYn‡jv OM| R we›`y‡Z DD Ges SS ci¯úi‡K †Q` K‡i| R †Q` we›`y‡Z wb‡`©wkZ n‡jv fvimvg¨ `vg Ifvimvg¨ cwigvY|

KvR : fvimvg¨ we›`y †_‡K `vg †Kb bovPov K‡i bv? K‡qKwU KviY D‡jøL Ki|


O

Y

D

A

P

C

S

E M H X

D

R

S

`ª‡eï`vg(UvKv)

Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi cwigvY (KzB›Uvj)

fvimvg¨ `vg wba©viY

Abykxjbx

mswÿß DËi cÖkœ

1. Dc‡hvM Kx?

2. †fvM I †fv³v ej‡Z Kx eyS?

3. †gvU Dc‡hvM I cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM ej‡Z Kx eyS?

4. Pvwn`vi msÁv `vI| Pvwn`vi wewawU Kx?

5. evRvi Pvwn`v †iLv Kx?

6. †hvMvb wewawU Kx?

eY©bvg~jK cÖkœ

1. µgn«vmgvb cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM wewawU Av‡jvPbv Ki|

2. GKwU Pvwn`v m~wP †_‡K Pvwn`v †iLv AsKb Ki|

3. GKwU evRvi Pvwn`v m~wP †_‡K GKwU evRvi Pvwn`v †iLv AsKb Ki|

4. GKwU †hvMvb m~wP †_‡K †hvMvb †iLv AsKb Ki|

5. GKwU evRvi †hvMvb m~wP †_‡K GKwU evRvi †hvMvb †iLv AsKb Ki|

6. wP‡Îi gva¨‡g fvimvg¨ `vg wba©vi‡Yi welqwU e¨vL¨v Ki|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. A_©bxwZ‡Z Pvwn`vi kZ© KqwU?

K. 2 L. 3

M. 4 N. 5

2. evRvi fvimv‡gï †ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi †Kvb kZ©wU Avek¨K?

K. †h we›`y‡Z Pvwn`v = †hvMvb L. †h we›`y‡Z Pvwn`v > †hvMvb

M. †h we›`y‡Z †hvMvb > Pvwn`v N. †h we›`y‡Z †hvMvb = Pvwn`v


Zvnmxb ¯‹z‡j wM‡q †cqviv wK‡b †Lj| Zvi †cqvivi Dc‡hvM m~wP wb‡P †Ìqv n‡jv-

34 A_©bxwZ

1 5 5

2 9 4

3 12

3. Zvnmx‡bi 3q †cqvivi cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM KZ?

K. 5 UvKv L. 4 UvKv

M. 3 UvKv N. 2 UvKv

4. Zvnmx‡bi D³ AvPi‡Y-

i. ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’v cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q

ii. †cqvivi cÖwZ AvKl©Y AcwiewZ©Z i‡q‡Q

iii. †cqvivi cÖwZ cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM µgvš^‡q K‡g‡Q


K. i L. ii I iii

M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1. ewki mv‡n‡ei Avq mxwgZ| Zuvi †ÿ‡Î ÔXÕ `ª‡eï Pvwn`v m~wP †Ìqv n‡jv-

cÖwZ GKK `ª‡eï `vg (UvKvq) Pvwn`vi cwigvY (KzB›Uvj)

20 UvKv 5

15 UvKv 10

10 UvKv 15

K. Dc‡hvM Kv‡K e‡j?

L. †gvU Dc‡hvM I cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hv‡Mi g‡a¨ GKwU m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Ki|


`ª‡eï GKK †gvU Dc‡hvM (UvKvq) cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM (UvKvq)

M. ÔXÕ `ª‡eï Pvwn`v m~wP †_‡K Pvwn`v †iLv AsKb K‡i e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. ÔXÕ `ª‡eï weKí `ª‡eï `vg n«vm †c‡j ewki mv‡n‡ei AvPi‡Y wKiƒc cwieZ©b n‡Z cv‡i? gZvgZ `vI|

2. iwng evRv‡i wM‡q †`‡L Avjyi `vg cÖwZ †KwR 25 UvKv| †m 120 †KwR Avjy wK‡b, wKšÍy Kwig GKB `v‡g160 †KwR Avjy wewµ Ki‡Z Pvq| ciw`b Avjyi `vg K‡g 20 UvKv nIqv‡Z iwng 140 †KwR Avjy †K‡bGes Kwig 140 †KwR Avjy wewµ K‡i|

K. Pvwn`v Kv‡K e‡j?

L. Pvwn`v wewawU e¨vL¨v Ki|

M. Kwi‡gi Avjyi †hvMvb †iLv AsKb K‡i e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Zzwg Kx g‡b Ki iwng I Kwig Avjyi evRv‡i fvimvg¨ `v‡g †cŠuQv‡Z †c‡i‡Q? †Zvgvi DË‡ii mc‡ÿhyw³ `vI|

36 A_©bxwZ

PZz_© Aa¨vq

Drcv`b I msMVbProduction & Organisation

Drcv`b I msMVb GKB ai‡bi `ywU welq| kieZ GKwU Drcvw`Z `ªe¨| kieZ ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvwb, wPwb, †jeyBZ¨vwì cÖ‡qvRb| DcKiY eënvi K‡i ªe¨ Drcv`b ev Dc‡hvM ev Z…wß m„wó Kiv hvq| Avi G KvRwU K‡i_v‡K msMVb| Drcv`b Ki‡Z DcKiY †hgb cvwb, wPwb, †jey jv‡M, Kxfv‡e Drcv`b Ki‡e Zvi GKwUcwiKíbv Ki‡Z nq, Drcv`b Kivi mgq wewfbœ Rb wewfbœ KvR K‡ibÑ †hvM¨Zv Abyhvqx GB KvR¸‡jv eÈbKi‡Z nq, Drcvw`Z cY¨ wewµi Rb¨ evRv‡i wb‡Z nq| G ai‡bi KvR¸‡jv K‡i msMVb| msMVb `¶ bv n‡jDrcv`b e„w× m¤¢e nq bv|

Avkv Kiv hvq †h GB Aa¨v‡qi cvV‡k‡l AvgivÑ

� •� Drcv`‡bi aviYv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie

� •� Drcv`‡bi mv‡_ Drcv`‡Ki m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie

� •� Drcv`‡bi DcKiYmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie

� •� msMVb I Gi weKvk Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvie

� •� Mo I cÖvwšÍK Drcv`‡bi g‡a¨ m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie

� •� Drcv`b e¨‡qi aviYvwU eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie

� •� cÖKvk¨ e¨q I A-cÖKvk¨ e¨q wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvie

� •� e¨w³MZ I mvgvwRK e¨‡qi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvie

� •� Drcv`bkxj Kg©KvÊ Ges D‡`¨vM MÖn‡Y AvMÖnx ne

� •� µgn«vmgvb Drcv`b wewawU mviwY I †jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvie

4.1 Drcv`b I Drcv`K (Production and Producer)

Drcv`b ej‡Z g~jZ Dc‡hvM m„wó Kiv‡K †evSvq| Drcvw`Z `ª‡eï wewbgq g~j¨ _vK‡Z n‡e| Avevi Dc‡hvM

m„wó bv n‡j Drcv`b †evSvq bv| DcKiY ev cÖv_wgK ªe¨ eënvi K‡i bZzb †Kv‡bv `ªe¨ ev Dc‡hvM m„wó

Kiv‡K Drcv`b e‡j| †hgbÑAvUv, jeY, cvwb, †ejyb BZ¨vw` eënvi K‡i iywU evbv‡bv nq| iywU GKwU Drcvw`Z

bZzb `ªe¨| iywU †L‡q Avgiv ¶zav wbeviY Kwi ev Z…wß cvB| A_©vr iywU ˆZwi K‡i Dc‡hvM m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Avgiv UvKv ev Ab¨ ª‡eï wewbg‡q iywU †c‡Z cvwi| A_©vr bZzb `ªe¨ iywUi wewbgq g~j¨ Av‡Q| eëmv Kivi Rb¨

iywU evbv‡bv n‡j A‡bK mgq iywU¸‡jv evRv‡i wb‡q †h‡Z nq| DcKiY msMÖn †_‡K evRv‡i wb‡q hvIqv ch©šÍ

me KvR Z`viwK K‡i msMVb| †hgb Kx DcKiY jvM‡e, †Kv_v †_‡K DcKiY Avb‡e, †K Avb‡e, †K jeY,

AvUv, cvwb wgwk‡q Lvwgi ˆZwi Ki‡e, †K iywU †ej‡e, †K †QuK‡e, †K evRv‡i wb‡e, KZ `v‡g †eP‡e, GB meB

†`‡L msMVb| me wKQz msMVb `¶Zvi ms‡M Z`viwK bv Ki‡Z cvi‡j wbw`©ó cwigvY DcKiY †_‡K m‡e©v”P

cwigvY Drcv`b cvIqv m¤¢e n‡e bv| GKB e¨w³ msMVK Ges Drcv`K n‡Z cv‡i| Drcv`b ev Dc‡hvM m„wói

cÖwµqv‡K cuvP fv‡M †`Lv‡bv hvq| †hgb-

1. iƒcMZ Drcv`b : `ª‡eï iƒc cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g bZzb `ªe¨ Drcv`b Kiv‡K iƒcMZ Drcv`b e‡j| †hgb,KvV‡K myweavg‡Zv cwieZ©b K‡i LvU, †Pqvi, †Uwej evbv‡bv nq| LvU, †Pqvi, †Uwej n‡jv iƒcMZDrcv`b|

2. ¯’vbMZ Drcv`b : †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv `ªe¨ GK RvqMv †_‡K Ab¨ RvqMvq ¯’vbvšÍi Ki‡j Zvi Dc‡hvM ev‡o|†hgb, e‡bi KvV mvaviYZ e‡bi Av‡kcv‡ki †jvKRb Lwo wn‡m‡e eënvi K‡i| kn‡i Avb‡j gvbyl GBKvV w`‡q AvKl©Yxq AvmevecÎ evbv‡Z cv‡i- d‡j Gi Dc‡hvM ev‡o| Avevi e‡b dz‡ji †Zgb Kì†bB| wKšÍy †mB dzj mn MvQ kn‡ii evwoi AvwObvq ivL‡j Gi Kì ev‡o A_©vr Dc‡hvM ev‡o|

3. mgqMZ Drcv`b : mg‡qi eëav‡b A‡bK wRwb‡mi Drcv`b I Dc‡hvM ev‡o| G‡ì‡K mgqMZDrcv`b e‡j| †hgb, †cŠl-gvN gv‡m av‡bi †gŠmy‡g djb †ewk nq| Avevi GB mg‡q av‡bi `vg Kg_v‡K| G mgq avb gRy` K‡i fv ª-Avwk¦b gv‡m wewµ Ki‡j †ewk `vg cvIqv hvq|

4. †mevMZ Drcv`b : gvbyl Zvi †mev Øviv †h Drcv`b m„wó K‡i Zv‡K †mevMZ Drcv`b e‡j| wk¶Kwk¶v`vb K‡i wkw¶Z gvbyl ˆZwi K‡i, Wv³vi wPwKrmv w`‡q gvby‡li kixi‡K my¯’ iv‡L ev Drcv`b ¶gZvA¶zbœ iv‡L ev e„w× K‡i|

5. gvwjKvbvMZ Drcv`b : †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv A_©‰bwZK `ªe¨ I †mevi gvwjKvbv cwieZ©b K‡i AwZwi³ Drcv`bm„wó Kiv hvq| †hgb, AeëüZ Rwg wK‡b GKRb K…lK Pvlvev` K‡i Drcv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i A_ev eëüZRwg wK‡b fv‡jvfv‡e Pvlvev‡ì gva¨‡g Drcv`b evov‡Z cv‡i|

Dc‡i †Zvgiv Drcv`‡bi aviYv †c‡j| Gevi †Zvgiv Rvb‡Z cvi‡e GB Drcv`‡bi KvRwU †K ev Kviv K‡i|igRvb Avjx GKRb K…lK| Zuvi 3 weNv K…wlRwg i‡q‡Q| GB Rwg‡Z igRvb GK FZz‡Z avb Drcv`b K‡ib,Ab¨ FZz‡Z Mg Drcv`b K‡ib| avb I Mg Drcv`‡bi gvSLv‡b mewR Pvl K‡ib| me Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ DcKiYwnmv‡e exR, mvi, cvwb, KxUbvkK, avb-Mg KvUv I gvovB hš¿ eënvi K‡ib|

38 A_©bxwZ

Rbve Zv‡ni Avjx GKwU Mv‡g©›Um wkí ¯’vcb K‡i A‡bK bvix-cyiyl kªwgK wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM Ki‡jb| Zuvi wk‡íDrcvw`Z e¯¿ we‡`‡k ißvwb K‡i wZwb A‡bK Avq K‡ib| wk‡í wb‡qvwRZ me kªwgK‡ì RxebhvÎvi gvb e„w× cvq|

KvR : (1) DcKiY I m„ó-`ª‡eï GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|

KvR : (2) wb‡Pi cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯’wZ‡K Drcv`‡bi cÖKvi‡f` Abyhvqx †kªwYweb¨vm Ki|(K) gv‡Qi cyKzi, (L) ˆmwb‡Ki KvR, (M) wcZvgvZvi Avì †mœn, (N) evevi m¤úwË mšÍvb‡K cÖ`vb (O)†jvnv wcwU‡q hš¿cvwZ ˆZwi, (P) Mg †_‡K AvUv, (Q) AvL †_‡K wPwb, (R) avb †_‡K Pvj, Pvj †_‡K wcVv,(S) MÖv‡gi Kjv, djg~j, mewR kn‡i ¯’vbvšÍi, (T) AMÖnvqb gv‡mi Avjy Avlvp gv‡m wewµ BZ¨vw`|

KvR : (3) igRvb Avjx‡K GKRb Drcv`K bv msMVK ej‡e Zv D‡jøL Ki|

KvR : (4) †eKvi mgm¨v mgvav‡b Zv‡ni Avjxi f~wgKv wjL|

4.2 Drcv`‡bi DcKiY (Factors of Production)

g‡b Ki †Zvgvi GjvKvq Mg, Avjy, Kjv, avb, BZ¨vw` K…wlcY¨ Ges Kvco, wew¯‹U, c-vw÷K BZ¨vw` wkícY¨Drcv`b nq| GB K…wlcY¨ I wkícY¨ Drcv`‡b A‡bK¸‡jv DcKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb nq| K…l‡Ki avb Drcv`bKi‡Z Rwg, exR, mvi, cvwb, †mP, kªwgK BZ¨vwì cÖ‡qvRb nq| Avevi wkíc‡Yï Rb¨ KviLvbv, wewìs, Kvco,myZv, †gwkb, we`y¨r, M¨vm, gq`v, wPwb, ˆZj, kªwgK jv‡M| Gme `ªe¨mvgMÖx Drcv`b Ki‡Z Avevi cÖvK…wZKm¤ú` †hgb gvwU, gvwUi De©iv kw³, Av‡jv-evZvm, cwi‡ek, LwYR ªe¨, m~h© wKiY, cvwb, Av‡iv A‡bK wKQzicÖ‡qvRb nq| GLv‡b †hme `ª‡eï K_v ejv n‡jv G¸‡jv n‡”Q Drcv`‡bi DcKiY| AZGe †Kv‡bv wKQzDrcv`‡bi Rb¨ †hme ªe¨ ev †mevKg© cÖ‡qvRb nq †m¸‡jv‡K Drcv`‡bi DcKiY e‡j|

Drcv`‡bi DcKiY g~jZ Pvi ai‡bi nq| †hgb, 1. f~wg (Land), 2. kªg (Labour), 3. g~jab (Capital),Ges 4. msMVb (Organisation)

1. f~wg : Drcv`‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i Ggb me cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`‡K f~wg e‡j| †hgb, Rwg, gvwU, gvwUi De©iv kw³,LwbR `ªe¨, ebR I RjR m¤ú`, m~h© wKiY, e„wócvZ, AvenvIqv cÖf„wZ me iKg cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` f~wgiAšÍfy©³|

2. kªg : Drcv`b Kv‡R eëüZ gvby‡li me ai‡bi kvixwiK I gvbwmK cwikªg‡K kªg e‡j| Drcv`‡b Pvlx,†R‡j, Kvgvi, Kzgvi, ˆZwi †cvkvK wk‡íi kªwg‡Ki KvwqK cwikªg‡K kªg e‡j| Avevi Awdm Av`vj‡ZiKg©Pvix-Kg©KZ©vi kvixwiK I gvbwmK cwikªg‡KI kªg ejv nq| GKBfv‡e wk¶‡Ki wk¶v`vb, Wv³v‡ii†mev I DwK‡ji civgk©I kªg|

3. g ~jab : g ~jab n‡jv gvbyl KZ…©K Drcvw`Z GKgvÎ Drcv`‡bi DcKiY| GB Drcvw`Z DcKiY gvbyl†fvM bv K‡i bZ zb ªe¨ Drcv`‡b eënvi K‡i| †hgb-hš¿cvwZ, KuvPvgvj, KviLvbv, Awd‡mi AvmevecÎcÖf„wZ|

Drcv`b I msMVb 39

4. msMVb : msMVb‡K mgšqKvix e‡j| Drcv`b †¶‡Î f~wg, kªg g~jab BZ¨vw` DcKi‡Yi g‡a¨ Dchy³mgš^q NwU‡q Drcv`b KvR cwiPvjbv Kiv‡K msMVb e‡j| mgš^q NUv‡bv Ges KvR cwiPvjbv‡Keë¯’vcbvI ejv nq| G KvRwU †h e¨w³ m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡Kb Zv‡K msMVK ev D‡`¨v³v e‡j| ZvBD‡`¨v³vi wewfbœ KvR, †hgb, †Kv‡bv wKQz Drcv`‡bi cwiKíbv cÖYqb, f~wg, kªg, g~jab, GKÎxKiY IZv‡ì g‡a¨ mgš^qmvab I SzuwK wb‡q Drcv`b KvR cwiPvjbv GmeB msMV‡bi AšÍfy©³|

myZivs mgMÖ Drcv`b eë¯’vq f~wg, kªg, g~jab Ges msMVb G PviwU DcKi‡Yi †hŠ_ AskMÖnY Acwinvh©|G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †h‡Kv‡bv GKwUi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z Drcv`b m¤¢e bq| Aek¨ Drcv`b †¶‡Î me DcKi‡Yi ¸iyZ¡GKiKg bq| Ae¯’v‡f‡` †Kv‡bv DcKiY †ewk Avevi †Kv‡bv DcKiY Kg cÖ‡qvRb nq| evsjv‡`k K…wl cÖavb IRbeûj †`k e‡j GLv‡b g ~ja‡bi Z zjbvq f ~wg I kª‡gi ¸iyZ¡ †ewk| Avevi DbœZ wkí cÖavb †`k†hgbÑhy³ivóª, Rvcvb cÖf„wZ †`‡k f~wg I kª‡gi Zzjbvq g~ja‡bi ¸iyZ¡ †ewk|

KvR : (1) †`‡ki †cÖw¶‡Z ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Drcv`‡bi DcKiYmg~n Kx Kx n‡Z cv‡i?

†`‡ki bvg Drcv`‡b eëüZ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© DcKiYmg~n

evsjv‡`k K…wlwbf©i †`k ..................................................Rvcvb wkíwbf©i †`k .................................................

KvR : (2) Drcv`b Lv‡Z AwaK ¸iyZ¡ Abyhvqx DcKiY¸‡jv mvRvI|

Drcv`b LvZ AwaK ¸iy‡Z¡i wfwË‡Z DcKiY¸‡jv n‡”Q

K…wl ..................................................

wkí .................................................

4.3 msMVb I Gi weKvk (Organisation and Its Development)

Av‡qkv †eMg Zuvi msmv‡ii hveZxq Kv‡Ri duv‡K evwo‡Z GKwU nuvm-gyiwMi Lvgvi M‡o Zz‡j‡Qb| GB Lvgvi†_‡K mviv eQiB Kg‡ewk wWg Drcv`b nq| GK eQi ci miKvwi gv‡Qi Lvgvi †`L‡Z hvb Av‡qkv Ges Gici †_‡K Zuvi gv_vq nuvm-gyiwMi Lvgv‡ii cvkvcvwk gvQ Pvl Kivi AvMÖn Rv‡M| GK eQ‡i nuvm-gyiwMi Lvgvi†_‡K wWg wewµi bxU Avq wek nvRvi UvKv w`‡q wZwb evwoi cv‡k 2 weNv Rwg‡Z cyKzi K‡i wewfbœ Rv‡Zi gvQPvl ïiy K‡ib| `ywU Lvgv‡i bZzb K‡i K‡qKRb kªwgK wb‡qvM cvq| nuvm-gyiwMi Lvgvi †_‡K wWg wewµ GesGK eQi c‡i cyyKz‡ii gvQ wewµ ïiy n‡j Av‡qkvi DcvR©b evo‡Z _v‡K| wZbRb mšÍv‡bi cov‡kvbvi LiP Gesmsmv‡ii Ab¨vb¨ hveZxq LiP wgwU‡q Av‡qkvi mÂqI evo‡Z _v‡K| Av‡qkvi KvRKg© evovq Zuvi ¯vgx ingZAvjx kn‡ii PvKzwi Z¨vM K‡i MÖv‡g ¯¿xi Lvgv‡i †hvM †`b| Df‡qi cÖ‡Póvq Zuviv †ek wKQz Rwg, nuvm-gyiwMGes gvQ Pv‡li AvIZvq wb‡q Av‡mb| 12 Rb bvix-cyiyl kªwgKI wb‡qvM K‡ib| cÖ‡Z¨K kªwg‡Ki KvRI eywS‡q

†`b Zuviv| Av‡qkv Ges ingZ cvjvµ‡g kªwgK Kg©Pvix Ges Lvgvimg~n Z`viK K‡ib| wWg I gvQ evRviRvZK‡i †ePv-†Kbvi eë¯’vI K‡ib Zuviv| Zv‡ì mvdj¨ †`‡L MÖv‡gi A‡b‡K Zuv‡ì AbymiY K‡i MÖvg I GjvKv

40 A_©bxwZ

Ry‡o nuvm-gyiwMi Lvgvi Ges gvQ Pvl ïiy K‡ib| wWg I gvQ †bIqvi Rb¨ wewfbœ GjvKv †_‡K cvBKvi wbqwgZ

Av‡m Av‡qkvi MÖv‡g| K‡qK eQ‡i GjvKvwU K…wl, nuvm-gyiwMi Lvgvi I gvQ Pvlvev` K‡i A_©‰bwZK mvdj¨

AR©b K‡i| GjvKvq GLb eëmvwqK D‡Ï‡k nuvm-gyiwM I gvQ Drcv`b Kiv hvq|

Avgiv wK ej‡Z cvwi †h Av‡qkv †eMg GKRb msMVK? Zuvi mvsMVwbK ¶gZv wK weKvk jvf K‡i‡Q?

Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avgiv wbwðZ †h, eëmvwqK D‡Ï‡k Drcv`bgyLx Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿Y Kiv‡KmsMVb e‡j| mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© msMVb Qvov Drcv`b I eëmvq wbqš¿Y Ges eë¯’vcbv cÖvq Am¤¢e| AvaywbKwe‡k¦ Drcv`b Kg©Kv‡Ê wewfbœ Rb wewfbœ `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| G `vwqZ¡ msMVK `¶Zvi mv‡_ †hvM¨Zv AbyhvqxfvM K‡i †`b| Gfv‡e Kgx©‡ì mnvqZvq Drcv`b I eëmv‡qi wewfbœ Kvh©ewj m¤úvw`Z nq| wKšÍy GB Kvh©m¤úv`‡b Kgx©‡ì g‡a¨ GKwU cvi¯úwiK KZ©„Z¡ I `vwqZ¡ m„wó nq| cvi¯úwiK GB KZ©„Z¡ I `vwqZ¡ KvVv‡gvBmsMVb| myZivs msMVb n‡”Q eëmv‡qi wfwË|

msMV‡bi wewfbœ Ask GKm‡½ a‡i ivLv Ges j¶¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq iƒc‡iLv ˆZwi mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gvi

KvR| ZvQvov wewfbœ Kv‡Ri `vwqZ¡ eÈb, wbqg-k„sLjv M‡o †Zvjv BZ¨vw` mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gvi AšÍM©Z|eëmv‡qi AvqZb, Drcvw`Z c‡Yï cÖK…wZ I cwigvY, wk‡íi cÖK…wZ, Drcv`b cÖwµqv, kªwg‡Ki `¶Zv cÖf„wZi

Dci eëmv‡qi mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv wbf©ikxj|

eëmv‡qi mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gvi wewfbœ wefvM, DcwefvM I kvLvi KvRKg© wbw`©ó K‡i fvicÖvß DaŸ©Zb I

Aa¯Íb Kgx©‡ì c`¸‡jv µgvbymv‡i mvRv‡j Zv n‡Z cÖwZôv‡bi eë¯’vcbv KvVv‡gvi †h my¯úó wPÎ cvIqv hvqZv‡K msMV‡bi wPÎ e‡j| msMVb eë¯’vcbv hZ my›ì I myôz n‡e eëmv‡qi mvdj¨ ZZ †ewk n‡e| myZivs

msMVbB n‡jv eëmv‡qi †gŠwjK I cÖavb welq|

KvR : mvsMVwbK Kv‡Ri GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|

GKwU fv‡jv msMV‡bi KZ¸‡jv cÖeYZv ev êwkó¨ _v‡K| Zv n‡”Q-

1. eëmvi D‡Ïk¨ I cÖK…wZ : msMV‡bi cÖ_g av‡c eëmv‡qi D‡Ïk¨ Kx n‡e Zv wba©viY Ki‡Z nq|eëmv‡qi D‡Ïk¨ I cÖK…wZ Abymv‡i eëmv‡qi mvsMVwbK iƒc ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq| GB D‡Ïk¨ m¤¢veï g‡a¨†KvbwU gyL¨, †KvbwU †MŠY, †KvbwU ¯í‡gqvw` Ges †KvbwU `xN©‡gqvw` Zv wba©viY K‡i wb‡Z nq|

2. eëmvi Kvh©vewj wba©viY : eëmv‡qi D‡Ïk¨ I cÖK…wZ wVKg‡Zv wba©viY Kivi ci eëmv‡qi mgMÖKvh©vewj we‡kølY Kiv nq| †hgb, Drcv`b, µq-weµq, A_©ms¯’vb, kªwgK-Kgx© wb‡qvM, kªwgK- Kgx© m¤úK©cÖf„wZ| †mRb¨ cÖ‡qvRb nq wnmvei¶Y, weÁvcb I cÖPvi, cY¨ gRy`, eë¯’vcbv BZ¨vw`|

3. Kvh©vewji wefvM : Kvh©vewj we‡køl‡Yi ci Kv‡Ri aib I D‡Ï‡ki wgj Abyhvqx KvR¸‡jv‡K K‡qKwUfv‡M wef³ Kiv nq| GKB wefv‡Mi mnvqK KvR ¸‡jv‡K Avevi Dc-wefv‡M fvM Kiv nq| †hgb,

Drcv`b wefvM, µq wefvM, weµq wefvM, wnmvei¶Y wefvM, cÖPvi wefvM BZ¨vw`| A‡bK mgq †Kv‡bv

†Kv‡bv eëmv AvÂwjK wfwË‡ZI fvM Kiv nq| K‡qKwU kvLv GK‡Î AvÂwjK wefvM wnmv‡e MY¨ nq|

Drcv`b I msMVb 41

4. KZ©e¨ eÈb : eëmv‡qi cÖwZwU Kgx©i Dci GKwU wbw`©ó Kv‡Ri fvi Ac©Y Kiv nq| AwfÁZv, ¶gZv I`¶Zv Abymv‡i cÖwZwU wefv‡M I Dcwefv‡Mi cÖwZwU Kgx©i mywbw`©ó KZ©e¨ w¯’i Kiv nq Ges †h Kgx© †hKv‡R AwfÁ I `¶ Zv‡K †mB KvRB †Ìqv nq|

5. KZ©„Z¡ I fvi eÈb : fvi Ac©Y ej‡Z KZ©e¨ cvj‡bi Dchy³ Kvh©wbe©vnx ¶gZv Ac©Y Kiv‡K †evSvq|cÖwZwU Kgx©‡K ¯vaxbfv‡e, wbwe©‡Nœ Ges h_vh_fv‡e KvR Kivi AwaKvi w`‡Z nq| EaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©v ZuviKZ©„Z¡ ev ¶gZvi GKvsk Zuvi Aa¯Íb Kgx©‡K Ac©Y K‡ib| Avevi Aa¯Íb Kgx© Zuvi EaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©viwbKU Kv‡Ri ˆKwdqr w`‡Z eva¨ _v‡Kb| `ywU wfbœgyLx cÖevn Ae¨vnZ _vK‡j msMVb mdj nq|

4.4 †gvU, Mo I cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b (Total, Average and Marginal Production)

Kgj evey Zuvi GK weNv Rwg‡Z 10 Rb kªwgK wb‡qvM K‡i 600 KzB›Uvj Mg Drcv`b K‡ib| GLv‡b M‡okªwgK cÖwZ 60 KzB›Uvj Mg Drcv`b nq| GB kªwgK cÖwZ 60 KzB›Uvj Mg Drcv`b‡K Mo Drcv`b e‡j| c‡ii†gŠmy‡g 11 Rb kªwgK wb‡qvM K‡i 655 KzB›Uvj Mg Drcv`b nq| GLv‡b MZ eQ‡ii Zzjbvq Drcv`b e„w×cvq 55 KzB›Uvj| GB 655 Ñ 600 = 55 KzB›Uvj Mg Drcv`b‡K cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b e‡j| A_©vr AwZwi³GKRb (11Zg) kªwgK wb‡qvM Kivq Drcv`b evoj 55 KzB›Uvj| 11Zg kªwgK n‡jv cÖvwšÍK kªwgK| myZivscÖvwšÍK kªwg‡Ki Drcv`b n‡jv 55 †KwR| Zvn‡j GLv‡b 600 KzB›Uvj n‡”Q †gvU Drcv`b, 60 KzB›Uvj n‡”QMo Drcv`b Ges 55 KzB›Uvj n‡”Q cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b| †gvU, Mo Ges cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b‡K wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv|

†gvU Drcv`b : wewfbœ DcKiY wb‡qv‡Mi cÖfv‡e †h Drcv`b cvIqv hvq Zv‡K †gvU Drcv`b e‡j|

wP‡Î TP (Total Production) †iLv Øviv †gvU Drcv`b †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| gvÎ GKwU DcKiY ON cwigvY

wb‡qvM K‡i E we›`y‡Z m‡e©v”P NE cwigvY †gvU Drcv`b nq|

Mo Drcv`b : †gvU Drcv`‡bi cwigvY‡K †gvU DcKiY ev Dcv`vb (kªwgK) Øviv fvM Ki‡j Mo Drcv`bcvIqv hvq| (GLv‡b Avgiv DcKiY wn‡m‡e kªwgK wb‡qwQ| Ab¨ DcKiY wb‡qI Mo Drcv`b †ei Kiv hvq)|

42 A_©bxwZ

†gvUDrcv`b

DcKiY

†gvU Drcv`b †iLv

E

TP

NO

Y

X

cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b : GK GKK Drcv`‡bi DcKi‡Yi cwieZ©‡bi (A_©vr kªg ev g~jab) d‡j Drcv`‡bi †hcwieZ©b nq Zv‡K cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b e‡j| kªg eënvi Ki‡j kª‡gi ev g~jab eënvi Ki‡j g~ja‡bi cÖvwšÍKDrcv`b eje| A_©vr DcKiY ev kªwgK wb‡qv‡Mi d‡j †gvU Drcv`‡bi †h cwieZ©b nq Zv‡K cÖvwšÍK Drcv`be‡j| c‡ii c„ôvi mviwY †_‡K †`Lv hvq kªg DcKiY 10 †_‡K e„w× †c‡q 20 n‡j †gvU Drcv`b e„w× †c‡q 10

†_‡K 22 KzB›Uvj nq| GLv‡b cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b n‡”Q (22Ñ10) = 12 KzB›Uvj| GKBfv‡e DcKiY wb‡qvM 30G e„w× Ki‡j †gvU Drcv`b ùvovq 30 KzB›Uvj| GLv‡b cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b n‡jv (30Ñ22) = 8 KzB›Uvj|

Mo I cÖvwšÍK Drcv`‡bi g‡a¨ m¤úK© : Drcv`b eë¯’vq Mo Drcv`b I cÖvwšÍK Drcv`‡bi g‡a¨ m¤úK©i‡q‡Q| wb‡gœi wP‡Î AP n‡”Q Mo Drcv`b †iLv Ges MP n‡”Q cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b †iLv| wP‡Î †`Lv hv‡”Q1. cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b evo‡Z _vK‡j Mo Drcv`bI evo‡Z _v‡K| A_©vr cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b hLb Mo Drcv`‡bi †P‡q†ewk _v‡K ZLb Mo Drcv`b ev‡o| GRb¨ cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b †iLv Mo Drcv`‡bi Dc‡i _v‡K| wP‡Î ON1

DcKiY wb‡qvM ¯Í‡i cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b, Mo Drcv`‡bi †P‡q †ewk|

2. cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b hLb Kg‡Z _v‡K ZLb Mo Drcv`bI Kg‡Z _v‡K| G Ae¯’vq Mo Drcv`b †iLvcÖvwšÍK Drcv`b †iLvi Dc‡i _v‡K| wP‡Î ON2 DcKiY wb‡qvM ¯Í‡i Mo Drcv`b, cÖvwšÍK Drcv`‡bi†P‡q †ewk nq|

3. Mo Drcv`b hLb me‡P‡q †ewk nq, cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b †iLv ZLb Mo Drcv`b †iLvi m‡e©v”P we›`y‡K †Q`K‡i| A_©vr Mo Drcv`‡bi m‡e©v”P we›`y‡Z Mo Drcv`b I cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b mgvb nq| wP‡Î ON DcKiY

wb‡qvM ¯Í‡i E we›`y‡Z Mo I cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b mgvb|

wP‡Î f~wg A‡¶ (OX) kªg DcKiY wb‡qvM Ges j¤ A‡¶ (OY) Mo I cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| ONcwigvY DcKiY wb‡qv‡Mi c~‡e© ON1 DcKiY wb‡qvM ¯Í‡i MP, AP DfqB e„w× cvq, Z‡e MP †ewk nv‡ie„w× cvq| G Ae¯’v‡K Drcv`‡bi µgea©gvb ¯Íi e‡j| ON DcKiY wb‡qvM ¯Í‡i AP m‡e©v”P nq Ges API MP mgvb nq| Avevi ON DcKiY wb‡qv‡Mi ci †hgb ON2 DcKiY wb‡qvM ¯Í‡i AP, MP Dfq

Kg‡Z _v‡K, Z‡e AP Gi †P‡q MP †ewk nv‡i K‡g| AZGe Mo Drcv`b I cÖvwšÍK Drcv`‡bi g‡a¨ wZb

ai‡bi m¤úK© n‡”Q cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b cÖ_g ch©v‡q Mo Drcv`‡bi †P‡q †ewk, Zvici cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b = MoDrcv`b Ges cieZ©x‡Z cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b Mo Drcv`‡bi †P‡q Kg nq|

Drcv`b I msMVb 43

IY

E

APMP

N1 N2NO X

kªg/DcKiY wb‡qvM

Mo I cÖvwšÍK Drcv`‡bi g‡a¨ m¤úK©

(Mo Drcv`b = cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b)Mo IcÖvwšÍKDrcv`b

4.5 µgn«vmgvb cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b wewa (Law of Diminishing Marginal Returns)

Drcv`b cÖwµqvq Ab¨vb¨ DcKiY w¯’i †i‡L GKwU DcKiY e„w×i d‡j Drcv`b cÖv_wgKfv‡e µgea©gvb

nv‡i ev‡o| GK ch©v‡q DcKiYwU evov‡j Drcv`b µgn«vmgvb nv‡i ev‡o| DcKiY eënv‡ii mv‡_ Drcv`b

evovi G wbqg‡K A_©bxwZ‡Z µgn«vmgvb cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b wewa e‡j|

mvaviYZ K…wl‡¶‡Î Drcv`b e„w× Ki‡Z †M‡j GB wewawU Kvh©Ki nq| D‡jøL¨, cÖ_g w`‡K DcKiY evov‡bvi

Z zjbvq Drcv`b †ewk nv‡i evo‡Z cv‡i| g‡b Kwi Avgv‡ì f ~wg I kªg `ywU DcKiY Av‡Q| f ~wgi cwigvY

w¯’i| cÖ_‡g kª‡gi cwigvY Kg _vKvq cÖvwšÍK kªg e„w× †c‡j cÖvwšÍK kª‡gi Rb¨ ch©vß f ~wg _v‡K| GKvi‡Y

cÖvwšÍK kª‡gi e„w×i †P‡q cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b †ewk nq| A_©vr Drcv`b µgea©gvb nv‡i e„w× cvq| wKšÍy Drcv`b

evov‡bvi Rb¨ µgvMZ †ewk cwigvY DcKiY wb‡qvM Ki‡Z _vK‡j cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b µgk K‡g| Gi KviY

n‡jv AwZwi³ kªg wb‡qvM Kivq cÖwZ GKK kª‡gi Rb¨ f ~wg Kg _v‡K| d‡j Drcv`b µgn«vmgvb nv‡i ev‡o|

G‡K e‡j µgn«vmgvb cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b wewa| wb‡gœi m ~wP I wP‡Îi gva¨‡g µgn«vmgvb cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b wewa

e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq|

m~wPi gva¨‡g µgn«vmgvb cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b wewa :

kªg NÈv = 10, 20, 30, 40|

GKRb kªwg‡Ki GK NÈvi KvR‡K GK kªg NÈv e‡j|

Dc‡ii m~wP †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, 1 †n±i Rwg‡Z kªg µgvMZ e„w× Ki‡j cÖ_‡g cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b µgea©gvb nv‡i

evo‡jI cieZx©‡Z µgn«vmgvb nv‡i ev‡o| mswgkªb A Abyhvqx 1 †n±i Rwg‡Z 10 kªg NÈv e¨q K‡i †gvU I

cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b nq 10 KzB›Uvj| B mswgkªY Abyhvqx kªg NÈv wØ¸b ev 20 G evov‡j †gvU Drcv`b 22 KzB›Uvj

Ges cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b (22-10) = 12 KzB›Uvj nq| GLv‡b DcKiY 10 kªg NÈv †_‡K 20 kªg NÈvq

44 A_©bxwZ

1 †n±i = 2.47 GKi, 1 KzB›Uvj = 100 †KwR

f‚wg(f‚wgi cwigvY w¯’i)

kªg DcKiY(kªwg‡Ki kªg NÈv)

DcKiY mswgkªY †gvU Drcv`b(KzB›Uvj)

cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b(KzB›Uvj)

1 †n±i

1 Ó1 Ó1 Ó

10 Ó22 Ó30 Ó34 Ó

10 Ó1 Ó8 Ó4 Ó

10

20

30

40

A

B

C

D

DbœxZ Ki‡jI cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b c~‡e©i Z‚jbvq 2 KzB›Uvj †ewk| cÖ_g ch©v‡qi GB Drcv`b‡K µgea©gvb Drcv`be‡j| GKB fv‡e C mswgkª‡Yi †¶‡Î GKB nv‡i kªg NÈv (DcKiY) evov‡bvi d‡j †gvU Drcv`b ev‡o| wKšÍycÖvwšÍK Drcv`b 12 KzB›Uvj †_‡K 8 KzB›Uv‡j †b‡g Av‡m| A_©vr cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b µgn«vmgvb nv‡i Kg‡Q|DcKiY e„w×i ms‡M cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b Kg nIqv‡K µgn«vmgvb cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b wewa e‡j|

†iLv wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ µgn«vmgvb cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b wewawU e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv :

wP‡Î f~wg A‡¶ (OX) kªg N›Uv Ges j¤^ A‡¶ (OY) cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wP‡Î kªg NÈviavcmg~n n‡”Q 10, 20, 30, 40| G‡ì †cÖw¶‡Z cÖvwšÍK Drcv`‡bi cwigvY n‡jv Aa(10), Bb(12), Cc(8),Dd(4) KzB›Uvj|

cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b mswgkªY a, b, c, d we›`y¸‡jv †hvM Ki‡j cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b †iLv (MP) cvIqv hvq| MP †iLvm‡e©v”P Drcv`‡bi ci Wvb w`‡K wbgœMvgx n‡q‡Q| A_©vr GLv‡b µgn«vmgvb cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b wewa Kvh©Ki n‡q‡Q|

4.6 Drcv`b e¨q (Cost of Production)

ivRkvnxi b~iy wgqv 2 GKi Rwg‡Z wjPz evMvb K‡i‡Qb| evMv‡b cÖvq 100 wU wjPz MvQ Av‡Q| G eQi wewfbœai‡bi DcKiY ever 20 nvRvi UvKv e¨q nq| wjPzi djbI fv‡jv nq| b~iy wgqv I Zvi †Q‡j Nyg I AvivgZ¨vM K‡i ev`yo I Ab¨vb¨ cvwLi Dc`ªe †_‡K evMvb‡K i¶v K‡ib| GB wjPz evMv‡bi Rb¨ `yai‡bi LiP nq|1. DcKiY eve` e¨q A_©vr Avw_©K Drcv`b e¨q Ges 2. Nyg I Avivg Z¨vM A_©vr gvbweK Kó, G‡K cÖK…ZDrcv`b e¨q e‡j|

1. Avw_©K Drcv`b e¨q (Finacial Cost of Production) : †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mg‡q †Kv‡bv GKwU ªe¨ ev†mev Drcv`b Ki‡Z Drcv`K‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi DcKiY eënvi Ki‡Z nq| GB DcKiY¸‡jvi Rb¨ A_©

Drcv`b I msMVb 45

kªg NÈv

µgn«vmgvb cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b wewa

cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b †iLv (MP)

XDCBA

O

Y

a

b

c

d

cÖvwšÍKDrcv`b

12

10

8

4

10 20 30 40

e¨q Ki‡Z nq, KuvPvgv‡ji Rb¨ e¨q, kªwg‡Ki gRywi, hš¿cvwZ, w¯’i Rwg, Ni, AvmevecÎ BZ¨vw`| Gme e¨q‡KAvw_©K Drcv`b e¨q e‡j|

2. cÖK…Z Drcv`b e¨q (Real Cost of Production) : G ai‡bi e¨q GKwU gvbweK aviYv, hv UvKviAs‡K cwigvc Kiv hvq bv| †hgb, b~iy wgqv I Zuvi †Q‡ji Nyg I Avivg Z¨vM, †jL‡Ki eB †jLvi mg‡qAvivg, Avb›`, wekªvg, Nyg Z¨vM| Avevi kªwg‡Ki kªg †hvMvb w`‡Z wekªvg I Avivg Z¨vM| G ai‡bi e¨q‡KmvgvwRK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K cÖK…Z Drcv`b e¨q e‡j|

4.7 cÖKvk¨ I A-cÖKvk¨ e¨q (Explicit and Implicit Cost)

†Kv‡bv Drcv`bx cÖwZôvb fvov ev DcKiY µ‡qi Rb¨ `„k¨gvb †h e¨q K‡ib G‡ì mgwó‡K cÖKvk¨ e¨q e‡j|†hgb Drcv`bx cÖwZôvb ev dv‡g© Kg©iZ gvby‡li †eZb I fvZvw`, KuvPvgvj, gva¨wgK `ªe¨ µ‡qi Rb¨ e¨q, wewfbœai‡bi w¯’i e¨q †hgb, evwo fvov, g~ja‡bi my` BZ¨vw`|

A-cÖKvk¨ e¨q ej‡Z D‡`¨v³vi wb‡Ri kª‡gi g~j¨ I Ab¨vb¨ e¨q, ¯^-wb‡qvwRZ m¤ú‡ì LiP †hgb, wb‡Rievwo‡Z eëmv cÖwZôvb, KviLvbv ¯’vcb, Awdm evbv‡bv, BZ¨vw` cÖKvk K‡i| G ai‡bi e¨q dv‡g©i wnmve eB‡q_v‡K bv| †hgb, e¨w³gvwjKvbvaxb dv‡g©i †¶‡Î e¨w³ wb‡Ri †eZb c„_Kfv‡e wn‡me bv K‡i gybvdv‡K Zvi†mevi cvwikªwgK wnmv‡e MYbv K‡i| G †¶‡Î gvwj‡Ki †h‡Kv‡bv iK‡gi fvZvw` A-cÖKvk¨ e¨q wnmv‡e MY¨ nq|

KvR : †Zvgvi Rvbv g‡Z GKwU Drcv`bx cÖwZôv‡bi cÖKvk¨ I A-cÖKvk¨ e¨‡qi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|

4.8 e¨w³MZ I mvgvwRK e¨q (Personal and Social Cost)

Dc‡i Avgiv Avw_©K Drcv`b e¨q, cÖK…Z Drcv`b e¨q, cÖKvk¨ I AcÖKvk¨ e¨‡qi aviYv †c‡qwQ| Gevi Avgiv

e¨w³MZ I mvgvwRK e¨q m¤ú‡K© Rvbe|

†Kv‡bv dvg© ev Drcv`bx cÖwZôvb wewfbœ m¤ú` ev DcKiY µ‡qi Rb¨ mivmwi †h cwigvY Avw_©K e¨q GesAcivci A-cÖKvk¨ e¨q K‡i G‡ì mgwó‡K e¨w³MZ e¨q e‡j| GK K_vq Drcv`‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ me ai‡bi

cÖKvk¨ I A-cÖKvk¨ e¨‡qi †hvMdj n‡”Q e¨w³MZ e¨q|

Ab¨w`‡K †Kv‡bv c‡Yï wbw`©ó cwigvY Drcv`b Ki‡Z Ab¨ GKwU c‡Yï Drcv`b †h cwigv‡Y Z¨vM Ki‡Z nq

Z¨vMK…Z c‡Yï Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ wb‡qvwRZ m¤ú‡ì e¨q‡K mvgvwRK e¨q e‡j| myZivs GK A‡_© mvgvwRK e¨qmvgvwRK my‡hvM e¨q wb‡`©k K‡i| †Kv‡bv c‡Yï AwZwi³ GK GKK ˆZwi Ki‡Z Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cY¨ Drcv`‡b

wb‡qvwRZ m¤ú` eënvi Z¨vM Ki‡Z nq G‡K mvgvwRK e¨q e‡j|

G `yai‡bi e¨‡qi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ n‡”Q e¨w³MZ e¨q hv A‡bK mgq mvgvwRK e¨q m„wó K‡i| †hgb, kni GjvKvqemevmiZ †jvK‡ì gUiMvwoi †auvqv kn‡ii †jvK‡ì kvixwiK ¶wZ K‡i| G Rb¨ mgvR‡K ¯v¯’¨ I wPwKrmv

eve` †h cwigvY e¨q enb Ki‡Z nq Zv‡K mvgvwRK e¨q e‡j| mvgvwRK e¨q e¨w³MZ e¨‡q cÖwZdwjZ n‡jI

e¨w³MZ e¨q mvgvwRK e¨‡q cÖwZdwjZ bvI n‡Z cv‡i|

46 A_©bxwZ

GKwU D`vniY w`‡q e¨w³MZ I mvgvwRK e¨q †evSv‡bv hvq| g‡b Ki, †Zvgvi evwo Kzwóqv †Rjvq| †ZvgviGjvKvq Lye †ewk ZvgvK Pvl nq| GB ZvgvK Pvl Kivi Rb¨ mgMÖ †Rjvq DcKiY eve` 5 †KvwU UvKv e¨q nq|G Qvov Kg©Pvix‡ì †eZb I fvZv wnmv‡e (hv‡K cÖKvk¨ e¨q e‡j) 10 †KvwU UvKv e¨q nq| GLv‡b (5+10) =15 †KvwU UvKv e¨q‡K cÖKvk¨ e¨q e‡j| Avevi Rwgi gvwjK hviv wb‡Riv KvR K‡i Zv‡ì gRywi I Zv‡ìmsmv‡ii mšÍvb I ¯¿xi Z¨vM ¯^xKvi eve` e¨q awi 1 †KvwU UvKv| Aek¨ G ai‡bi e¨q‡K A-cÖKvk¨ e¨q e‡j|GLv‡b DcKiY e¨q 5 †KvwU UvKv, cÖKvk¨ e¨q 10 †KvwU UvKv, A-cÖKvk¨ e¨q 1 †KvwU UvKv| G‡ì mgwó(5+10+1) = 16 †KvwU UvKv n‡jv e¨w³MZ e¨q| eQi †k‡l †`Lv hvq mgMÖ Kzwóqv †Rjvq ZvgvK Pvl IZvgvK †_‡K wmMv‡iU Drcv`b Kivi Kvi‡Y 20 Rb †jvK K¨vÝvi I wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nq| Zv‡ìRb¨ cwievi I miKv‡ii †gvU e¨q nq `yB †KvwU UvKv| GB `yB †KvwU UvKv e¨q‡K mvgvwRK e¨q e‡j|

Abykxjbxmswÿß DËi cÖkœ1. Drcv`b I DcKiY ej‡Z Kx eyS?

2. K…wl Drcv`‡b K‡qKwU DcKi‡Yi bvg wjL|

3. msMVK-Gi aviYv `vI|

4. cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b µgnªvmgvb nq †Kb?

5. µgnªvmgvb cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b wewai g~j K_vwU Kx?

6. Avw_©K I cÖK…Z Drcv`b e¨‡qi aviYv `vI|

7. cÖKvk¨ I AcÖKvk¨ e¨q Kx? D`vniYmn aviYv `vI|

eY©bvg~jK cÖkœ1. Drcv`b Kx? Drcv`‡bi Dc‡hvM m„wói cuvPwU cÖwµqv e¨vL¨v Ki|

2. DcKiY ej‡Z Kx eyS? Drcv`‡bi DcKiYmg~n e¨vL¨v Ki|

3. msMVb ej‡Z Kx eyS? msMV‡b weKvk Kxfv‡e nq D`vniYmn e¨vL¨v Ki|

4. GKwU fv‡jv msMV‡bi êwkó¨mg~n e¨vL¨v Ki|

5. †gvU, Mo I cÖvwšÍK Drcv`‡bi g‡a¨ m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Ki|

6. µgnªvmgvb cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b wewawU e¨vL¨v Ki|

7. Drcv`b e¨q ej‡Z Kx eyS? e¨w³MZ I mvgvwRK e¨q aviYv `ywU D`vniYmn e¨vL¨v Ki|

Drcv`b I msMVb 47

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. Drcv`‡bi DcKiY KqwU?

K. 2wU L. 4wU

M. 6wU N. 8wU

2. †Kvb ai‡bi e¨q dv‡g©i wnmve eB‡Z _v‡K bv?

K. w¯’i e¨q L. †gvU e¨q

M. cÖKvk¨ e¨q N. A-cÖKvk¨ e¨q

Dc‡ii wPÎwU †`L Ges 3 I 4 b¤î cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI

3. m‡eŸ©v”P cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b we›`y‡Z kÖ‡gi cwigvY KZUzKz?

K. OL L. OL1

M. OL2 N. OL3

4. MP †iLvi Dc‡iv³ AvK…wZ †_‡K †evSv hvq-

i. Drcv`b µgea©gvb nv‡i ev‡o

ii. cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b µgk K‡g

iii. Drcv`b µgn«vmgvb nv‡i ev‡o


K. i L. ii


48 A_©bxwZ

kªg

cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b †iLv (MP)

XO L L1 L2 L3

Y

a

b

c

d

cÖvwšÍKDrcv`b

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1. Kwei GKRb eëmvqx| †`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Zuvi K‡qKwU dvwb©Pv‡ii †`vKvb Av‡Q| wZwb 30 Rb Kg©Pviximvnv‡h¨ KvV †_‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi AvmevecÎ ˆZwi K‡i †`vKv‡b mieivn K‡ib| cÖwZwU †`vKv‡bi Rb¨ wZwbAvjv`v †jvK wb‡qvM K‡ib| c‡Yï evRvi we¯Í…Z Kivi Rb¨ wZwb cÖ`k©bx‡Z Ask wb‡q _v‡Kb| evRv‡i ZviAvmevec‡Îi Pvwn`v w`b w`b †e‡oB Pj‡Q|

K. kÖg Kv‡K e‡j?

L. µgnªvmgvb Drcv`b wewa ej‡Z Kx eySvq?

M. Kwe‡ii Dc‡hvM m„wói cÖwµqvwU †Zvgvi cvV¨ eB‡qi Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Kwei‡K wK GKRb mdj msMVK ejv hvq? †Zvgvi DË‡ii ¯c‡ÿ hyw³ `vI|

2. †nv‡mb Avjx cÖ_g eQi Zuvi wb‡Ri GK GKi Rwg‡Z GKRb kÖwgK wb‡qvM K‡i 50 †KwR avb Drcv`bK‡ib| AwaK Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ wZwb cieZx© eQi¸‡jv‡Z AwaK kÖg wb‡qvM K‡i †h Drcv`b cvb Zv wb‡PimviwY‡Z †`Lv‡bv n‡jv-

kÖwg‡Ki msL¨v av‡bi †gvU Drcv`b av‡bi Drcv`b g~j¨ cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b(cÖwZ‡KwR 20 UvKv) (UvKvq)

1 50 1000 1000

2 100 - -

3 130 - -

4 150 - -

K. †gvU Drcv`b Kv‡K e‡j?

L. e¨w³MZ e¨q ej‡Z Kx eySvq?

M. Dc‡ii QKwU c~iY K‡i Gi g~j aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. †nv‡mb Avjxi †ÿ‡Î †Zvgiv †h wewawUi Kvh©KvwiZv jÿ K‡iQ Zv evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl‡Z KZUzKz Kvh©Ki?gZvgZ `vI|

Drcv`b I msMVb 49

cÂg Aa¨vq

evRviMarket

A_©bxwZ‡Z evRvi aviYvwU mgq, ¯’vb, Kvj, Pvwn`v, †hvMvb BZ¨vw` wel‡qi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z| GRb¨ evRviaviYv‡K mgq †gqv‡ì †cÖw¶Z, cwiwa Abymv‡i, ª‡eï cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx Ges cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi wfwË‡Z e¨vL¨v Kivnq| evRv‡ii weKvk w¯’i bq eis GKwU Pjgvb aviv| evsjv‡`‡k wewfbœ ai‡bi evRvi i‡q‡Q| wewfbœ †gŠwjKêwk‡óï Kvi‡Y evRv‡i †µZv I we‡µZvi g‡a¨ wPšÍvfvebvi cwieZ©b †`Lv hvq| evsjv‡`‡ki evRvi eë¯’vAbybœZ I cÖvwZôvwbKfv‡e GLbI kw³kvjx n‡q I‡Vwb|

Avkv Kiv hvq GB Aa¨vq cvV‡k‡l AvgivÑ

� •� evRv‡ii aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie

� •� evRvi weKv‡ki aviv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie

� •� c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡ii êwkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie

� •� GK‡PwUqv evRvi Ges GK‡PwUqvg~jK cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi evRv‡ii g‡a¨ Zzjbv Ki‡Z cvie

� •� evsjv‡`‡k evRvi eë¯’vi aib wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvie

� •� `ªe¨mvgMÖxi `vg cwieZ©‡bi KviY I Gi cÖfve Rvb‡Z DrmvwnZ ne

� •� cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi wfwË‡Z evRv‡ii aib PvU© AsKb K‡i †`Lv‡Z cvie

5. evRvi (Market)

my‡e` Avjx GKRb PvKzwiRxex| †g gv‡mi cÖ_g mßv‡n Zuvi msmv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxq ªe¨mvgMÖxi Rb¨ wbD gv‡K©U

†M‡jb| gvQ, ZwiZiKvwi, Pvj, Wvj, †Zj, wPwb, jeY BZ¨vw` wewfbœ ai‡bi wRwb‡mi `vg hvPvB K‡i wKb‡jb|

we‡µZviv bM` UvKvi wewbg‡q my‡e` Avjxi Kv‡Q cY¨ ªe¨ weµq Ki‡jb| GLv‡b ejv hvq ªe¨mvgMÖx µq I

weµ‡qi ¯’vb n‡”Q evRvi| Avi ìKlvKwl Kiv n‡”Q evRv‡ii aib| †`vKvb`vi n‡jb we‡µZv Ges my‡e`

Avjx n‡jb GKRb †µZv| GLv‡b evRv‡ii ¯’vb n‡”Q wbD gv‡K©U|

A_©bxwZ‡Z evRvi ej‡Z ïay †ePv-†Kbvi wbw`©ó ¯’vb‡K †evSvq bv| eis evRvi n‡jv GKwU cÖwµqv| †h cÖwµqvq

wewfbœfv‡e †µZv-we‡µZvi g‡a¨ `ªe¨ ev †mev †ePv-†Kbv nq| †hgb AbjvB‡b †ePv-†Kbv, †Uwj‡dvb I d¨v‡·i

gva¨‡g †ePv-†Kbv| G ai‡bi evRv‡i wewfbœ cY¨ †ePv-†Kbv ev we‡klvwqZ c‡Yï µq-weµq n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb

†Uwj‡dv‡bi gva¨‡g wm‡g›U †Kbv-†ePv BZ¨vw`|

`ª‡eï aib Abyhvqx evRvi wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb, KuvPv evRvi, cv‡Ui evRvi, avb-Pv‡ji evRvi, kª‡gi evRvi,

Pv‡qi evRvi, ¯‡Y©i evRvi, †kqvi evRvi BZ¨vw`| Avevi mgq †gqv‡ì †cÖw¶‡Z AwZ Aí mg‡qi evRvi, ¯í

mg‡qi evRvi, `xN© mg‡qi evRvi i‡q‡Q|

†µZv-we‡µZvi g‡a¨ ìKlvKwli gva¨‡g ª‡eï g~j¨ wba©vwiZ nq| GB wbqg‡K g~‡jï wbqg e‡j| G g~‡jï

Dci `ª‡eï †ePv-†Kbv wbf©i K‡i| g~j¨ wba©vwiZ n‡j †µZv-we‡µZv ªe¨ ev †mev †ePv-†Kbv K‡i| Pvwn`v I

†hvMvb kw³ g~j¨ wba©viY K‡i|

divwm A_©bxwZwe` Kzb©U Gi g‡Z, ÒA_©bxwZwe`MY evRvi kã Øviv `ªe¨mvgMÖx µq-weµ‡qi †Kv‡bv we‡kl

¯’vb‡K †evSvb wb| eis †h‡Kv‡bv AÂ‡ji mvgMÖx †evSvb| †hLv‡b †µZv I we‡µZvi Aeva ms‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g

`ª‡eï g~j¨ mn‡R I `ªyZZvi mv‡_ mgvb nIqvi cÖeYZv †`Lv hvq|Ó

KvR : `ª‡eï g~j¨ Kxfv‡e wba©vwiZ nq Zv D‡jøL Ki|

5.1 evRvi I evRv‡ii weKvk (Market and Its Development)

Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi ¸iy‡Z¡i mv‡_ mg‡qi ¸iyZ¡ Abyaveb K‡i Aa¨vcK gvk©vj me©cÖ_g evRvi m¤ú‡K©

Av‡jvPbvi m ~ÎcvZ K‡ib| c ~‡e© A‡bK A_©bxwZwe`‡ì g‡a¨ G aviYv e×g ~j wQj †h, `ª‡eï g ~j¨ wba©vi‡Yi

e¨vcv‡i ïay `ª‡eï Pvwn`v Rvb‡jB h‡_ó, Zvi †hvMvb Rvbvi †Kv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb †bB| Avevi Aci GK`j

A_©bxwZwe` GK_v g‡b Ki‡Zb †h, `ª‡eï g~j¨ wba©vi‡Yi e¨vcv‡i ïay ª‡eï †hvMvb Rvb‡jB h‡_ó, `ª‡eï

Pvwn`vi †Kv‡bv ¸iyZ¡ †bB|

evRvi 51

Aa¨vcK gvk©vj : me© cÖ_g G `yB ci¯úiwe‡ivax gZev‡ì g‡a¨ GK mv_©K mgš^q NwU‡q e‡jb †h, ª‡eï g~j¨

wba©vi‡Yi e¨vcv‡i Pvwn`v Ges †hvMvb DfqB mgvb ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| Z‡e G K_v Aek¨B wVK †h, `vg wba©vi‡Y Pvwn`v I

†hvMvb Df‡qB mgvb ¸iyZ¡c~Y© n‡jI, mg‡qi ZviZ‡gï Kvi‡Y `v‡gi Ici Zv‡ì cÖfv‡ei ZviZg¨ N‡U| AZGe

evRv‡ii aviYvq wZbwU †gŠwjK welq KvR K‡i Pvwn`v, †hvMvb, mgq|

evRvi eë¯’vq GKwU mg‡q wewfbœ gva¨‡g †µZv I we‡µZv ìKlvKwl K‡i `ªe¨ ev †mevi `vg wba©viY K‡i

†ePv-†Kbv K‡i, Zv‡K g~jZ evRvi e‡j| GB aviYvi †cÖw¶‡Z mg‡qi weeZ©‡b wewfbœ Ae¯’vi Kvi‡Y wewfbœ

ai‡bi evRvi eë¯’vi DrcwË n‡q‡Q| Ges evRvi eë¯’vi weKvk jvf K‡i‡Q| mg‡qi †cÖw¶‡Z evRv‡ii

DrcwË wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡q‡Q|

1. AwZ ¯íKvjxb evRvi : †hLv‡b wbw ©ó mg‡q evRv‡i ª‡eï †hvMvb w¯’i _v‡K| Pvwn`vi e„w× n«vm n‡jIc‡Yï †hvMvb cwieZ©b Kiv hvq bv| D`vniY wnmv‡e ejv hvq mKv‡ji KuvPv evRvi| G ai‡bi evRv‡i

mKv‡j ¯í mg‡qi g‡a¨ c‡Yï Pvwn`v I `vg e„w× n‡jI GB Aí mg‡q †hvMv‡bi cwieZ©b Kiv hvq bv|

2. ¯^íKvjxb evRvi : Pvwn`vi cwieZ©b n‡j †hvMvb LvwbKUv mvov w`‡Z m¶g| GB evRv‡i dvg© wbw`©óAvqZ‡bi g‡a¨ †_‡K cwieZ©bkxj DcKiY¸‡jvi cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g †hvMv‡b LvwbKUv cwieZ©b Avb‡Z

cv‡i| Avevi evRv‡i `ª‡eï Pvwn`v K‡g †M‡j dvg© Drcv`b Ki‡ZI cv‡i ev evRv‡ii Ae¯’v Lye Lvivc

n‡j Drcv`b mvgwqKfv‡e eÜI K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i| myZivs ¯íKvjxb mg‡q `ª‡eï Pvwn`vi †h‡Kv‡bv

cwieZ©‡b †hvMvb wKQzUv mvov w`‡Z m¶g nq|

3. `xN©Kvjxb evRvi : Pvwn`vi †h‡Kv‡bv cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ †hvMv‡bi †h‡Kv‡bv cwieZ©b m¤¢e| G †¶‡Î†Kv‡bv Drcv`K cÖwZôvb Zvi Drcv`‡bi AvqZb Ges DcKi‡Yi m¤ú~Y© cwieZ©b mvab Ki‡Z cv‡i|

Pvwn`v e„w× eûw`b a‡i Pj‡Z _vK‡j Drcv`b cÖwZôvb bZzb bZzb hš¿cvwZ ewm‡q Ges Ab¨vb¨ DcKi‡Yi

eënvi cwieZ©b K‡i Drcv`b Ges †hvMv‡bi mv‡_ mg¤q K‡i fvimvg¨ _vKvi †Póv K‡i|

¯’vb‡f‡` evRvi aviYv‡K ¯’vbxq evRvi, RvZxq evRvi I AvšÍR©vwZK evRvi wnmv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| Avevi`ª‡eï cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx evRvi aviYv Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| †hgb- KuvPv evRvi, gv‡Qi evRvi, cvU, Pv, Pv‡ji evRvi,

52 A_©bxwZ

Av‡gi evRvi, kªgevRvi, A_©evRvi, g~jab evRvi, ZuvZ Kvc‡oi evRvi, d‡ji evRvi BZ¨vw`| evRvi aviYvimv‡_ K‡qKwU †gŠjK welq i‡q‡QÑ

dvg© : GKwU gvÎ `ªe¨ Drcv`b K‡i Ggb GKwU eëmvqx cÖwZôvb‡K dvg© e‡j|

wkí : wkí ej‡Z g~jZ A_©‰bwZK Ggb GKwU cÖwZôvb †evSvq hvi Aax‡b AmsL¨ dvg© _vK‡Z cv‡i|†hLv‡b dvg©mg~n GKevi g~j¨ I Drcv`b wba©viY Ki‡j cieZx©‡Z g~j¨ I Drcv`b cwieZ©b Kivi Avi†Kv‡bv my‡hvM †bB| A_©vr wk‡íi AšÍM©Z dvg©mg~‡ni g~j¨ I Drcv`b w¯’i n‡q hvq|

DcKiY evRvi : Drcv`‡b eëüZ †h‡Kv‡bv †gŠwjK Dcv`vb‡K DcKiY e‡j| Ab¨fv‡e Drcv`b eë¯’vqhv eëüZ nq Zv‡K DcKiY e‡j| †h cÖwµqvq DcKiY †µZv I we‡µZvi g‡a¨ †ePv-†Kbv nq Zv‡K DcKiYevRvi e‡j| DcKi‡Yi †ePv-†Kbv DcKi‡Yi g~‡jï Dci wbf©i K‡i| DcKi‡Yi Pvwn`v I †hvMvb ØvivDcKi‡Yi g~j¨ wba©viY nq|

A_©evRvi : †h cÖwµqvq A_© †jb‡`b nq Zv‡K A‡_©i evRvi e‡j| A‡_©i Pvwn`v I †hvMvb mgZvq‡b my‡ìnvi wba©viY nq|

evRvi 53

ai‡biweKwkZ evRvi g~jZ wZb ai‡bi nq

1. mg‡qi †cÖwÿ‡Z evRvi

3. cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi wfwË‡Z evRvi

• AwZ ¯^í mg‡qi evRvi• ¯^íKvjxb evRvi• `xN©Kvjxb evRvi

2. ¯’vb‡f‡` evRvi

• ¯’vbxq evRvi• RvZxq evRvi• AvšÍR©vwZK evRvi

(Perfect Competitive Market) (Inperfect Competitive Market)c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi evRvi

1. g‡bvcwj/GK‡PwUqv evRvi (Monopoly Market)2. GK‡PwUqv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi evRvi (Monopolistic Competitive Market)3. Wz‡qvcwj evRvi (Duopoly Market)4. Awj‡hvcwj evRvi (Oligopoly Market)5. wØ-cvwÿK GK‡PwUqv evRvi (Bilateral Monopoly)6. g‡bvcmwb/GK‡PwUqv †µZv (Monopsony Market)7. g‡bvcmwbw÷K cÖwZ‡hvwMZv (Monopsonistic Competitive Market)8. Awj‡Mvcmwb evRvi (Oligopsony Market)9. Wz‡hvcmwb evRvi (Duopsony Market)

Ac~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi evRvi

kªgevRvi : †h cÖwµqvq kªg †ePv-†Kbv nq Zv‡K kªgevRvi e‡j| kª‡gi Pvwn`v I †hvMvb gRywi wba©viY K‡i|G‡¶‡Î kªwgK ev kªg †RvU Ges kªwgK wb‡qvM KZ©v `yB cÿ Øviv kª‡gi gRywi ev `vg wba©vwiZ nq|

g~jab evRvi : g~jab evRvi ev cyuwRevRv‡i FY †jb‡`b Kiv nq| Avw_©K cÖwZôvb FY †jb‡`b K‡i|

cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi wfwË‡Z evRvi KvVv‡gv weKvk jvf K‡i‡Q| G wel‡q cieZx© Aby‡”Q‡` we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbvKiv n‡e|

5.2 evRv‡ii aib I êwkó¨mg~n (Nature and Features of Market)

Av‡Mi Aby‡”Q‡` mgq Abymv‡i evRv‡ii aib, ¯’vb ev AvqZb Abymv‡i evRv‡ii aib m¤ú‡K© Avgiv cwiwPZn‡qwQ| GLb mgMÖ evRvi KvVv‡gv‡K cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi wfwË‡Z Av‡jvPbv Kie| mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© G ai‡bi we‡kølYBA_©bxwZi Rb¨ †ewk Zvrch©c~Y©| cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi wfwË‡Z evRv‡ii aibmg~n n‡”Q : 1. c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi evRvi2. GK‡PwUqv evRvi 3. Wy‡qvcwj evRvi 4. Awj‡Mvcwj evRvi 5. GK‡PwUqv †µZvi evRvi 6. GK‡PwUqv †µZvicÖwZ‡hvwMZvi evRvi 7. Awj‡Mvcmwb evRvi 8. Wy‡qvcmwb evRvi BZ¨vw`| wb‡P AwZ ms‡¶‡c G ai‡biK‡qKwU evRv‡ii aviYv †Ìqv n‡jv|

5.2.1 c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRvi (Perfectly Competitive Market)

c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Ggb GK evRvi eë¯’v †hLv‡b AmsL¨ †µZv Ges we‡µZv mgRvZxq `ªe¨ †ePv-†Kbv K‡ib|evRv‡i Pvwn`v I †hvMvb Øviv c‡Yï g~j¨ GKevi wba©vwiZ n‡j †Kv‡bv †µZv ev we‡µZvi c‡¶ Zv cwieZ©b Kivm¤¢e nq bv| GKRb †µZvi Pvwn`v ev GKRb we‡µZvi †hvMvb evRv‡ii GKUv bMY¨ Ask gvÎ| myZivsGKRb ev Aí K‡qKRb †µZv-we‡µZv mgRvZxq ª‡eï evRvi g~j¨‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| myZivs c~Y©cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi evRv‡i GKevi g~j¨ wba©vwiZ n‡j †µZv ev we‡µZv‡K Zv †g‡b wb‡Z nq|

KvR : c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi evRv‡i †ePv-†Kbv nq Ggb K‡qKwU c‡Yï ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|

5.2.2 c ~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg ~jK evRv‡ii êwkó¨mg ~n (Characteristics of PerfectlyCompetitive Market)

c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡ii A‡bK¸‡jv êwkó¨ j¶ Kiv hvq|

1. AmsL¨ †µZv I we‡µZv : c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i †Kv‡bv ª‡eï AmsL¨ †µZv I we‡µZv _v‡K|

2. `ª‡eï GKK mgRvZxq : c ~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg ~jK evRv‡i we‡ewPZ cY¨ mgRvZxq ev GKB ¸bm¤úbœ nq|cwigvYMZ I ¸YMZ w`K †_‡K c‡Yï GKwU GKK Ab¨ GKK †_‡K c„_K Kiv hvq bv| †mme ª‡eïGKK¸‡jv MVY I MyYMZ w`K †_‡K GKB iKg A_P c„_wKKiY Kiv hvq Zv‡ì‡K mgRvZxq `ªe¨ e‡j|†hgb, Kjg, Pvj, Wvj, kvU©, c¨v›U BZ¨vw`|

3. †µZv I we‡µZv evRvi m¤^‡Ü c~Y© ÁvZ : evRvi eë¯’v c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK n‡j c‡Yï GK‡Ki¸Yv¸Y Ges g~j¨ m¤ú‡K© †µZv I we‡µZv cy‡ivcywi AewnZ _v‡K|

54 A_©bxwZ

4. wk‡í dvg©mg~‡ni Aeva cÖ‡ek I cÖ¯’vb : c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi evRv‡ii Aax‡b wk‡í dvg© `xN©Kvjxb mg‡qAev‡a cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a wkí Z¨vM Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡¶‡Î †Kv‡bviƒc evav-wb‡la _v‡K bv|

5. evwn¨K cÖfve †bB : c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i Drcv`b, g~j¨ wba©viY BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î evB‡ii ev miKvwi cÖfve_v‡K bv| †gvU K_v n‡”Q, Ki Av‡ivc, fZz©wK cÖ`vb, †ikwbs BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g miKvi cÖfve m„wó K‡i bv|

6. DcKi‡Yi c~Y© MwZkxjZv : c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi evRv‡i DcKi‡Yi Aeva wePiY _v‡K| kªg DcKiYmnAb¨vb¨ DcKiY wePi‡Yi †¶‡Î †Kv‡bviƒc evav-wb‡la _v‡K bv| wewfbœ wk‡íi g‡a¨ DcKi‡Yi MwZkxjZv

_vKvq DcKiY g~j¨ me©Î mgvb _v‡K|

7. wbw`©ó g~‡j¨ Drcv`bKvix e¨q me©wbgœKi‡Yi cÖ‡Póv †bq : c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK dv‡g©i g~j j¶¨ _v‡Kme©wbgœ e¨‡q m‡e©v”P gybvdv AR©b| cÖ`Ë g~‡j¨ dvg© gybvdv me©vwaK Kivi †Póv Ki‡jI `xN©‡gqv‡` wkí¯^vfvweK gybvdv AR©b K‡i| g‡b ivLv ìKvi †h †gvU Avq I †gvU e¨q mgvb n‡j Zv‡K ¯vfvweK gybvdv e‡j|

8. wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y ¯vaxbZv : c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i dv‡g©i g~j¨ I Drcv`‡bi cwigvY wba©vi‡Y ¯vaxbZv†fvM K‡i| Avevi wk‡íi AšÍfy©³ dvg©mg~‡ni g‡a¨ we‡iva ev Pzw³ _v‡K bv| GRb¨ evRv‡ii wm×všÍ †g‡bwb‡Z Amyweav nq bv|

9. Mo Avq (AR) I cÖvwšÍK Avq (MR) : c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó †µZv I we‡µZvg~j¨ cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| KviY Zviv evRv‡ii bMY¨ Ask gvÎ| mgRvZxq ª‡eï g~j¨ evRvi Pvwn`vI †hvMvb Øviv GKevi wba©vwiZ n‡j Zv †µZv I we‡µZv‡K †g‡b Pj‡Z nq| ¯^íKvjxb mg‡q AwZwi³

GK‡Ki Drcv`b e¨q A_©vr cÖvwšÍK e¨q, AwZwi³ GKK †_‡K cÖvwšÍK Avq (MR) mgvb nq Ges g~j¨ (P)

mgvb nq| A_©vr g~j¨ (P) cÖvwšÍK e¨‡qi mgvb nq| Avevi Mo Avq I cÖvwšÍK AvqI mgvb nq|

10. Drcvw`Z c‡Yï GKK wefvR¨ : wewfbœ evRv‡i mgRvZxq wewfbœ cwigvY cY¨ Drcv`b nq| cÖwZwU dvg©¶z`ª ¶z`ª As‡k wef³ K‡i `ªe¨ Drcv`b K‡i| ZvB Drcvw`Z c‡Yï evRvi wefvR¨ ejv hvq|

5.2.3 GK‡PwUqv evRvi (Monopoly Market)

g‡bv (Mono) A_© GK, cwj (Poly) A_© we‡µZv| d‡j g‡bvcwj k‡ãi A_© ùvovq GKRb gvÎ we‡µZv|

evRvi 55

Drcv`‡bi cwigvY

LiPIAvq

Y

P

O

AR = MR = P

X

wP‡Î f‚wg A‡ÿ Drcv`b Ges j¤Â‡ÿ LiP I Avq †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i OP

w¯’i `v‡g AR = MR = P nq|

hv f‚wg A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj

g‡bvcwj K_vwUi AwfavbMZ A_© n‡jv †Kv‡bv e¨w³, miKvi A_ev K‡c©v‡ikb KZ…©K †Kv‡bv GKwU ªe¨ Drcv`bI weµ‡qi GK‡PwUqv AwaKvi| AZGe, hLb †Kv‡bv dvg© †Kv‡bv GKwU `ªe¨ Drcv`b K‡i AmsL¨ †µZv‡K†hvMvb †`q ZLb †mB dvg©‡K GK‡PwUqv Kvievwi Ges †h evRv‡i H ªe¨wU †Kbv-†ePv nq †mB evRvi‡KGK‡PwUqv evRvi ejv nq| †h ªe¨ weµ‡q †h dvg© GK‡PwUqv AwaKvi jvf K‡i †mB dvg© evRv‡i †mB ª‡eï

†hvMvb wbqš¿Y K‡i| GB dvg©wU Qvov Avi Ab¨ †Kv‡bv dvg© GKwU wbw`©ó mgq ch©šÍ H `ªe¨wU Drcv`b Ki‡Zcv‡i bv e‡j GK‡PwUqv evRv‡i dvg© I wk‡íi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ _v‡K bv| cy‡ivcywi GK‡PwUqv evRvi ev¯Í‡eLuy‡R cvIqv KwVb| Z‡e cÖvq GK‡PwUqv evRv‡ii †ek KqwU D`vniY †`qv hvq| †hgb, evsjv‡`k Aw·‡Rb,wZZvm M¨vm BZ¨vw`|

KvR : GK‡PwUqv evRv‡i †ePv-†Kbv nq Ggb K‡qKwU c‡Yï ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|

5.2.3 GK‡PwUqv evRv‡ii êwkó¨mg~n (Characteristics of Monopoly Market)

GK‡PwUqv evRvi we‡kølY Ki‡j wb‡gœv³ êwkó¨mg~n j¶ Kiv hvq|

1. we‡µZv Drcv`b ev †hvMvb wbqš¿Y K‡i : GK‡PwUqv evRv‡i GKRb gvÎ Drcv`K I we‡µZv _v‡K|ZvB we‡µZv evRv‡i ª‡eï Drcv`b I †hvMvb m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c wbqš¿Y K‡i _v‡K|

2. wbKU cwieZ©K ªe¨ †bB : GK‡PwUqv dvg© †h `ªe¨wU Drcv`b I wewµ K‡i †m `ª‡eï †Zgb †Kv‡bvcwieZ©K ªe¨ †bB| A_©vr `ªe¨wUi mgRvZxq ev cÖvq mgRvZxq †Kv‡bv ªe¨ cvIqv hvq bv|

3. me©vwaK gybvdv jv‡fi †Póv : GK‡PwUqv Kvievwii j¶ n‡jv me©vwaK gybvdv AR©b Kiv|

4. GK‡PwUqv Kvievwii dvg© I wkí GKB : GK‡PwUqv evRv‡i GKwU gvÎ dvg© _v‡K| d‡j †m dvg©wUBwkí wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|

5. GK‡PwUqv evRv‡i Mo Avq (AR) I cÖvwšÍKAvq (MR) †iLv : GK‡PwUqv evRv‡i AR I

MR †iLv DfqB wbgœMvgx nq| Z‡e MR †iLv

AR †iLvi wb‡P Ae¯’vb K‡i|

wP‡Î f~wg A‡¶ Drcv`b Ges j¤^ A‡¶ Mo I cÖvwšÍK

Avq †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| AR I MR †iLv Øviv h_vµ‡g

Mo I cÖvwšÍK Avq †evSvq| GK‡PwUqv evRvi nIqvi Kvi‡Y GLv‡b AR I MR †iLv DfqB wbgœMvgx Ges

MR †iLv AR †iLvi wb‡P Ae¯’vb K‡i|

6. GKKfv‡e g~j¨ I †hvMvb wbqš¿K : GK‡PwUqv dvg© GKKfv‡e Drcv`b †hvMvb w`‡q _v‡K| GKgvÎDrcv`K nIqvq Lye mn‡RB ª‡eï g~j¨ I †hvMvb wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e dvg©wU nq g~j¨ A_ev †hvMvbwbqš¿b K‡i; GKm‡½ `ywU wbqš¿b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

56 A_©bxwZ

Mo I

cÖvwšÍK

Avq

Drcv`b

MRAR

O X

Y

7. GK‡PwUqv dv‡g©i `ª‡eï Drcv`b cwieZ©b K‡i `vg‡K cÖfvweZ Ges gybvdv wba©viY K‡i :GK‡PwUqv dvg© Kg Drcv`b K‡i †ewk `v‡g wewµ Ki‡Z cv‡i A_ev †ewk Drcv`b K‡i Kg `v‡g wewµ

K‡Z cv‡i|

8. bZzb dv‡g©i cÖ‡ek m¤ú~Y© eÜ : GK‡PwUqv wk‡í bZzb dv‡g©i cÖ‡e‡ki my‡hvM †bB| bZzb dv‡g©i cÖ‡ekKi‡Z †M‡j GK‡PwUqv dvg© c‡Yï Drcv`b evwo‡q `vg Kwg‡q †`q| †m †¶‡Î bZzb dvg© m¤¢ve¨

†jvKmv‡bi f‡q cÖ‡ek K‡i bv| †m Rb¨B GK‡PwUqv evRv‡i bZzb dvg© cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

5.2.4 GK‡PwUqv cÖwZ‡hvwMZv evRvi (Monopolistic Competitive Market)

GK‡PwUqv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Ges GK‡PwUqv evRv‡ii KwZcq êwkó¨ GK‡hv‡M †`Lv

hvq| GK‡PwUqv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wewfbœ dvg© †h `ªe¨¸‡jv Drcv`b K‡i, Zv m`„k n‡jI Awfbœ bq| A_©vr ª‡eï

g‡a¨ wKQz wfbœZv _v‡K| Avi GB `ª‡eï c„_KxKi‡Yi g‡a¨ GK‡PwUqv evRv‡ii DcKiY we`¨gvb| Avevi

eûmsL¨K †µZv-we‡µZv _vKvq c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi DcKiYI cwijw¶Z nq| myZivs mgRvZxq A_P c„_KxKiY

Kiv hvq Ggb me ªe¨ wb‡q cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Ges GK‡PwUqv Drcv`b mgš^‡q †h evRvi M‡o D‡V Zv‡K GK‡PwUqv

cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRvi e‡j| †hgb Mv‡q gvLvi mvevb| wewfbœ †Kv¤úvbxi Mv‡q gvLvi mvevb eënvi GKBai‡bi n‡jI GB mvevb¸‡jv c„_K Kiv m¤¢e| †hgb †gvoK wfbœ ev MÜ wfbœ BZ¨vw`| GB me mvev‡bi

†h‡Kv‡bv GKwUi `vg evo‡j, mvevbwUi Pvwn`v mvgvb¨ Kg‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e k~b¨ nq bv| GB mvev‡bi f³ †µZv

me mgq GB mvevbwUB †K‡b| Gme `ª‡eï `v‡gi cwieZ©b n‡jI †µZv ªe¨ †fvM I eënvi Z¨vM K‡i bv|

5.2.5 GK‡PwUqv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg ~jK evRv‡ii êwkó¨mg ~n (Characteristics ofMonopolistic Competitive Market)

GK‡PwUqv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi cÖavb êwkó¨mg~n wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|

1. dvg©/we‡µZvi msL¨v : GK‡PwUqv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq GK GKwU dvg© evRv‡i †gvU Drcv`‡bi GKwU mvgvbÄsk wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j †Kv‡bv dv‡g©i c‡¶B c‡Yï g~j¨ ev †gvU Drcv`‡bi Dci D‡jøL‡hvM¨

cÖfve m„wó Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| GRb¨ A‡bK mgq †RvU ev `jfy³ dvg© _v‡K|

2. Drcvw`Z `ª‡eï c„_KxKiY : GK‡PwUqv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi Aax‡b wewfbœ dvg© †h me cY¨ Drcv`b K‡i†m¸‡jv A‡bKUv m`„k n‡jI GKwU‡K AciwU †_‡K c„_K Kiv m¤¢e| ªe¨¸‡jv ¸YMZ I evwn¨K w`K

†_‡K wKQzUv c„_K n‡q _v‡K| A_©vr `ªe¨ c„_KxKi‡Yi A_© n‡”Q wewfbœ dv‡g©i Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ mgRvZxqbq| GRb¨B GK‡PwUqv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi D™¢e nq|

3. wk‡í dv‡g©i Aeva cÖ‡ek I cÖ¯’vb : GK‡PwUqv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi †¶‡Î †Kv‡bv dv‡g©i wk‡í cÖ‡ek GescÖ¯’v‡b †Kv‡bv evav wb‡la †bB| mvaviYZ ¯í‡gqv‡` †Kv‡bv dvg© A¯^vfvweK gybvdv Ki‡j `xN©Kv‡j bZzb

dvg© wk‡í cÖ‡ek K‡i| Avevi †Kv‡bv dvg© ¶wZi m¤§yLxb n‡q `xN©‡gqv‡` wkí cwiZ¨vM Ki‡Z cv‡i| G

e¨vcv‡i Af¨šÍixY ev evwn¨K †Kv‡bv evav †bB|

evRvi 57

4. weÁvcb I weµq LiP : cÖ‡Z¨KwU dvg© Zvi c‡Yï wewµ evov‡Z †ewk cÖPvi K‡i| †ewk cÖPv‡iid‡j GB dvg©¸‡jvi weÁvcb I Avbylw½K weµqRwbZ e¨q †e‡o hvq| cÖPvi I ª‡eï ¸YMZgv‡bi

gva¨‡g GB dvg©¸‡jv ci¯ú‡ii m‡½ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv K‡i|

5. Pvwn`vi cÖK…wZ : †Kv‡bv dvg© c‡Yï g~j¨ e„w× Ki‡j A‡bK †fv³v Aci dv‡g©i cwieZ©K `ªe¨ µq Ki‡jIGgb wKQz †fv³v _v‡K hviv cÖ_g dv‡g©i cY¨B Kg cwigv‡Y n‡jI µq K‡i| A_©vr †Kv‡bv dvg© c‡Yï `vg

wKQzUv e„w× Ki‡jI †mB c‡Yï Pvwn`v k~b¨ nq bv| cÖwZwU dv‡g©i Rb¨ wKQz wKQz †µZvi we‡kl cQ›`bxqZv

_v‡K e‡j cÖwZwU dv‡g©i Pvwn`v †iLvi AvK…wZ mvaviYZ GK iKg nq bv| Pvwn`v †iLvi AvK…wZ g~jZ wbf©i

K‡i we‡ePbvaxb dv‡g©i ªe¨ Acivci dv‡g©i `ª‡eï mv‡_ KZUzKz c„_K Zvi Dci|

6. gybvdv m‡e©v”PKiY : GK‡PwUqv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi evRv‡i cÖ‡Z¨K we‡µZvi j¶¨ _v‡K gybvdvi cwigvYme©vwaK Kiv|

7. MÖyc/`jxq fvimv‡gï Dcw¯’wZ : GK‡PwUqv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK Kviev‡i `jxq fvimvg¨ j¶ Kiv hvq|Aa¨vcK †P¤^viwjb (E.H. Chamberlin) dv‡g©i mgš^q‡K wkí bv e‡j GK‡PwUqv evRv‡i Gme dv‡g©i

mgš^‡q MwVZ cÖwZôvb‡K `jxq fvimvg¨ wnmv‡e AwfwnZ K‡ib|

8. e¨q I Pvwn`v : GK‡PwUqv dv‡g©i Drcvw`Z `ª‡eï e¨q I Pvwn`v c„_KxKiY Kiv hvq| dvg© Zv‡ì c‡Yï†ejvq GKB ai‡bi Pvwn`vi m¤§yLxb n‡Z cv‡i| me dv‡g©i e¨q Ae¯’vI m`„k _v‡K|

9. AbyiƒcZv Ges m`„k¨Zv : Aa¨vcK †P¤^viwjb (E.H. Chamberlin) GK‡PwUqv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi Av‡jvPbv

Ki‡Z wM‡q cÖ_gw`‡K a‡i †bb †h cÖwZwU MÖy‡c AšÍfy©³ dv‡g©i GKB iKg e¨q Ges Pvwn`v †iLv i‡q‡Q|

A_©vr †Kv‡bv MÖy‡c AšÍfy©³ cÖwZwU dvg© GKB iKg e¨q I Pvwn`v †iLvi m¤§yLxb nq| †mB Rb¨ GK‡PwUqv

evRv‡ii dvg©¸‡jv GKB ai‡bi nq| c¶všÍ‡i Giƒc evRv‡i †Kv‡bv dvg© c‡Yï g~j¨ A_ev Drcv`‡bi

cwieZ©b Ki‡j eû msL¨K dv‡g©i Dci Zv we¯Í…Z nq| d‡j Acivci dv‡g©i Dci GB cÖfve mvgvb¨|

Aa¨vcK G.J. Stigler GB êwkó¨‡K AbyiƒcZv e‡j AwfwnZ K‡ib|

10. `ª‡eï AbyKiY : GK‡PwUqv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi evRv‡i GKRb we‡µZv Aci GKRb we‡µZvi Drcvw`Z ªe¨

c~Y© AbyKiY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j cÖ‡Z¨K we‡µZv ev dvg© GK‡PwUqv dv‡g©i g‡Zv wbR wbR `ª‡eï †hvMvb

ev †hvMvb wbqš¿‡Yi gva¨‡g g~j¨ wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡i|

11. `xN©Kvjxb cwiw¯’wZ : `xN©Kvjxb mg‡q GK‡PwUqv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi evRv‡i dv‡g©i fvimvg¨ c~Y©cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡ii dv‡g©i g‡Zv ¯vfvweK gybvdv ¯Í‡i n‡q _v‡K|

KvR : cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi wfwË‡Z evRvi eë¯’vi GKwU PvU© ˆZwi Ki|

58 A_©bxwZ

5.2.6 evsjv‡`‡ki evRvi eë¯’v (Market System of Bangladesh)

G Aa¨v‡q c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi evRvi, GK‡PwUqv evRvi, GK‡PwUqv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRvi eë¯’v Av‡jvPbv Kiv

n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖK…wZ I cwi‡e‡ki Kvi‡Y wewfbœ c‡Yï †¶‡Î wewfbœ ai‡bi evRvi Ges †ePv-†Kbvi aib

j¶ Kiv hvq| ev¯Íe D`vniY GB wZb ai‡bi evRvi wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv hvq|

1. evsjv‡`‡k †Kv‡bv c‡Yï weï× c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi evRvi †bB Z‡e c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi KvQvKvwQ evRvi jÿ

Kiv hvq| evsjv‡`‡k K…wlc‡Yï LyPiv evRvi G evRv‡ii fv‡jv D`vniY| †hgb, av‡bi cÖv_wgK evRv‡i

eû msL¨K †µZv I we‡µZv _v‡K Ges †Kv‡bv GKRb Drcv`‡K av‡bi evRvi‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡ibv|

G fv‡e Ab¨vb¨ Lv`¨km¨, gvQ, gyiwM, wWg, `ya cÖf…wZi evRviI c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK ev Zvi KvQvKvwQ|

wKQz wKQz †mevi †ÿ‡Î G evRvi †`Lv hvq| †hgb, evm I wi·v cwienb|

2. GK‡PwUqv evRvi : evsjv‡`‡k Drcvw`Z ª‡eï †ÿ‡Î GK‡PwUqv evRvi †`Lv hvq bv| Z‡e Avg`vwbK…Z

cY¨ wKsev †mevi †ÿ‡Î Giƒc evRvi †`Lv hvq| †hgb, R¡vjvwb †Z‡ji GKgvÎ Avg`vwbKviK evsjv‡`k

†c‡Uªvwjqvg Ki‡cv‡ikb| XvKv kn‡i, cvwb, M¨vm I we`y¨r mieiv‡ni †ÿ‡ÎI Giƒc evRvi we`¨gvb|

†ijc‡_ hvZvqv‡Zi †ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`k †ijI‡q GKK cÖwZôvb|

3. GK‡PwUqv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRvi : evsjv‡`‡k wewfbœ wkíRvZ c‡Yï evRvi GK‡PwUqv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK|

†hgb, wewfbœ Lv`¨`ªe¨, cÖmvabx `ªe¨| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †mevi †ÿ‡ÎI Giƒc evRvi †`Lv hvq| †hgb, †emiKvwi

nvmcvZvj I WvqvMbwóK †m›Uvi|

KvR : wb‡gœ ZvwjKv Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki c‡Yï bv‡gi †cÖwÿ‡Z GKvwaK Drcvw`Z GjvKvi bvg †jL?

c‡Yï bvg GjvKvi bvg

K. Avg ...........................................................

L. KuvVvj ...........................................................

M. ZwiZiKvwi ...........................................................

N. gvQ ...........................................................

O. ZuvZ Kvco ...........................................................

P. wjPz, Avbvim ...........................................................

Q. †cqviv, Kjv, eiB ...........................................................

R. bvwi‡Kj ...........................................................

S. †Mv-`ya ...........................................................

T. Kgjv ...........................................................

evRvi 59

Abykxjbxmswÿß DËi cÖkœ1. evRvi ej‡Z Kx eyS?

2. g~‡jï wbqg Kx?

3. evRvi eë¯’vq wZbwU †gŠwjK welq Kx Kx?

4. mg‡qi †cÖwÿ‡Z evRvi KZ ai‡bi nq Ges Kx Kx?

5. ¯’vb‡f‡` evRvi Kq ai‡bi nq Ges Kx Kx?

6. A_©evRvi Kx?

7. kÖgevRvi ej‡Z Kx eyS?

8. `ªe¨ evRv‡ii aviYv `vI|

9. dvg© I wk‡íi aviYv `vI|

10. DcKiY evRvi Kx?

eY©bvg~jK cÖkœ1. evRvi ej‡Z Kx eyS? mgq †gqv‡ì †cÖwÿ‡Z evRv‡ii †kÖwYweb¨vm e¨vL¨v Ki|

2. c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRvi I Ac~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡ii aviYv `vI| c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i8wU êwkó¨ D‡jøL Ki|

3. GK‡PwUqv evRvi ej‡Z Kx eyS? GK‡PwUqv evRv‡ii êwkó¨mg~n e¨vL¨v Ki|

4. GK‡PwUqv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡ii aviYv `vI| Gi êwkó¨mg~n e¨vL¨v Ki|

5. †Zvgvi eB‡q DwjøwLZ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi wfwË‡Z evRvi KvVv‡gvi GKwU QK ˆZwi Ki| evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœc‡Yï evRvi eë¯’vi cwiwPwZ `vI|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. Ô`ª‡eï g~j¨ wbav©i‡Y Pvwn`v I †hvMvb DfqB mgvb ¸iyZ¡c~Y©Õ Dw³wU Kvi?

K. Aa¨vcK gvk©vj L. Gj iweÝ

M. cj m¨vgy‡qjmb N. Aa¨vcK P¨vcg¨vb

2. g~‡jï wbq‡g †ePv‡Kbv n‡jv-

i. †µZv-we‡µZvi ìKlvKwli gva¨‡g µq-weµq

ii. Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi cvi¯úwiK wµqv-cÖwZwµqvi gva¨‡g µq-weµq

iii. wbw`©ó g~‡jï wfwË‡Z µq-weµq

60 A_©bxwZ


K. i L. i I ii


wb‡Pi †iLvwPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges 3 I 4 b¤i cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI

3. wP‡Î †Kvb evRvi‡K wb‡`©k K‡i?

K. c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZv L. GK‡PwUqv Kvievi

M. GK‡PwUqv cÖwZ‡hvwMZv N. AwjMcwj

4. D³ evRv‡i Mo Avq cÖvwšÍK Avq mgvb nIqvi KviY-

i. wbw`©ó †µZv ev we‡µZvi `vg wba©vi‡Y f~wgKv †bB

ii. `xN©‡gqv‡` Pvwn`v I †hvMvb ¯’vbvšÍi Øviv fvimvg¨ m„wó

iii. GB evRv‡i bZzb †Kv‡bv dvg© Ask MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv


K. i L. ii

M. i I ii N. ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ1. Kvgvj : Avgv‡K GKwU g¨vUvWi Kjg w`b|

†`vKvb`vi : fvBqv G mßv‡n B‡Kv‡bv Kj‡gi `vg K‡g‡Q, †b‡eb wK?

Kvgvj : †Kb g¨vUvWi †_‡K B‡Kv‡bv Kjg wK gv‡b- ¸‡Y Avjv`v?

†`vKvb`vi : bv †Zgb bq| evRv‡i A‡bK †Kv¤úvwb Av‡Q Zv‡ì mevi Kjg cÖvq GKB gv‡bi †Kej†`L‡Z mvgvb¨ wfbœ|

evRvi 61

y

o

AR=MR=P

x

Avq

†hLv‡b AR= Mo AvqMR= cÖvwšÍK AvqP = `vg

Kvgvj : Zvn‡j Avgv‡K g¨vUvWiB w`b| GwUB Avgvi fv‡jv jv‡M|

K. dvg© Kv‡K e‡j?

L. ¯^íKvjxb evRv‡ii aviYvwU e¨vL¨v Ki|

M. Kvgv‡ji µqK…Z `ªe¨wU †Kvb evRv‡ii cY¨? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡ii mv‡_ Kvgv‡ji µqK…Z c‡Yï evRv‡ii m¤úK© we‡kølY Ki|

2. wiwg GKwU wbw`©ó eªv‡Ûi e¨vM eënvi K‡i| †m bZzb GKwU e¨vM evRv‡i wKb‡Z †M‡j `vg Av‡Mi †P‡qA‡bK †ewk †`L‡Z cvq| Gi KviY Rvb‡Z PvB‡j †`vKvbx Rvbvq †h D³ e¨vM GKwU gvÎ †Kv¤úvbxAvg`vwb K‡i| †Kv¤úvwb `vg evov‡j Zv‡ì wKQz Kivi _v‡K bv| Abyiƒc †Kv‡bv e¨vM evRv‡i bv _vKvqwiwg‡K D”P `‡i e¨vMwU µq Ki‡Z nq|

K. DcKiY Kv‡K e‡j?

L. kÖgevRvi ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

M. wiwgi µqK…Z cY¨wU †Kvb evRv‡ii? e¨vL¨v Ki|N. evsjv‡`‡k wiwgi µqK…Z c‡Yï evRv‡ii cwiwa KZUzKz? we‡kølY Ki|

62 A_©bxwZ

lô Aa¨vq

RvZxq Avq I Gi cwigvcNational Income and Its Measurments

GKwU †`‡ki RvZxq Avq †_‡K †m †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v †evSv hvq| A_©vr †`kwU wK DbœZ, Dbœqbkxj bvAbybœZ G m¤ú‡K© aviYv Kiv hvq| †Kv‡bv †`‡ki RvZxq Avq KZ Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ RvZxq Avq cwigvc Ki‡Znq| G Aa¨v‡q evsjv‡`‡k RvZxq Avq MYbvi c×wZ I †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|

GB Aa¨vq cvV‡k‡l AvgivÑ� • RvZxq Av‡qi aviYvmg~n e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie

� • RvZxq Av‡qi (NI) mv‡_ †`kR Drcv‡ì (GDP) cv_©K¨ †`Lv‡Z cvie

� • RvZxq Av‡qi (NI) mv‡_ bxU RvZxq Drcv‡ì (NNP) Zzjbv Ki‡Z cvie

� • wRwWwc cwigv‡ci c×wZmg~n e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie

� • wRwWwci wba©viKmg~n‡K DcKiY Ges cÖhyw³ GB `yB †kªwY‡Z web¨¯Í Ki‡Z cvie

� • wRwWwci wnmve ewnf‚©Z welqvwì ZvwjKv cÖ¯ÍzZ Ki‡Z cvie

� • evsjv‡`‡ki wRwWwc I gv_vwcQy wRwWwc cwigvc c×wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie

Other15%

Social Insurancecontributions

4%Property taxes

2%

Sales tax16%

Motor Vehicle andother licenses

2%Royalties & other

investment income11%

Liquot & garmingProfits

4%

Sales of goods &services

9%

Corporate income tax7%

Personal income tax30%

6.1 †gvU †`kR Drcv` (Gross Domestic Product ev GDP )

GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q mvaviYZ GK eQ‡i GKwU †`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK mxgvbvi g‡a¨ †gvU †h cwigvY P~ovšÍ `ªe¨ I†mev Drcv` nq Zuvi evRvi g~‡jï mgwó‡K †gvU †`kR Drcv` ev GDP e‡j|

2 LvZ wewkó A_©bxwZi †ÿ‡ÎÑg‡b Kwi evsjv‡`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i eQ‡i wZbwU `ªe¨ D`cv`b nq| †hgb, 100 K zB›Uvj avb, 1000wU Rvgv Ges1000 Kjg Drcvw`Z nq| wRwWwc = 100 K zB›Uvj avb × av‡bi evRvi g ~j¨ + 1000 Rvgv × Rvgvi evRvig ~j¨ + 1000 Kjg × Kj‡gi evRvi g ~j¨|

6.1.1 †gvU RvZxq Avq (Gross National Income ev GNI)

†Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mg‡q mvaviYZ Avw_©K eQ‡i †Kv‡bv †`‡ki bvMwiKMY KZ…©K †h cwigvY P~ovšÍ `ªe¨ I †mev Drcbœnq Zvi evRvi g~‡jï mgwó‡K †gvU RvZxq Avq (GNI) e‡j|

†gvU †`kR Drcv‡ì mv‡_ bxU Dcv`vb Avq †hvM K‡i †gvU RvZxq Avq cvIqv hvq| bxU Dcv`vb Avq ej‡ZGKwU †`‡ki bvMwiKMY ê‡`wkK wewb‡qvM †_‡K I kªg †_‡K †h Avq K‡i Ges we‡`wk bvMwiKMY Av‡jvP¨†`‡k wewb‡qvM I kªg †_‡K †h Avq K‡i G `y‡qi we‡qvM dj‡K †evSvq|

6.1.2 bxU RvZxq Drcv` (Net National Product ev NNP)

†Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mg‡q †Kv‡bv A_©bxwZ‡Z P~ovšÍ ch©v‡qi `ªe¨ I †mevi Avw_©K g~j¨ †_‡K g~jab eënviRwbZAePq e¨q (Capital Consumption Allowance ev CCA ev Depreciation) ev` w`‡j hv _v‡K Zv‡KbxU RvZxq Drcv` e‡j| g~jab eënviRwbZ AePq e¨q ej‡Z Drcv`b eë¯’vq g~ja‡bi eënviRwbZ †h ¶qnq, Zv i¶Yv‡e¶‡Yi Rb¨ †h e¨q enb Ki‡Z nq Zv‡K †evSvq|

KvR : (1) GNI, GDP, CCA G‡ì c~Y© iƒc `vI|

KvR : (2) CCA = Capital Consumption Allowance Avm‡j Kx?

6.2 RvZxq Avq cwigvc c×wZmg~nÑDrcv`b, Avq I e¨q c×wZ (Measurments ofNational Income-Production, Expenditure and Income Method)

RvZxq Avq g~jZ wZbfv‡e cwigvc Kiv hvq| h_v : Drcv`b c×wZ (Production Approach), Avq c×wZ

(Income Approach) I e¨q c×wZ (Expenditure Approach)|

1. Drcv`b c×wZ (Production Approach) : GKwU †`‡ki A_©bxwZ K‡qKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Lv‡Zwef³| Gme Lv‡Z GK eQ‡i Drcvw`Z P~ovšÍ `ªe¨ I †mevi g~j¨ †hvM K‡i †gvU †`kR Drcv` wba©viY Kiv nq|evsjv‡`‡k A_©bxwZ‡K 15wU Lv‡Z wef³ Kiv nq Ges LvZIqvix Drcv`‡bi g~j¨ wba©viY Kiv nq| cwi‡k‡l15wU Lv‡Zi Drcv`‡bi g~j¨ †hvM K‡i †gvU †`kR Drcv` wba©viY Kiv nq|

64 A_©bxwZ

2. Avq c×wZ (Income approach) : G c×wZ‡Z RvZxq Avq n‡jv Drcv`b Kv‡h© eëüZDcKiYmg~‡ni cÖvß Av‡qi mgwó| Drcv`b †¶‡Î eëüZ †gŠwjK DcKiY— f~wg, kÖg, g~jab ImsMVb| G‡ì cÖvß Avq h_vµ‡g LvRbv, gRywi, my` I gybvdv| AZGe RvZxq Avq = LvRbv + gRywi +my` + gybvdv|

3. e¨q c×wZ (Expenditure approach) : G c×wZ‡Z RvZxq Avq n‡jv †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mg‡qmgv‡Ri me ai‡bi e¨‡qi †hvMdj| mgv‡Ri †gvU e¨q ej‡Z e¨w³ Lv‡Zi †fvM I wewb‡qvM e¨q GesmiKvwi e¨q I bxU ißvwb‡K †evSvq| AZGe, †fvM + wewb‡qvM + miKvwi e¨q + bxU ißvwb (= ißvwb ÑAvg`vwb) = †gvU †`kR Drcv`| †gvU †`kR Drcv` ev Y= C + I + G (X-M) GLv‡b C = †fvM, I =wewb‡qvM, G = miKvwi e¨q, (X-M) (ißvwb - Avg`vwb) = bxU ißvwb|

DcwiD³ wZbwU c×wZ‡Z cwigvcK…Z †gvU †`kR Drcv` GKB cwigvY n‡e| MYbv ev wnmv‡ei ÎywU wePy¨wZiKvi‡Y LvwbKUv cv_©K¨ n‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e cÖK…Z A‡_© Zv GKB djvdj enb K‡i|

KvR : G‡ì mwVKZv hvPvB Ki

Aa¨vcK gvk©vj Drcv`‡bi w`K †_‡K RvZxq Avq MYbv K‡ib

Aa¨vcK wç Av‡qi w`K †_‡K RvZxq Avq MYbv K‡ib Ges

Aviwfs wdkvi e¨‡qi w`K †_‡K RvZxq Avq MYbv K‡ib|

6.3 gv_vwcQy †gvU †`kR Drcv` (Per Capita Gross Domestic Product)

gv_vwcQy wRwWwc ej‡Z Rb cÖwZ evwl©K wRwWwc‡K †evSvq| †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó Avw_©K eQ‡i †`‡ki †gvU †`kRDrcv`‡K †gvU RbmsL¨v Øviv fvM Ki‡jB gv_vwcQy wRwWwc cvIqv hvq|

m~ÎvKv‡i, gv_vwcQy wRwWwc =

gv_vwcQy wRwWwc n‡jv GKwU †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb I RxebhvÎvi gv‡bi cÖavb m~PK| G m~PK Øviv †`kwU wKDbœZ bvwK AbybœZ ev Dbœqbkxj Zv wbY©q Kiv hvq| hw` gv_vwcQy wRwWwc GKwU wbw`©ó ¯Í‡ii †ewk nq Z‡eeyS‡Z n‡e †`kwU DbœZ, Avi hw` Zv †_‡K wRwWwc Kg nq Z‡e eyS‡Z n‡e †`kwU AbybœZ ev Dbœqbkxj|

6.4 wRwWwc-Gi wba©viKmg~n (Determinants of Gross Domestic Product-GDP)

†gvU †`kR Drcv` KZ n‡e Zv wbf©i K‡i †`‡ki f‚wg I cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`, kªg, g~jab, cÖhyw³, m¤ú‡ì mPjZv(mobility) Gm‡ei Dci| GRb¨ G‡ì‡K †gvU †`kR Drcv`-Gi wba©viK ejv nq|

1. f‚wg (Land) : †gvU †`kR Drcv` f‚wg I cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ì Dci wbf©i K‡i| cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ì ch©vßeënvi m¤¢e n‡j Ges K…wl cY¨ Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq De©i f‚wg _vK‡j †`kR Drcv` e„w× cv‡e| d‡jf‚wg I cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` †gvU †`kR Drcv‡ì ¸iyZ¡c~Y© wba©viK|

RvZxq Avq I Gi cwigvc 65

†Kvb wbw`©ó eQ‡i †gvU †`kR Drcv`H mg‡q †gvU RbmsL¨v

2. kªg (Labour) : †h‡Kv‡bv †`‡ki kªg †gvU †`kR Drcv‡ì GKwU ¸iyZ¡c ~Y© wba©viK| `¶ I Kg©¶gkªg †gvU †`kR Drcv` e„w×i mnvqK| kªwgK hw` cÖhyw³i eënvi Rv‡b Ges cÖwk¶YcÖvß nq Z‡e †gvU

†`kR Drcv` e„w×i mnvqK nq|

3. g ~jab (Capital) : g ~jab †gvU †`kR Drcv` e„w×i ¸iyZ¡c ~Y© †gŠwjK wba©viK| AvR‡Ki DbœZ†`kmg ~‡n †gvU †`kR Drcv` e„w×i g~‡j g~jab KvR K‡i| Avevi AbybœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~n g~ja‡bi

Afv‡ei Kvi‡Y †gvU RvZxq Avq I †gvU †`kR Drcv` e„w× Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| myZivs g~jab †gvU †`kR

Drcv‡ì GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© wba©viK|

4. cÖhyw³ (Technology) : cÖhyw³i Dci †gvU †`kR Drcv` eûjvs‡k wbf©i K‡i| cÖhyw³i Dbœqbbvbvfv‡e n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb, bZzb Avwe®‹vi, hš¿cvwZi wWRvBb I `¶Zvi DbœwZ, bZzb gvjvgv‡ji

Avwe®‹vi BZ¨vw`| D`vniY¯îƒc, K…wlLv‡Z wPivqZ ex‡Ri cwie‡Z© D”P djbkxj (Ddkx) exR eënvi

K‡i av‡bi Drcv`b eû¸Y e„w× †c‡q‡Q| GKBfv‡e DbœZ Rv‡Zi exR eënvi K‡i jvD, Kzgov, †Xuok

BZ¨vw` mewRi Drcv`bI †e‡o‡Q|

5. mPjZv (Mobility) : GKwU A_©bxwZ‡Z wcwQ‡q cov ev AebwZkxj A_©‰bwZK Kvh©Kjvc †_‡K m¤ú`mwi‡q bZzb cÖmvigvb A_©‰bwZK Kvh©Kjv‡c m¤ú` eënvi Kivi ¶gZvi Dci Gi †gvU †`kR Drcv`wbf©i K‡i| D`vniY¯îƒc evsjv‡`‡k cvU Pvl Kwg‡q avb, Mg ev fzÆv Pv‡l f‚wg I Ab¨vb¨ DcKi‡Yieënvi e„w×|

6.5 wRwWwc-Gi wnmve ewnf‚©Z welqvw` (Factors not included in GDP Calculation)

†Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mg‡q GKwU A_©bxwZ‡Z P~ovšÍ ch©v‡qi Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ I †mevi evRvi g~‡jï mgwó‡K †gvU †`kR

Drcv` (GDP) e‡j| wRwWwc MYbvi †¶‡Î wb‡gœv³ Dcv`vbmg~n KLbI AšÍfz©³ Kiv nq bv|

1. g~jabx jvf-¶wZ (Capital gains & losses) : mg‡qi cwieZ©‡b RvZxq m¤ú‡ì ev Drcv`bcÖwZôv‡bi DcKiY ev Drcvw`Z c‡Yï g~j¨ cwieZ©‡bi d‡j jvf ev ¶wZ n‡Z cv‡i| G jvf ev ¶wZ

RvZxq Avq MYbvi †¶‡Î we‡ePbv Kiv nq bv| KviY, mg‡qi eëav‡b m¤ú‡ì g~j¨ cwieZ©bRwbZ jvf

ev ¶wZ RvZxq Avq MYbvi †¶‡Î cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i bv| ZvQvov G jvf-¶wZ ïay KvMR-Kj‡g eëmvqcÖwZôv‡bi †¶‡Î wjwce× Kiv nq| †h cÖwZôv‡bi jvf hZUyKz nq Ab¨ cÖwZôv‡bi Gi mgcwigvY ¶wZ

nq| d‡j RvZxq Avq MYbvq jvf-¶wZi cÖfve k~b¨|

2. gva¨wgK `ªe¨ I †mev (Intermediary goods and services) : RvZxq Avq MYbvq ïaygvÎP~ovšÍ ch©v‡qi ªe¨ I †mev we‡ewPZ nq| KviY P~ovšÍ ch©v‡qi `ª‡eï †fZ‡iB gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi `ªe¨ I

†mevi g~j¨ AšÍfz©³ nq| P‚ovšÍ `ª‡eï c‡i Avevi gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi `ªe¨ I †mev we‡ePbv Ki‡j RvZxq Avq

MYbvi †¶‡Î wØZ MYbv (Double Counting) mgm¨v †`Lv †`q| GRb¨ gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi ªe¨ I †mev‡K

RvZxq Avq MYbvi mgq we‡ePbv Kiv nq bv|

66 A_©bxwZ

3. webvg~‡j¨ eëüZ `ªe¨ I †mev (Goods and services free of charge) : A_©bxwZ‡Z GgbwKQy `ªe¨ I †mev i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv evRv‡ii gva¨‡g †ePv-†Kbv nq bv| †hgbÑ gv KZ…©K mšÍvb jvjb-cvjb,gwnjv‡ì ivbœv evbœv BZ¨vw` mvsmvwiK KvRKg©, MvqK KZ„©K eÜz‡ì Mvb †kvbv‡bv BZ¨vw` Drcvw`Z cY¨bq| GRb¨ RvZxq Avq MYbvq Gme †mevi g~j¨ AšÍfy©³ Kiv hvq bv|

4. AZx‡Z Drcvw`Z cY¨ I †jb‡`b we‡eP¨ bq (No considaration of previousproduction and transaction) : †h eQ‡ii wRwWwc MYbv Kiv nq, Zvi c~‡e©i †Kv‡bv eQ‡iiDrcv`b H Av‡jvP¨ eQ‡ii †gvU †`kR Drcv‡` AšÍfy©³ nq bv| †hgbÑ cyivZb Mvwo, cyivZb evwo ev d¬¨vUµq| Gme ªe¨ †h eQi Drcvw`Z n‡q‡Q H eQ‡ii wRwWwc-Gi g‡a¨ Gm‡ei g~j¨ AšÍfz©³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|GwU cybivq wnmve Ki‡j wØZ MYbv mgm¨v †`Lv †`q| Abyiƒcfv‡e ÷K, eÊ, KvMwR †jb‡`b wRwWwc-Gig‡a¨ AšÍfz©³ nq bv|

5. miKvwi F‡Yi my (Interest of public debt) : miKvwi F‡Yi wecix‡Z †h my †`qv nq ZvwRwWwc‡Z AšÍfy©³ bq| †hgbÑ hy×Kvjxb miKvi †h FY K‡i Zv RvZxq Drcv`‡b †Kv‡bv f~wgKv iv‡L bv|G F‡Yi wecix‡Z my n¯ÍvšÍi cvIbv wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| GRb¨ wRwWwc †_‡K ev` †Ìqv nq|

6. †eAvBwb KvR (Illegal activities) : †eAvBwb KvR †_‡K cÖvß Avq RvZxq Avq MYbvi †¶‡Î we‡ePbvKiv nq bv| †eAvBwb Kvh©Kjvc ej‡Z mvgvwRKfv‡e MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq Ges †`‡ki cÖPwjZ AvB‡bi we‡ivaxKvR‡K †evSvq| †hgb, gv`K ªe¨, Ryqv †Ljv, Kv‡jv evRv‡i ªe¨ µq-weµq, Nyl, `yb©xwZi gva¨‡g AwR©ZAvq, µq-weµq RvZxq Drcv` MYbvi mgq we‡ePbv Kiv nq bv|

KvR : †gvU †`kR Drcv‡` MYbv Kiv nq bv, Ggb me ªe¨ I wel‡qi GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯ÍzZ Ki|

6.6 evsjv‡`‡k RvZxq Avq cwigvc c×wZ (Method of Estimation of NationalIncome in Bangladesh)

evsjv‡`‡k RvZxq Avq MYbvi `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡qvwRZ miKvwi cÖwZôvb evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv| cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡ivcÖwZ eQi PjwZ evRvi g~j¨ I w¯’i g~‡j¨ `ªe¨ I †mevi g~j¨ cwigvc K‡i wRwWwc I wRGbAvB MYbv K‡i_v‡K| Gme wnmve Ki‡Z cÖwZôvbwU wewfbœ Drm †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i _v‡K|

evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv Drcv`b c×wZ I e¨q c×wZ eënvi K‡i GDP I GNI MYbv K‡i| Drcv`bc×wZ‡Z †gvU †`kR Drcv` (GDP) cwigv‡ci Rb¨ A_©bxwZ‡K †gvU 15wU cÖavb Lv‡Z wef³ Kiv nq|LvZmg~n n‡”QÑ

Drcv`b c×wZ‡Z RvZxq Avq cwigvc :

1. K…wl I ebR m¤ú` : K…wl †`kR Drcv`-Gi GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© LvZ| G LvZ aiveuvavfv‡e wnmve Kiv KwVb|evsjv‡`‡k GDP MYbv Ki‡Z G LvZ‡K wZbwU DcLv‡Z wef³ Kiv nq|

(K) km¨ I kvKmewR : G Lv‡Z †`kR Drcv‡ì cwigvY PjwZ cvBKvwi evRvi g~‡jï †cÖw¶‡Z wnmve Kiv


nq| †hgb, 2010-11 mv‡j G Lv‡Z Drcv` wQj 85238 †KvwU UvKv Ges 2011-12 mv‡j aiv nq 92508†KvwU UvKv|

(L) cÖvwY m¤ú` : G Lv‡Zi wnmveI PjwZ evRvig~‡jï †cÖw¶‡Z †`kR Drcv‡ì cwigvY wnmve Kiv nq|cÖvwYm¤ú` DcLv‡Z 2010-11 mg‡q †`kR Drcv‡ì cwigvY wQj 18470 †KvwU UvKv| 2010-11 mv‡jcÖv°jb Kiv nq 20485 †KvwU UvKv|

(M) ebR m¤ú` : eb Lv‡Zi DcKi‡Yi Z‡_ï Afv‡e †gvU Drcv`b n‡Z 3% g~j¨ ev` w`‡q hv _v‡K Zv‡Kg~j¨ mshyw³ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i GDP †ei Kiv nq| 2009-10 mv‡j †`kR Drcv`b wQj 9874 †KvwUUvKv Ges 2010-11 mv‡j aiv n‡q‡Q 10876 †KvwU UvKv|

2. grm¨ m¤ú` : Af¨šÍixY I mvgyw ªK Drm †_‡K †gvU grm¨ Avni‡Yi †cÖw¶‡Z †gvU †`kR Drcv‡ì wnmveKiv nq| G Lv‡Z 2010-11 mv‡j †gvU †`kR Drcv‡ì cwigvY wQj 26996 †KvwU UvKv Ges 2011-12mv‡j 30999 †KvwU UvKv aiv n‡qwQj|

3. LwbR I Lbb : wkí Lv‡Zi g‡a¨ LwbR I Lbb‡K Avjv`v LvZ wnmv‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq| G Lv‡Z (K)cÖvK…wZK M¨vm I Acwi‡kvwaZ †Zj Ges (L) Ab¨vb¨ LwbR m¤ú` I Lbb wel‡qi Drcvw`Z c‡Yï evRvig~‡jï wnmve Kiv nq| Gme Lv‡Zi wnmve †`kR Drcv‡ì w`K †_‡K wnmve MYbv Kiv nq| 2010-11mv‡j G Lv‡Z Avq nq 9063 †KvwU UvKv Ges 2011-12 mv‡j wnmve Kiv nq 10318 †KvwU UvKv|

4. wkí (g¨vby:) : evsjv‡`‡k †gvU †`kR Drcv` MYbvi †¶‡Î mKj wk‡íi Drcvw`Z c‡Yï eZ©gvbevRvig~j¨ wnmve K‡i †gvU †`kR Drcv` †ei Kiv nq| evsjv‡`‡k wkí Drcv`‡bi cwigvY 2010-11mv‡j 135551 †KvwU UvKv hvi g‡a¨ (K) e„nr I gvSvwi wk‡íi †`kR Drcv`b 97121 †KvwU UvKv Ges(L) ¶z`ªvqZb wkí Lv‡Z 38430 †KvwU UvKv| 2011-12 mv‡j wkí Drcv`b aiv nq h_vµ‡g 156590†KvwU UvKv, 112625 †KvwU UvKv Ges 43965 †KvwU UvKv|

5. cvBKvwi I LyPiv wecYb : G wnmv‡e c‡Yï cvBKvwi g~j¨ wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g †gvU †`kR Drcv` Gi cwigvYMYbv Kiv nq| 2010-11 mv‡j 115959 †KvwU UvKv Ges 2011-12 mv‡j 134860 †KvwU UvKv wnmveaiv nq|

6. we`y¨r, M¨vm I cvwbm¤ú` : G Lv‡Z †mev mieivn g~‡jï †cÖw¶‡Z †gvU †`kR Drcv` g~j¨ wnmve Kivnq| evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ GB LvZ LyeB ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| miKv‡ii cvkvcvwk G LvZmg~n †emiKvwifv‡eI †Q‡o†Ìqv n‡q‡Q| 2010-11 mv‡j †gvU †`kR Drcv‡ì cwigvY wQj 8211 †KvwU UvKv| Gi g‡a¨ (K) we`y¨rDcLv‡Z 6775 †KvwU UvKv| (L) M¨vm DcLv‡Z 908 †KvwU UvKv Ges (M) cvwb DcLv‡Z 529 †KvwU UvKvAvq nq| 2011-12 mv‡j G wZb Lv‡Zi mvgwóK wnmve aiv nq 9773 †KvwU UvKv|

7. wbg©vY : wbg©vY LvZ †_‡K †gvU †`kR Drcv‡ì cwigvY wnmve Kiv nq e¨w³, wbg©vY cÖwZôvb, †fv³v GesmiKv‡ii cÖvß Z_¨ †_‡K| ev¯Í‡e G LvZ †_‡K †h cwigvY Avq wnmve nIqvi K_v Zvi Zzjbvq Kg nq|KviY PjwZ evRvig~‡j¨ miKvi cÖ`Ë ev †eu‡a †Ìqv g~j¨ †_‡K †ewk| A_P miKvwi †eu‡a †Ìqv g~‡jï†cÖw¶‡Z †gvU †`kR Drcv‡ì cwigvY wnmve Kiv nq| 2010-11 mv‡j G LvZ †_‡K Avq nq 63982†KvwU UvKv Ges 2011-12 mv‡j 75465 †KvwU UvKv aiv nq|

68 A_©bxwZ

8. †nv‡Uj I †i‡¯Íuviv : GB Lv‡Zi †gvU †`kR Drcv‡ì welqwU Drcbœ `ª‡eï I †mevi weµqg~j¨ †cÖw¶Zwnmve Kiv nq| 2010-11 mv‡j G LvZ †_‡K Avq nq 5998 †KvwU UvKv Ges 2011-12 mg‡q aiv nq7178 †KvwU UvKv|

9. cwienb, msi¶Y I †hvMv‡hvM : G LvZ †`kR Avq MYbvi GKwU eo LvZ| G LvZwUi eo Ask†emiKvwi Lv‡Z b¨¯Í Av‡Q| ZviciI 2010-11 mv‡j ¯’yj Avq n‡qwQj †gvU 85465 †KvwU UvKv hvig‡a¨Ñ (K) ¯’jc_ cwienb DcLv‡Z 66088 †KvwU UvKv, (L) cvwbc_ cwienb DcLv‡Z 4532 †KvwUUvKv, (M) AvKvkc_ cwienb DcLv‡Z 722 †KvwU UvKv, (N) mn‡hvMx cwienb †mev I msi¶YDcLv‡Z 2070 †KvwU UvKv Ges (O) WvK I Zvi †hvMv‡hvM Lv‡Z 12053 †KvwU UvKv| 2011-12 mg‡qcwienb msi¶Y I †hvMv‡hvM Lv‡Z †gvU Avq aiv nq 100053 †KvwU UvKv|

10. Avw_©K cÖvwZôvwbK †mev : G Lv‡Zi wnmve Kiv nq †mev †_‡K cÖvß g~‡jï wfwË‡Z| 2010-11 mg‡qG LvZ †_‡K †`kR Drcv`b g~‡jï cwigvY wQj 14483 †KvwU UvKv, hvi g‡a¨Ñ (K) e¨vsK DcLv‡Z10621 †KvwU UvKv; (L) exgv DcLv‡Z 3231 Ges (M) Ab¨vb¨ LvZ †_‡K Avq nq 632 †KvwU UvKv|2011-12 A_©eQ‡i aiv nq †gvU 116965 †KvwU UvKv| DcLvZ Abyhvqx cÖv°jb Kiv nq h_vµ‡g12430, 3795, 740 †KvwU UvKv|

11. wi‡qj G‡÷U, fvov I Ab¨vb¨ eëmv : G LvZ †_‡K †`kR Drcv`‡bi cwigvY wnmve Kiv nq †mev†_‡K cÖvß Av‡qi cwigv‡ci wfwË‡Z| 2010-11 mv‡j †mev cÖvß †`kR Avq wQj 50337 †KvwU UvKvGes 2011-12 mg‡q aiv nq 55546 †KvwU UvKv|

12. †jvK cÖkvmb I cÖwZi¶v : G LvZ †_‡K cÖvß †`kR Av‡qi wnmve Kiv nq g~jZ e¨‡qi w`K †_‡K|2010-11 mv‡j †`kR Drcv` wQj 22381 †KvwU UvKv Ges 2011-12 mv‡j aiv nq 25449 †KvwUUvKv|

13. wk¶v : evsjv‡`‡ki wk¶v Lv‡Z †gvU †`kR Drcv‡ì wnmve Kiv nq e¨‡qi w`K †_‡K| 2010-11 mv‡j GLv‡Z †`kR Drcv`b wQj 21308 †KvwU UvKv Ges 2011-12 mv‡j aiv nq 24809 †KvwU UvKv|

14. ¯^v¯’¨ I mvgvwRK †mev : ¯^v¯’¨ I †mev Lv‡Zi welqwU wnmve Kiv nq e¨q c×wZ‡Z| G‡¶‡Î †gvU†`kR Drcv` e¨q 2010-11 mg‡q n‡qwQj 17582 †KvwU UvKv Ges 2011-12 mg‡q e¨q aiv nq20337 †KvwU UvKv|

15. KwgDwbwU, mvgvwRK I e¨w³MZ †mev : G Lv‡Zi wnmve MYbvi KvRwU e¨‡qi w`K †_‡K †gvU †`kRDrcv` MYbv Kiv nq| 2010-11 mv‡j G LvZ †_‡K 77876 †KvwU UvKv e¨q MYbv Kiv nq Ges2011-12 eQ‡i 91485 †KvwU UvKv e¨q cÖv°jb wnmve aiv n‡qwQj|


Abykxjbx

mswÿß DËi cÖkœ

1. †gvU †`kR Drcv‡ì aviYv `vI|

2. †gvU †`kR Drcv` ej‡Z Kx eyS?

3. bxU RvZxq Drcv` ej‡Z Kx eyS?

4. GNP, GDP, NNP G‡ì c~Y©iƒc `vI|

5. CCA ej‡Z Kx eyS?

eY©bvg~jK cÖkœ

1. RvZxq Avq ej‡Z Kx eyS? RvZxq Avq MYbvi c×wZmg~n e¨vL¨v Ki|

2. †gvU †`kR Drcv` I bxU RvZxq Drcv` aviYv `vI| †gvU †`kR Drcv‡ì wba©viKmg~n eY©bv Ki|

3. †gvU †`kR Drcv‡ì wnmveewnf~©Z welqmg~‡ni aviYv `vI|

4. †gvU †`kR Drcv` MYbv Kiv nq bv Ggb me Dcv`v‡bi GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ ‘Z Ki|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. RbcÖwZ evwl©K Avq‡K Kx e‡j?

K. RvZxq Avq L. bxU Avq

M. Mo Avq N. gv_vwcQz Avq

2. RvZxq Avq MYbvq wb‡Pi †KvbwU aiv nq?

K. P~ovšÍ `ªe¨ I †mevi g~j¨ L. gva¨wgK `ªe¨ I †mevi g~j¨

M. miKvwi F‡Yi my` N. `ybx©wZi gva¨‡g AwR©Z Avq


iygvbv Zuvi evwoi AvwObvq mvaviY exR ecb K‡i cÖ_g eQi †h cwigvY mewR cvb c‡ii eQi DbœZ Rv‡Zi exR

eënvi K‡i Zuvi †P‡q †ewk mewR cvb|

70 A_©bxwZ

3. iygvbv Zuvi Drcv`b e„w×i †ÿ‡Î †KvbwUi eënvi cwieZ©b K‡i‡Qb?

K. f~wg L. kÖg

M. cÖhyw³ N. g~jab

4. Drcv`b †ÿ‡Î Giƒc cwieZ©bÑ

i. GDP e„w× K‡i

ii. GNP e„w× K‡i

iii. NNP nªvm K‡i


K. i L. ii

M. i I ii N. ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ1. NUbv : 1

wknve 10 eQi hver evnivB‡b Kg©iZ| wZwb cÖwZgv‡m Zvi Av‡qi †ek wKQz Ask †`‡k †cÖiY K‡ib|

NUbv : 2wg‡mm eªvDbx e„‡U‡bi bvMwiK| wZwb evsjv‡`‡k GKwU †emiKvwi ms¯’vq Kg©iZ| cÖwZgv‡m wZwbI Zuvi†`‡k UvKv cvVvb|

K. bxU RvZxq Drcv`b Kv‡K e‡j?

L. Avq c×wZ‡Z Kxfv‡e RvZxq Avq cwigvc Kiv nq? eywS‡q wjL|

M. wknv‡ei A_© †cÖiY Avgv‡ì RvZxq Avq cwigv‡c Kxfv‡e m¤ú„³ nq, e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. wg‡mm eªvDbxi Avq wK evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Avq‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡e? †Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI|

2. Rwni Zvi bvbvevwo gaycy‡i †eov‡Z hvq| Zvi bvbv cyKz‡i gvQ Pvl K‡ib| Rwni Zvi bvbvevwoi cv‡k cÖPziMvQcvjv I RxeRšÍy †`L‡Z cvq| †m Rvb‡Z cv‡i GwU GKwU we‡kl ai‡bi AÂj|

K. CCA-Gi c~Y©iƒc Kx?

L. †gvU †`kR Drcv` ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

M. Rwni Zvi bvbvevwoi cv‡k †h AÂjwU †`L‡Z cvq †mwU A_©bxwZi †Kvb Lv‡Zi AšÍfz©³ Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z Rwn‡ii bvbvi PvlK…Z gv‡Qi Ae`vb cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki Av‡jv‡K we‡kølY Ki|


mßg Aa¨vq

A_© I e¨vsK eë¯’vMoney and Banking System

bvwe‡ji evev GKRb PvKzwiRxex| gv‡mi †k‡l †eZb cvb 20,000 UvKv| wZwb cvwievwiK e¨‡qi Rb¨ wKQz UvKvbM` iv‡Lb Ges wKQz UvKv e¨vs‡K AvgvbZ iv‡Lb| wKQzw`b ci wZwb wVK Ki‡jb gyiwMi Lvgvi †`‡eb| GRb¨wZwb e¨vsK †_‡K FY wb‡jb| e¨vsK Zv‡K 10% my‡` 36 gv‡m cwi‡kva Kivi k‡Z© GB FY cÖ`vb K‡i| Avgv‡ìAvq-e¨q, mÂq I FY meB A‡_©i gva¨‡g n‡q _v‡K| A_© I F‡Yi eëmv e¨vsK ev Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡bi gva¨‡g n‡q_v‡K| e¨vsK RbM‡Yi DØ„Ë A_© AvgvbZ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i FYMÖnxZv‡K FY wn‡m‡e cÖ`vb K‡i| Avgv‡ì †`‡kiK…wl Dbœqb, wkívqb, AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb I eëmv-evwY‡R¨ wewfbœ e¨vsK ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

GB Aa¨vq cvV‡k‡l AvgivÑ� •� A‡_©i aviYv Ges A‡_©i cÖKvi‡f` eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie

� •� A‡_©i Kvh©vewj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie

� •� evwYwR¨K e¨vsK Ges Gi cÖavb Kvh©vewj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie

� •� e¨vsK wnmve †Lvjv I cwiPvjbvi wbqgvewj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie

� •� †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb Kvh©vewj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie

� •� evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki mv‡_ †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki Zzjbv Ki‡Z cvie

� •� K…wl Dbœqb, wkívqb I AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡b evsjv‡`‡ki ¸iyZ¡c~Y© e¨vsKmg~‡ni f~wgKv g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvie

� •� PvU© AsKb K‡i evsjv‡`‡ki e¨vsK eë¯’v cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cvie

7.1 A_© I A‡_©i cÖKvi‡f` (Money and its classification)

`xN©Kvj hver K…lK Zvi av‡bi wewbg‡q ZuvwZi KvQ †_‡K Kvco Ges †R‡j Zvi gv‡Qi wewbg‡q Kz‡gv‡ii KvQ†_‡K nuvwo-cvwZj msMÖn KiZ| Gfv‡e gvby‡li GK ª‡eï cwie‡Z© Ab¨ `ªe¨ wewbgq K‡i Afve c~iY Kivieë¯’v‡K wewbgq cÖ_v (Barter System) e‡j| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki MÖvgvÂ‡j †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv GjvKvq wKQz wKQz†ÿ‡Î GL‡bv G cÖ_vi cÖPjb †`Lv hvq| Z‡e G cÖ_vq †jb‡`b Ki‡Z wM‡q gvbyl‡K bvbv Amyweavq co‡Z n‡Zv(†hgb- ªe¨ wefvR‡b Amyweav I Afv‡ei Awgj BZ¨vw`)| Gme Amyweav `~i Ki‡Z A‡_©i Avwef©ve N‡U|AvaywbK A_©bxwZ‡Z wewbg‡qi gva¨g wn‡m‡e A_© me©Rb ¯^xK…Z I M„nxZ| A_© wewbg‡qi gva¨g, `ªe¨ I †mevg~‡jï cwigvcK Ges mÂ‡qi evnb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|

myZivs, miKvi KZ©„K cÖewZ©Z †h e¯‘ g~‡jï cwigvcK, †`bv-cvIbv †gUv‡bvi Dcvq wn‡m‡e me©Î MÖnY‡hvM¨,mÂ‡qi evnb I F‡Yi wfwË wn‡m‡e ¯xK…Z, Zv‡K A_© e‡j| wewfbœ †`‡k A_© wewfbœ bv‡g cwiwPZ| †hgb-evsjv‡`‡k UvKv, fvi‡Z iywc, Av‡gwiKvq Wjvi Ges BD‡iv‡ci AwaKvsk †`‡k BD‡iv|

A‡_©i cÖKvi‡f`wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K A‡_©i †kÖwYwefvM Kiv hvq| wb‡P Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :

ˆZwii DcKi‡Yi w`K †_‡K A_©‡K `yfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v-

1) avZe gy`ªv

2) KvMRx †bvU

avZe gy ªvavZe LÊ Øviv ˆZwi †h gy ªvi gva¨‡ggvbyl cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡bi †jb‡`bK‡i, Zv‡K avZe gy`ªv e‡j|evsjv‡`‡k 5 UvKv, 2 UvKv, 1 UvKv,50 cqmv BZ¨vw` avZe gy`ªv Av‡Q|

avZe gy ªv‡K e¯‘MZ g~j¨gv‡bi w`K †_‡K Avevi `yfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v : (K) cÖvgvwYK gy`ªv (L) cÖZxKgy`ªv| cÖvgvwYK gy ªv ej‡Z †evSvq †h gy`ªv Mjv‡bvi gva¨‡g avZz wn‡m‡e wewµ Ki‡j `„k¨gvb g~‡jï mgcwigvYg~j¨ cvIqv hvq| Avi cÖZxK gy ªv ej‡Z †evSvq, †h gy`ªvi avZe g~j¨ Zvi `„k¨gvb g~‡jï †P‡q Kg _v‡K|mvaviYZ avZe gy ªv miKvi KZ©„K cÖPwjZ nq|

KvMRx †bvU†hme gy`ªv KvMR Øviv ˆZwi Kiv nq Zv‡K KvMRx gy`ªv ev †bvU e‡j| †bv‡Ui Dci wjwLZ g~j¨B Zvi g~‡jïwb‡`©kK hv mvaviYZ Af¨šÍixY g~j¨ A‡cÿv AwaK nq| cÖvq mKj †`‡kB KvMRx gy`ªv ev †bvU miKvwi wb‡`©‡k

A_© I e¨vsK eë¯’v 73

avZe gy`ªv

†`‡ki †K›`ªxq e¨vsK KZ©„K cÖPwjZ nq| evsjv‡`‡ki KvMRx gy ªv n‡jv 1 UvKv, 2 UvKv, 5 UvKv, 10 UvKv, 20

UvKv, 50 UvKv, 100 UvKv, 500 UvKv I 1000 UvKvi †bvU|

KvMRx gy`ªv‡K `yfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v- (K) iƒcvšÍi‡hvM¨ gy`ªv (L) iƒcvšÍi A‡hvM¨ gy`ªv| iƒcvšÍi‡hvM¨ gy`ªvej‡Z eySvq †h KvMRx †bv‡Ui cwie‡Z© PvIqvgvÎ miKvi mgg~‡jï †`kxq gy`ªv w`‡Z eva¨ _v‡K| evsjv‡`‡kiƒcvšÍi‡hvM¨ gy`ªv n‡jv- 5 UvKv, 10 UvKv, 20 UvKv, 50 UvKv, 100 UvKv, 500 UvKv I 1000 UvKvi †bvU|Avi iƒcvšÍi A‡hvM¨ gy`ªv ej‡Z †evSvq †h KvMRx †bv‡Ui cwie‡Z© miKv‡ii KvQ †_‡K †Kv‡bv ê‡`wkK gy ªv,†mvbv, iƒcv cvIqv hvq bv| evsjv‡`‡k iƒcvšÍi A‡hvM¨ KvMRx †bvU n‡jv 1 UvKv I 2 UvKvi †bvU| MÖn‡YievaëvaKZvi w`K †_‡K A_©‡K Avevi `yfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v : 1) wewnZ A_© 2) e¨vsK wnmve|

wewnZ A_©†h A_© miKvwi AvBb Øviv cÖPwjZ Zv‡K wewnZ A_© e‡j| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki wewnZ A_© miKvi I †K› ªxq e¨vsK

KZ©„K cÖPwjZ avZe gy ªv I KvMRx †bvU wb‡q MwVZ| wewnZ A_©‡K `yfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq- K) Amxg wewnZ A_©

L) mmxg wewnZ A_©| Amxg wewnZ A_© ej‡Z †evSvq †h wewnZ A_© Øviv AvBbMZ †h‡Kv‡bv cwigvY †jb‡`b

Kiv hvq Ges †`bv cvIbv cwi‡kva Ki‡j cvIbv`vi Zv MÖnY Ki‡Z eva¨ _v‡K| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki Amxg wewnZ

A_© n‡jv- 5 UvKv, 10 UvKv, 20 UvKv, 50 UvKv, 100 UvKv, 500 UvKv I 1000 UvKvi †bvU| mmxg wewnZ

A_© ej‡Z †evSvq, †h wewnZ A_© Øviv GKwU wbw`©ó mxgv ch©šÍ †jb‡`b Kiv hvq, AvBbMZfv‡e RbMY‡K AwaKMÖn‡Y eva¨ Kiv hvq bv Ges RbMY Zvi B”Qv Abyhvqx Zv MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki mmxg wewnZ A_©n‡jvÑ 50 cqmv, 1 UvKv, 2 UvKv I 5 UvKvi avZe gy`ªv|

e¨vsK wnmve

eZ©gv‡b eëmvwqK †jb‡`b I †`bv cvIbv

cwi‡kva Ki‡Z e¨vsK wnmve ev e¨vsK m„ó

A_© wewbgq gva¨g wn‡m‡e gvbyl MÖnY

K‡i| Z‡e Zv MÖnY Ki‡Z KvD‡K eva¨

Kiv hvq bv| evwYwR¨K e¨vsK AvgvbZ

m„wó K‡i ev FY cÖ`vb K‡i A_© m„wó

Ki‡Z cv‡i|

e¨vsK m„ó AvgvbZ ev Ifvi Wªvd‡Ui weiy‡× †PK †K‡U †jb‡`b Kiv hvq| e¨vsK m„ó AvgvbZ ev wnmve‡K A_©

wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv P‡j| Avgv‡ì †`‡k e¨vsK m„ó A_© n‡jv- PjwZ wnmv‡e AvgvbZ Ges mÂqx wnmv‡e AvgvbZhv †P‡Ki Øviv †Zvjv hvq|

KvR : A‡_©i cÖKvi‡f‡ì QK ˆZwi Ki|

74 A_©bxwZ

e¨vsK †PK (bgybv)

7.2 A‡_©i Kvh©vewj (Function of money)

AvaywbK Drcv`b eë¯’vq Ges mgvR Rxe‡b A_© bvbv cÖKvi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© KvR m¤úv`b K‡i|

Kwe A‡_©i Kvh©vewj eY©bv Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡jb-

hvnv K‡i wewbgq I g~j¨ cwigvc

FY cwi‡kva Avi mÂq mvab

A_© ewj MY¨ Zv‡i K‡i me©Rb|

Bs‡iwR KweZvi `ywU Pi‡Y A‡_©i Kvh©vewj cÖKvk cvq-

"Money is a matter of functions four;

A medium, a measure, a standard, a store."

A_©vr, A‡_©i KvR n‡jv PviwU| h_v : wewbg‡qi gva¨g, g~‡jï cwigvcK, mÂ‡qi evnb I ¯’wMZ †jb‡`‡bi

gvb|

wb‡P A‡_©i cÖavb PviwU Kv‡Ri weeiY †`qv n‡jv :

wewbg‡qi gva¨gA_© mevi wbKU MÖnY‡hvM¨ e‡j A‡_©i wewbg‡q †jb‡`b m¤úbœ nq| we‡µZv †Kv‡bv ª‡eï wewbg‡q A_© MÖnYK‡i Avevi †µZvI A‡_©i wewbg‡q `ªe¨mvgMªx MªnY K‡i| Gfv‡e A‡_©i Øviv †h‡Kv‡bv mgq †h‡Kv‡bv cwigvY

cY¨ I †mev µq-weµq Kiv hvq| d‡j †jb‡`b mnR I MwZkxj nq| ZvB ejv hvq A_© wewbg‡qi me‡P‡q

mnR I myweavRbK gva¨g|

g~‡jï cwigvcKwgUvi †hgb ˆ`‡N©ï, wK‡jvMÖvg †hgb IR‡bi cwigvcK, wVK †Zgwb A_© cY¨ I †mevi g~‡jï cwigv‡ci gvcKvwV

wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq| D`vniY¯iƒc ejv hvq- Avwgi GKwU eB µq K‡i 50 UvKv w`‡q| G‡ÿ‡Î 50 UvKv n‡jv

D³ eBwUi g~‡jï cwigvcK| A‡_©i mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv mn‡RB cY¨ I †mevi g~j¨ cwigvc K‡i AZxZ I fwel¨‡Zi

cY¨ I †mevi g~j¨ m¤^‡Ü Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvwi|

mÂ‡qi evnbAwaKvsk `ªe¨mvgMÖx cPbkxj e‡j `ªe¨mvgMÖxi gva¨‡g mÂq Kiv m¤¢e bq| ZvQvov †mev RxešÍ DcKiY ZvBkÖg I †mev mÂq K‡i ivLv hvq bv| wKšÍy A_© Øviv me wKQz wewbgq Kiv hvq e‡j Giƒc `ªe¨mvgMªx I †mevi g~j¨

A‡_©i gva¨‡g msiÿY Kiv m¤¢e| eZ©gv‡b gvbyl Zvi Drcvw`Z Avq †_‡K †fvM e¨q ev` w`‡q hv DØ„Ë _v‡K Zv

A‡_©i gva¨‡g mÂq Ki‡Z cv‡i, KviY A‡_©i gva¨‡g mÂq A‡bK †ewk wbivc` I Zzjbvg~jK ¯’vqx|


¯’wMZ †jb‡`‡bi gvb¯’wMZ †jb‡`b ej‡Z fwel¨r †`bv-cvIbv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| Gme †`bv-cvIbvi wnmve-wbKvk A‡_©i gva¨‡gBKiv nq| A‡_©i gva¨‡g FY MÖnY mnR Ges H FY cwi‡kva KivI myweavRbK| d‡j A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÊ wbwe©‡NœPj‡Z cv‡i, eZ©gvb mg‡q AwaKvsk eëmvwqK †jb‡`b †PK, e¨vsK WªvdU, wewbgq wej cªf…wZI FYc‡Îigva¨‡g m¤úbœ nq| e¨vs‡K AvgvbZ wn‡m‡e iwÿZ bM` A‡_©i wfwË‡ZB e¨vsK Gme FYcÎ cÖPjb K‡i| ZvBA_©‡K F‡Yi wfwË Z_v ¯’wMZ †jb‡`‡bi gvb wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq|

DcwiD³ Kvh©vewj QvovI A_© g~j¨ ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii evnb, Zvi‡jï gvb I mvgvwRK gh©v`vi cÖZxK wn‡m‡e KvRK‡i| A‡_©i GB KvR¸‡jv c„_K bq, G‡ì GKwU AciwU †_‡K D™¢~Z n‡q‡Q| ZvB ejv nq A‡_©i mKj Kv‡Rigva¨‡g mgv‡Ri A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi c_ myMg n‡q‡Q|

KvR : A_© Avgv‡ì ˆ`bw›`b Rxeb‡K mnRZi K‡i‡Q- e¨vL¨v Ki|

7.3 evwYwR¨K e¨vsK (Commercial Bank)

†h e¨vsK †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi A_© AvgvbZ wn‡m‡e Rgv iv‡L Ges eëmvwqK D‡Ï‡k e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb‡KZv‡ì Pvwn`v Abyhvqx FY cÖ`vb K‡i, Zv‡K evwYwR¨K e¨vsK e‡j| evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv gybvdvAR©b| G e¨vsK AvgvbZKvixi RgvK…Z A‡_©i Dci Kg nv‡i my` †`q| Ab¨w`‡K e¨vsK FYMÖnxZv‡ì KvQ †_‡KA‡cÿvK…Z †ewk nv‡i my` Av`vq K‡i| Dfq my‡ì cv_©K¨B n‡jv e¨vs‡Ki gybvdv| G e¨vsK Rgv`vbKvix‡K ZviRgvK…Z A_© PvIqvgvÎ †diZ w`‡Z eva¨ _v‡K e‡j e¨vsK Zvi Znwej †_‡K ¯íKv‡ji Rb¨ FY cÖ`vb K‡i|ZvB G e¨vsK‡K ¯í‡gqv`x F‡Yi eëmvqx e‡j|

evsjv‡`‡k evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv n‡jv : †mvbvjx e¨vsK, RbZv e¨vsK, iƒcvjx e¨vsK, AMÖYx e¨vsK, c~evjx e¨vsK,DËiv e¨vsK, wmwU e¨vsK, Avie evsjv‡`k e¨vsK I WvPevsjv e¨vsK BZ¨vw`|

evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©vewjAvaywbKKv‡j evwYwR¨K e¨vsK eûgyLx Kvh© m¤úv`b K‡i iv‡óªi GKwU Acwinvh© cÖwZôv‡b cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| wb‡gœevwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb Kvh©vewj Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :

76 A_©bxwZ

RbZv e¨vsK†mvbvjx e¨vsK

1) AvgvbZ MÖnYevwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki cÖ_g I cÖavb KvR n‡jv e¨w³ Ges cÖwZôv‡bi wbKU n‡Z AvgvbZ msMÖn Kiv| evwYwR¨Ke¨vsK wZb ai‡bi AvgvbZ MÖnY K‡i| h_vÑ (K) PjwZ AvgvbZ, (L) mÂqx AvgvbZ, (M) ¯’vqx AvgvbZ|

(K) PjwZ AvgvbZ : PjwZ Avgvb‡Zi A_© AvgvbZKvix †h‡Kv‡bv mgq IVv‡Z cv‡ib| GRb¨ G Avgvb‡ZiDci †Kv‡bv my` cÖ`vb Kiv nq bv|

(L) mÂqx AvgvbZ : mÂqx Avgvb‡Zi A_© GKwU wbw`©ó mgq †gqv‡` mvaviYZ mßv‡n `yevi IVv‡bv hvq|GB Avgvb‡Zi Dci e¨vsK wKQz my` †`q|

(M) ¯’vqx AvgvbZ : G AvgvbZ wbw`©ó †gqv‡ì Rb¨ Kiv nq| †hgbÑ 3 gvm, 6 gvm, 1 eQi, 3 eQi, 5eQi BZ¨vw`| e¨vsK G ai‡bi Avgvb‡Zi Dci AwaK nv‡i my` cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| G Avgvb‡Zi A_© †gqv`†kl nIqvi Av‡MI †Zvjv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î wKQz wewa-weavb _v‡K|

2) FY `vb KivevwYwR¨K e¨vsK gybvdv AR©‡bi j‡ÿ¨ Avgvb‡Zi GKwU wbw ©ó Ask AvgvbZKvixi Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ Mw”QZ†i‡L evwK A_© e¨w³ I cÖwZôvb‡K ¯í †gqv‡ì Rb¨ FY cÖ vb K‡i| Dchy³ RvgvbZ I eÜKxi (†hgb- g~jëvbavZz, avZe ªe¨, miKvwi I †`wk-we‡`wk FYcÎ, ¯’vqx m¤ú`-Gi wecix‡Z evwYwR¨K e¨vsK FY cÖ vb K‡i|Avgv‡ì †`‡ki wewfbœ evwYwR¨K e¨vsK M„nwbg©vY, grm¨ Pvl, eëmv-evwYR¨ I wkí cÖwZôvb BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î FY †`q|

3) wewbg‡qi gva¨g m„wóeZ©gv‡b evwYwR¨K e¨vsK mnR wewbgq gva¨g wn‡m‡e †PK, e¨vsK WªvdU, B-‡c‡g›U, ûwÛ I ågYKvixi †PKBZ¨vw` m„wó K‡i| wewbgq gva¨g¸‡jvi g‡a¨ e¨vs‡Ki Bmy¨K…Z †PK eûj eëüZ nq| DbœZ †`‡k AwaKvsk†jb‡`bB †P‡Ki gva¨‡g wb®úwË n‡q _v‡K|

4) †`wkq I ê‡`wkK evwY‡R¨ mnvqZv

evwYwR¨K e¨vsK †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i I AvšÍR©vwZK ch©v‡qevwY‡Rï mnvqZvq eëmvqx‡ì A_© †hvMvb †Ìqvicvkvcvwk civgk©I w`‡q _v‡K| GQvov eëmvqx‡ìwewbgq we‡j ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb, wej evÆvKiY, Avg`vwb IißvwbKviK‡K FY cÖ`vb, †gBj I †UwjMÖv‡gi gva¨‡gg~j¨ cwi‡kv‡ai eë¯’v K‡i| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î e¨vs‡Kigva¨‡g `ªe¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb, ê‡`wkK gy`ªvi µq-weµq Ges†µZv-we‡µZv‡ì †`bv-cvIbvi wb®úwË nq| Gme Kvh©m¤úv`b K‡i evwYwR¨K e¨vsK evwY‡Rï †ÿ‡Î ¸iyZ¡c~Y©f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|


e¨vsK Kvh©µ‡g cÖhyw³

5) A_© ¯’vbvšÍig‡°j‡ì cÖ‡qvR‡b e¨vsK GK ¯’vb n‡Z Ab¨ ¯’v‡b wbivc‡` I ªyZ A_© †cÖiY K‡i| A_© †cÖi‡Yi gva¨g n‡jv†PK, e¨vsK WªvdU, †cv÷vj AW©vi, ågYKvixi †PK, †gBj UªvÝdvi I †UwjMÖvg cÖf…wZ|

6) †iwgU¨vÝwe‡`‡k Kg©iZ mKj Rbmvavi‡Yi ê‡`wkK Avq msMÖn K‡i Ges †`kxq mswkøó gvwjK‡K hZ ZvovZvwo m¤¢eZv n¯ÍvšÍi K‡i evwYwR¨K e¨vsK h_vh_ †mev cÖ`v‡b mnvqZv K‡i|

7) mÂq e„w×evwYwR¨K e¨vsK †`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Qwo‡q _vKv ÿy`ª ÿz` ª mÂq‡K AvgvbZ wn‡m‡e msMÖn K‡i| e¨vsK mwÂZA_© eëmvq I Drcv`b †ÿ‡Î FY w`‡q cuywR MV‡b mnvqZv K‡i| Gfv‡e evwYwR¨K e¨vsK †`‡ki mÂq e„w×icvkvcvwk A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb‡K Z¡ivwšZ K‡i|

G Qvov evwYwR¨K e¨vsK wbgœwjwLZ KvR¸‡jv m¤úv`b K‡i-

(K) RbM‡Yi g~jëvb wRwbmcÎ, †hgb- `wjjcÎvw` I g~jëvb AjsKvi BZ¨vw` wbivc‡` jKv‡i Rgv iv‡L|

(L) wewfbœ †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi, wW‡eÂvi I miKvwi eÊ µq-weµ‡q mnvqZv K‡i|

(M) m¤úwË †`Lv‡kvbv, m¤úwËi Ki Av`vq I cÖ`v‡bi eë¯’vc~e©K AwQi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i|

(N) g‡°j‡ì ¯^v‡_© Avw_©K m”QjZvi mb`cÎ cÖ`vb K‡i I †MvcbxqZv iÿv K‡i|

(O) g‡°j‡ì cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e †PK, wewbgq wej, evwofvov, AvqKi, exgvi wcªwgqvg Ges ê`y¨wZK wejBZ¨vw` msMÖn I cÖ`vb K‡i|

DcwiD³ Kvh©µg m¤úv`‡bi gva¨‡g evwYwR¨K e¨vsK GKwU †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

KvR : evwYwR¨K e¨vsK Kxfv‡e GKwU †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb‡K Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i? e¨vL¨v Ki|

7.4 e¨vsK wnmve †Lvjvi I cwiPvjbvi wbqgiwng Zvi AwR©Z Av‡qi GKwU Ask e¨vs‡K Rgv ivLvi Rb¨Zvi Dc‡Rjv m`‡i Aew¯’Z †mvbvjx e¨vs‡Ki kvLv Awd‡mhvq| †mvbvjx e¨vs‡Ki GKRb Kg©KZ©v gvmy` mv‡ne Zv‡Kwnmve †Lvjvi e¨vcv‡i mn‡hvwMZv K‡ib| gvmy` mv‡ne cÖ_‡giwng‡K wZb ai‡bi †hgb- (1) PjwZ wnmve, (2) mÂqxwnmve I (3) ¯’vqx wnmv‡ei aviYv †`b| wZwb e‡jb meai‡bi wnmve †Lvjvi wbqg †gvUvgywUfv‡e GK| MÖvgxY e¨vsKQvov Avgv‡ì †`‡ki me e¨vs‡K wnmve †Lvjvi wbqgvewj cÖvqGKB ai‡bi| iwng mÂqx wnmve †Lvjvi wm×všÍ †bq| †mcÖ_‡g e¨vs‡Ki kvLv Awdm †_‡K GKwU Av‡e`bcÎ msMÖnK‡i Zv‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ wjwce× K‡i| e¨vs‡Ki wbqg Abyhvqx Zv‡K (Av‡e`bKvix‡K) kbv³ Kivi RbÄv‡e`bc‡Î mv‡q‡gi Z_¨mn ¯vÿi wb‡Z nq| †Kbbv mv‡q‡gi D³ e¨vs‡K GKwU wnmve i‡q‡Q| mv‡qg‡Kkbv³ cÖ`vbKvix ev cwiPq`vbKvix e‡j| GQvov Av‡e`bc‡Î iwng ¯¿x‡K bwgbx K‡i Zvi Z_Ï wjwce× K‡i(bwgbx ej‡Z †evSvq e¨vsK wnmv‡e RgvK…Z A_© AvgvbZKvixi AeZ©gv‡b/g„Zzï ci Zvi g‡bvbxZ †h ev hvivRgvK…Z A‡_©i AwaKvix n‡e)|

78 A_©bxwZ

†WweU KvW© I †µwWU KvW©

c~iYK…Z Av‡e`bc‡Îi mv‡_ iwng I Zvi ¯¿xi (Av‡e`bKvix I bwgbxi) cvm‡cvU© AvK…wZi mZ¨vwqZ Qwe GesRvZxq cwiPqc‡Îi Abywjwc mshy³ K‡i| c~iYK…Z Av‡e`bcÎwU gvmy` mv‡n‡ei Kv‡Q Rgv †`q| ZLb gvmy`mv‡ne Zv‡K b~¨bZg 500 UvKv e¨vs‡K Rgv ivL‡Z e‡jb (wewfbœ e¨vs‡Ki †ÿ‡Î b~¨bZg Rgvi cwigvY Kg-†ewkn‡Z cv‡i)| wKQz mg‡qi g‡a¨ gvmy` mv‡ne e¨vs‡Ki wbqg Abymv‡i wnmve Ly‡j GKwU e¨vsK wnmve b¤î iwng‡KcÖ`vb K‡ib Ges GKwU †PKeB I GKwU RgveB cÖ`vb K‡ib| iwng cieZ©x‡Z G wnmve b¤^‡i RgveB Øviv ZviB”Qvg‡Zv bM` A_©, †PK, e¨vsK WªvdU Rgv †`q (GQvov AbjvB‡b †`‡ki †fZi I evB‡i †_‡K wnmve b¤‡iUvKv Rgv †Ìqv hvq)| RgvK…Z UvKv †_‡K †P‡Ki gva¨‡g I GwUGg Kv‡W©i gva¨‡g (†hLv‡b GwUGg ey_ Av‡Q)e¨vs‡Ki wbq‡gi wfwË‡Z UvKv †Zvjv hvq|

eZ©gv‡b cÖvq me e¨vs‡KB Kw¤úDUvi I B›Uvi‡bU eënvi Kiv nq| ZvB AvgvbZKvix †Kvb †Kvb Zvwi‡L KZUvKv Zzjj Ges KZ UvKv Rgv w`j Zvi weeiYx e¨vsK †_‡K msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i (GgbwK B”Qv Ki‡j Zvi wnmveeÜ K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i)| e¨vs‡Ki wbqg Abyhvqx AvgvbZKvix eZ©gv‡b B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g †jb‡`b msµvšÍhveZxq Kvh©µg m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i|

iwn‡gi g‡Zv mevB mvg_©¨ Abyhvqx †h‡Kv‡bv e¨vs‡K †h‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi wnmve †Lvjv I cwiPvjbvi gva¨‡g A_©Rgv`vb Ki‡Z Ges IVv‡Z cv‡i|

KvR : e¨vsK wnmve †Lvjv I cwiPvjbvi avivevwnK Kvh©µ‡gi GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki|

e¨vsK wnmve †Lvjvi Av‡e`bc‡Îi Askwe‡kl


7.5 †K›`ªxq e¨vsK (Central Bank)

†K›`ªxq e¨vsK n‡jv Ggb GKwU cÖwZôvb hv e¨vsK eë¯’vi kx‡l© Ae¯’vb K‡i mgMÖ e¨vsK eë¯’v wbqš¿YK‡i Ges gy`ªvevRv‡ii AwffveK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| GwU miKv‡ii gvwjKvbv I wbqš¿‡Y †_‡K †bvU I gy`ªvcÖPjb, FY wbqš¿Y, gy`ªvi gvb msiÿY, gy`ªv evRvi msMVb I cwiPvjbv Ges miKv‡ii Avw_©K Dc‡`óv Ie¨vsKvi wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Gi cÖavb êwkó¨ n‡jv, GwU miKvi KZ©„K m‡e©v”P ÿgZvcÖvß Avw_©K cÖwZôvb|ZvB Gi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ gybvdv m‡e©v”PKiY bq eis †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv iÿv, Dbœqb I RbKj¨vYm‡e©v”PKiY|

†K›`ªxq e¨vsK GKwU RvZxq cÖwZôvb| cÖwZwU ¯^vaxb †`‡kB GKwU K‡i †K› ªxq e¨vsK _v‡K| †hgb : evsjv‡`‡ki†K›`ªxq e¨vsK evsjv‡`k e¨vsK, fvi‡Zi wiRvf© e¨vsK Ad BwÛqv, hy³iv‡óªi †dWv‡ij wiRvf© wm‡÷g,Bsj¨v‡Ûi e¨vsK Ad Bsj¨vÛ|

†K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©vewjcÖ‡Z¨K †`‡ki e¨vsK eë¯’vi I gy ªvevRv‡ii AwffveK I wbqš¿K wn‡m‡e †K› ªxq e¨vsK mvwe©K A_©bxwZi ¯v‡_©wewfbœ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© KvR m¤úv`b K‡i| wb‡gœ †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb Kvh©vewj Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-

1) †bvU I gy ªv cÖPjb

†Kv‡bv †`‡k †K› ªxq e¨vsKB †bvU I gy ªv cÖPjb K‡i| Ge¨vsK †`‡ki cÖ‡qvR‡bi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ †i‡L †bvU cÖPjbK‡i| AZx‡Z †`‡k †bvU cÖPj‡bi Rb¨ †K› ªxq e¨vsK‡KAvBb Abyhvqx ¯^Y©, †iŠc¨ ev ê‡`wkK gy ªv Rgv ivL‡Zn‡Zv| eZ©gv‡b †`‡k A‡_©i †hvMvb I Zvi g~j¨ wbqš¿YA‡bKvs‡k †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki bxwZi Dci wbf©ikxj|

2) miKv‡ii e¨vsK

†K›`ªxq e¨vsK wewfbœ LvZ †_‡K miKv‡ii ivR¯^ cvIbv miKv‡ii wnmv‡e Rgv K‡i Ges miKv‡ii wb‡`©kAbyhvqx wewfbœ Lv‡Z A_© cÖ`vb K‡i| Avw_©K msK‡Ui mgq miKvi‡K ¯í I `xN©‡gqv`x FY cÖ`vb K‡i|miKv‡ii cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e wewfbœ AvšÍR©vwZK Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ ms‡hvM iÿv K‡i| miKv‡ii A_©‰bwZKKg©KvÊ, bxwZ wba©vi‡Y cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ I civgk© w`‡q Zv ev¯Íevq‡b ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

80 A_©bxwZ

KvMRx †bvU Qvcv‡bv

e¨vsK Ad Bsj¨vÛ †dWv‡ij e¨vsK

3) Ab¨vb¨ e¨vs‡Ki e¨vsK†K›`ªxq e¨vsK †`‡k bZzb e¨vsK I kvLv cÖwZôvb‡K AbygwZ cÖ`vb K‡i| Zvi Aaxb¯’ ZvwjKvfy³ e¨vsKmg~n‡KmwVKfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ w`Kwb‡`©kbv I civgk© cÖ`vb K‡i| AvBb ev cÖPwjZ cÖ_v Abyhvqx ZvwjKvfy³e¨vsKmg~n‡K Zv‡ì Avgvb‡Zi GKwU wbw`©ó Ask †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡K Mw”QZ ivL‡Z nq| G Mw”QZ Znwej n‡ZcÖ‡qvR‡b ZvwjKvfy³ e¨vsKmg~n FY MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki e¨vswKs AvBb Abyhvqx ZvwjKvfy³evwYwR¨K e¨vsKmg~n‡K Zv‡ì PjwZ I ¯’vqx Avgvb‡Zi kZKiv cuvP fvM evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡K Rgv ivL‡Z nq|

4) FY wbqš¿Y†Kv‡bv †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î F‡Yi ¯^íZv I AvwaK¨ DfqB ÿwZKi| †Kbbv evwYwR¨K e¨vsKmg~n †hFY †`q Zv †gvU A‡_©i †hvMv‡bi g‡a¨ AšÍf©y³ nq hv `vg¯Íi Ges A‡_©i g~‡jï Dci cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i|F‡Yi Avwa‡Kï Rb¨ †`‡k gy ªvùxwZ Ges F‡Yi ¯^íZvi Rb¨ †`‡k gy`ªv ms‡KvPb †hb †`Lv bv †`q †mRb¨†K›`ªxq e¨vsK ZvwjKvfy³ e¨vsKmg~‡ni FY`vb ÿgZv wbqš¿‡Yi D‡Ï‡k wewfbœ eë¯’v cª‡qvM K‡i| †hgb-e¨vsK nv‡ii cwieZ©b, †LvjvevRvi bxwZ, bM` Rgvi AbycvZ cwieZ©b, cÖPviYv, Aby‡iva I wb‡`©k BZ¨vw`|

5) me©‡kl FY`vZv†K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki ZvwjKvfy³ e¨vsKmg~n KLbI Avw_©K msK‡Ui m¤§yLxb n‡q Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Drm †_‡K FY msMÖnKi‡Z e¨_© n‡j †K› ªxq e¨vs‡Ki kiYvcbœ nq| ZLb †K› ªxq e¨vsK msKUvcbœ e¨vsKmg~‡ni wbw`©ó Rvgvb‡Ziwecix‡Z I wewfbœ FYc‡Îi cybt evÆvKiY K‡i FY cÖ`vb K‡i| GRb¨ †K› ªxq e¨vsK Ab¨vb¨ e¨vs‡Ki F‡Yi†kl AvkÖq¯’j wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq|

6) wewbgq nvi wba©viY I wbqš¿Yê‡`wkK †jb‡`‡b fvimvg¨ Avbqb I w¯’wZkxjZv eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ †K› ªxq e¨vsK †`kxq gy ªvi mv‡_ we‡`wkgy`ªvi wewbgq nvi wba©viY I wbqš¿Y K‡i| eëmvq evwY‡Rï myweavi Rb¨ G e¨vsK miKv‡ii cÿ †_‡Kê‡`wkK gy`ªv I ¯^Y© µq-weµq K‡i A‡_©i wewbgq nvi w¯’wZkxj iv‡L|

7) wbKvk Niˆ`bw›`b eëmvq evwYR¨ I †jb‡`‡bi d‡j evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jvig‡a¨ †PK, e¨vsK WªvdU I †cv÷vj AW©v‡ii Av`vb-cÖ`vb nq|d‡j GK e¨vsK Ab¨ e¨vs‡Ki Kv‡Q cvIbv`vi ev †`bv`vi nq|†Kv‡bv e¨vsK Ab¨ e¨vs‡Ki Kv‡Q KZ cvIbv ev KZ †`bv Zvime©‡kl wnmve msiÿY K‡i †K›`ªxq e¨vsK| evwYwR¨Ke¨vsKmg~‡ni †h A_© ev Znwej †K› ªxq e¨vs‡K Rgv _v‡K Zv†_‡K GiKg †`bv-cvIbvi wb®úwË K‡i| Gfv‡e G e¨vsKevwYwR¨K e¨vsKmg~‡ni wbKvkNi wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i|

G Qvov †K›`ªxq e¨vsK wbgœwjwLZ Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b K‡i-

(K) ZvwjKvfy³ e¨vsKmg~‡ni wb‡qvwRZ Rbkw³i gvb Dbœq‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb K‡i|

(L) Awaf~Z mKj Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©µg mwVKfv‡e n‡”Q wKbv Zv mgqv‡šÍ hvPvB K‡i Ges cÖ‡qvRbxqcivgk© cÖ`vb K‡i|


¯^qswµq wbKvkNi

(M) RbM‡Yi myweavi K_v wPšÍv K‡i e¨vswKs eë¯’vi Dbœq‡b wewfbœ wbqg-Kvbyb ˆZwi I ev¯Íevqb K‡i|

(N) †`‡k-we‡`‡k evwYwR¨K e¨vsKmg~‡ni kvLv ¯’vc‡b mnvqZv K‡i|

(O) †`kevmxi AeMwZi Rb¨ Ges miKv‡ii Avw_©K bxwZ cÖYq‡bi myweav‡_© †K›`ªxq e¨vsK wewfbœ A_©‰bwZKKvh©vewji Z_¨ msMÖn I msKjb cÖKvk K‡i Ges M‡elYvi KvR cwiPvjbv K‡i|

(P) A_©bxwZi wewfbœ LvZ, †hgb- K…wl, wkí, †mev (eëmv evwYR¨, wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨) Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ †K› ªxqe¨vsK wewfbœ bxwZ MÖnY K‡i|

DcwiD³ Kvh©µg m¤úv`‡bi gva¨‡g †K› ªxq e¨vsK †`‡ki mvgwMÖK Dbœqb, A_©‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv eRvq ivL‡ZGes RbM‡Yi mvwe©K Kj¨vY mva‡b ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|

KvR : †K›`ªxq e¨vsK GKwU †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv eRvq ivL‡Z cv‡i- e¨vL¨v Ki|

7.6 evsjv‡`‡ki e¨vsK eë¯’vAvgv‡ì †`‡ki gy ªv eë¯’vi Z_v Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡bi AwffveK wn‡m‡e Ges miKv‡ii e¨vsK wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡cvjb Ki‡Q evsjv‡`k e¨vsK| Avi Rbmvavi‡Yi AvgvbZ MÖnY Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq †ÿ‡Î FY cÖ`vb K‡i gybvdvjv‡fi D‡Ï‡k cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q evwYwR¨K e¨vsKmg~n| Ab¨w`‡K we‡kl Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡bi cvkvcvwk `vwi`ª¨we‡gvP‡bi j‡ÿ¨ cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q we‡klvwqZ FY`vbKvix cÖwZôvbmg~n|

wb‡gœ evsjv‡`‡ki e¨vsK eë¯’vi PvU© AsKb Kiv n‡jv :

82 A_©bxwZ

evsjv‡`‡ki e¨vsK eë ’v

†K›`ªxq e¨vsK evwYwR¨K e¨vsK we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK (11wU)

†`wk we‡`wk (10wU)

miKvwi (4wU) †emiKvwi (31wU)

RbZv e¨vsK†mvbvjx e¨vsKi~cvjx e¨vsKAMÖYx e¨vsK

c~evjx e¨vsKBmjvgx e¨vsKeª vK e¨vsKwmwU e¨vsKb¨vkbvj e¨vsKWvP&-evsjv e¨vsKGbwmwm e¨vsKDËiv e¨vsKGwe e¨vsKAvBGdAvBwm e¨vsKcÖvBg e¨vsK

evsjv‡`k e¨vsK

GBP Gm we wm÷¨vÛvW© PvU©vW© e¨vsKnvwee e¨vsK†÷U e¨vsK Ad BwÛqv

evsjv‡`k K…wl e¨vsKevsjv‡`k †W‡fjc‡g›Ue¨vsKevsjv‡`k mgevq e¨vsKMÖvgxY e¨vsK

* †`wk †emiKvwi, we‡`wk I we‡klvwqZe¨vsK¸‡jvi g‡a¨ K‡qKwUi bvg D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv

7.7 K…wl Dbœqb, wkívqb I AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡b evsjv‡`‡ki e¨vsK eë¯’vi f~wgKvevsjv‡`‡ki e¨vsK eë¯’vq D‡jøL‡hvM¨ K‡qKwU e¨vs‡Ki f~wgKv wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-

evsjv‡`k e¨vsK

evsjv‡`‡ki †K› ªxq e¨vs‡Ki bvg evsjv‡`k e¨vsK| ¯^vaxbZvjv‡fi ci †`‡ki e¨vsK I gy`ªveë¯’vq †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨1972 mv‡j ivóªcwZi Òevsjv‡`k e¨vsK Av‡`k 1972ÓGi e‡j evsjv‡`‡k Aew¯’Z mv‡eK †÷U e¨vsK AecvwK¯Ívb-Gi mKj m¤ú` I `vq wb‡q evsjv‡`k e¨vsKcÖwZwôZ nq| A_© I FY eë¯’v‡K mwVK c‡_ cwiPvwjZK‡i w¯’wZkxj g~j¨¯Íi eRvq ivLvi gva¨‡g †`‡ki K…wlDbœqb, wkívqb I AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb Z_v †`‡ki A_©‰bwZKmg„w× Ges RbM‡Yi mvgwMÖK Kj¨vY mva‡b G e¨vsKwb‡gœv³fv‡e f~wgKv cvjb K‡i :

†`‡ki K…wl Lv‡Z cÖ‡qvRbgvwdK K…wlFY mieiv‡n mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k e¨vsK K…wlFY `vbKvixcÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K D`vifv‡e FY Znwej cÖ`vb K‡i| G Qvov K…wl Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ M‡elYv cwiPvjbv I K…wlcwimsL¨vb ˆZwi K‡i G e¨vsK cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

†`‡ki `ªæZ wkívq‡bi ¯v‡_© evsjv‡`k e¨vsK wkí g~jab mieivnKvix wewfbœ Avw_©K cÖwZôvb‡K FY Znwejmieivn K‡i| wkí D‡`¨v³v †kÖwY-weKv‡k DØy×KiY FY mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K|

evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K FYc‡Îi wewbg‡q FY cÖ`vb, bZzb e¨vsK ¯’vcb Ges AbybœZ GjvKvq evwYwR¨K e¨vsKI K…wl e¨vs‡Ki bZzb kvLv ¯’vcb K‡i, F‡Yi †hvMvb wbwðZ K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv‡Z F‡Yi cÖevn e„w× K‡i|†ÿÎwe‡k‡l G e¨vsK wbR D‡`¨v‡M mnR k‡Z© FY cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g †eKvi hyeK‡ì AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvMm„wó K‡i|

KvR : A_©eë¯’vi AwffveK wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`‡ki mvwe©K Dbœq‡b ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q evsjv‡`ke¨vsK- e¨vL¨v Ki|

evwYwR¨K e¨vsK

†`‡ki eëmv evwY‡Rï m¤úªmviY Ges Dbœqb, K…wlDbœqb I wkívq‡b A_©ms¯’v‡bi cvkvcvwk AvZ¥Kg©-ms¯’v‡bi gva¨‡g †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb cÖwµqvi GKwUeo Askx`vi evwYwR¨K e¨vsK| G †`‡ki evwYwR¨K e¨vsKmg~n‡K gvwjKvbvi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K miKvwi I †emiKvwiG `yfv‡M wef³ Kiv hvq| wb‡gœ evwYwR¨K e¨vsK-mg~‡nif~wgKv D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv-


K…wl I wkí Lv‡Z evwYwR¨K e¨vsK

g‡bvMÖvg (evsjv‡`k e¨vsK)

evsjv‡`‡k K…wl GKwU ¸iywZ¡c~Y© LvZ| d‡j K…wl Dbœq‡bi Dci evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i

K‡i| G †`‡ki AwaKvsk K…lK Mixe| ZvB Zv‡ì K…wlKvR cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ ìKvi ch©vß K…wl F‡Yi|

eZ©gv‡b K…wl Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ evwYwR¨K e¨vsK wewfbœ mg‡q miKvi †NvwlZ K…wl FY`vb Kvh©µ‡g mwµq AskMÖnY

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84 A_©bxwZ

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†eKvi hyeKiv Zv‡ì AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM cvq|

KvR : evsjv‡`k K„wl e¨vs‡Ki K…wlFY Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g K…wli AvaywbKvqb m¤¢e- e¨vL¨v Ki|

evsjv‡`k †W‡fjc‡g›U e¨vsKMZ 31 wW‡m¤î 2009 Zvwi‡L miKv‡ii wm×v‡šÍi Av‡jv‡K miKvi I evsjv‡`k †W‡fjc‡g›U e¨vsKwjwg‡U‡Wi cwiPvjbv cl©‡ì g‡a¨ Vendors Agreement ¯^vÿwiZ nq| Gi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`k wkí e¨vsKI evsjv‡`k wkíFY ms¯’v bvgK cÖwZôvb `ywU GKxf ~Z K‡i evsjv‡`k †W‡fjc‡g›U e¨vsK MwVZ nq|wejyß cÖwZôvb `ywUi `vq, m¤ú` I Rbej bZzb cÖwZôv‡bi wbKU Awc©Z n‡q‡Q| wb‡gœ G e¨vs‡Ki f ~wgKvD‡jøL Kiv n‡jv-

G e¨vsK mvaviYZ Avgv‡ì †`‡ki mv‡_ m¤ú„³ wkí cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Dbœqb I m¤úªmvi‡Y FY cÖ`vb K‡i, †hgb-cvU wkí, Pvgov wkí, wPwb wkí I mvi wkí BZ¨vw`| cjøx GjvKvq K…wlwfwËK wkí ¯’vc‡b AMÖvwaKvi cª`vbKi‡Q, hv K„wl Drcv`b e„w×i cvkvcvwk K…wl Dbœq‡b mnvqK|

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MÖvgxY e¨vsKMÖv‡gi AwZ ¯^í Rwgi gvwjK, f~wgnxb Ges Ab¨vb¨ AwZ `wi ª bvix-cyiy‡li gv‡S e¨vswKs †mev †cuŠ‡Q †Ìqvij‡ÿ¨ cÖwZwôZ GKwU we‡kl Avw_©K cÖwZôvb n‡jv MÖvgxY e¨vsK| RbmvaviY‡K Drcv`b Kvh©Kjv‡c G e¨vsKÿz`ªFY cÖ`vb K‡i| 1983 mv‡j GKwU we‡kl A_©jwMœKvix cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e MÖvgxY e¨vsK AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i| wb‡gœG e¨vs‡Ki f~wgKv D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv-

G e¨vsK MÖv‡gi f~wgnxb `wi`ª K…lK‡ì‡K mnR k‡Z© I RvgvbZ Qvov FY cÖ`vb K‡i| K…wl Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨G e¨vsK kvKmewR Pvl, Mvfx cvjb, grm¨ Pvl, nuvm-gyiwM cvjb I Rwg Pvlvev` BZ¨vw` Lv‡Z FY cÖ`vb K‡i| G

e¨vsK ch©vß FY cÖ`vb Kivq K…lK MÖvg¨ gnvRb‡ì KvQ †_‡K KwVb k‡Z© I Pov my‡` FY wb‡Z nq bv|


†`‡ki Ae‡nwjZ RbmvaviY‡K wkí Lv‡Z m¤ú„³ Kivi Rb¨ MÖvgxYÿz`ª I KzwUi wk‡í (†hgb- euvk I †e‡Zi KvR, wewo ˆZwi, mvevbˆZwi, Kvco ˆZwi I wgwó ˆZwi) FY cÖ`vb mn DcKiY mieivn IcÖ‡qvRbxq civgk© cÖ`vb K‡i| MÖvgxY †dv‡bi KvwiMwi mnvqZvqMÖv‡gi mvaviY RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ Z_¨cÖhyw³i my‡hvM †cuŠ‡Q †ÌqviRb¨ cjøx‡dvb Pvjy K‡i|

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KvR : myweavewÂZ gvby‡li fvM¨ Dbœq‡b MÖvgxY e¨vs‡Ki f~wgKv Abb¨- e¨vL¨v Ki|

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G e¨vsK `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb, Lv`¨ Drcv`b e„w×i j‡ÿ¨ mgevq mwgwZi m`m¨‡ì Pvwn`v Abyhvqx K…wlFY cÖ`vbK‡i| FY cÖ`v‡bi LvZ¸‡jv n‡jv- K…wl, f~wg Dbœqb, AvDk, Avgb I †ev‡iv avb Pvl, kxZKvjxb dmj IkvKmewR Drcv`b, wewfbœ ai‡bi K…wl DcKiY †hgb- exR, mvi, KxUbvkK, †mPhš¿ I Uªv±i BZ¨vw`| K„wlF‡Yi †gqv` wZb ai‡bi nq, †hgb : ¯íKvjxb- 6 gv‡mi Rb¨, ga¨g †gqv`x- 2 eQ‡ii Rb¨ Ges `xN©Kvjxb- 5eQ‡ii Rb¨ cÖ`vb K‡i|

mgev‡qi wfwË‡Z msMwVZ K…wlwfwËK wkímg~‡n Ges wbg©vY wk‡í G e¨vsK A_©vqb K‡i|

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KvR : mgevqx‡ì ¯^wbf©iZv AR©‡b evsjv‡`k mgevq e¨vs‡Ki f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki|

86 A_©bxwZ

MÖvgxY e¨vs‡Ki ¶z`ª I KzwUi wkí

Abykxjbxmswÿß DËi cÖkœ

1. A_© ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

2. evwYwR¨K e¨vsK ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

3. wbKvkNi ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

eY©bvg~jK cÖkœ

1. A‡_©i Kvh©vewj e¨vL¨v Ki|

2. evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©vewj e¨vL¨v Ki|

3. †K›`ªxq e¨vsK ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? †K› ªxq e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©vewj e¨vL¨v Ki|

4. evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b evsjv‡`k K…wl e¨vs‡Ki f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki cÖ_g I cÖavb KvR †KvbwU?

K. FY`vb L. AvgvbZ MÖnY

M. A_© ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv N. wewbg‡qi gva¨g m„wó

2. wb‡Pi †Kvb gy`ªv †h‡Kv‡bv cwigv‡Y †jb‡`b Kiv hvq?

K. 2 UvKvi K‡qb L. 2 UvKvi KvMRx gy ªv

M. 5 UvKvi K‡qb N. 5 UvKvi KvMRx gy ªv


Avwid Zvi mwÂZ A_© GKwU Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡b Rgv iv‡L| eQi †k‡l †m Zvi RgvK…Z A_© AwZwi³ A_©mnD‡Ëvjb K‡i|

3. Avwi‡di †jb‡`bK…Z Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡bi bvg Kx?

K. evsjv‡`k e¨vsK L. mgevq e¨vsK

M. †mvbvjx e¨vsK N. MÖvgxY e¨vsK


4. †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z D³ cÖwZôv‡bi Ae`vb n‡”Q-

i. cyuwR MVb Kiv

ii. gy ªvi gvb msiÿY

iii. A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb mvab


K. i L. i I ii

M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ1. iZœv GKwU Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡b Kg©iZ| Zvi cÖwZôvb RbMY‡K FY w`‡Z cv‡i bv, wKšÍy Ab¨vb¨ Avw_©KcÖwZôv‡bi FY cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î civgk©`vZv wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K Zvi evÜexI Ab¨ GKwUAvw_©K cÖwZôv‡b Kg©iZ| GwU RbM‡Yi mwÂZ A_© Rgv iv‡L Ges Gi wecix‡Z AwZwi³ A_© cÖ`vb K‡i|

K. wewbgq cÖ_v Kx?

L. mÂ‡qi evnb wn‡m‡e A‡_©i Kvh©vewj eY©bv Ki|

M. iZœvi cÖwZôv‡bi cÖK…wZ e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. iZœvi cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ Zvi evÜexi cÖwZôv‡bi cv_©K¨ we‡kølY Ki|

2. nviy‡bi ¯¿xi GKwU kvwoi LyeB cÖ‡qvRb| wKšÍy Zvi Kv‡Q GKwU QvMj Qvov wKQzB †bB| nviyb Zvi QvMjwb‡q ZuvwZi Kv‡Q †M‡j ZuvwZ GKwU kvwoi e`‡j QvMj wb‡Z Pvq| wKšÍy nviyb GKwU kvwoi e`‡j QvMjwUw`‡Z ivwR nqwb| c‡i mevi Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ GKwU ªe¨ Avwe®‹…Z nIqvq G Amyweav `~i nq|

K. wewnZ A_© Kv‡K e‡j?

L. wbKvkNi ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

M. nviyb ZuvwZi Kv‡Q wM‡q kvwo wKb‡Z bv cvivi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. mevi Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ ªe¨wUi f~wgKv †Zvgvi cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki Av‡jv‡K we‡kølY Ki|

88 A_©bxwZ

Aóg Aa¨vq

evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZThe Economy of Bangladesh

iZb GKRb abx K…lK| MZ K‡qK eQi a‡i Zvi Rwg‡Z AvaywbK Pvlvev` c×wZ AbymiY Kivq AwaK dmjDrcvw`Z nq| cvwievwiK e¨q enb Kivi ci DØ„Ë AwZwi³ A_© iZb mÂq K‡i| MZ eQi iZb GKwU †QvUˆZwi †cvkvK KviLvbv ¯’vcb K‡i hv Zvi ¯¿x RqšÍx cwiPvjbv K‡i| †mLv‡b Zvi MÖv‡gi bvix kÖwg‡Kiv KvRK‡i| Zviv Zv‡ì GKgvÎ †Q‡j ibx‡K GKwU fv‡jv ¯‹z‡j fwZ© K‡i| ibx Amy¯’ n‡j Zv‡K BDwbqb ¯v¯’¨Kg‡cø‡·i Wv³v‡ii civgk©g‡Zv wPwKrmv †Ìqv nq|

DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbvq evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi GKwU AvswkK wPÎ dz‡U I‡V|

GB Aa¨vq cvV‡k‡l AvgivÑ

� •� evsjv‡`‡k A_©bxwZi cÖavb êwkó¨mg~‡ni e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie

� •� A_©bxwZi cÖavb LvZmg~n (K…wl, wkí I †mev) eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie

� •� †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z wewfbœ Lv‡Zi (K…wl, wkí I †mev) Zzjbvg~jK ¸iyZ¡ we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvie

� •� K…wl I wk‡íi cvi¯úwiK wbf©ikxjZvi †ÿÎmg~n kbv³ Ki‡Z cvie

� •� LvZwfwËK A_©bxwZi Z_¨ DcvË e¨vL¨v Ges MvwYwZKfv‡e web¨¯Í Ki‡Z cvie

� •� A_©bxwZi wewfbœ Lv‡Zi Ae`vb wPÎ AsKb K‡i cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cvie

K…wlKvR

8.1 evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi êwkó¨ (Characteristics of Bangladesh Economy)

cÖvq `yÕk eQ‡ii Bs‡iR †kvlY I PweŸk eQ‡ii cvwK¯Ívwb kvm‡bi huvZvK‡j wb‡®úwlZ n‡q evsjv‡`‡kD‡jøL‡hvM¨ A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb nqwb| DcišÍy 1971 mv‡j `xN© bq gv‡mi ¯^vaxbZv hy‡× A_©‰bwZK AeKvVv‡gvi

e¨vcK ÿwZ mvwaZ nq| ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi ci Pvi `kK a‡i Dbœq‡bi d‡j evsjv‡`‡ki D‡jøL‡hvM¨ A_©‰bwZK

AMÖMwZ mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| Z‡e evsjv‡`k GLbI GKwU wbgœ Av‡qi Dbœqbkxj †`k|

evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z wbgœwjwLZ cÖavb cÖavb êwkó¨ mn‡RB jÿ Kiv hvq :

1) K…wl Lv‡Zi cÖvavb¨

K…wl evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© LvZ| wKšÍy AbybœZ

Pvl c×wZ, DbœZ exR, mvi, †mP Ges K…wlF‡Yi

Afve, cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi Kvi‡Y DbœZ †`‡ki Zzjbvq

Avgv‡ì K…wl Drcv`b A‡bK Kg| µgvš^‡q GB

Ae¯’vi DbœwZ n‡”Q| DbœZ exR, mvi, KxUbvkK, †mP

myweav evo‡Q| ms‡M ms‡M Drcv`bI evo‡Q| 2010-

11 A_©eQ‡i †gvU †`kR Drcv`‡b mvwe©K K…wlLv‡Zi

(dmj, grm¨ m¤ú`, cïm¤ú` I ebR m¤ú`) Ae`vb19.95 kZvsk n‡e e‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| †`‡ki kÖgkw³i

†gvU 47.3 kZvsk K…wlLv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ (Gg B Gm, 2009, weweGm)|

2) wkívq‡bi Rb¨ Kg©m~wP MÖnY

evsjv‡`‡ki wkí Dbœq‡bi MwZ axi| ZvB G †`‡ki

wkívq‡bi MwZ‡K evov‡Z AvaywbK wkíbxwZ †NvlYv

cÖ‡qvRb| G †cÖwÿ‡Z wkíbxwZ 2010 †NvlYv Kiv

n‡q‡Q| G bxwZi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv- Kg©ms¯’vb evov‡bv,

wkívq‡b bvix‡ì AskMÖnY e„w× Ges `vwi ª¨ Kgv‡bv|

GB jÿ My‡jv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ miKvwi Kg©m~Px n‡jv-wewb‡qv‡M evav Kgv‡bv, Ki gy³ Kiv, †emiKvwi wewb‡qvM

DrmvwnZ Kiv, g ~ja‡bi Aeva cÖevn wbwðZ Kiv,

ê‡`wkK wewb‡qvM e„w×, we‡`‡k evRvi m„wó Ges

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(Ggcøq‡g›U mv‡f©-2009)|

90 A_©bxwZ

wkí

3) gv_vwcQy Av‡qi µge„w×

G †`‡k K…wl I wk‡íi ¯í Drcv`b, AwaK RbmsL¨v Ges Kv‡Ri my‡hvM Kg _vKvq gv_vwcQz Avq DbœZ †`‡kiZzjbvq Kg| PjwZ g~‡j¨ gv_vwcQz RvZxq Avq 848 gvwK©b Wjvi Ges gv_vwcQy wRwWwc 772 gvwK©b Wjvi| Z‡eAvgv‡ì gv_vwcQz Avq axiMwZ‡Z n‡jI evo‡Q|

4) RxebhvÎvi µ‡gvbœwZ

¯^í Av‡qi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì †`‡ki cÖvq 31.50 fvM †jvK `vwi`ª¨mxgvi wb‡P Rxebhvcb K‡i| axiMwZ‡Z n‡jIRxebhvÎvi gvb c~e©v‡cÿv DbœZ nIqvq gvby‡li cÖZ¨vwkZ Mo Avqy®‹vj 67.2 eQi| my‡cq cvwb MÖnYKvix 97.8kZvsk Ges mvÿiZvi nvi (7 eQi+) 57.9 kZvsk|

5) wewb‡qvM‡hvM¨ cyuwRi cÖevn e„w×

Avgv‡ì gv_vwcQz Avq Kg e‡j mÂq ÿgZv Kg| ZvB wewb‡qvM ev cyuwR MV‡bi nviI Kg| eZ©gv‡b †`‡kwewb‡qvM e„w×i j‡ÿ¨ miKvi A‡bK DÏxcbvg~jK I mn‡hvwMZvg~jK bxwZ †NvlYv K‡i‡Q| Gi d‡j †`wk Iwe‡`wk wewb‡qvM µgvš‡q e„w× cv‡”Q| 2010-11 A_©eQ‡i †gvU wewb‡qvM wQj wRwWwci 24.73 kZvsk|wewb‡qvM e„w×i gva¨‡g Avgv‡ì K…wl I wk‡íi Drcv`b e„w× cvq| hv Avgv‡ì †`‡ki `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡bmnvqK|

6) Lv`¨ NvUwZ I cywónxbZv

K…wlcÖavb †`k n‡jI AwaK RbmsL¨vi Kvi‡Y G‡`‡k eûw`b a‡i Lv`¨ NvUwZ I cywónxbZv jÿ Kiv hvq|2009-10 A_©eQ‡i †`‡k †gvU grm¨ m¤ú` Drcv`‡bi cwigvY wQj 28.99 jÿ †gwUªK Ub hv Avgv‡ìcÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq Kg| ZvB miKvi evsjv‡`k‡K 2013 mv‡ji g‡a¨ Lv‡`¨ ¯qsm¤ú~Y© Ki‡Z mvwe©K K…wlLvZ‡K me‡P‡q ¸iyZ¡ w`‡q‡Q| Gi d‡j weMZ K‡qK eQi a‡i Lv`¨km¨ Drcv`b eë¯’vq DbœZ exR, mvi GescÖhyw³ eënv‡ii gva¨‡g AwaK dmj Drcv`b m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| 2009-10 A_©eQ‡i Lv`¨k‡mï Drcv`b n‡qwQj341.13 jÿ †gwUªK Ub| (K…wl m¤ú ªmviY Awa`ßi)

7) RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi n«vm

evsjv‡`k GKwU Rbeûj †`k| G †`‡k †gvU RbmsL¨v 14 †KvwU 97 jÿ 72 nvRvi 364 (2011 mv‡ji wnmveAbyhvqx)| RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ cÖwZ eM©wK‡jvwgUv‡i 964 Rb Ges RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi 1.34%, hv 2001 mv‡jwQj 1.48%| RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi µgk n«vm †c‡jI AvqZ‡bi w`K w`‡q A‡bK †QvU GB †`kwU RbmsL¨viw`K w`‡q we‡k¦ beg e„nËg †`k|

8) e¨vcK †eKviZ¡

Avgv‡ì †`‡k RbmsL¨v e„w×i Zzjbvq mÂq Kg e‡j wewb‡qvM Kgnq| d‡j g~jab MV‡bi nvi Kg| cÖ‡qvRbxq g~ja‡bi Afv‡e K…wl Iwkí Lv‡Z Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hv‡Mi Afv‡e G †`‡k e¨vcK †eKviZ¡†`Lv hvq|

evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ 91

XvKv Bwc‡RW

Z‡e ißvwb cÖwµqvRvZKiY AÂ‡j (EPZ: Export Processing Zone) †emiKvwi I miKvwi wewb‡qvM

e„w× cv‡”Q| ê‡`wkK wewb‡qvM‡K AvK…ó Kivi R‡b¨ wewfbœ DÏxcbvg~jK I mn‡hvwMZvg~jK bxwZ †NvlYv Kivqê‡`wkK wewb‡qv‡Mi cwigvY evo‡Q Ges A_©‰bwZK AÂj Pvjy n‡”Q hvi d‡j †eKvi mgm¨v A`~i fwel¨‡Z K‡ghv‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv hvq| (†`‡ki kÖgkw³i cÖvq 25 jÿ †jvK †eKvi)|

9) cÖvK…wZK I gvbem¤ú‡ì eënvi e„w×†`‡ki Av_©mvgvwRK Dbœqb I RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvi

gv‡bvbœq‡b cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` ¸iyZ¡c ~Y© †gŠwjKAeKvVv‡gvMZ Dcv`vb| eZ©gv‡b Gme m¤ú‡ìAvwe®‹vi I eënvi c ~‡e©i Z zjbvq e„w× †c‡q‡Q|cÖvK…wZK M¨vm I Acwi‡kvwaZ †c‡Uªvwjqvg Ges Kqjv

I Ab¨vb¨ LwbR m¤ú` Lv‡Zi mgwš^Z Ae`vb w¯’ig ~‡j¨ 2011-12 A_©eQ‡i 1.26 kZvsk n‡e e‡jcÖv°jb Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖvK…wZK M¨vm †`‡ki †gvU

evwYwR¨K R¡vjvwb eënv‡ii kZKiv cÖvq 75 fvM c~iYK‡i| Avgv‡ì †`‡k Ghver Avwe®‹…Z 23wU M¨vm

†ÿ‡Îi g‡a¨ eZ©gv‡b 18wU M¨vm †ÿ‡Îi 79wU K ~cn‡Z M¨vm D‡ËvwjZ n‡”Q| Drcvw`Z M¨vm we`y¨r Drcv`‡b me©vwaK eëüZ nq| †`‡ki R¡vjvwb wbivcËvwbwðZKiYK‡í B÷vb© widvBbvwii cwi‡kvab ÿgZv e„w× Ges Mfxi mgy‡`ª †kvwaZ I Acwi‡kvwaZ R¡vjvwb †ZjLvjv‡mi Rb¨ GmwcGg (Single Point Mooring) Kvh©µg MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| †`‡ki †gvU 5wU Kqjv

†ÿ‡Îi (iscy‡ii Lvjvkcxi, w`bvRcy‡ii eocyKywiqv, dzjevwo I `xwNcvov Ges e¸ovi RvgvjMÄ) †gvU gRy`cÖvq 2700 wgwjqb Ub| D‡ËvwjZ Kqjvi 65 fvM eocyKywiqv Zvcwe`y¨r †K‡› ª we`y¨r Drcv`‡b eëüZ nq|

gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ miKvwi I †emiKvwi wewfbœ Kvh©µg MÖnY I ev¯Íevqb Kiv n‡”Q| G‡ì g‡a¨cwievi Kj¨vY, bvix I wkï, mgvRKj¨vY, hye I µxov Dbœqb, ms¯‹…wZ, kÖg I Kg©ms¯’vb‡ÿ‡Î DbœqbD‡jøL‡hvM¨|

10) ê‡`wkK evwY‡Rï NvUwZ

µgea©gvb RbmsL¨vi eûgyLx Pvwn`v c~iY Ges Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì †fvM¨cY¨ I g~jabx ªe¨ Avg`vwb eve`cÖPzi A_© e¨q Ki‡Z nq, hv Avgv‡ì ißvwb Av‡qi Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk| GRb¨ evwY‡Rï fvimv‡g¨ Ae¨vnZNvUwZ †`Lv hvq| 2010-11 A_©eQ‡i mvwe©K fvimvg¨ (-) 529 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi (mvgwqK wnmve)|

eZ©gv‡b wewfbœ †`‡k Avgv‡ì †`‡ki cY¨mvgMÖxi ißvwb e„w× cvIqvq evwYwR¨K NvUwZi cwigvY n«vm cv‡”Q|

11) ê‡`wkK mvnv‡hï Dci wbf©ikxjZv

A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì †h cwigvY A‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb Zv †`‡ki Af¨šÍi †_‡K msMÖn Kiv hvq bv| ZvB

we‡`wk mvnv‡hï Dci wbf©i Ki‡Z nq| Z‡e Avkvi K_v n‡jv eZ©gv‡b ê‡`wkK mvnv‡hï Dci wbf©ikxjZvi

92 A_©bxwZ

Kqjv Lwb

nvi n«vm cv‡”Q| †Kbbv Gme mvnv‡hï Ach©vßZv, AwbðqZv I mgq †ÿc‡Yi ìyY Avgv‡ì Dbœqb Kvh©µg

e¨vnZ nq| ZvB Af¨šÍixY Dr‡mi Dci wbf©iZv evo‡Q hv BwZevPK AMÖMwZ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq| cÂg-

cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbvq (1997-2002) Af¨šÍixY m¤ú‡ì mgv‡ek aiv nq 61.45%|

12) A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK AeKvVv‡gvi µ‡gvbœwZ

†`‡ki Drcv`b e„w×, Drcv`‡bi DcKiY I Drcvw`Z c‡Yï myôz evRviRvZKiY Ges ªe¨g~‡jï w¯’wZkxjZv

eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ A_©‰bwZK AeKvVv‡gv †hgb moK, †ij I †bŠc_, we`y¨r I †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v ¸iyZ¡c ~Y©

f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| miKvi Gme AeKvVv‡gv Dbœq‡b wewfbœ

Kg©m~wP MÖnY K‡i‡Q| miKv‡ii D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kg©m~wPi g‡a¨

cÙv †mZz wbg©vY Kvh©µg, XvKv kn‡i hvbRU wbim‡b 26

wK‡jvwgUvi `xN© Gwj‡f‡UW G·‡cÖmI‡q wbg©vY, wbivc`

†bŠhvb PjvPj wbwðZKiY, we`y¨‡Zi µgea©gvb Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi

j‡ÿ¨ we`y¨r Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡b m‡e©v”P AMÖvwaKvi Ges wØZxq

GKwU mve‡gwib †Ke‡ji gva¨‡g GKwU AvaywbK

†UwjKwgDwb‡Kkb †bUIqvK© ˆZwii Rb¨ Kvh©µg Ae¨vnZ

i‡q‡Q| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡b mvgvwRKAeKvVv‡gv †hgb wkÿv, cÖwkÿY, M‡elYv, Rb¯^v¯’¨,

mvs¯‹…wZK †PZbv I g ~j¨‡eva cÖf…wZ ¸iyZ¡c ~Y© f ~wgKv cvjb

K‡i| eZ©gvb miKvi wkÿvi ¸YMZ gvb Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ 2010 cÖYqb K‡i‡Q Ges Rb¯v¯’¨

Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ 2011-2016 †gqv‡` mgwš^Z ¯^v¯’¨, RbmsL¨v I cywó Dbœqb LvZ ev¯Íevq‡bi D‡`¨vM wb‡q‡Q|

13) †emiKvwiKiY Kg©m~wP

Avgv‡ì †`‡k wgkÖ A_©bxwZ Pvjy _vK‡jI †`‡ki mvwe©K A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi ¯^v‡_© evRvi A_©bxwZ cÖwZôvi

AvIZvq †emiKvwi Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡bi Dci me©vwaK ¸iyZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q| G D‡Ï‡k wewfbœ bxwZ I ms¯‹vi

Kg©m~wP nv‡Z †bIqv n‡q‡Q| 1993 mv‡j †emiKvwiKiY †evW© (eZ©gv‡b cÖvB‡fUvB‡Rkb Kwgkb) MV‡bi ci

†_‡K †deªyqvwi 2011 ch©šÍ †gvU 76 wU ivóªvqË cÖwZôvb †emiKvwiKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| Zb¥‡a¨ 55wU cÖwZôvb

mivmwi wewµi gva¨‡g Ges 21wU cÖwZôvb/†Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi wewµi gva¨‡g †emiKvwiKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q|

14) cwiKíbv MÖnY

Avgv‡ì A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ miKvwi I †emiKvwi Kg©m~wPi mgš^q mvab, Ges m¤ú‡ì mylg eÈb I

eënv‡ii Rb¨ ev¯Íevqb‡hvM¨ Dbœqb cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| G j‡ÿ¨ miKvi ¯^vaxbZvi myeY© RqšÍx‡K

mvg‡b †i‡L iƒcKí 2021 Gi Av‡jv‡K Òevsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ cwiKíbv iƒc‡iLv (2010-2021)Ó kxl©K cwiKíbv

`wjj cÖYqb K‡i‡Q| Gi †gŠwjK D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q D”PZi cÖe„w× AR©b, `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb, evsjv‡`k‡K GKwU ga¨gAv‡qi †`‡k cwiYZ Kiv Ges AvÂwjK êlg¨ `~i Kiv|


XvKv Gwj‡f‡UW G·‡cÖmI‡q

DcwiD³ êwk‡óï Av‡jv‡K ejv hvq †h, evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v c~‡e©i Zzjbvq †ek DbœwZ jvf K‡i‡Q|A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ MwZkxj Kg©m~wP MÖnY I ev¯Íevqb n‡”Q| wkÿv I cÖhyw³i cÖmv‡ii gva¨‡gKvwiMwi Ávbm¤úbœ kÖwgK I D‡`¨v³v †kÖwY ˆZwi n‡”Q| hviv ¯^Kg©ms¯’v‡bi gva¨‡g †`‡ki Drcv`b e„w×‡Z GesmvgvwRK Kzms¯‹vi `~i Ki‡Z f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|

KvR : evsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gvb Ae¯’vi †cÖwÿ‡Z A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb‡K Av‡iv MwZkxj Ki‡Z, Avi Kx Kxc`‡ÿc MÖnY Kiv hvq?

8.2 evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi cÖavb LvZmg~n (Main Sectors of Bangladesh Economy)

†h‡Kv‡bv †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z we`¨gvb kvLv ev wefvMmg~n wbR wbR cwigÊ‡j A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÊ m¤úv`b K‡i_v‡K Ges G‡ì mgwóMZ Ae`v‡bi Øviv †`‡ki A_©bxwZi wfwË M‡o I‡V| A_©bxwZi AšÍf©y³ Gme kvLv evwefvM‡K A_©‰bwZK LvZ e‡j|

K…wl LvZ (Agriculture Sector)

K„wl n‡”Q Giƒc m„wó m¤^Üxq KvR hv f~wgKl©Y, exR ecb, km¨-Dw™¢` cwiPh©v, dmj KZ©b BZ¨vw` †_‡K ïiyK‡i Drcvw`Z cY¨ ¸`vgRvZKiY, msiÿY I evRviRvZKiY ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z| dmj Drcv`b QvovI gvQ I†gŠgvwQ Pvl, cïcvjb I ebvqb K…wl Lv‡Zi AšÍf©y³|

Drm : evsjv‡`k A_©‰bwZK mgxÿv 2011

94 A_©bxwZ

grm¨ cïcvjb my›ìeb

evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi cÖavb wZbwU LvZ

K…wl LvZ wkí LvZ †mev LvZ

wb‡gœ K…wl Lv‡Zi DcLvZmg~‡ni mswÿß cwiPq †Ìqv n‡jv :

km¨ I kvKmewR

Avgv‡ì †`‡ki K…l‡Kiv k‡mï g‡a¨ avb, Mg, cvU, Wvj, AvL, ZvgvK, Pv, ˆZjexR BZ¨vw` Avi kvKmewRi

g‡a¨ Avjy, mxg, jvD, gUikuywU, cUj, Kijv, †e¸b BZ¨vw` Drcv`b K‡i|

cÖvwYm¤ú`

Avgv‡ì †`‡k cvwievwiKfv‡e I evwYwR¨K wfwË‡Z nuvm-gyiwM, Miy-QvMj, †fov, gwnl, †Nvov, KeyZi I Ab¨vb¨

cvwL cvjb Kiv nq| G‡ì gvsm, wWg, `ya, cvjK I Pvgov BZ¨vw` G Lv‡Zi AšÍf©y³|

grm¨m¤ú`

G †`‡ki b`x-bvjv, Lvj-wej, cyKzi, nvIi I mvMi †_‡K wewfbœ cÖRvwZi gvQ I grm¨RvZ `ªe¨ cvIqv hvq|

G‡ì‡K Avevi 2wU fv‡M wef³ Kiv nq, †hgb : Af¨šÍixY grm¨ Ges mvgyw`ªK grm¨|

ebR m¤ú`

Avgv‡ì †`‡ki †gvU f~L‡Êi cÖvq 17 fvM Ry‡o i‡q‡Q ebvÂj, †hLv‡b GKwU †`‡ki _vKv DwPZ †gvU f~L‡Êi25 fvM| Gme ebvÂ‡j i‡q‡Q euvk, †eZ, kvj, †m¸b, MR©b, my›ìx, Mivb, †MIqv, Mvgvwi, KovB, KywP I

†KIov BZ¨vw` MvQ| G¸‡jv †_‡K KvV, ivevi, Mvg-ˆZj, kb, †gvg I gay BZ¨vw` Avgiv †c‡q _vwK|

wb‡Pi ZvwjKvq evsjv‡`‡ki GDP †Z K…wl Lv‡Zi Ae`v‡bi nvi D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv :

AZGe, 2009-10 Ges 2011-12 A_©eQ‡i GDP †Z mvwe©K K…wl Lv‡Zi Ae`vb wQj h_vµ‡g 20.30 kZvskGes 19.95 kZvsk (mvgwqK)| GKB mg‡q, †`‡ki †gvU ißvwb Av‡qi cÖvq 5.44 kZvsk Ges 6.11 kZvsk(mvgwqK) G‡m‡Q K…wl LvZ †_‡K| K…wl Lv‡Zi cÖavb cÖavb ißvwb cY¨ †hgb : wngvwqZ Lv`¨, KuvPv cvU,cvURvZ ªe¨ I Pv| Avgv‡ì †gvU †`kR Drcv`‡b mvwe©K K…wlLv‡Zi cÖe„w×i nvi wb‡Pi ZvwjKvq D‡jøL Kivn‡jv :



LvZ/DcLvZ 2009-10 2010-11 (mvgwqK)

1. K…wl I ebR

K. km¨ I kvKmewR

L. cÖvwYm¤ú`

M. ebR m¤ú`

15.81

11.42

2.65

1.73

15.52

11.24

2.57

1.71

2. grm¨m¤ú` 4.49 4.43

K…wlwbf©i evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× K…wl Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡bi Dci eûjvs‡k wbf©ikxj| MÖvgxY A_©bxwZi

Dbœqb, Lv`¨ wbivcËv Z_v Lv`¨km¨ Drcv`‡b ¯^wbf©iZv AR©b, `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb, RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœqb,

Kg©ms¯’vb e„w× BZ¨vw` K…wli AMÖMwZi mv‡_ cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e RwoZ| d‡j K…wl Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡b miKvi me iKg

†Póv Pvjv‡”Q| G †cÖwÿ‡Z K…wl cÖhyw³i D™¢veb, Dbœqb I m¤úªmviY, †`‡ki me©Î gvV ch©v‡q K…lK‡ì

†`vi‡Mvovq K…wl DcKiY †cuŠQv‡bv, mnR c×wZ‡Z K…wl FY cÖ`vb, K…wlexgvi cÖPjb I K…wl Kvh©µ‡g fZ©ywK

cÖ`vb BZ¨vw` c`‡ÿc MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki kZKiv cÖvq 75 fvM †jvK cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e

K…wli Dci wbf©ikxj| G †`‡ki RbM‡Yi Lv‡`ï †hvMvb`vZv wn‡m‡e K…wl Lv‡Z 2009-10 A_©eQ‡i †gvU

Lv`¨km¨ Drcvw`Z n‡qwQj 341.13 jÿ †gwUªK Ub, ê‡`wkK gy ªv AR©‡bi †ÿ‡Î grm¨ I grm¨RvZ cY¨

ißvwb K‡i D³ eQ‡i 3408.52 †KvwU UvKv Avq K‡i‡Q| †`‡ki kÖgkw³i †gvU 43.6 kZvsk K…wlLv‡Z

wb‡qvwRZ| K…wl †_‡K cÖvß kb, †MvjcvZv, Lo, euvk, †eZ I KvV BZ¨vw` G †`‡ki RbMY Kg©ms¯’vb,

AvmevecÎ Ges R¡vjvwbi DcKiY wn‡m‡e eënvi Ki‡Q| GQvov RbM‡Yi cÖvwYR Avwg‡li µgea©gvb Pvwn`v

c~iY, wk‡íi KuvPvgvj mieivn Ges wkíRvZ ªe¨vwì evRvi m„wó K‡i mvwe©K A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b K…wl ¸iyZ¡c~Y©

f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|

KvR : evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b K…wl Lv‡Zi ¸iyZ¡ Acwimxg- e¨vL¨v Ki|

wkí LvZ (Industry Sector)

cÖK…wZ cÖ`Ë m¤ú` ev KuvPvgvj ev cÖv_wgK ªe¨‡K KviLvbvwfwËK cÖ¯ÍyZ cÖYvjxi gva¨‡g gva¨wgK `ªe¨ ev P~ovšÍ`ª‡e¨ iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv‡K wkí e‡j|

evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Avq wbY©‡q 15wU Lv‡Zi g‡a¨ LwbR I Lbb; g¨vbyd¨vKPvwis; we`y¨r, M¨vm I cvwb mieivnGes wbg©vY G LvZ¸‡jvi mgš^‡q wkíLvZ M‡o D‡V‡Q|


96 A_©bxwZ

LvZ/DcLvZ 2009-10 2010-11 (mvgwqK)

1. K…wl I ebR

K. km¨ I kvKmewR

L. cÖvwYm¤ú`

M. ebR m¤ú`

5.56

6.13

3.38

5.23

4.82

5.04

3.54

5.35

2. grm¨m¤ú` 4.15 5.44

wkíLv‡Zi mswÿß cwiPq wb‡gœ †`qv n‡jv :

1) LwbR I Lbb

G Lv‡Zi cÖavb DcLvZ n‡jv-

K) cÖvK…wZK M¨vm I Acwi‡kvwaZ ˆZj

L) Ab¨vb¨ LwbR m¤ú` I Lbb (Kqjv, Pzbvcv_i, PxbvgvwU, MÜK, KwVb wkjv, wmwjKv evjy I Zvgv BZ¨vw`)

2) wkí (g¨vbyd¨vKPvwis)

K) e„nr I gvSvwi wkí wb‡gœ Avjv`vfv‡e e„nr I gvSvwi wkí D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv :

e¯¿ wkí, wPwb wkí, mvi wkí, wm‡g›U wkí, RvnvR wbg©vY wkí, cvU wkí, KvMR wkí cÖf…wZ e„nr wk‡íi AšÍfy©³|

†`‡ki D‡jøL‡hvM¨ gvSvwi wkí n‡jv, Pvgov wkí, ˆZwi †cvkvK wkí, wmMv‡iU wkí, cøvw÷K wkí, †nvwmqvix wkí

BZ¨vw`|

L) ÿz`ªvqZb wkí : wb‡gœ ÿz`ªvqZb wkí 2 fv‡M D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv :

ÿz`ª hš¿vsk ˆZwi wkí, w`qvkjvB wkí, KvV wkí, mvevb wkí, cÖmvabx wkí Ges hvbevnb mvwf©wms I †givgZ wkí

BZ¨vw` D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ÿz`ª wkí|

†ikg wkí, euvk I †eZ wkí, wcZj I Kuvmv wkí Ges ZuvZ wkí I g„rwkí D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KzwUi wkí|

3) we`y¨r, M¨vm I cvwb G Lv‡Zi DcLvZ 3wU n‡jv-K. we`y¨r, L. M¨vm I M. cvwb

4) wbg©vY wkí GB Lv‡Z AšÍf©y³ Ñ †mZz wbg©vY, bZzb iv¯ÍvNvU wbg©vY I AvevwmK I evwYwR¨K Ni-evwo wbg©vY|

DcwiD³ PviwU Lv‡Zi mgš‡q mvwe©K wkíLvZ MwVZ|

2009-10 A_©eQ‡i †`kR Drcv`‡b e„nr LvZmg~‡ni g‡a¨ wkíLv‡Zi Ae`vb wQj 29.93 kZvsk| 2010-11A_©eQ‡i wkíLv‡Zi Ae`vb 30.33 kZvsk cÖv°jb Kiv n‡q‡Q (weweGm mvgwqK wnmve)| mvwe©K wkíLv‡Zi

g‡a¨ g¨vbyd¨vKPvwis Lv‡Zi Ae`vb m‡e©v”P hv 2010-11 A_©eQ‡i cÖv°jb Kiv n‡q‡Q 18.41 kZvsk| Avi

wbg©vY Lv‡Z D³ mg‡q cÖv°jb Kiv n‡q‡Q 9.07 kZvsk|


M¨vm‡ÿÎ XvKv †g‡Uªv †ijI‡q RvnvR wkí

wb‡Pi ZvwjKvq †gvU †`kR Drcv‡` mvwe©K wkíLv‡Zi cÖe„w×i nvi D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv :

†`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœqb, `vwi ª¨ we‡gvPb, wkí Lv‡Zi `ªyZ

weKv‡ki Rb¨ evsjv‡`k ißvwb cÖwµqvKiY GjvKv KZ©„cÿ

†`‡k ißvwb cÖwµqvKiY AÂj (EPZ) ¯’vcb K‡i‡Q| hv

†`wk-we‡`wk wewb‡qvM AvK…ó K‡i †`‡k wkíLvZ weKv‡k

mvwe©K mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb K‡i Avm‡Q|

2010-11 A_©eQ‡ii Rvbyqvwi 2011 ch©šÍ 8wU EPZ

[PÆMÖvg, XvKv, gsjv, Kzwgjøv, Ck¦i`x, DËiv (bxjdvgvix),

Av`gRx I KY©d zjx] G 351wU wkí cÖwZôvb Drcv`biZ

i‡q‡Q; 2,82,392 Rb evsjv‡`wk bvMwiK †mLv‡b Kg©iZ

Ges 1940.01 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi g~‡jï Drcvw`Z cY¨

we‡`‡k ißvwb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

†`‡ki wkívq‡bi MwZ‡K †eMevb Ki‡Z miKvi wkíbxwZ 2010 †NvlYv K‡i‡Q| G bxwZi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q

Drcv`bkxj Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó, bvix‡K wkívqb cÖwµqvi g~j avivq wb‡q Avmv, `vwi`ª¨ `~ixKiY Ges ÿz`ª I

gvSvwi wk‡íi cÖmvi NUv‡bv| Dbœqb iƒcKí 2021 Abyhvqx 2021 mv‡j GKwU kw³kvjx wkí LvZ M‡o DV‡e

†hLv‡b RvZxq Av‡qi wkí Lv‡Zi Ae`vb n‡e 40 kZvsk Ges †gvU Kg©ms¯’v‡b Ae`vb n‡e 25 kZvsk|

K…wl, wkí, cwienY I †hvMv‡hvM, M„n¯’vjx, †mev LvZmg~n wewfbœ Avqea©bKvix Kg©Kv‡Ê we`y¨r, M¨vm, †Zj I

wewfbœ cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ì Pvwn`v µgvMZ e„w× cv‡”Q ZvB miKvi G Lv‡Z wewfbœ †gqv`x cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡i‡Q|

2010-16 mvj bvMv` 14,773 †gMvIqvU ÿgZvi bZzb we`y¨r †K›`ªmg~n RvZxq wMÖ‡W hy³ Kivi cwiKíbv †bIqv

n‡q‡Q| 2021 mv‡ji g‡a¨ †`‡ki mKj RbmvaviY‡K we`y¨r myweavi AvIZvq Avbvi e¨vcv‡i miKvi cÖwZÁve×|

cÖvK…wZK M¨vm †`‡ki †gvU evwYwR¨K R¡vjvwb eënv‡ii kZKiv cÖvq 75 fvM c~iY K‡i| Drcvw`Z M¨v‡mi

me©vwaK eënvi nq we`y¨r Drcv`‡b| ivmvqwbK mvi ˆZwii KuvPvgvj iƒ‡c, KjKviLvbv, cwienb I M„‡n M¨vm

Drm : evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv 2011

98 A_©bxwZ

LvZ/DcLvZ cÖe„w×i nvi 2009-10 cÖe„w×i nvi 2010-11 (mvgwqK)

1.LwbR I Lbb 8.80 4.85

2. wkí (g¨vbyd¨vKPvwis) 6.50 9.51

3. we`y¨r, M¨vm I cvwb m¤ú` 7.28 5.96

4. wbg©vY 6.01 6.37

Uttara-EPZ

Ishwardi-EPZDhaka-EPZ

Comilla-EPZ

Adamjee-EPZ

Mongla-EPZChittagong-EPZ

Karnaphuli-EPZ

AÂjwfwËK Bwc‡RW

R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq| wm‡g›U, KuvP, KvMR, mvevb, weøwPs cvDWvi Drcv`‡b Pzbvcv_i; evmbcÎ I m¨vwbUvix

`ªe¨ ˆZwi‡Z PxbvgvwU; is I ivmvqwbK ªe¨ ˆZwi‡Z wmwjKv evjy; eviy` ˆZwi, w`qvkjvB KviLvbvi †Zj

cwi‡kva‡b MÜK eëüZ nq| AeKvVv‡gvMZ Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM e„w× cvIqvq wbg©vY Lv‡Z cÖe„w×i nvi evo‡Q|

DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbvi †cÖwÿ‡Z ejv hvq, mvwe©K wkí Lv‡Zi `ªæZ weKv‡ki gva¨‡g RvZxq Avq I gv_vwcQz Avq

e„w×, RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœqb, evwYR¨ NvUwZ `~i Kivi cvkvcvwk ciwbf©ikxjZv n«vm Kiv m¤¢e|

KvR : mvwe©K wkí Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g Avgv‡ì †`‡ki `ªæZ Dbœqb m¤¢e - e¨vL¨v Ki|

†mev LvZ (Service Sector)

A_©‰bwZK †hme Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g Ae¯‘MZ `ªe¨ Drcvw`Z nq A_©vr `„k¨gvb bq hv gvby‡li wewfbœ Afve c~iYK‡i Ges hvi wewbgq g~j¨ i‡q‡Q Zv‡K †mev e‡j|

evsjv‡`‡k cvBKvwi I LyPiv wecYb, †nv‡Uj I †i‡¯Íuviv, cwienb, msiÿY I †hvMv‡hvM, e¨vsK, exgv I Ab¨vbÄvw_©K cÖwZôvb, M„nvqY, †jvK cÖkvmb I cÖwZiÿv, wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨ I mvgvwRK †mev, KwgDwbwU, mvgvwRK Ie¨w³MZ †mev cÖf…wZ †ÿ‡Î †mevKg© Drcbœ nq| Gme †mev A‡_©i wewbg‡q wewfbœ wkí cÖwZôvb I RbM‡YiwbKU mieivn Kiv nq Ges RbMY Gme †mev µq K‡i Zv‡ì Afve c~iY K‡i| c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki g‡ZvAvgv‡ì †`‡kI †mev LvZ n‡jv GKK e„nËg LvZ| 2010-11 A_©eQ‡i wRwWwc‡Z mvwe©K †mev Lv‡Zi Ae`vbùvwo‡q‡Q 49.72 kZvsk|



Avw_©K cÖwZôvb cwienb eë¯’v

mvwe©K †mev Lv‡Zi AšÍf©y³ LvZmg~‡ni wRwWwc †Z Ae`v‡bi nvi wb‡Pi ZvwjKvq †`Lv‡bv n‡jv :

Dc‡ii ZvwjKv †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h cvBKvwi I LyPiv evwYR¨ Lv‡Z Ae`vb m‡e©v”P Avi wØZxq m‡e©v”P LvZ n‡jvcwienY, msiÿb I †hvMv‡hvM LvZ hvi DcLvZ n‡jv-

K) ¯’jc_ cwienb

hvi AvIZvq moKc_ I †ijc_ i‡q‡Q| moKc‡_i g‡a¨ 2011 mvj Abyhvqx RvZxq gnvmoK 3492wK‡jvwgUvi, AvÂwjK moK 4268 wK‡jvwgUvi Ges †Rjv moK 13280 wK‡jvwgUvi| †ijc‡_i ˆ`N©¨ 2,835wK‡jvwgUvi (eªW‡MR 659 wK.wg, Wz‡qj †MR 375 wK.wg Ges wgUvi †MR 1,801 wK.wg.)|

L) cvwbc_ cwienb

Avgv‡ì cÖavb mvgyw ªK e›ì PÆMÖvg Gi gva¨‡g †`‡ki Avg`vwb-ißvwb evwY‡Rï cÖvq 97 kZvsk cwiPvwjZn‡q _v‡K Ges wØZxq mvgyw ªK e›ì gsjv| Avi Af¨šÍixY †bŠ cwienb K‡c©v‡ik‡bi 189wU Rjhvb Øviv †dixmvwf©m, c¨v‡mÄvi mvwf©m, Kv‡M©v mvwf©m Ges wkc wi‡cqvi mvwf©m BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g bvMwiK †mev Ae¨vnZ†i‡L‡Q|

M) AvKvkc_ cwienb

†emvgwiK wegvb PjvPj KZ©„cÿ eZ©gv‡b †`‡k 3wU AvšÍR©vwZK wegvbe›ì I 7wU Af¨šÍixb wegvbe›ìcwiPvjbv Ki‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ 2wU Af¨šÍixb e›ì eëüZ n‡”Q bv| G Qvov 4wU ÷j †cv÷ eënvi Dc‡hvMxi‡q‡Q (STOL – Short Take off and Landing)|

Drm : evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv 2012

100 A_©bxwZ

LvZ 2010-11 (mvgwqK)

1. cvBKvwi I LyPiv wecYb 14.27

2. †nv‡Uj I †i‡ Íuviv 0.73

3. cwienb, msiÿY I †hvMv‡hvM 10.91

4. Avw_©K cÖvwZôvwbK LvZ 2.00

5. wi‡qj G‡÷U, fvov I Ab¨vb¨ exgv 6.99

6. †jvK cÖkvmb I cÖwZiÿv 2.92

7. wkÿv 2.78

8. ¯v ’¨ I mvgvwRK †mev 2.41

9. KwgDwbwU, mvgvwRK I e¨w³MZ †mev 6.70

N) WvK I Zvi †hvMv‡hvM

†`‡ki †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vi AvaywbKvqb Ges Gi gvb Dbœqb I m¤ú ªmvi‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ evsjv‡`k†UwjKwgDwb‡Kkb †Kv¤úvbx wjwg‡UW (wewUwmGj) Gi wewfbœ Kvh©µg Ae¨vnZ i‡q‡Q| 2002 mv‡j miKvi

evsjv‡`k †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM wbqš¿Y Kwgkb (wewUAviwm) MV‡bi ci MÖvnK msL¨v `ªyZ e„w× †c‡q‡Q| gvP© 2011 G

MÖvnK msL¨v 5.47 †KvwU AwZµg K‡i‡Q|

WvK wefvM mviv‡`‡k 9,886wU WvKN‡ii gva¨‡g WvK †mev cÖ`vb K‡i hv‡”Q| G DcLv‡Z 2010-11 A_©eQ‡i

cÖe„w×i nvi aiv n‡q‡Q 17.63 kZvsk|

†gvU †`kR Drcv‡` mvwe©K †mev Lv‡Zi LvZIqvwi cÖe„w×i nvi wb‡Pi ZvwjKvq †Ìqv n‡jv :

Dc‡ii ZvwjKvq †`Lv hv‡”Q †h GKgvÎ Avw_©K cÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z cÖe„w×i nvi n«vm cÖv°jb Kiv n‡q‡Q| †Kbbv,

G Lv‡Zi wZbwU DcLv‡ZB (e¨vsK: †gvU msL¨v - 47wU, †`wkq - 38 wU Ges we‡`wk - 9wU; exgv : miKvwi -

2wU, †emiKvwi - 60wU Ges Ab¨vb¨ Avw_©K cÖwZôvb : 29wU ) cÖe„w×i nvi c~e©eZ©x A_©eQ‡ii Zzjbvq n«vm

†c‡q‡Q| G Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡b miKvi wewfbœ Kvh©µg MÖnY K‡i‡Q|

†`‡ki RbM‡Yi Rxebgvb Dbœqb, wbivcËv weavb, Drcvw`Z c‡Yï evRviRvZKiY, DcKi‡Yi MwZkxjZv

Avbq‡b m‡e©vcwi my¯v‡¯’ï AwaKvix cªwkwÿZ I wkwÿZ gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡b Ges AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡b mvwe©K †mevLvZ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i|

KvR : evsjv‡`‡ki †mev Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡b Kx Kx c`‡ÿc †bIqv hvq e‡j Zzwg g‡b Ki|


LvZ cÖe„w×i nvi 2009-10 cÖe„w×i nvi2010-11 (mvgwqK)

1.cvBKvwi I LyPiv wecYb 5.87 6.06

2. †nv‡Uj I †i‡¯Íuviv 7.61 7.62

3. cwienb, msiÿY I †hvMv‡hvM 7.69 7.93

4. Avw_©K cÖvwZôvwbK LvZ 11.64 9.42

5. wi‡qj G‡÷U, fvov I Ab¨vb¨ exgv 3.89 3.96

6. †jvK cÖkvmb I cÖwZiÿv 8.35 9.56

7. wkÿv 9.24 9.47

8. ¯v ’¨ I mvgvwRK †mev 8.10 8.30

9. KwgDwbwU, mvgvwRK I e¨w³MZ †mev 4.72 4.75

8.3 wewfbœ Lv‡Zi Av‡cwÿK MyiyZ¡Drcv`b wfwË‡Z wbiƒwcZ Avgv‡ì †`‡ki †gvU †`kR Drcv` (GDP) 15wU LvZ wb‡q MwVZ| LvZmg~n K…wl,wkí I †mev G wZbwU e„nr Lv‡Z wef³|

evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖwÿ‡Z K…wl n‡jv A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i PvwjKvkw³ Ges A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi g~j PvweKvwV, †Kbbv G†`‡ki A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gv M‡o D‡V‡Q K…wl Kvh©µg‡K †K›`ª K‡i| wecyj Rb‡Mvôxi Lv`¨ wbivcËv wbwðZKiY,`vwi ª¨ we‡gvPb, RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœqb, Kg©ms¯’vb e„w× BZ¨vw` K…wli AMÖMwZi mv‡_ cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e RwoZ| wKšÍyK…wl cÖK…wZi Dci wbf©ikxj e‡j Zv w¯’wZkxj A_©bxwZ wb‡`©k K‡i bv| KviY G †`‡k cÖwZ eQiB eb¨v, N~wY©So,R‡jv”Q¡vm I Liv BZ¨vw` bvbv ai‡bi cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi Kvi‡Y K…wl‡ÿ‡Î Drcv`b AwbwðZ _v‡K| ZvB eZ©gvbgy³evRvi A_©bxwZ Ges wek¦vq‡bi P¨v‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejv K‡i Avgv‡ì †`‡ki mvwe©K Dbœq‡bi ¯^v‡_© wkívwqZA_©bxwZ M‡o †Zvjv cÖ‡qvRb| †Kbbv wkívq‡bi gva¨‡g K…wli AvaywbKxKiY, cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ì myôz eënvi,we‡`‡ki Dci wbf©ikxjZv n«v‡mi cvkvcvwk ê‡`wkK gy ªv AR©b Ges kw³kvjx cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v M‡o †Zvjvm¤¢e| K…wl I wkí Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡bi cvkvcvwk mvwe©K †mev Lv‡Zi wewfbœgyLx Kvh©µg, †hgb wkwÿZ I cÖwkwÿZgvbe m¤ú`M‡o †Zvjv, bvix I wkï Dbœqb, hye Dbœqb, µxov Dbœqb, AeKvVv‡gv Dbœqb Ges Z_¨cÖhyw³i Dbœqbmvab K‡i iƒcKí 2021 ev¯Íevq‡bi gva¨‡g GKwU mg„w×kvjx †mvbvi evsjv M‡o †Zvjv m¤¢e|

G D‡Ïk¨ ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ K…wl Lv‡Z †UKmB cÖe„w× AR©‡bi j‡ÿ¨ e¨vcK miKvwi mnvqZv †hgb ch©vß fZz©wKcÖ`vb, †m‡Pi Rb¨ wbiew”Qbœ we`y¨r mieivn, K…wlF‡Yi cÖevn e„w×, cÖwZK~j AvenvIqv I jeYv³Zv mwnòz exRD™¢veb Ges K…wlwfwËK wk‡íi weKv‡k mnvqZv cÖ`vb cÖf…wZ K…wl Lv‡Z cÖe„w× m‡šÍvlRbK ch©v‡q ivLv m¤¢en‡q‡Q| we`y¨rmn AeKvVv‡gv Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM e„w×i d‡j wkí Lv‡Z Drcv`b e„w× †c‡q‡Q| mvwe©K †mev Lv‡ZiAšÍf©y³ cÖvq me¸‡jv LvZB †gvUvgywU cÖe„w× eRvq ivLvq G Lv‡Zi cÖe„w×I m‡šÍvlRbK ch©v‡q i‡q‡Q|

wb‡Pi †jLwP‡Î e„nr LvZwfwËK wRwWwci cÖe„w×i nvi Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv :

Avgv‡ì †`‡ki †gvU †`kR Drcv‡` (wRwWwc‡Z) MZ wZb `k‡K K…wl Lv‡Zi Ae`vb µgvš‡q n«vm †c‡q‡Q Geswkí Lv‡Zi Ae`vb µgvš‡q e„w× †c‡q‡Q| Z‡e †mev Lv‡Zi Ae`v‡b cÖvq GKB i‡q‡Q|

102 A_©bxwZ

kZKi

vnvi(%

)

12.0

10.0

8.0

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.02005-06

6.6

4.9 9.7 6.4 4.6 8.4 6.9 3.2 6.8 6.5 4.1 6.5 6.3 5.2 6.5 6.5 5.0 8.2 6.6

6.4 6.2 5.7 6.16.7

2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10

K…wl wkí †mev wRwWwc

2010-11mv

wb‡Pi †jLwP‡Î MZ wZb `k‡Ki wRwWwci e„nr Lv‡Zi cwieZ©‡bi MwZaviv Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv :

KvR : ¯’vbxqfv‡e mnRjf¨ DcKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ K…wl, wkí I †mev Lv‡Zi Ae`vb cÖ`k©b Ki|

8.4 K…wl I wkí Lv‡Zi cvi¯úwiK wbf©ikxjZviwgR GKRb abx K…lK| wZwb Rwg‡Z D”P djbkxj avb Pvl K‡ib, Mfxi bjK~‡ci gva¨‡g †m‡Pi eë¯’vK‡ib Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq ˆRe mvi eënvi K‡i AwaK avb Drcv`b K‡ib| Drcvw`Z avb cv‡Ui Avuk w`‡q ˆZwie¯Ívq K‡i evRv‡i mieivn K‡ib| A‡b‡KB Zv‡ì Lv‡`ï Afve c~i‡Yi Rb¨ µq K‡ib|

Dc‡ii Aby‡”Q` †_‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi K…wl Lv‡Zi DbœwZ I AvaywbKvq‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ K…wl miÄvg I mv‡ii†hvMvb †`q wkí LvZ| †Zgwb wk‡íi cÖmv‡ii Rb¨ cª‡qvRbxq KuvPvgvj I wkíRvZ ª‡eï evRvi m„wó‡Z mnvqZvK‡i K…wl LvZ|

evsjv‡`‡k K…wl I wkí Lv‡Zi cvi¯úwiK wbf©ikxjZv wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :


K…wlwbf©i wkí (wPwb wkí) wkíwbf©i K…wl

w¯’i g~‡j¨ MZ wZb `k‡Ki wRwWwcÕi e„nr Lv‡Zi cwieZ©‡bi MwZaviv

100%90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%

1980

-81

1981-82

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-84

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-86

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-88

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-89

1989-90

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-01

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-04

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-06

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-08

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2009-10

2010-11mv

K…wl wkí †mev

Avgv‡ì †`‡ki AwaKvsk wkí K…wlwfwËK| G †`‡ki D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wkí †hgb- cvU, Pv, Pvgov, wPwb I KvMRcÖf…wZ wk‡íi cÖavb KuvPvgv‡ji Rb¨ K…wli Dci wbf©ikxj| ZvB Avgv‡ì †`‡k †hme AÂ‡j AvÂwjK wkívqbN‡U, †hgb- XvKv I bvivqYM‡Ä cvU wkí; PÆMÖvg I wm‡jU AÂ‡j Pv wkí; DËie‡½ wPwb wkí M‡o D‡V‡Q|Gme wk‡íi cÖmv‡ii d‡j KuvPvgv‡ji ewa©Z Pvwn`vi Kvi‡Y K…wl Drcv`b evo‡e, K…lK Drcvw`Z c‡Yï b¨vh¨`vg cv‡e| d‡j K…lK‡ì Avq evo‡e Ges RxebhvÎvi gvb DbœZ n‡e| RbM‡Yi Avq e„w×i d‡j mÂq Ig~jab MVb e„w× cv‡e Ges wkí †ÿ‡Î †ewk K‡i wewb‡qvM Kiv m¤¢e n‡e|

Avgv‡ì ÿz`ª wk‡íi wfwË n‡jv K…wl| K…wl‡Z Drcvw`Z euvk-†eZ ÿz`ª wk‡íi KuvPvgvj wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq|Ab¨w`‡K wk‡í Drcvw`Z Pvlvev‡ì hš¿cvwZ, mvi, KxUbvkK, Ilya BZ¨vw` K…wlKv‡R eënvi Kiv nq| ZvBwkíRvZ `ª‡eï evRvi m„wó‡Z K…wl f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| K…lK‡ì µqÿgZv e„w×i gva¨‡g wkíRvZ Ab¨vb¨`ª‡eï Pvwn`vI e„w× cvq hv wk‡íi weKv‡k ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

K…wli AvaywbKvq‡bi gva¨‡g Lv`¨ Drcv`‡b ¯qsm¤ú~Y©Zv AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡j Avg`vwb e¨q euvP‡e hv wk‡ívbœq‡be¨q Kiv hv‡e|

DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq, Avgv‡ì K…wl I wk‡íi Dbœqb ci¯úi wbf©ikxj Ges G‡K Ac‡iicwic~iK| ZvB Avgv‡ì †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb, Lv‡`¨ ¯qsm¤ú~Y©Zv AR©b Ges AvZ¥wbf©ikxjZv AR©‡bi Rb¨`ywU Lv‡Zi GKB m‡½ DbœwZ GKvšÍfv‡e Kvg¨|

KvR : K…wl I wk‡íi cvi¯úwiK wbf©ikxjZvi †ÿÎmg~n wPwýZ Ki|

Abykxjbxmswÿß DËi cÖkœ1. evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi êwkó¨ Kx Kx?

2. K…wlLv‡Zi DcLvZmg~n Kx Kx?

3. K…wlLv‡Zi DcLvZmg~‡ni D`vniYwfwËK ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki|

eY©bvg~jK cÖkœ1. evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi êwkó¨mg~n eY©bv Ki|

2. evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi K…wl, wkí I †mev Lv‡Zi Av‡cwÿK ¸iyZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki|

3. K…wlLvZ I wkíLv‡Zi cvi¯úwiK wbf©ikxjZv e¨vL¨v Ki|

104 A_©bxwZ

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. †`‡ki kÖg kw³i KZ kZvsk K…wlLv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ?

K. 19.92% L. 30.30%

M. 43.60% N. 47.30%

2. evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii wkíbxwZ 2010 †NvlYv Kivi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv-

i. gv_vwcQz Av‡qi nvi e„w×

ii. wkí‡ÿ‡Î bvix‡ì AMÖMvgx Kiv

iii. K‡ii cwigvY evwo‡q wewb‡qvM e„w×


K. i I ii L. i I iii



gwZ Zvi cwievi wb‡q ARcvovMuv‡q emevm K‡i| †mLv‡b we`y¨r, M¨vm wKQzB †bB| cwiev‡ii mK‡j wg‡j †VvOvˆZwi K‡i †Kv‡bviKg Rxeb hvcb K‡i|

3. gwZ‡ì Kg©KvÊ †Kvb wk‡íi AšÍM©Z?

K. e„nr L. gvSvwi

M. ÿz`ª N. KzwUi

4. gwZ‡ì g‡Zv D‡`¨v³v‡ì Dbœq‡b-

i. mnRk‡Z© FY cÖ`v‡bi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e

ii. we‡`wk `ª‡eï eënvi Kgv‡Z n‡e

iii. cÖwkÿ‡Yi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e


K. i L. ii

M. iii N. i, ii I iii


m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1. A_©bxwZi `ywU LvZ

(K…lK gv‡V cvU KvU‡Q) B(cv‡Ui ˆZwi e¨vM)

K. wkí Kx?

L. Avgv‡ì †`‡k cyuwR MV‡bi nvi Kg †Kb?

M. ÔAÕ Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡bi Dci Kxfv‡e A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× wbf©ikxj e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. ÔAÕ I ÔBÕ LvZ ci¯úi cwic~iK- g~j¨vqb Ki|

2.

gvbwPÎ

K. †mev Kv‡K e‡j?

L. ÿz`ª wk‡íi wfwË K…wl- e¨vL¨v Ki|

M. EPZ KZ…©c‡ÿi ÔAÕ wPwýZ ¯’vb‡K ¸iyZ¡c~Y© we‡ePbv Kivi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. evsjv‡`‡ki GDP †Z ÔAÕ ¯’v‡b cÖwZwôZ wk‡íi Ae`vb g~j¨vqb Ki|

106 A_©bxwZ

beg Aa¨vq

evsjv‡`‡ki ¸iyZ¡c~Y© A_©‰bwZK cÖm½Important Economic Issues in Bangladesh

evsjv‡`k GKwU Dbœqbkxj †`k| G †`‡ki ¸iyZ¡c~Y© LvZmg~‡n (†hgbÑ K…wl, wkí, evwYR¨) Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡gA_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi cÖPyi m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q| A_©‰bwZK LvZmg~‡ni m¤úªmviY K‡i, `vwi`ª¨ I †eKviZ¡ `~ixKi‡Yigva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi †gŠwjK cwieZ©b m¤¢e|

Avkv Kiv hvq, G Aa¨vq cvV‡k‡l AvgivÑ

� • A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i mv‡_ A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie

� • DbœZ, AbybœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki êwkó¨¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie

� • evsjv‡`‡k A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi ¯Íi wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvie

� • evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi cÖwZeÜKZvmg~‡ni ZvwjKv cÖ¯ÍzZ Ki‡Z cvie

� • evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii M„nxZ Dbœqb Kvh©µ‡gi ¸iyZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie

� • RvZxq Dbœq‡b †emiKvwi ms¯’vi Dbœqb Kvh©µ‡gi ¸iyZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie

� • evsjv‡`‡k `vwi‡ ªï cÖK…wZ, KviY Ges cÖwZKv‡ii Dcvq e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie

� • gvbem¤ú‡ì aviYv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie

� • RbmsL¨v Kxfv‡e †`‡ki m¤ú‡` cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie

9.1 A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× I Dbœqb (Economic Growth and Development)

A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb I A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× aviYv `ywU GK g‡b n‡jI Avm‡j GK bq| GB kã `ywUi g‡a¨ †gŠwjKcv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q|

9.1.1 A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× (Economic Growth)

A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× ej‡Z GKwU †`‡ki `ªe¨ I †mev Drcv`‡bi cwigvYMZ e„w×‡K †evSvq| mvaviYZ †Kv‡bv†`‡ki †gvU †`kR Drcv` ev †gvU RvZxq Av‡qi Ae¨vnZ e„w×i cÖwµqv Øviv A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× cwigvc Kiv nq|

9.1.2 A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb (Economic Development)

A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb ej‡Z A_©bxwZi mvgwMÖK cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi gv_vwcQz Av‡qi µgvMZ e„w×‡K†evSvq|

AZGe A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i Rb¨ †gvU RvZxq Avq e„w×B h‡_ó| Avi A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb n‡j eyS‡Z n‡e cÖe„w×imv‡_ A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi ¸YMZ cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q| G Rb¨ †jLv hvq, A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb = A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× +A_©bxwZi ¸YMZ cwieZ©b|

KvR : cÖe„w× I Dbœq‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ D‡jøL Ki|

9.2 DbœZ, AbybœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki êwkó¨ (Characteristics of Developed, LessDeveloped and Developing Countries)

DbœZ, AbybœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki c„_K c„_K êwkó¨ i‡q‡Q| AbybœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki êwkó¨ cÖvq GKiKg n‡jI aviYvMZ w`K †_‡K G‡ì wfbœ iKg êwkó¨ i‡q‡Q|

9.2.1 DbœZ †`‡ki êwkó¨ (Characteristics of Developed Countries)

DbœZ †`‡ki A_©bxwZi êwkó¨mg~n wbgœiƒc :

1. f‚wg I cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` : DbœZ †`k ch©vß cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡` mg„×| Gme †`‡k f‚wg I cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ìmyôz eënvi I msi¶Y nq| DbœZ †`k †hgb, Av‡gwiKv, Rvcvb, BD‡iv‡ci †`k¸‡jv f‚wg I cÖvK…wZKm¤ú‡ì mwVK eënvi I myôz msi¶Y K‡i AvR DbœZ we‡k¦i †bZ…Z¡ `vb Ki‡Q|

2. g~jab MVb : g~jab MVb A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi GKwU cÖv_wgK kZ©| DbœZ A_©bxwZ G kZ© c~iY K‡i|A_bxwZ‡Z mÂq e„w×i Øviv g~jab MVb Kiv nq| GB mÂq wewb‡qvM Kiv nq|

3. `¶ Rbkw³ : †h‡Kv‡bv †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ `¶ Rbkw³ GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb| †Kv‡bv †`‡kcÖvK…wZK m¤ú`, g~jab BZ¨vw` ch©vß _vK‡jI hw` `¶ Rbkw³ bv _v‡K Zvn‡j †m †`‡ki A_©‰bwZKDbœqb m¤¢eci nq bv| DbœZ †`k `¶ Rbkw³ MV‡b we‡kl bRi iv‡L| DbœZ wkÿv eë¯’v, cÖwkÿY IM‡elYvi gva¨‡g `ÿ Rbkw³ ˆZwi nq|

4. D‡`¨v³vi f~wgKv : ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZvi Kvi‡Y DbœZ †`‡k D‡`¨v³vMY wewb‡qvM IDrcv`‡b GwM‡q Av‡m| we‡k¦i wewfbœ ¯’vb †_‡K D‡`¨v³v I wewb‡qvMKvix mgvMZ nq| hv AbybœZ †`‡km¤¢e nq bv|

108 A_©bxwZ

5. KvwiMwi Ávb : eZ©gv‡b DbœZ †`‡k kÖwgK‡ì Drcv`b ¶gZv A‡bK e„w× †c‡q‡Q Ges G e„w×i g~‡ji‡q‡Q KvwiMwi Áv‡bi DbœwZ| †h †`k KvwiMwi Áv‡b hZ †ewk DbœZ †m †`‡ki A_©bxwZ ZZ †ewk mg„×|

DbœZ †`‡k gvbyl DbœZ KvwiMwi Áv‡bi Øviv cÖK…wZ‡K e‡k G‡b‡Q Ges GB cÖK…wZi KvQ †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq

mvgMÖx msMÖn Ki‡Q|

6. ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv : ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Ab¨Zg kZ©| †h iv‡óª ivR‰bwZKw¯’wZkxjZv †bB †m iv‡óª A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb evavMÖ¯Í nq| DbœZ †`‡k ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv we`¨gvb_vKvq A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb m¤¢e nq|

7. cwienb eë¯’vq Dbœqb : †hLv‡b cwienb eë¯’v hZ †ewk DbœZ †mLv‡b ZZ †ewk Drcv`b I Dbœqbnq| KviY cwienb eë¯’v DbœZ n‡j Drcv`b e¨q n«vm cvq Ges wewb‡qvM ev‡o| d‡j Drcv`b e„w× cvq|

8. `¶ cÖkvmb : DbœZ †`k memgq g‡b iv‡L †h myôz I `¶ cÖkvmb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq kZ©|A_©‰bwZK, ivR‰bwZK, wk¶v I ms¯‹…wZ, mvgvwRK cÖwZwU †¶‡Î w¯’wZkxjZv eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ DbœZ †`k

cÖkvmwbK `¶Zvi Dci we‡kl bRi iv‡L|

KvR : DbœZ A_©bxwZi êwk‡óï GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|

9.2.2 AbybœZ †`‡ki êwkó¨ (Characteristics of Less Developed Countries)

Gwkqv, Avwd«Kv, jvwZb Av‡gwiKvi AwaKvsk †`k AbybœZ| c„w_exi †ewki fvM †jvK Gme AbybœZ †`‡k emevm

K‡i| AbybœZ †`‡ki êwkó¨mg~n wbgœiƒc :

1. Kg Drcv`bkxj K…wlLvZ : AbybœZ †`‡ki †ewki fvM gvbyl MÖv‡g evm K‡i| †ewki fvM †jvK cÖZ¨¶ Ic‡iv¶fv‡e K…wl Drcv`‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ I K…wli Dci wbf©ikxj| K…wl Drcv`b eë¯’v I cÖhyw³ mbvZbx|

2. K…wl wfwËK A_©bxwZ : Gme †`‡ki RvZxq Av‡qi GKwU eo Ask K…wl LvZ †_‡K Av‡m|

3. †eKviZ¡ : AbybœZ †`‡ki A_©bxwZ K…wlwfwËK nIqvq QÙ‡ekx I †gŠmygx †eKviZ¡ cÖKUfv‡e cwijw¶Z nq|

4. Kg gv_vwcQy Avq : AbybœZ †`‡k gv_vwcQy Avq I mÂq Kg| d‡j wewb‡qvM I Drcv`b Kg nq|

5. `vwi‡`ªï `yóPµ : AbybœZ †`‡k Kg Drcv`‡bi d‡j Avq Kg nq| Avq Kg n‡j mÂq Kg nq| mÂqKg nIqvq wewb‡qvMI Kg nq| g~jabI Kg nq| d‡j Drcv`bI Kg nq| G Ae¯’v‡K `vwi‡ ªï `yóPµ

e‡j| AbybœZ †`‡k GB Pµ weivRgvb _vKvq Dbœq‡bi MwZ gš’i _v‡K|

6. RbmsL¨vwaK¨ : †ewki fvM AbybœZ †`‡k RbmsL¨v †ewk Ges gv_vwcQy Avq Kg| RbmsL¨vi Avwa‡Kï d‡jLv`¨, e¯¿, evm¯’vb, wk¶v, hvbevnb, wPwKrmv I Kg©ms¯’v‡bi eë¯’v m‡šÍvlRbKfv‡e Kiv hvq bv|

7. f‚wg I cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ì eënvi : AbybœZ †`k cÖhyw³ I †KŠkj cwieZ©b K‡i f‚wg I cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ìh_vh_ eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j A_©‰bwZK DbœqbI †eMevb nq bv|

evsjv‡`‡ki ¸iyZ¡c~Y© A_©‰bwZK cÖm½ 109

8. AbybœZ †hvMv‡hvM I cwienb eë¯’v : AbybœZ †`‡ki cwienb eë¯’v AbybœZ _v‡K| d‡j gvjvgvj¯’vbvšÍ‡i weNœ N‡U| Drcv`b e¨q †ewk nq| D‡`¨v³v wewb‡qv‡M DrmvwnZ nq bv|

9. Jcwb‡ewkK ai‡bi evwYR¨ : AbybœZ †`k¸‡jv wk‡í DbœZ bv _vKvq Gme †`k K…wlRvZ cY¨, KuvPvgvj,cÖv_wgK cY¨ ißvwb K‡i Ges wkíRvZ cY¨ Avg`vwb K‡i| †hme K…wlcY¨ DcKiY wnmv‡e Kg g~‡j¨we‡`‡k ißvwb K‡i, †mB K…wlcY¨ wkí c‡Y¨ iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q AwaK g~‡j¨ Gme †`‡k Avg`vwb Kiv nq|d‡j evwY‡Rï fvimv‡g¨ cÖwZK‚j Ae¯’v weivR K‡i|

10. AbybœZ wkí KvVv‡gv : AbybœZ †`‡k wkí KvVv‡gv †m‡K‡j Ges e„n`vqZb g~jabx wkí Lye Kg| AbybœZwkí KvVv‡gv‡Z kªwgK wb‡qvM Kg Ges kªwgK‡ì `¶ZvI Kg|

KvR : AbybœZ †`‡ki êwk‡óï GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|

9.2.3 Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki êwkó¨ (Characteristics of Developing Countries)

Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki K‡qKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© êwkó¨ :

1. AbybœZ K…wl eë¯’v : †`‡ki AwaKvsk gvbyl cªZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶fv‡e Lv`¨, e¯¿, evm¯’v‡bi Rb¨ K…wliDci wbf©ikxj| RvZxq Av‡qi GKwU eo Ask K…wl †_‡K Av‡m| K…wl‡¶‡Î cyi‡bv Avg‡ji Rxeb wbe©vnx¶z`ª Lvgv‡i Pvlvev` nq| K…wl‡Z eb¨v, Liv, cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi cÖfve †j‡MB _v‡K| K…wlc‡Yï g~‡jïAw¯’wZkxjZv Drcv`b eë¯’v‡K evavMÖ¯Í K‡i|

2. gv_vwcQy Avq : DbœZ †`k¸‡jvi Zyjbvq Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki gv_vwcQy Avq Kg|

3. AwaK RbmsL¨v : Dbœqbkxj †`‡k RvZxq Avq e„w×i Zzjbvq RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi †ewk nq|

4. g~ja‡bi ¯^íZv : Dbœqbkxj † ‡ki gv_vwcQy Avq e„w×i nvi Kg| Kv‡RB mÂ‡qi cwigvY Kg nq| Kg mÂqg~jab MV‡bi c‡_ AšÍivq|

5. cÖv_wgK cY¨ Drcv`bKvix †`k : Dbœqbkxj †`k cÖavbZ cÖv_wgK cY¨ Drcv`b K‡i Ges Drcv`beë¯’vq kÖg wbweo Drcv`b †KŠkj eënvi Kiv nq|

6. wk‡íi AbMÖmiZv : Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~n K…wlcÖavb nIqvq wk‡íi cÖmvi Kg|

7. ê‡`wkK evwYR¨ NvUwZ : Dbœqbkxj †`‡k cÖwZ eQi ißvwbi gva¨‡g †h cwigvY Avq Av‡m Zvi †P‡q A‡bK†ewk Avg`vwbi gva¨‡g e¨q nq| d‡j G †`k‡K cÖwZ eQi ê‡`wkK evwY‡R¨ NvUwZi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq|

8. D‡`¨v³vi Afve : Dbœqbkxj †`‡k cY¨mvgMªx †ewki fvMB K…wl †_‡K cÖvß| Gme c‡Yï g~‡jï DÌvb-cZb nq †ewk| c‡Yï g~j¨ DÌvb-cZb nIqvi Kvi‡Y wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì wewb‡qvM SzuwKc~Y©| d‡j †`wk-we‡`wk D‡`¨v³vi Afv‡e Dbœqb e¨vnZ nq|

110 A_©bxwZ

9. AbybœZ †hvMv‡hvM I cwienb eë¯’v : Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki †hvMv‡hvM I cwienb eë¯’v AbybœZ Ie¨qeûj|

10. ê‡`wkK mvnv‡hï Dci wbf©ikxjZv : Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki AeKvVv‡gvMZ Dbœqb cÖvq cy‡ivUvB ê‡`wkKmvnv‡hï Dci wbf©ikxj|

11. Dbœq‡bi wewfbœ ¯Íi : Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~n Dbœq‡bi wewfbœ ¯Í‡i Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †`k wkí IevwY‡R¨ ªyZ DbœwZ Ki‡Q †hgb, Pxb, fviZ I gvj‡qwkqv| Avevi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †`‡k Dbœq‡bi MwZ AwZgš’i †hgb, Avwd«Kvi A‡bK †`k|

KvR : evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ †Kvb ai‡bi, wba©viY Ki|

9.3 evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi AšÍivqmg ~n (Obstacles to EconomicDevelopment of Bangladesh)

wewfbœ Av_©-mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv GKwU Dbœqbkxj †`k ªyZ DbœwZ jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

1. K…wli Dci wbf©ikxjZv : evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ A‡bKvs‡k K…wli Dci wbf©ikxj n‡jI K…wli Drcvw`Kvkw³ Kg| K…wli Dbœqb Riywi nIqv m‡Ë¡I Gi AMÖMwZ gš’i|

2. AbybœZ K…wl eë¯’v : evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl eë¯’v AbybœZ| K…wl‡¶‡Î AvaywbK cÖhyw³i eënvi mxwgZ| K…wlc‡Yï g~j¨ Aw¯’wZkxj|

3. g ~ja‡bi Afve : evsjv‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi gv_vwcQy Avq Kg _vKvq mÂq I g ~jab MV‡bi nviZzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg| d‡j `ªyZ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cwigvY g~jab wewb‡qvM Kiv m¤¢e nq bv|

4. D‡`¨v³vi Afve : D‡`¨v³v A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi †K› ªwe› y| evsjv‡`‡k `¶, AwfÁ I SuywK en‡b AvMÖnx Im¶g D‡`¨v³vi Afve i‡q‡Q| D‡`¨v³vi Afv‡ei Kvi‡Y cÖvß mÂq I g~jab Drcv`bx Lv‡Z Kg eënvin‡”Q| Avevi ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZvi Kvi‡Y D‡`¨v³viv SzuwK wb‡Z Pvq bv Ges wewb‡qvMevÜe cwi‡ek bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y D‡`¨v³v GwM‡q Av‡m bv|

5. AwaK RbmsL¨v : evsjv‡`k AwaK RbmsL¨vi †`k| Drcv`b I Kg©‡¶‡Î GB RbmsL¨v Kv‡R jvMv‡bvm¤¢e n‡”Q bv| d‡j RvZxq mÂ‡qi eo Ask GB Rb‡Mvôxi Rb¨ e¨q nq weavq Dbœq‡b evav wnmv‡eKvR Ki‡Q|

6. `vwi‡`ªï `yóPµ : evsjv‡`‡k A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Ab¨Zg AšÍivq `vwi‡`ªï `yóPµ| Aa¨vcK bvK©m-Gig‡Z, GKwU †`k Mwie KviY †m †`k `wi ª| `vwi‡ ªï `yóPµ n‡jv Drcv`b Kg, Avq Kg Pvwn`v I mÂqKg, wewb‡qvM Kg I g~jab MVb Kg|

7. ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZv : evsjv‡`‡k ivR‰bwZK AwbðqZv Ges Aw¯’wZkxjZv i‡q‡Q| G Ae¯’vAwaKZi †`wk-we‡`wk wewb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ AbyK‚j bq| ïay Zv-B bq, `xN©‡gqvw` Dbœqb cwiKíbvI G‡Ze¨vnZ nq|


8. ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ wbf©ikxjZv : evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ ê‡`wkK evwYR¨ I m¤ú‡K©i Dci wbf©ikxj|DbœZ †`‡ki Amg cÖwZ‡hvwMZv I bvbv k‡Z©i Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`k cÖvqk cÖwZK‚j evwYR¨ k‡Z©i m¤§yLxb nq|Ab¨w`‡K we‡`wk mvnvh¨ I wewb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g K…wl, wkí I eëmv-evwY‡Rï Dci we‡`wk‡ì cÖfveAvZ¥wbf©ikxj Dbœq‡bi c‡_ evav wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|

9. evRvi `ye©jZv : evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv Dbœqbkxj †`‡k me©Î evRvi `ye©jZv weivRgvb| m‡PZbZvi Afve,†hvMv‡hvM I cwienb eë¯’vi `ye©jZv, A_©vq‡bi Afve BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y evRvi `vg Drcv`‡Ki Rb¨jvfRbK nq bv|

10. cÖhyw³ cÖ‡qv‡M evav : DbœZ cÖhyw³i Afve, Avg`vwbK…Z cÖhyw³ e¨qeûj Ges eënvi SuywKc~Y© nIqvq Drcv`beë¯’vq DbœZ cÖhyw³ cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq bv|

11. Kg©gyLx wkw¶Z I `¶ Rbkw³i Afve : Kg©gyLx wkw¶Z I `¶ Rbej evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv Dbœqbkxj†`‡k GLbI we¯Íi cwigv‡Y M‡o I‡Vwb| Avi GRb¨ Drcv`b LvZmg~n Drcv`‡bi gvÎvq wcwQ‡q Av‡Q|

KvR : evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv Dbœqbkxj †`‡k A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi cÖavb AšÍivqmg~‡ni GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|

9.4 †emiKvwi ms¯’vi Dbœqb Kvh©µg (Development Programmes of Non-government Organisations)

†emiKvwi ms¯’vmg~n g~jZ evsjv‡`‡ki `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡bi Rb¨ KvR K‡i _v‡K| cÖvK…wZK wech©‡qi mgq G‡ìKvh©µg Av‡iv e¨vwß I MwZ jvf K‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki `vwi ª¨ `~ixKi‡Y wewfbœ †emiKvwi †¯^”Qv‡mex cÖwZôvb(GbwRI) ¶z`ª FY weZiY Ki‡Q| `vwi ª¨ `~ixKi‡Y miKvi KZ…©K M„nxZ wewfbœ Dbœqb Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevq‡b cjøxKg©mnvqK dvD‡Ûkb, wewfbœ e¨vsK Ges mswkøó GbwRI KvR Ki‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki K‡qKwU cÖavb GbwRI n‡”Qeª¨vK, Avkv, cÖwkKv, kw³ dvD‡Ûkb, ¯wbf©i evsjv‡`k, wUGgGmGm, KvwiZvm, †mvmvBwU di †mvm¨vj mvwf©m(SFSS) I evsjv‡`k ey¨‡iv|

1. evsjv‡`k iyivj GWfvÝ‡g›U KwgwU (eª¨vK) : 1972 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ evsjv‡`‡ki me©e„nr †emiKvwi¶z`ªFY`vbKvix ms¯’v n‡jv eª¨vK| `wi`ª gvby‡li ¶gZvq‡bi Rb¨ we‡klZ gwnjv I †g‡q‡ì Rb¨ms¯’vwU †`‡ki 70 nvRvi MÖvg Ges 2000 ew¯Í‡Z KvR K‡i _v‡K| ms¯’vwU FY`vb Kg©m~wP QvovIwewfbœ Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb, AwZ `wi`ª, Pievmx, ¯^v¯’¨, wk¶v I mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b KvR K‡i|¶z`ª F‡Yi myweav‡fvMx 80,54,415 R‡bi g‡a¨ gwnjvi msL¨v 76,14,326 Rb|

2. ¯^wbf©i evsjv‡`k : ¯^wbf©i evsjv‡`‡ki AvZ¥cÖKvk 1975 mv‡j| ïiy‡Z K…wl I eb gš¿Yvj‡qi mv‡_GKwU mshy³ †mj wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| †emiKvwi mgvR Dbœqbg~jK ms¯’v wnmv‡e Z…Yg~j Rb‡Mvôxi Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b KvR ïiy K‡i 1985 mv‡j| AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi j‡¶¨ mKj ivóªvqË e¨vsK Geswc‡KGmG‡di gva¨‡g wewfbœ Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq ïiy †_‡K wW‡m¤i 2010 ch©šÍ 1,04,461 †KvwU UvKv16,06,144 Rb weËnxb FY MÖnxZv‡K FY wn‡m‡e weZiY K‡i‡Q Ges FY Av`vq n‡q‡Q 84,256 †KvwUUvKv| G‡Z cÖvq 80,30,720 Rb †jvK cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶fv‡e DcK…Z nq|

112 A_©bxwZ

3. cÖwkKv : 1975 mv‡j XvKv I Kzwgjøv †Rjvi K‡qKwU MÖv‡g KvR ïiy K‡i| cÖwkKv mwgwZi m`m¨‡ì†UKmB A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ ¶z`ª FY Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq cwi‡ek m¤§Z K…wl, †mP, cïm¤ú` e„w×,†gŠgvwQ cvjb, grm¨ Pvl, mvgvwRK ebvqb, emZevwo‡Z evMvb, exR Drcv`b, ¶z`ª eëmv BZ¨vw` Lv‡Z

wW‡m¤î 2010 ch©šÍ 4495 †KvwU UvKvi FY mnvqZv w`‡q 1 †KvwU 23 j¶ gvby‡li Rb¨ Avq IKg©ms¯’v‡bi eë¯’v K‡i‡Q|

4. Avkv : Avkv 1992 mvj n‡Z ¶z`ª FY Kg©m~wP cwiPvjbv K‡i Avm‡Q| Avkv eZ©gv‡b AvZ¥wbf©i `ªyZ ea©gvbme©e„nr ¶z`ª FY`vbKvix ms¯’v wn‡m‡e we‡k¦ cÖwZôv jvf K‡i‡Q| ¶z`ª FY`vbKvix ms¯’vi g‡a¨ Avkv

n‡”Q me©wbgœ e¨‡q ¶z`ª FY Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb I m¤úªmvi‡Yi GKgvÎ ms¯’v| D‡jøL¨, 2010 mv‡ji †klbvMv` Avkv evsjv‡`‡k 41,121 †KvwU UvKv FY weZiY K‡i Ges 37,479 †KvwU UvKv Av`vq K‡i|

5. kw³ dvD‡Ûkb : 1992 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ kw³ dvD‡Ûkb XvKv, PÆMÖvg, ivRkvnx, Lyjbv, Kzwgjøv, e¸ov,ivRkvnxmn Ab¨vb¨ eo eo kn‡ii ew¯Íi `y¯’ gwnjv‡ì G ms¯’v FY cÖ`vb K‡i| GQvov, Gme

gwnjv‡ì ¯v¯’¨, eëmv I mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bI ms¯’vwU KvR K‡i _v‡K| Ryb 2010 ch©šÍ FY weiZY K‡i

513.89 †KvwU UvKv Ges Av`vq K‡i 413.96 †KvwU UvKv|

6. wUGgGmGm : †V½vgviv gwnjv meyR msN evsjv‡`‡ki bvix Dbœq‡b eo msMVb| GB msMVb gwnjv‡ì`vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb, Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœqb I gwnjv‡ì ¶gZvq‡b 1980 mvj †_‡K KvR K‡i hv‡”Q| mgv‡Ri

Awkw¶Z, ewÂZ I AZ¨vPvwiZ Ges 0.5 GKi ch©šÍ Rwgi gvwjKiv G ms¯’vi m`m¨| Ryb 2010 ch©šÍ G

ms¯’v weZiY K‡i 3888.02 †KvwU UvKv Ges Av`vq K‡i 3457.08 †KvwU UvKv|

7. GmGmGm (†mvmvBwU di †mvmvj mvwf©‡mm) : mgv‡Ri `wi`ª, Ae‡nwjZ I AwaKvi ewÂZ bvix-cyiyl Iwkï‡ì `vwi ª¨ we‡gvPb, AwaKvi Av`vq I Zv‡ì wk¶v-¯^v¯’¨ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv m„wómn mgwb¦Z †mevwbwðZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g †UKmB mvgvwRK Dbœqb NUv‡Z 1986 mv‡j Gi AvZ¥cÖKvk N‡U| mgv‡Ri `wi ª,

Ae‡nwjZ I AwaKviewÂZ bvixcyiyl I wkï‡ì `wi ª we‡gvPb, AwaKvi Av`vq I Zv‡ì wk¶v-¯v¯’¨ †mev

wbwðZ Ki‡Yi gva¨‡g †UKmB Dbœqb KivB GB ms¯’vi j¶¨|

8. ey¨‡iv evsjv‡`k : †`‡ki 42 †Rjvi 245wU _vbvi 1149wU BDwbq‡bi 9026wU MÖv‡g ms¯’vwU `wi ªRb‡Mvôxi `vwi ª¨ we‡gvP‡bi j‡¶¨ †UKmB MÖvgxY mÂq I FY Kg©m~wP wb‡q KvR K‡i hv‡”Q| Gi

cvkvcvwk ¯^v¯’¨ cwiPh©v, cÖvK cÖv_wgK wk¶v, bvix Dbœqb I ¶gZvqb, cvwb/cqtwb®‹vkb, cwievi

cwiKíbv, mvgvwRK ebvqb I e„¶‡ivcY, `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbvmn wewfbœ Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Q|

9.5 `vwi`ª¨ (Poverty )

`vwi`ª¨ †`k I †`‡ki gvbyl‡K ciwbf©ikxj K‡i †Zv‡j| Dbœq‡bi wfwË‡K `ye©j K‡i †`q| myZivs `vwi‡`ªï

aviYv, cwigvc, cÖeYZv Ges Kxfv‡e `vwi ª¨ wbimb Kiv hvq †m wel‡q Rvbv ìKvi|


9.5.1 `vwi`ª¨ aviYv (Concept of Poverty)

`vwi‡`ªï msÁv GK K_vq ejv KwVb| Z‡e KwZcq kZ©mv‡c‡¶ `vwi‡ ªï aviYv ¯úó n‡q I‡V| †h †`‡kiRbMY cwiewZ©Z cvk¦©cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ weav‡b m¶g bq, cÖwZK‚j cÖK…wZ †hgb eb¨v, Liv, m¤ú‡ìAcÖZzjZv Ges m¤ú‡ì Amg eÈb I Amg DcvR©‡bi my‡hvM-myweav iv‡L, G Ae¯’v‡K `vwi ª¨ e‡j| Z_¨MZw`K †_‡K †h †`‡ki RbMY †ewki fvM `vwi`ª¨ mxgvi wb‡P emevm K‡i Zv‡ì‡K MY`vwi ª¨ †Mvôx e‡j|

evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡ivi me©‡kl 2010 mv‡ji Avq-e¨q Rwic g‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki `vwi ª¨ ùvwo‡q‡Q 31.5

kZvsk Ges 2005 mv‡ji Rwic g‡Z Rb‡Mvôxi 40.0 kZvsk `vwi ª¨ mxgvi wb‡P evm K‡i| 1991-92 mv‡j

†`‡k `wi ª wQj 50.1 kZvsk| GB cwiw¯’wZ‡Z GLbI evsjv‡`k‡K `vwi‡ ªï †`k ejv hvq|

9.5.2 evsjv‡`‡k `vwi ª¨ cwigvc c×wZ (Poverty Measurement in Bangladesh)

evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b †gŠwjK Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi e¨q c×wZ Øviv `wi`ª cwigvc Kiv nq| G c×wZ‡Z `vwi`ª¨mxgvcwigv‡c Lv`¨ I Lv`¨-ewnf~©Z (non-food) †fvM¨cY¨ DfqB AšÍfz©³ Kiv nq| G Aa¨v‡q g~jZ weweGm

cwiPvwjZ Avq I e¨q Rwic 1995/96, 2005 Ges 2010-Gi Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

K. `vwi‡`ªï MwZaviv

1995-96 mvj †_‡K 2010 mv‡ji g‡a¨ (CBN D”P `vwi`ª †iLv Øviv cwigvcK…Z) `vwi‡ ªï nvi 50.1 kZvsk†_‡K 31.5 kZvs‡k †b‡g Av‡m A_©vr `vwi`ª Mo evwl©K 3.3 kZvsk nv‡i n«vm cvq| Z‡e `vwi‡`ªï nvi cwjø

GjvKvq AwaK nv‡i n«vm †c‡q‡Q (Mo evwl©K 3.1% nv‡i)| Aciw`‡K, kni GjvKvq GKB mg‡q `vwi`ª n«vm

cvq Mo evwl©K 1.9 kZvsk nv‡i| GB mgqKv‡j Pig `vwi ª Av‡iv `ªyZ nv‡i A_©vr Mo evwl©K 4.8 kZvsk nv‡i

n«vm cvq|

114 A_©bxwZ

Drm : evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv Lvbv Avq-e¨q Rwic, 1995/96, 2005, 2010

`vwi‡`ªï aib 1995/96 2005

RvZxq 50.1 40.0

`vwi`ª¨ cjøx 54.5 43.8

kni 27.8 28.4

Pig `vwi`ª¨ RvZxq 35.2 25.1

cjøx 39.5 28.6

kni 13.7 14.6

2010

31.5

35.2

21.3

17.6

21.1

7.7

mviwY-1K¨vjwi MÖnYwfwËK `vwi`ª¨ I Pig `vwi`ª¨ (%)

9.5.3 `vwi`ª¨ wbim‡b M„nxZ Kvh©µg (Programmes Adopted for Poverty Alleviation)

evsjv‡`‡k `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi Kg©ms¯’vb, Avq e„w× Ges Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ miKvwi I †emiKvwi (GbwRI) ch©v‡q

wewfbœ Kg©m~wP i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`k miKvi `vwi ª¨ wbim‡bi AvIZvq wb‡gœv³ c`‡¶cmg~n MÖnY K‡i‡Q|

1. mvgvwRK wbivcËv †eóbx Kg©m~wP

bvix, wkï, cÖwZeÜxmn mKj myweav ewÂZ Rb‡Mvôx‡K Dbœq‡bi g~javivq m¤ú„³ Kiv n‡”Q mvgvwRK AeKvVv‡gv

Dbœq‡bi GKwU †gŠwjK P¨v‡jÄ| mvgvwRK myi¶v I mvgvwRK ¶gZvq‡b wewfbœ gš¿Yvjq/wefv‡Mi AvIZvq †gvU

64wU Kg©m~wP/Kvh©µg ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡”Q| G mg¯Í Kvh©µ‡gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q bM` cÖ`vb (we‡kl I wewfbœ fvZv)

Kvh©µg, Lv`¨ wbivcËv Kvh©µg, ¶z`ª FY Kg©m~wP I wewfbœ Znwej| G mg¯Í Kvh©µ‡gi AvIZvq 2011-12

A_©eQ‡ii ms‡kvwaZ ev‡R‡U 22,556.05 †KvwU UvKv eivÏ ivLv n‡q‡Q| Rvbyqvwi 2012 ch©šÍ wewfbœ fvZv

eve` 4,830.64 †KvwU UvKv weZiY Kiv n‡q‡Q|

mvgvwRK wbivcËv †eóbx Kg©m~wPmg~‡ni †kªwYweb¨vm wbgœiƒc :

(K) bM` A_© mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kvh©µg (wewfbœ fvZv);

(L) bM` A_© mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kvh©µg (we‡kl);

(M) Lv`¨ wbivcËv Kvh©µg;

(N) AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb m„wói j‡¶¨ ¶z`ª FY Kvh©µg Ges

(O) `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡b wewfbœ Znwej|

K. bM` A_© mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kg©m~wPi Aax‡b Kvh©µgmg~n :

1. eq¯‹ `wi`ª‡ì Rb¨ eq¯‹ fvZv : mgvRKj¨vY gš¿Yvjqvaxb G Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq 2011-12 A_©eQ‡i

gv_vwcQy gvwmK fvZvi cwigvY 300 UvKv nv‡i 0.25 †KvwU fvZv‡fvMx DcK…Z n‡”Q|

2. weaev I ¯vgx cwiZ¨³v `y¯’ gwnjv fvZv cÖ`vb Kvh©µg : MÖv‡gi `wi`ª, Amnvq I ¯vgx cwiZ¨³v `y¯’gwnjv‡ì Rb¨ cÖewZ©Z G Kg©m~wPi Aax‡b 2011-12 A_©eQ‡i gv_vwcQy gvwmK fvZvi cwigvY 300 UvKvGes 2010-11 A_©eQ‡i G eve` 331.20 †KvwU UvKv eivÏ ivLv n‡q‡Q|

3. gyw³‡hv×v m¤§vbx fvZv Kvh©µg : G Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq 2011-12 A_©eQ‡i 1 jÿ 50 nvRvi Rbgyw³‡hv×vi Rb¨ 360 †KvwU UvKv eivÏ Ges gvwmK fvZvi cwigvY 2000 UvKv ivLv n‡q‡Q|

4. gyw³‡hv×v I Zuv‡ì †cvl¨‡ì Rb¨ cÖwk¶Y Ges AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb Kg©m~wP : gyw³‡hv×v‡ì Kg©ms¯’vbI RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœq‡b gyw³hy× welqK gš¿Yvjq weAviwWwei gva¨‡g gvV ch©v‡q ¶ z`ª FY Kvh©µg


evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK mgx¶v 2012 Ges weweGm Gi Avq-e¨q Rwic, 2010

cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q| 2006-07 A_©eQi ch©šÍ weAviwWwei AbyK‚‡j 25 (cuwPk) †KvwU UvKv Qvo Kiv nq| wW‡m¤i2010 ch©šÍ †`‡ki 64wU †Rjvq 23914 Rb Am”Qj gyw³‡hv×v I Zv‡ì †cvl¨‡ì hye Dbœqb cÖwk¶Y†K‡›`ªi gva¨‡g cÖwk¶Y †Ìqv nq| G Kg©m~wPi j¶¨ gyw³‡hv×v I Zv‡ì †cvl¨‡ì AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vbg~jKKg©Kv‡Êi Dc‡hvwM `¶ gvbe m¤ú` wn‡m‡e M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ GKK ev †hŠ_fv‡e wewfbœ †ckvq `¶ZvDbœq‡b cÖwk¶Y cÖ`vb Kiv| wW‡m¤î 2011 mvj ch©šÍ G Kg©m~wPi AbyK‚‡j 35.09 †KvwU UvKv weZiY Kivnq|

5. GwmW`» I kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx‡ì we‡kl ¶z`ªFY Kvh©µg I cybe©vmb Znwej : mgvRKj¨vYgš¿Yvjq GwmW wb‡¶‡ci d‡j wbh©vwZZv gwnjv‡ì Rb¨ MwVZ GwmW`» gwnjv I kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx‡ìcybe©vmb Znwej Pvjy K‡i‡Q| 2010-11 A_©eQ‡i G Znwe‡j 2 †KvwU UvKv eivÏ Ges weZiY Kiv nq|

6. Am”Qj cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ fvZv : mgvRKj¨vY gš¿Yvjq mvwe©Kfv‡e G Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevq‡bi `vwq‡Z¡ i‡q‡Q|2011-12 A_©eQ‡i eivÏ i‡q‡Q 102.96 †KvwU UvKv Ges Rvbyqvwi 2012 ch©šÍ 51.48 †KvU UvKv weZiYKiv n‡q‡Q| G Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq gvwmK fvZv 300 UvKv nv‡i 2.86 j¶ cÖwZeÜx DcK…Z n‡”Q|

7. `wi`ª gv‡qi Rb¨ gvZ…Z¡Kvj fvZv : `wi`ª Mf©eZx gwnjv‡ì Rb¨ cÖewZ©Z G Kg©m~wPi Aax‡b 2011-12A_©eQ‡i `vwi ª¨ g¨vc Abyhvqx 10200 Rb fvZv‡fvMx gv‡K gvwmK 350 UvKv nv‡i fvZv cÖ`vb Kiv nq|†m j‡ÿ¨ GB A_© eQ‡i 42.50 †KvwU UvKv eivÏ Kiv nq| knivÂ‡j Kg©Rxex `wi`ª gv‡qi gvZ…Z¡KvjxbfvZv eve` 32.60 †KvwU UvKv eivÏ ivLv n‡q‡Q|

8. Lv`¨ mvnvh¨ Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq Pjgvb wewfbœ Kg©m~wPi AMÖMwZ

K. Kv‡Ri wewbg‡q Lv`¨ Kg©m~wP : Lv`¨ I `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv gš¿Yvjqvaxb G Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq 2011-12A_©eQ‡i 3.71 j¶ †gwUªK Ub Lv`¨km¨ eivÏ Kiv nq|

L. wfwRwW : gwnjv I wkï welqK gš¿Yvjqvaxb G Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq 2011-12 A_©eQ‡i 749689 RbDcKvi‡fvMx‡K 30 †KwR Lv`¨ mnvqZvmn cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kiv nq Ges 2 jÿ 70 nvRvi †gwUªK Ub Lv`¨mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

M. wfwRGd : Lv`¨ I `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv gš¿Yvjqvaxb Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq 2011-12 A_©eQ‡i 4 j¶ †gwUªKUb Lv`¨km¨ eivÏ ivLv n‡q‡Q| GKB A_©eQ‡i wU Avi Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq 4.10 jÿ †gwUªK Ub Lv`¨ kmëivÏ Kiv n‡q‡Q|

9. `vwi ª¨ we‡gvP‡b cïm¤ú` Lv‡Z M„nxZ wewfbœ Kg©m~wP : cïm¤ú` Lv‡Zi Dbœqb K…wÎg cÖRbb Kg©m~wPGes `y» Lv‡Z cwieZ©b Avbq‡bi j‡¶¨ †emiKvwi ch©v‡q †WBix Lvgvi ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ Aby`vb †`qviKvh©µg MÖnY Kiv nq| GQvov, cïm¤ú` Dbœqb †K› ª n‡Z ¶z`ª Lvgvix I K…lKMY‡K Mevw` cï, nuvm-gyiwMcvj‡bi Dci cÖwk¶Y I civgk© cÖ`vb Kiv nq|

10. `vwi ª¨ we‡gvP‡b grm¨Lv‡Z M„nxZ wewfbœ Kg©m~wP : grm¨ Lv‡Z BwZevPK cwieZ©b Avbq‡bi j‡¶¨miKvi gv‡Qi †iYy I †cvbv Drcv`b, gvbe m¤ú‡ì Dbœq‡b cÖwk¶Y cÖ`vb, grm¨ eë¯’vcbv (e×, gy³ I

116 A_©bxwZ

mgvRwfwËK Ges mvgyw`ªK), grm¨ Afqvkªg ¯’vcb, grm¨ msi¶Y AvBb ev¯Íevqb, RvUKv msi¶Y Ges grm¨M‡elYvq D‡jøL‡hvM¨ msL¨K Kvh©µg MÖnY K‡i|

11. M„nnxb‡ì FY I Aby`vb cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ M„nvqb Znwej : MÖvgxY `wi`ª RbM‡Yi Rb¨ M„n wbg©vY Kg©m~wPiAvIZvq 1997-98 mg‡q cÖ_g ev‡R‡U 50 †KvwU UvKv eivÏ †i‡L M„nvqb Znwej MVb Kiv nq|†deªyqvwi 2009 ch©šÍ †gvU 190 †KvwU 43 j¶ UvKv eiv‡Ïi wecix‡Z †deªyqvwi 2009 ch©šÍ †gvU 114†KvwU 27 j¶ UvKv QvoKiY Ges 46 nvRvi 61wU M„n wbg©vY m¤úbœ nq hv‡Z DcKvi‡fvMxi msL¨v 2.30j¶| G cÖK‡íi AbyK‚‡j 2011-12 A_© eQ‡ii Rb¨ eivÏK…Z 15,000 †KvwU UvKvi wecix‡Z gvP©2012 ch©šÍ 104.33 †KvwU UvKv e¨q n‡q‡Q|

12. †`‡ki †eKvi hyeK‡ì Kg©ms¯’v‡bi j‡¶¨ Kg©ms¯’vb e¨vsK : †eKvi we‡kl K‡i wkw¶Z †eKvihyeK I hye gwnjv‡ì‡K Drcv`bgyLx Ges Avq ea©K Kg©Kv‡Ê FY cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g ¯vej¤x K‡i `vwi`ª¨we‡gvPb Kivi j‡¶¨ Kg©ms¯’vb e¨vsK KvR Ki‡Q| G e¨vsK KZ…©K gvP© 2012 ch©šÍ FY weZiY Kivn‡q‡Q Ges µgcywÄf‚Z FY Av`v‡qi nvi 92%|

13. AvkªqY (`vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb I cybe©vmb) cÖKí : evsjv‡`‡k N~wY©So AvµvšÍ I M„nnxb, wQbœg~j nZ`wi`ªcÖvq 50 nvRvi cwievi‡K Avevmb I Kg©ms¯’vb m„R‡bi gva¨‡g cybe©vm‡bi j‡¶¨ 1997 mv‡j MÖnY KivAvkªqY cÖKí| G cÖK‡íi avivevwnKZvq 716 †KvwU UvKv e¨q wewkó Avevmb cÖKí M„nxZ nq| AvkªqY-2bv‡g 2010 Ryb †_‡K 2014 †gqv‡` 1169 †KvwU UvKv e¨q mv‡c‡¶ Av‡iv GKwU cÖKí MÖnY Kiv nq, hviev¯Íevqb Pj‡Q|

14. `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡b mgevq Awa`ß‡ii mvwe©K Kvh©µg : mgevq Awa`ßi mgevq mwgwZ MV‡bi gva¨‡gwewfbœ †ckvRxex gvbyl‡K ¯vej¤^x K‡i †Zvjvi cvkvcvwk `vwi ª¨ we‡gvP‡bI f‚wgKv iv‡L|

15. `vwi ª¨ we‡gvP‡b Z_¨ †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ (AvBwmwU) : `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡bi Rb¨ RvwZms‡Ni mnmªvã Dbœqbj¶¨gvÎvi cÖwZwU †¶‡ÎB Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ (AvBwmwU) eënvi K‡i 2015 mv‡ji g‡a¨ wba©vwiZj¶¨ AR©b cÖwµqv‡K Av‡iv Z¡ivwb¦Z Ki‡Z Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³‡K miKvi GKwU wbkvbv LvZ (ThrustSector) wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q‡Q|

16. cjøx AeKvVv‡gv Dbœqb Kg©m~wP : ¯’vbxq miKvi, cjøx Dbœqb I mgevq gš¿Yvjqvaxb ¯’vbxq miKvicÖ‡KŠkj Awa`ßi wewfbœ AeKvVv‡gv Dbœqbg~jK cÖKí, we‡kl K‡i cjøx AÂ‡j MÖvgxY moK,†mZz/KvjfvU©, cÖe„w× †K› ª, MÖvgxY nvU-evRvi Dbœqb I euva wbg©vY cÖK‡íi gva¨‡g wecyjmsL¨K gwnjv Icyiy‡li Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó Ki‡Q, hv MÖvgxY `vwi ª¨ we‡gvP‡b ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv ivL‡Q|

17. cjøx `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb dvD‡Ûkb (wcwWweGd) : cjøx `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb dvD‡Ûkb (wcwWweGd)-GiD‡Ïk¨ n‡jv cjøx AÂ‡ji myweav ewÂZ Rb‡Mvôx‡K msMwVZ K‡i Kvh©Kwi FY cÖ`vb Kg©m~wP, `¶ZvDbœqb, †bZ…Z¡ weKvk I mvgvwRK Dbœqb cÖwk¶Y Ges bvixi ¶gZvqb|

18. bZzb cÖKí : 2010-11 mg‡q `vwi ª¨ we‡gvP‡b K‡qKwU bZzb cÖKí MÖnY Kiv nq| (K) A_©‰bwZKfv‡ecðvrc` GjvKvi RbM‡Yi `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb I RxweKv wbwðZKiY (eivÏ 11 †KvwU UvKv)| (L) mvgvwRKebvq‡bi gva¨‡g `vwi`ª¨ wbimb (eivÏ 9.42 †KvwU UvKv)| (M) avb, Mg, fyÆvi DbœZ exR Dbœqb (eivÏ


109.73 †KvwU UvKv)| (N) AvBbMZ c‡`vbœwZ Ges mvgvwRK wb‡qvMÑ Promotion of legal and socialemployment (eivÏ 21.14 †KvwU UvKv)|

9.6 †eKviZ¡ (Unemployment )

9.6.1 †eKvi‡Z¡i msÁv (Defintion of Unemployment)

KvR Ki‡Z m¶g e¨w³ cÖPwjZ gRywi‡Z KvR Ki‡Z B”QyK, wKšÍy KvR cvq bvÑ G Ae¯’v‡KB †eKviZ¡ e‡j|GKRb †eKv‡ii g‡a¨ wb‡Pi êwkó¨ j¶ Kiv hvq|

(1) gRywiwfwËK †Kv‡bv KvR cvq bv,

(2) cÖPwjZ gRywi‡Z KvR Ki‡Z B”QyK,

(3) Avq DcvR©b †_‡K ewÂZ,

(4) Avw_©K I gvbwmK hš¿Yvq †fv‡M|

9.6.2 †eKvi‡Z¡i MwZcÖK…wZ (Trend of Unemployment)

†eKvi‡Z¡i cÖK…wZ :

1. †gŠmywg †eKviZ¡ : cÖvK…wZK Kvi‡Y eQ‡ii †Kv‡bv we‡kl we‡kl mg‡q G ai‡bi †eKviZ¡ nq| †hgbdmj ecb I KZ©‡bi mgq e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ mg‡q MÖvgxY kÖwg‡Ki †Kv‡bv KvR _v‡K bv| A_©vr eQ‡ii †hmgq K…wl kÖwgK ev MÖvgxY kÖwgK Kv‡Ri my‡hvM †_‡K ewÂZ nq †m mg‡qi Rb¨ H kÖwgK‡K †gŠmywg†eKvi e‡j|

2. QÙ‡ekx/cÖ”Qbœ †eKviZ¡ : K…wlLv‡Z AvcvZ `„wó‡Z A‡bK †jvK KvR Ki‡Q e‡j g‡b nq| wKšÍycÖK…Zc‡¶ K…wl Kv‡R wbhy³ Hme †jv‡Ki g‡a¨ A‡b‡KiB cÖvwšÍK Drcv`bkxjZv k~b¨| cÖvwšÍKDrcv`bkxjZv k~b¨ wewkó †jvK‡K cÖ”Qbœ †eKvi ev QÙ‡ekx †eKvi e‡j| †hgb aiv hvK, GKRb K…l‡Ki`yB weNv Rwg Av‡Q| †m GKvB H Rwg‡Z Pvlevm K‡i Ges wbw`©ó cwigvY dmj Drcv`b K‡i| GLb hw`Zvi `yB †Q‡j evevi m‡½ H Rwg‡Z Pv‡li Kv‡R wbhy³ nq Zvn‡j AvcvZ `„wó‡Z g‡b n‡e wZbRb †jvKKv‡R wbhy³ i‡q‡Q| wKšÍy cÖK„Zc‡¶ †`Lv hv‡e H K…lK GKv hv Drcv`b KiZ `yB †Q‡jmn Drcv`‡bicwigvY GKB nq| AZGe †`Lv hv‡”Q AwZwi³ `yRb †jv‡Ki cÖvwšÍK Drcv`bkxjZv k~b¨| Gi KviY n‡jvwZbRb †jvK GKR‡bi KvR‡K fvM K‡i wb‡”Q| myZivs GB `yRb kÖwgK‡K cÖ”Qbœ †eKvi e‡j AwfwnZKiv nq| Zvn‡j cÖ”Qbœ †eKviZ¡ n‡jv †mB Ae¯’v †hLv‡b kÖwgK AvcvZ `„wó‡Z KvR Ki‡Q e‡j g‡b nq,wKšÍy Zvi cÖvwšÍK Drcv`bkxjZv k~b¨|

3. ¯’vqx †eKviZ¡ : †h kªwgK eQ‡i †Kv‡bv mgq KvR cvq bv, Zv‡K ¯’vqx †eKvi e‡j| G ai‡bi †eKviZ¡evsjv‡`‡k †bB ej‡jB P‡j| MÖvgxY Rbmvavi‡Yi Kg©¶g e¨w³‡ì g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv e¨w³ mviv eQi †eKvi_v‡K bv| Kg©¶g †jvK eQ‡ii †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv mgq Kg-†ewk KvR K‡iB _v‡K| evsjv‡`‡ki M‡elK W.eiKZ-B-Ly`vi M‡elYv †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, e¨¯Í †gŠmy‡g cyiyl‡ì gvÎ 13% Ges gwnjv‡ì g‡a¨ gvÎ18.8% gvbyl †eKvi _v‡K| Z‡e Gme gvbyl eQ‡ii Ab¨ †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv mgq Kg-†ewk KvR K‡i|

118 A_©bxwZ

4. gwnjv †eKviZ¡ : MÖvgxY mgvR eë¯’vq (msmvix) gwnjviv †eKvi Kg _v‡K| Zviv mvaviYZ dmj ecb IKZ©b mgq e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ mgq e¨¯Í _v‡K| KviY gwnjviv evwn¨K KvR bv Ki‡jI N‡ii ivbœv-evbœv, avbmn Ab¨vb¨ dmj ïKv‡bv, hZœ mnKv‡i ivLv, mšÍvb jvjb-cvjb, BZ¨vw` mKj KvR wb‡q eQ‡ii meFZyy‡ZB e¨¯Í _v‡K| G msmvix gwnjvi cÖvq 95% K‡g© wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K|

weevwnZ wKšÍy K…wl KvRmn msmv‡ii Kv‡Ri mv‡_ RwoZ bq, kni-MÖvg wg‡j Ggb †eKvwi †gvU msmvixweevwnZ gwnjv 30%| Avevi KvR Kivi mgq n‡q‡Q wKšÍy weevwnZ bq, ev weevwnZ n‡jI msmv‡ii MÖvgxYRxeb eë¯’vi mv‡_ RwoZ bq Ggb †eKv‡ii msL¨v †gvU Kg©¶g gwnjvi 15% - 20%|

myZivs evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY mgvR eë¯’vq Rbmvavi‡Yi K…wlKvR e¨ZxZ Ab¨ KvR Kg _vKvq Dcwi³ wewfbœai‡bi †eKviZ¡ †`Lv †`q|

15.5 †eKviZ¡ wbimb (Reduction of Unemployment )

†eKvi mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡Z K…wl I AK…wl‡¶‡Î Dbœqb cÖ‡qvRb| K…wl‡¶‡Î †mP eë¯’vi DbœwZ, eû dmjxPvlvev` Ges K…wlwfwËK bvbv KvRKg© †hgbÑ Mevw` cï cvjb, ebm„Rb, nuvm-gyiwM cvjb, grm¨ Pvl cªf„wZ†¶‡Î bZyb bZyb Kg© m„wói m¤¢vebv Av‡Q| AK…wl‡¶‡Î MªvgxY iv¯ÍvNvU wbgv©Y, MÖvgxY M„n wbgv©Y, cyKzims¯‹vi, Lvj ms¯‹vi, AwZ¶z`ª, ¶z`ª I gvSvwi wk‡íi weKvk, †QvU-Lv‡Uv eëmvq-evwYR¨ cÖf„wZ Kv‡Ri h‡_ómy‡hvM i‡q‡Q| Gme QvovI †eKviZ¡ `~ixKi‡Yi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡¶ç‡jv MÖnY Kiv hvq|

1. QÙ‡ekx †eKviZ¡ ~ixKiY : AbybœZ †`‡ki K…wl eë¯’vq QÙ‡ekx †eKviZ¡ we`¨gvb| GB †eKviZ¡ wbimbKivi Rb¨ K…wlLv‡Zi kÖwg‡Ki gRywii †P‡q wkíLv‡Z kÖwg‡Ki gRywi †ewk cÖ vb Ki‡j wkíLv‡Z kÖwg‡Ki†hvMvb e„w× cv‡e| Avi K…wlLvZ †_‡K DØ„Ë †eKvi kÖwgK wkíLv‡Z ¯’vbvšÍi n‡e|

2. g~jab wewb‡qvM I †eKviZ¡ `~ixKiY : Dbœqbkxj †`‡k †eKviZ¡ wbim‡b wbw`©ó cwigvY g~jab wewb‡qvMØviv cÖ_‡g wk‡íi Dbœqb I cieZx©‡Z wk‡íi hvwš¿K †KŠkjMZ Dbœqb Ki‡j kÖwg‡Ki cÖvwšÍKDrcv`bkxjZv e„w× cv‡e Ges kÖwgK wb‡qvM e„w× cv‡e|

3. K…wl hš¿cvwZ Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ MÖvgxY ¶z`ª I KzwUi wkí ¯’vcb : K…wlLv‡Z †h mKj †QvU hš¿cvwZiìKvi nq G¸‡jv K…wlwfwËK AwZ ¶z`ª Ges ¶z`ª wk‡í cÖ¯ÍyZ Kiv hvq| Avi G ai‡bi wkí MÖv‡g cÖwZwôZK‡i MÖvgxY †eKviZ¡ `~i Kiv hvq|

4. AvaywbK K…wl DcKi‡Yi eënvi : evsjv‡`‡ki †eKvi‡Z¡i wewfbœ w`K ch©v‡jvPbvi ci †`Lv hvqK…wlLv‡Z D”P djbkxj (Ddkx exR) I AvaywbK mvi cÖ‡qvM, †mP eë¯’vi Dbœqb, f~wgi Dbœqb, BZ¨vwìci wbweo Pvlvev‡ì gva¨‡g K…wlLv‡Z 1975 mv‡ji Zyjbvq 2000 mv‡j 5 wgwjqb AwZwi³ kÖwgKwb‡qvM Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| A_P wkíLv‡Z gvÎ 3 wgwjqb AwZwi³ kÖwgK wb‡qvM Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|K…wl‡¶‡Î AvaywbK K…wl DcKiY eënv‡ii gva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡ki GB †eKviZ¡ n«vm Kiv hvq|

5. MÖvgxY eë¯’vq K…wlwfwËK wkí ¯’vcb : MÖvg AÂ‡j K…wl c‡Y¨ eëüZ nq Ges K…wl c‡YïcÖwµqvRvZKi‡Yi Rb¨ K…wlwfwËK wkí cÖwZôv Ki‡j GKw`‡K wk‡í Kg©ms¯’vb e„w× cv‡e, Ab¨w`‡K K…wlDrcv`b e„w× cv‡e Ges Av‡iv AwaK kªwg‡Ki Kg©ms¯’vb n‡e| †gvU K_v †`‡ki †eKviZ¡ wbimb n‡e|


6. K…wl Rwg‡Z eû dmj Drcv`b eë¯’v : evsjv‡`‡ki mgMÖ GjvKvq †gŠmywg dmj e¨ZxZ gvSLv‡b Ab¨dmj Drcv`b ev K…wl Rwg‡Z GKwU dmj D‡Ëvj‡bi ci Ab¨ dmj Kivi D‡`¨vM wb‡j K…wl kªwgK †eKvi

_vK‡e bv|

7. dmjewnf© ~Z Pvlvev` : evsjv‡`‡ki †ewki fvM AÂ‡j b`x-bvjv, Lvj-wej, wbPy Rwg i‡q‡Q| GmeRvqMvq wewfbœ Rv‡Zi grm¨ Pvl Kiv hvq| Avi DuPy A_P dmj nq bv Ggb RvqMvq nuvm-gyiwMi Lvgvi

K‡i eQ‡ii me mgq KvR Kivi my‡hvM nq|

8. A_©‰bwZK Pvwn`vi mv‡_ Kg©gyLx eva¨Zvg~jK wk¶vbxwZ MÖnY : evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv Dbœqbkxj †`‡k†eKvi mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡Z n‡j wk¶v eë¯’vi cwieZ©b Avb‡Z n‡e| K…wl I wkí‡¶‡Î wb‡qvM e„w×

Kivi Rb¨ gvV ch©v‡q ev¯ÍewfwËK eënvwiK wk¶v cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| †`‡ki cÖwZwU †Rjvq KvwiMwi I†fv‡Kkbvj Bbw÷wUDU ¯’vcb K‡i ¯í wkw¶Z †eKvi‡ì cÖwk¶Y w`‡q wbR¯ eë¯’vq KvR Kivi my‡hvM

m„wó Kiv hvq|

9. ch©vß cwigvY FY myweav : MªvgxY Aa©-wkw¶Z †eKvi‡ì †fv‡Kkbvj †Uªwbs cÖ`v‡bi ci Zv‡ì‡K Avw_©KFY myweav cÖ`vb Ki‡j nuvm-gyiwMi Lvgvi, grm¨ Lvgvi, Mevw` cï Lvgv‡ii g‡Zv cÖKí ev¯Íevq‡bigva¨‡g †eKviZ¡ wbimb Kiv hvq| Avevi ¶z`ª I KzwUi wkí ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡gI MªvgxY †eKviZ¡ Kwg‡q Avbv

m¤¢e|

9.7 gvbem¤ú` (Human Resource)

A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ gvbem¤ú‡ì ¸iyZ¡ Lye †ewk| Dbœqb I cÖhyw³i cÖwZwU †¶‡Î cÖ‡qvRb gvbem¤ú‡ì|`¶ I cÖwkw¶Z gvbe m¤ú‡ì g~j¨ Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk| Kv‡RB DbœZ I Dbœqbkxj me †`‡ki Rb¨ Dbœq‡bicÖwZwU †¶‡Î gvbem¤ú‡ì cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I ¸iyZ¡ i‡q‡Q|

9.7.1 gvbem¤ú‡ì msÁv (Defination of Human Resource)

RbmsL¨vi †h Ask hLb wk¶v I `¶Zvi wfwË‡Z kªgkw³‡Z cwiYZ nq ZLb Zv‡ì‡K gvbe m¤ú` e‡j|A_©vr †Kv‡bv †`‡ki f‚wg I g~jab‡K e¯ÍzMZ m¤ú` Ges wk¶vq `¶ I Kg©¶g kªgkw³‡K gvbe m¤ú` e‡j|†`‡ki cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`¸‡jv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi MwZ Z¡ivwb¦Z Ki‡Z `¶ gvbe kw³i †hvMvb_vKv cÖ‡qvRb| A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ e¯ÍzMZ m¤ú` I gvbem¤ú` G `ywU-B Riywi| Dchy³ wk¶v, cÖwk¶Y,¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z evm¯’vb, wPwKrmv †mev BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g gvby‡li Kg©¶gZv I `¶Zv e„w×i cÖwµqv‡K gvbem¤ú`Dbœqb e‡j| `¶ gvbem¤ú` A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb|

9.7.2 gvbe m¤ú` Dbœq‡bi c×wZ (Methods of Human Resource Development)

A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ gvbe m¤ú‡ì ¸YMZ gvb Dbœqb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb nq| G D‡Ï‡k wb‡Pi c×wZmg~‡niD‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

120 A_©bxwZ

1. wk¶v : RbmsL¨v‡K Kg©¶g I `¶ Rbkw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡Z n‡j wk¶v I Kg©gyLx wk¶vi m¤úªmviYcÖ‡qvRb| wk¶v e¨w³Rxeb Ges RvZxq Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Acwinvh©| myZivs †`‡ki wk¶v eë¯’vq Avg~jcwieZ©b K‡i mK‡ji Rb¨ Kg©gyLx wk¶v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| GKRb gvbyl wbi¶i _vK‡Z cv‡i| wKšÍy AÁ

bq| Zv‡K Kg©gyLx wk¶v`vb Ki‡j gvbe kw³i Dbœqb nq| GKRb wbi¶i gvbyl fv‡jv I `¶ Pvlx n‡q

Drcv`b K‡qK¸Y e„w× Ki‡Z cv‡i|

evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv Dbœqbkxj †`‡k †ckvMZ wk¶v ev KvwiMwi wk¶v eë¯’v cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq Kg|

myZivs †`‡ki me©Î Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Dc‡hvMx KvwiMwi wk¶vi cÖmvi NUv‡bv ìKvi| G D‡Ï‡k †`‡ki

KvwiMwi wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi msL¨v I gvb e„w× Kiv ìKvi| KvwiMwi wk¶vq wkw¶Z †jvK Zv‡ì AwR©Z Ávb

ev¯Í‡e cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡i|

2. cÖwk¶Y : wkw¶Z Ges cÖwkw¶Z †`‡ki Rbej AwaK Drcv`‡b m¶g| cÖwk¶Ywenxb wkw¶Z gvby‡li¸YMZ gvb Dbœqb m¤¢e bq| gvbe m¤ú‡ì Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖwk¶Y Riywi| cÖwkw¶Z kªgkw³‡K AwaKcÖhyw³MZ K‡g© cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j Zv †_‡K cÖvwß A‡bK †ewk nq| ZvQvov cÖwkw¶Z †jvK †Kv‡bv Kv‡Ri †¶‡Î

`ªyZ I mg‡qvc‡hvMx wm×všÍ wb‡q fv‡jv djvdj w`‡Z cv‡i|

3. Rb¯v‡¯’ï Dbœqb : mylg Lv`¨ MÖnY, cwi”Qbœ cwi‡ek cÖf…wZ ¯^v¯’¨ i¶vi Rb¨ †gŠwjK Dcv`vb| †`‡kime bvMwiK‡K G Acwinvh© Dcv`vb¸‡jvi m‡½ cwiwPwZ NUv‡bv ìKvi| †`‡ki †hme gvbyl fMœ¯^v¯’¨,

`ye©j I Kg©wegyL, Zv‡ì †h‡Kv‡bv g~‡j¨ wPwKrmvi my‡hvM-myweav w`‡q ¯^v‡¯’ï DbœwZ Kiv hvq|

4. Lv`¨ I cywó : †`‡ki Rbkw³‡K Rbm¤ú‡` iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡Z n‡j mylg Lv`¨ I cywó m¤ú‡K© Rbm‡PZbK‡i M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e| G D‡Ï‡k †`‡ki miKvi, ivR‰bwZK `j I e¨w³, Wv³vi, weÁvbx, K„lK,

kªwgKmn cÖ‡Z¨‡KB †`‡ki RbMY‡K m‡PZb Kivi Rb¨ GwM‡q Avmv ìKvi|

5. Dchy³ evm¯’vb : ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z wbivc` evm¯’vb gvby‡li Kg©`¶Zv e„w× K‡i| myZivs cwiKwíZ Dcv‡q†`‡k miKvwi I †emiKvwi Lv‡Z evm¯’v‡bi my‡hvM-myweav e„w×i eë¯’v ivóª †_‡K Ki‡Z n‡e|

6. bvixmgvR‡K gvbem¤ú‡` iƒcvšÍi : wk¶v I cÖwk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g bvixmgvR‡K K‡g© wb‡qvwRZ Kiv Riywi|evsjv‡`‡k †gvU RbmsL¨vi A‡a©K bvix| Zv‡ì‡K N‡i †i‡L A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb m¤¢e bq| bvixmgvR‡K

Kg©gyLx wk¶v I cÖwk¶Y w`‡q K‡g© wb‡qvwRZ K‡i gvbem¤ú‡ì Dbœqb Kiv m¤¢e|

7. gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb cwiKíbv : evsjv‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi Kg©`¶Zv I ¸YMZ gvb e„w× Kivi D‡Ï‡kgvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ myôz cwiKíbv cÖYqb I Zvi ev¯Íevqb Kiv ìKvi| G D‡Ï‡k cÖYxZ cwiKíbviev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ Kvh©Ki eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv hvq| A_©vr gvbem¤ú‡ì Dbœqb cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv m¤¢e n‡j†`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb Kiv m¤¢e|


Abykxjbx

mswÿß DËi cÖkœ

1. A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb I cÖe„w×i aviYv `vI|

2. cÖe„w× wK Dbœq‡bi Ask? eywS‡q wjL|

3. AbybœZ †`‡ki 6wU êwkó¨ D‡jøL Ki|

4. DbœZ †`‡ki 6wU êwkó¨ D‡jøL Ki|

5. A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi AšÍivqmg~n Kx?

6. K‡qKwU †emiKvwi Dbœqb ms¯’vi bvg D‡jøL Ki|

7. `vwi`ª¨ cwigvc Kxfv‡e Kiv hvq?

8. †eKvi‡Z¡i aviYv `vI|

9. wewfbœ ai‡bi †eKvi‡Z¡i bvg D‡jøL Ki|

10. †eKviZ¡ wbim‡bi K‡qKwU Dcvq D‡jøL Ki|

eY©bvg~jK cÖkœ

1. A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb I cÖe„w×i aviYv `vI| AbybœZ †`‡ki êwkó¨mg~n Kx? eY©bv Ki|

2. A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb ej‡Z Kx eyS? DbœZ †`‡ki êwkó¨mg~n Kx Kx? eY©bv Ki|

3. A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi cÖavb AšÍivq mg~n eY©bv Ki|

4. †emiKvwi Dbœqb ms¯’vmg~n Kx? G‡ì wel‡q mswÿß eY©bv Ki|

5. `vwi`ª¨ ej‡Z Kx eyS? evsjv‡`‡k `vwi ª cwigvc c×wZ Av‡jvPbv Ki|

6. `vwi`ª¨ wbim‡b evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii M„nxZ Kvh©µg ms‡ÿ‡c eY©bv Ki|

7. †eKviZ¡ ej‡Z Kx eyS? evsjv‡`‡k †eKvi‡Z¡i cÖK…wZmg~‡ni aviYv `vI|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. Dbœqb Kx?

K. cÖe„w×i GKwU Ask L. gv_vwcQz Avq e„w×

M. RvZxq Avq e„w× N. cÖe„w×i mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi mydj

122 A_©bxwZ

2. K…wlc‡Yï g~‡jï Aw¯’wZkxjZvi d‡j-

i. K…lK Drcv`‡b Abxnv cÖKvk K‡i

ii. cÖ”Qbœ †eKviZ¡ e„w× cvq

iii. Rxeb wbe©vnx ÿz ª Lvgv‡ii cÖmvi N‡U


K. i L. i I ii



Kwig GKwU fvovKiv ¯‹zUvi Pvjvb| wZwb Gi gva¨‡g hv Avq K‡ib Zv‡Z Zuvi msmvi Pvwj‡q †Kv‡bv A_© Rgv

_v‡K bv| `xN©w`b a‡i GKwU ¯‹zUvi wKb‡Z A_© mÂ‡q wZwb e¨_© n‡q‡Qb| Ae‡k‡l e¨vsK F‡Yi gva¨‡g wZwb

wb‡Ri Rb¨ bZzb GKwU ¯‹zUvi µq K‡ib|

3. Kwi‡gi Ae¯’vwU A_©bxwZi †Kvb aviYvi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z?

K. `vwi‡`ªï MwZaviv L. `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb

M. `vwi‡`ªï `yóPµ N. `vwi`ª¨ nªvm

4. bZzb ¯‹zUvi µ‡qi gva¨‡g Kwi‡gi-

i. †eKviZ¡ `~i n‡e

ii. g~jab MwVZ n‡e

iii. †fvM e„w× cv‡e


K. i L. ii



m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1.

Drm : evsjv‡`k A_©‰bwZK mgxÿv (Ryb/12)

K. gvbem¤ú` Kv‡K e‡j?

L. `vwi‡`ªï `yóP‡µi aviYvwU e¨vL¨v Ki|

M. †jLwP‡Î †Kvb A_©bxwZi êwkó¨ cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. †jLwP‡Î cÖ`wk©Z A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi Rb¨ †Kvb wbqvgK kw³i Ae`vb me‡P‡q †ewk e‡j Zzwg g‡b Ki?we‡kølY Ki|

2. Zvgvbœv RvZxq wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K Gg. G cvm K‡i‡Q| Zvi GLbI †Kv‡bv PvKzwi nqwb| B`vbxs †m Zvigv‡qi cwiPvwjZ n¯Íwk‡í Zvi gv‡K Kv‡R mvnvh¨ K‡i| gv‡qi Kv‡Q †_‡K Zvi mgq fv‡jv Kv‡U wKšÍyZv‡ì n¯Íwk‡íi Drcv`b ev Avq c~‡e©i Ae¯’vq i‡q‡Q|

K. †eKviZ¡ Kv‡K e‡j?

L. Kv‡Ri wewbg‡q Lv`¨ Kg©m~wPi e¨vL¨v Ki|

M. A_©bxwZ‡Z Zvgvbœvi Kv‡Ri aib e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Ôev¯ÍewfwËK wkÿvÕ Zvgvbœv‡K D³ Ae¯’v †_‡K DËiY NUv‡Z cv‡iÑ g~j¨vqb Ki|

124 A_©bxwZ

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1002006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

gv_vwcQzAvq(Wjv‡i)

y

x

`kg Aa¨vq

evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii A_©eë¯’vThe Public Finance of Bangladesh Government

evsjv‡`k miKvi †`‡ki cÖkvmb cwiPvjbv, AvBbk„•Ljv iÿv, we‡`wk AvµgY †_‡K †`k iÿv GesRbKj¨vYg~jK eûwea Kvh©vewj m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ A‡bK A_© e¨q K‡i| GB e¨q wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ miKvi‡K wewfbœDrm n‡Z A_© Avq Ki‡Z nq| wbw`©ó mg‡qi m¤¢ve¨ miKvwi Avq-e¨‡qi wnmve weeiYx‡K ev‡RU e‡j| AviG me wel‡qi Av‡jvPbv miKvwi A_©eë¯’vq n‡q _v‡K|

G Aa¨vq cvV‡k‡l AvgivÑ

� •� miKvwi A_©eë¯’vi cwiPq eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie

� •� miKv‡ii Av‡qi Drmmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie

� •� miKv‡ii e¨‡qi LvZmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie

� •� ev‡R‡Ui aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie

� •� PjwZ ev‡RU I g~jab ev‡R‡Ui g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvie

� •� mylg ev‡R‡Ui mv‡_ Amg ev‡R‡Ui Zzjbv Ki‡Z cvie

� •� evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii ev‡RU I Gi †kªwYwefvM eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie

� •� evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii Dbœqb ev‡R‡Ui A_©vq‡bi Drmmg~n wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvie

� •� RvZxq ev‡R‡Ui Av‡jvPbvq AskMÖn‡Y Drmvnx n‡e

ê‡`wkK Aby`vb3.0ê‡`wkK FY

8.0

Af¨šÍixb A_©vqb16.6

Ki e¨ZxZ cÖvwß13.8

RvZxq ivR¯^ †evW©ewnf~©Z Ki

2.4

RvZxq ivR¯^ †evW©wbqš¿Z Ki56.2

mvgvwRK wbivcËvI Kj¨vY5.3%

Rb cÖkvmb5.0%

¯^v¯’¨7.5%

K…wl7.3%

wkÿv I cÖhyw³12.4%

¯’vbxq miKvi Icjøx Dbœqb21.8%

R¡vjvbx I we`y¨r17.5%

cwienb I†hvMv‡hvM16.4%

Ab¨vb¨6.8%

ivR¯^ feb

10.1 miKvwi A_©eë¯’v (Public Finance)

A_©bxwZi †h kvLvq miKv‡ii Avq, e¨q I FY msµvšÍ welqvejx Av‡jvPbv nq, Zv‡K miKvwi A_©eë¯’v e‡j|GKwU †`‡ki Rbmvavi‡Yi m‡e©v”P Kj¨vY wbwðZ I A_©‰bwZK mg„w×i Rb¨ ¯’vbxq miKvi †Kvb †Kvb Lv‡Z,Kxfv‡e, †Kvb bxwZ‡Z e¨q Ki‡e Zv miKvwi A_©eë¯’vq Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| hw` Avq A‡cÿv e¨q †ewk nqZvn‡j Ges GB e¨q wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ Kxfv‡e, †Kvb †Kvb Drm n‡Z Avq Ki‡e| hw` Avq A‡cÿv e¨q †ewk nqZvn‡j miKvi †Kvb Drm †_‡K KZUzKz FY MÖnY Ki‡e Zv miKvwi A_©eë¯’vq Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq|

AZGe, A_©bxwZi †h kvLvq miKv‡ii Avq-e¨q I miKvwi F‡Yi Drm Ges G msµvšÍ mgm¨v I mgm¨vmgvav‡bi welq AšÍf©y³ _v‡K, Zv‡K miKvwi A_©eë¯’v e‡j|

10.2 evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii Av‡qi Drmmg~nevsjv‡`k GKwU Dbœqbkxj †`k| †`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœqb, RbKj¨vY mvab, cÖkvmb cwiPvjbv, †`k iÿvBZ¨vw` Kv‡R miKvi A‡bK A_© e¨q K‡i| GB e¨q wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ miKvi‡K wewfbœ Drm n‡Z Avq msMÖn Ki‡Znq| evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii Av‡qi Drm cÖavbZ `ywU| h_v- K) Ki ivR¯ L) Kiewnf©~Z ivR¯^

K) Ki ivR¯^ (Tax Revenue)

miKvi RbM‡Yi wbKU n‡Z eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e †h A_© Av`vqK‡i wKšÍy Zvi wewbg‡q RbMY miKvi †_‡K mivmwiwe‡kl †Kv‡bv my‡hvM myweav Avkv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, Zv‡K Kie‡j| miKvi †`‡ki wbevmx ev Awbevmx e¨w³, wewfbœeëmvq I wkí cÖwZôvb Ges c‡Yï Dci †h Ki avh© K‡iZv ‡_‡K cÖvß Avq‡K Ki ivR¯ ejv nq|

miKv‡ii Ki ivR‡¯i Drmmg~n n‡jv-

1) AvqKi I gybvdvi Dci Ki (Taxes on Income and Profit)

†Kv‡bv e¨w³i e¨w³MZ Av‡qi Dci †h Ki avh© Kiv nq, Zv‡K AvqKi e‡j| evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii Av‡qi GKwUAb¨Zg Drm n‡jv AvqKi| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k hv‡ì evwl©K Avq 2,00,000 UvKv (cyiyl‡ì †ÿ‡Î);2,25,000 UvKv (gwnjv‡ì †ÿ‡Î) 2,75,000 UvKv (cÖwZeÜx‡ì †ÿ‡Î) Gi AwaK, Zv‡ì Av‡qi Dci GKi avh© Kiv nq| GQvov wewfbœ †Kv¤úvwbi gybvdvi Dci Ki avh© Kiv nq| 2011-12 A_©eQ‡i G Drm n‡ZmiKv‡ii Avq n‡q‡Q 28061 †KvwU UvKv|

2) g~j¨ ms‡hvRb Ki (Value Added Tax)

Ab¨vb¨ DbœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki g‡Zv evsjv‡`‡k 1991-92 mvj †_‡K g~j¨ ms‡hvRb Ki Pvjy Kiv n‡q‡Q|Drcv`b †ÿ‡Î KuvPvgvj †_‡K ïiy K‡i P~ovšÍ `ªe¨ Drcv`b ch©šÍ †ek K‡qKwU ¯Íi AwZµg Ki‡Z nq| Drcv`‡biGiƒc wewfbœ ¯Í‡i †h g~j¨ ms‡hvwRZ nq Zvi Dci GKwU wbw`©ó nv‡i †h Ki Av‡ivc Kiv nq, Zv‡K g~j¨ms‡hvRb Ki (Value Added Tax- VAT) e‡j| eZ©gv‡b Avgv‡ì †`‡k Avg`vbxK…Z `ªe¨ I ¯’vbxqfv‡e

126 A_©bxwZ

Drcvw`Z ªe¨ Ges wba©vwiZ 30wU †mev Lv‡Zi Dci f¨vU Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q| fwel¨‡Z G Lv‡Zi AvIZv Av‡iv

m¤úªmvwiZ Kiv n‡e| 2011-12 A_©eQ‡i G Drm n‡Z miKv‡ii Avq n‡q‡Q 34304 †KvwU UvKv|

3) Avg`vwb ïé (Custom Duties)

evsjv‡`‡k miKv‡ii Av‡qi Ab¨Zg Drm n‡jv Avg`vwb ïé| †`‡ki Avg`vbxK…Z ª‡eï I †mevi Dci †h Ki avh©

Kiv nq, Zv‡K Avg`vwb ïé e‡j| 2011-12 A_©eQ‡i G Drm n‡Z miKv‡ii Avq n‡q‡Q 12634 †KvwU UvKv|

4) AveMvwi ïé (Excise Duties)

†`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i Drcvw`Z I eëüZ ª‡eï Dci †h Ki avh© Kiv nq, Zv‡K AveMvwi ïé ejv nq| ivR¯ msMÖn

QvovI wewfbœ ÿwZKi ª‡eï †fvM n«vm Kivi D‡Ï‡kI AveMvwi ïé avh© Kiv nq| evsjv‡`‡k cÖavbZ Pv,

wmMv‡iU, wPwb, ZvgvK, †K‡ivwmb, Ilya, w¯úwiU, w`qvkjvB cÖf…wZ ª‡eï Dci AveMvwi ïé avh© Kiv nq|

2011-12 A_©eQ‡i G Drm n‡Z miKv‡ii Avq n‡q‡Q 450 †KvwU UvKv|

5) m¤ú~iK ïé (Supplementary Duties)

wewfbœ Kvi‡Y miKvi A‡bK ªe¨mvgMÖxi Dci AveMvwi ïé ev g~j¨ ms‡hvRb Ki ev Avg`vwb ïé Av‡iv‡cic‡iI AwZwi³ †h ïé Av‡ivc K‡i, Zv‡K m¤ú~iK ïé e‡j| 2011-12 A_©eQ‡i G Drm n‡Z miKv‡ii Avqn‡q‡Q 16220 †KvwU UvKv|

6) Ab¨vb¨ Ki I ïé (Other Taxes and Duties)

Dc‡ii ïé I K‡ii g~j cuvPwU Drm QvovI Av‡iv wKQz Ki I ïé †_‡K miKvi Avq msMÖn K‡i| †hgb : m¤úwËKi, †c‡Uªvj I M¨v‡mi Dci Ki, we‡`k ågY Ki, cÖ‡gv` Ki BZ¨vw`| 2011-12 A_©eQ‡i G Drm n‡Z

miKv‡ii Avq n‡q‡Q 671 †KvwU UvKv|

7) gv`K ïé (Narcotics and Liquor Duty)

gv`K RvZxq wewfbœ `ª‡eï Dci miKvi ïé ewm‡q A_© Avq K‡i _v‡K| Gi gva¨‡g miKv‡ii Avq e„w×i mv‡_

mv‡_ mvgvwRK Kj¨vY e„w× cvq| 2011-12 A_©eQ‡i G Drm n‡Z miKv‡ii Avq n‡q‡Q 65 †KvwU UvKv|

8) hvbevnb Ki (Tax on Vehicles)

wewfbœ cÖKvi hvbevn‡bi Dci †h Ki †Ìqv nq, Zv‡K hvbevnb Ki e‡j| G LvZ †_‡K miKvi cÖwZ eQi A_©

Avq K‡i _v‡K| 2011-12 A_©eQ‡i G Drm n‡Z miKv‡ii Avq n‡q‡Q 900 †KvwU UvKv|

9) f~wg ivR¯^ (Land Revenue)

f~wgi gvwjKvbv I †fvM`L‡ji Rb¨ f~wgi gvwjK miKvi‡K †h LvRbv †`q, Zv‡K f~wg ivR¯^ e‡j| evsjv‡`kmiKvi f~wgi Dci Dbœqb Ki Av‡ivc K‡i‡Q| 2011-12 A_©eQ‡i G Drm n‡Z miKv‡ii Avq n‡q‡Q 550†KvwU UvKv|

evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii A_©eë¯’v 127

10) bb-RywWwkqvj ÷¨v¤ú (Non-Judicial Stamp)

`wjjcÎ I gvgjv-†gvKÏgvi Av‡e`bcÎ eënv‡ii Rb¨ bb RywWwkqvj ÷¨v¤ú eëüZ nq| G LvZ n‡Z miKvicÖwZ eQi A‡bK A_© Avq K‡i| 2011-12 A_©eQ‡i G Drm n‡Z miKv‡ii Avq n‡q‡Q 2400 †KvwU UvKv|

L) Kiewnf©~Z ivR¯ (Non-Tax Revenue)

miKvi Ki I ïé Qvov Av‡iv A‡bK Drm n‡Z ivR¯ msMÖn K‡i| GB Drm¸‡jv †_‡K AwR©Z ivR¯^‡KKiewnf©~Z ivR¯^ e‡j|

miKv‡ii Kiewnf©~Z ivR‡¯î Drmmg~n n‡jv-

1) jf¨vsk I gybvdv (Dividend and Profit)

miKvi Zvi gvwjKvbvaxb wewfbœ Avw_©K cÖwZôvb, †hgb- e¨vsK, exgv †Kv¤úvwb Ges A-Avw_©K cÖwZôvb (†hgb-ivóªvqË wkí cÖwZôvb, cvK©, wPwoqvLvbv) †_‡K eQiv‡šÍ jf¨vsk I gybvdv †c‡q _v‡K| 2011-12 A_©eQ‡i GDrm n‡Z miKv‡ii Avq n‡q‡Q 2517 †KvwU UvKv|

2) my` (Interest)

miKvi, miKvwi Kg©Pvix, wewfbœ Avw_©K I ¯^vqËkvwmZ cÖwZôvb‡K FY cÖ`vb K‡i| cÖ`Ë F‡Yi my` wn‡m‡e miKvicÖwZeQi wKQz A_© Avq K‡i _v‡K| 2011-12 A_©eQ‡i G Drm n‡Z miKv‡ii Avq n‡q‡Q 696 †KvwU UvKv|

3) cÖkvmwbK wd (Administrative Fee)

miKvi RbMY‡K cÖkvmwbK †mev cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ cÖKvi wd Av`vq K‡i _v‡K| 2011-12 A_©eQ‡i G Drmn‡Z miKv‡ii Avq n‡q‡Q 2782 †KvwU UvKv|

4) Rwigvbv, `Ê I ev‡RqvßKiY (Fine, Penalty and Confiscation)

†`‡ki Avq I wbqgbxwZ cwicš’x wewfbœ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ miKvi Rwigvbv, `Ê I ev‡RqvßKiY K‡i cÖwZeQi wKQzA_© Avq K‡i _v‡K| 2011-12 A_©eQ‡i G Drm n‡Z miKv‡ii Avq n‡q‡Q 288 †KvwU UvKv|

5) A_©‰bwZK †mev (Economic Services)

miKvi Zvi wewfbœ cÖwZôvb Øviv RbMY‡K †mev cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| G †mev¸‡jvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jvAvg`vwb-ißvwb AvB‡bi AvIZvq cÖvß wdm, evwYR¨ ms¯’v I †Kv¤úvwbmg~n n‡Z cÖvß †iwR‡÷ªkb wdm, exgvAvB‡bi AvIZvq cÖvwß I mgevq mwgwZmg~‡ni AwWU wdm, mgevq mwgwZ †iwR‡÷ªkb I bevqb wdm BZ¨vw`|2011-12 A_©eQ‡i G Drm n‡Z miKv‡ii Avq n‡q‡Q 939 †KvwU UvKv|

6) fvov I BRviv (Rent and Lease)

miKvwi wewfbœ m¤úwË fvov I BRviv †Ìqvi gva¨‡g miKvi cÖwZ eQi A‡bK A_© Avq K‡i _v‡K| 2011-12A_©eQ‡i G Drm n‡Z miKv‡ii Avq n‡q‡Q 125 †KvwU UvKv|

128 A_©bxwZ

7) †Uvj I †jwf (Toll and Levy)

wewfbœ †mZz †_‡K †Uvj I †jwf Av`vq eve` miKvi wKQz A_© Avq K‡i _v‡K| 2011-12 A_©eQ‡i G Drm n‡ZmiKv‡ii Avq n‡q‡Q 650 †KvwU UvKv|

8) A-evwYwR¨K weµq

miKvi RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡Y †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgq webv jv‡f A‡bK ªe¨ weµq K‡i _v‡K| 2011-12 A_©eQ‡i GDrm n‡Z miKv‡ii Avq n‡q‡Q 340 †KvwU UvKv|

9) †ijI‡q (Railway)

evsjv‡`k †ijI‡q hvÎxenb I ªe¨mvgMÖx cwien‡bi fvov eve` Avq K‡i| †ijI‡q †mev‡K m¤úªmviY,AvaywbKvq‡bi d‡j eZ©gv‡b G Lv‡Z gybvdvi cwigvY wKQzUv e„w× †c‡q‡Q| 2011-12 A_©eQ‡i G Drm n‡ZmiKv‡ii Avq n‡q‡Q 518 †KvwU UvKv|

10) WvK wefvM (Postal Department)

evsjv‡`‡ki WvK wefvM miKvi KZ©„K cwiPvwjZ nq weavq GwU miKv‡ii Av‡qi Av‡iv GKwU Drm| WvK wefvMeûgyLx †mev cÖ`vb Kivi d‡j 2001-02 mvj n‡Z G Lv‡Z Avq cÖevn wKQzUv e„w× cvq| 2011-12 A_©eQ‡i GDrm n‡Z miKv‡ii Avq n‡q‡Q 223 †KvwU UvKv|

Dc‡i DwjøwLZ evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii Av‡qi Drmmg~n †_‡K cÖvß Av‡qi cwigvY h‡_ó bq| ZvB cÖwZ eQimiKvi‡K e¨q wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ we‡`wk FY, mvnvh¨, `vb, Aby`vb Gm‡ei Dci wbf©i Ki‡Z nq|

Drm : A_© wefvM, A_© gš¿Yvjq

KvR : evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii Av‡qi DrmwfwËK ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki|

KvR : evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii Avq e„w×i Dcvq wPwýZ Ki|

10.3 evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii e¨‡qi LvZmg~nevsjv‡`k GKwU Dbœqbkxj RbKj¨vYKvgx ivóª| †`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœqb, gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb, `vwi ª¨we‡gvPb, †`k iÿv I cwiPvjbv Ges RbM‡Yi mvwe©K Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ cÖwZeQi miKvi cÖPzi A_© e¨q K‡i|MYZ‡š¿i D‡b¥l I Dbœq‡bi d‡j ivóªxq Kg©Kv‡Êi cwiwa µgk e„w× cv‡”Q| hvi d‡j A‡bK bZzb bZzb LvZ Ie¨‡qi ZvwjKvq AšÍf©y³ n‡q‡Q|

evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii e¨‡qi cÖavb LvZmg~n

1) wkÿv I cÖhyw³

miKvi gvbem¤ú` ˆZwii j‡ÿ¨ cÖv_wgK wkÿvi m¤úªmviY I ¸YMZ gvb Dbœqb, KvwiMwi I e„wËg~jK wkÿvicÖmvi, bvix wkÿvi Dbœqb, QvÎ-QvÎx‡ì †gav weKv‡k e„wË msL¨v I nvi e„w× Ges D”Pwkÿvi cÖmv‡i cÖPzi A_©


e¨q K‡i| wkÿvi mv‡_ cÖhyw³i mgv‡ek NwU‡q †`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi PvwjKvkw³ e„w×i j‡ÿ¨ miKvicÖwZ eQi Z_¨ I cÖhyw³ Lv‡Z cÖPzi cwigv‡Y A_© e¨q K‡i| 2011-12 A_©eQ‡i G Lv‡Z miKv‡ii e¨q n‡q‡Q18769 †KvwU UvKv|

2) cÖwZiÿv

†`k‡K we‡`wk kÎyi nvZ †_‡K iÿvi Rb¨ hy‡×i mvR-miÄvg µq, cÖwZiÿv evwnbxi m`m¨‡ì cÖwkÿY, †eZbfvZv,evm¯’vb I wPwKrmv cÖf…wZ cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ miKvi G Lv‡Z cÖPziA_© e¨q K‡i| RvZxq wbivcËvi Kvi‡Y G Lv‡Z A‡bK e¨qeivÏ AcÖKvwkZ _v‡K| 2011-12 A_©eQ‡i G Lv‡ZmiKv‡ii e¨q n‡q‡Q 12240 †KvwU UvKv|

3) RbcÖkvmb

ivóª cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ miKvi‡K RbcÖkvmb cwiPvjbv Ki‡Znq| cÖkvm‡bi wewfbœ wefv‡M wb‡qvwRZ Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvix‡ì†eZb I fvZv Ges Awdm cwiPvjbv eve` miKvi‡KD‡jøL‡hvM¨ cwigvY A_© e¨q Ki‡Z nq| 2011-12 A_©eQ‡iG Lv‡Z miKv‡ii e¨q n‡q‡Q 53237 †KvwU UvKv|

4) Rbk„•Lvjv I wbivcËv

Af¨šÍixY kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv iÿv I RbM‡Yi Rvbgv‡ji wbivcËvi Rb¨ cywjk evwnbxmn Ab¨vb¨ Avav mvgwiK evwnbxM‡o Zzj‡Z I cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z Ges Zv‡ì wewfbœ cÖwkÿY I Ab¨vb¨ my‡hvM myweav eve` miKvi‡K cÖPzi A_©e¨q Ki‡Z nq| 2011-12 A_©eQ‡i G Lv‡Z miKv‡ii e¨q n‡q‡Q 8602 †KvwU UvKv|

5) K…wl, K…wlwfwËK wkí I K…wl M‡elYv

evsjv‡`k miKvi K…wl I K…wlwfwËK wkí m¤úªmviY I Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿëv‡RU eiv‡Ïi cvkvcvwk K…wl Lv‡Z fZ©ywKi cwigvY µgvš^‡q e„w× GesFY weZiY Ki‡Q| 2007-08 A_© eQi †_‡K evsjv‡`k miKvi cÖ_g K…wlM‡elYvi Rb¨ eivÏ †Ìqv ïiy K‡i‡Q| 2011-12 A_©eQ‡i G Lv‡ZmiKv‡ii e¨q n‡q‡Q 14353 †KvwU UvKv|

6) Rb¯v¯’¨

RbM‡Yi mywPwKrmvi Rb¨ nvmcvZvj I †gwW‡Kj K‡jR ¯’vcb, webvg~‡j¨ Ilya cÖ`vb, gnvgvix cÖwZ‡iva, Wv³vi

I bv‡m©i cÖwkÿY BZ¨vw` Lv‡Z miKvi‡K A_© e¨q Ki‡Z nq| wPwKrmv †mev evsjv‡`‡ki cÖZ¨šÍ AÂj ch©šÍ

130 A_©bxwZ

K…wlKvR

RbcÖkvmb feb

†bŠ-Zix

Qwo‡q †Ìqvi Rb¨ cÖwZwU BDwbq‡b ¯v¯’¨ Kg‡cø· ¯’vcb Ges †mLv‡b GKRb K‡i Gg.we.we.Gm Wv³vi I

¯^v¯’¨Kg©x wb‡qvM w`‡q‡Q| hvi d‡j G Lv‡Z e¨‡qi cwigvY Av‡iv e„w× †c‡q‡Q| 2011-12 A_©eQ‡i G Lv‡Z

miKv‡ii e¨q aiv n‡q‡Q 8169 †KvwU UvKv|

7) mvgvwRK wbivcËv I Kj¨vY

Amnvq, myweavewÂZ Rb‡Mvôxi Rxeb avi‡Yi b~¨bZg cª‡qvRb †gUv‡Z evsjv‡`k miKvi mvg_©¨ Abyhvqx

mvgvwRK wbivcËv †eóbx, †hgb : eq¯‹fvZv Kg©m~wP, weaevfvZv, GwmW`» gwnjv I kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx‡ì

cybe©vmb, Am”Qj gyw³‡hv×v‡ì ivóªxq m¤§vbxfvZv, cÖvK…wZK I †fŠ‡MvwjK Kvi‡Y (we‡kl K‡i g½v GjvKvi)

m„ó mvgwqK †eKviZ¡ wbimb, ˆZwi †cvkvK wk‡íi Kg©Pvix‡ì `ÿZv Dbœqb Znwej Ges ev¯‘nviv M„nvqbZnwej, GKk w`‡bi Kg©m„Rb Kg©m~wP, GKwU evwo GKwU Lvgvi Ges Mwie `y¯’‡ì gv‡S †ikwbs Kv‡R miKvi

cÖPzi A_© e¨q K‡i _v‡K| 2011-12 A_©eQ‡i G Lv‡Z miKv‡ii e¨q n‡q‡Q 10716 †KvwU UvKv|

8) we`y¨r I R¡vjvwb

we`y¨‡Zi µgea©gvb Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi j‡ÿ¨ we`y¨r Drcv`b,

weZiY I mÂvjb e„w×KiY, bevqb‡hvM¨ R¡vjvbx Dbœqb

Znwej MVb, cÖf…wZ Lv‡Z cÖwZ eQi miKvi‡K cÖPzi A_© e¨q

Ki‡Z nq| 2011-12 A_©eQ‡i G Lv‡Z miKv‡ii e¨q n‡q‡Q

7957 †KvwU UvKv|

9) cwienb I †hvMv‡hvM

evsjv‡`‡ki hvZvqvZ, †hvMv‡hvM I cwienb eë¯’vi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ miKvi †hvMv‡hvM, moK, †ijc_, †bŠ

cwienb, †emvgwiK wegvb cwienb I ch©Ub, WvK I †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM gš¿Yvj‡qi wewfbœ cÖK‡í Ges †mZz wefv‡Mi

gva¨‡g cÖPzi A_© e¨q K‡i| 2011-12 A_©eQ‡i G Lv‡Z miKv‡ii e¨q n‡q‡Q 10486 †KvwU UvKv|

10) `vwi ª¨ we‡gvPb I Kg©ms¯’vb

Ôb¨vkbvj mvwf©mÕ cÖK‡íi gva¨‡g eZ©gvb miKvi `yB eQ‡ii Rb¨ †`‡ki wewfbœ †Rjvq ¯í wkwÿZ, Kg©V I

†eKvi hyeK‡ì Rb¨ A¯’vqx wfwË‡Z bvbviƒc KvwiMwi cÖwkÿY cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g Kg©ms¯’v‡bi D‡`¨vM MÖnY

K‡i‡Q| MÖvgxY AeKvVv‡gv iÿYv‡eÿY Kg©m~wP (wUAvi), LqivwZ mvnvh¨ (wRAvi), wewRGd I wfwRwW eve`

cÖwZeQi 10 jÿ †gwUªK U‡bi AwaK Lv`¨km¨ weZiY Ki‡Q| `wi ª Rb‡Mvôxi Kg©ms¯’vb m„wói j‡ÿ¨ miKvi

wewfbœ gš¿Yvj‡qi AbyK~‡j ÿz`ª FY cÖ`vb Ki‡Q| Gme Lv‡Z miKv‡ii cÖPzi A_© e¨q Ki‡Z nq|

11) FY I my` cwi‡kva

miKvi †`‡ki Dbœqbg~jK Kg©KvÊ cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ †`‡ki Af¨šÍixb I ê‡`wkK Drm n‡Z cÖPzi cwigv‡Y FYMÖnY K‡i| Gme FY Ges F‡Yi my` cwi‡kva Ki‡Z miKvi‡K cÖPzi A_© e¨q Ki‡Z nq| 2011-12 A_©eQ‡i

miKv‡ii FY I my` cwi‡kva eve` e¨q n‡q‡Q 19796 †KvwU UvKv|


we`y¨r mieivn

12) wkí I A_©‰bwZK †mevmg~n

†`‡ki wkí Ges A_©‰bwZK wewfbœ †mev Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨

miKvi‡K cÖPzi A_© e¨q Ki‡Z nq| wkí, evwYR¨, kÖg I

Kg©ms¯’vb Ges cÖevmx Kj¨vY gš¿Yvj‡qi gva¨‡g miKvi GB e¨q

K‡i _v‡K| ÿz`&ª I gvSvwi wkí Lv‡Z ÿz`ª D‡`¨v³v‡ì FY

weZi‡Y, e¨vsK I Avw_©K cÖwZôvbmg~n‡K DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨

evsjv‡`k e¨vsK GKwU cybA_©vqb cwiKíbv MªnY K‡i‡Q|

2011-12 A_©eQ‡i G Lv‡Z miKv‡ii e¨q n‡q‡Q 1764 †KvwU

UvKv|

13) cwi‡ek I eb

cwi‡ek msiÿY-gv‡bvbœqb, wkí `~lY †_‡K iÿv, Zij eR©¨ Drcv`bKvix wkí cÖwZôv‡b eR©¨ cwi‡kvabvMvi

¯’vcb BZ¨vw` bvbvgyLx Kg©KvÊ ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ miKvi cwi‡ek I eb gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b A_© e¨q K‡i|

14) we‡bv`b, ms¯‹…wZ I ag©

miKvi †`‡ki Z_¨, ms¯‹…wZ, ag© Ges hye I µxovi Dbœq‡b cÖwZ eQi A‡bK A_© e¨q K‡i _v‡K| 2011-12

A_©eQ‡i G Lv‡Z miKv‡ii e¨q n‡q‡Q 1539 †KvwU UvKv|

15) ¯’vbxq miKvi I cjøx Dbœqb

¯’vbxq miKvi wefvM, cjøx Dbœqb I mgevq wefvM Ges cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg welqK gš¿Yvjq cwiPvjbvi Rb¨

evsjv‡`k miKvi‡K c ÖPzi A_© e¨q Ki‡Z nq| 2011-12 A_©eQ‡i G Lv‡Z miKv‡ii e¨q n‡q‡Q 12009

†KvwU UvKv|

DwjøwLZ LvZ¸‡jv QvovI evsjv‡`k miKvi Av‡iv K‡qKwU Lv‡Z e¨q K‡i, †hgb- gwnjv I wkï, cvwbm¤ú`,grm¨ I cïm¤ú`, M„nvqY, Lv`¨ I `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv| miKvwi wnmve Abyhvqx evsjv‡`k miKvi ivR¯ evAbybœqb e¨q eivÏ cÖvq 55wU Lv‡Z Ges evwl©K Dbœqb Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq cÖwZ eQi cÖvq 18wU Lv‡Z e¨q K‡i_v‡K| AvaywbK Kj¨vYKvgx ivóª aviYvi Av‡jv‡K †`‡ki mvgwMÖK Dbœq‡bi ¯^v‡_©, Abybœqbg~jK Lv‡Z miKvwie¨q n«vm K‡i Dbœqbg~jK Lv‡Z miKvwi e¨‡qi cwiwa Av‡iv cÖmvwiZ Kiv DwPZ|


KvR : evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii e¨‡qi LvZIqvix A_© eiv‡Ïi ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|

KvR : mv¤úªwZK Kv‡j miKv‡ii e¨q e„w×i KviY we‡kølY Ki|

132 A_©bxwZ

e¯¿wkí

10.4 ev‡RU (Budget)

ev‡RU ej‡Z Avq I e¨‡qi myweb¨¯Í wnmve‡K †evSvq| e¨w³ Zvi wewfbœ Drm †_‡K †h Avq cvq Zv Kxfv‡e e¨qK‡i Zv hw` myk„•Ljfv‡e mvRv‡bv nq, Zv n‡e e¨w³MZ ev‡RU| GKBfv‡e miKv‡ii †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó Avw_©K eQ‡iwewfbœ Drm †_‡K KZUzKz Avq cÖvwßi Avkv K‡i Ges wewfbœ Lv‡Z Kx cwigvY e¨q Ki‡Z Pvq Zvi myweb¨¯Íwnmve‡K miKvwi ev‡RU e‡j| evsjv‡`‡k Avw_©K eQi n‡jv Ryb †_‡K RyjvB|

ev‡RU n‡jv miKvwi A_©eë¯’vi g~j PvwjKvkw³| ev‡R‡U †hgb miKv‡ii ivR‰bwZK `k©‡bi cÖwZdjb N‡U,†Zgwb †`‡ki A_©bxwZi wPÎ dz‡U D‡V| ev‡R‡U †Kej miKvwi m¤¢ve¨ Avq-e¨‡qi wnmveB _v‡K bv eis Avqe¨‡qi mywbw`©ó cwiKíbvI Gi AšÍf©y³ _v‡K| †hgb- Av‡qi †P‡q e¨q †ewk n‡j Kxfv‡e NvUwZ c~iY n‡e Gese¨‡qi †P‡q Avq †ewk n‡j †m DØ„Ë A_© w`‡q Kx Kiv n‡e BZ¨vw` welqI ev‡R‡U wjwce× _v‡K|

evsjv‡`‡k ev‡RU cÖYqb K‡i RvZxq msm‡` Aby‡gv`b wb‡Z nq Ges ivóªcwZi m¤§wZ wb‡q miKv‡ii wba©vwiZAvq-e¨q I Zvi c×wZ Kvh©Ki nq|

ev‡R‡Ui cÖKvi‡f`

miKv‡ii Avq-e¨‡qi cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx ev‡RU‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|

PjwZ ev‡RU (Current Budget)

†h ev‡R‡U miKv‡ii PjwZ Avq I PjwZ e¨‡qi wnmve †`Lv‡bv nq Zv‡K PjwZ ev‡RU e‡j| PjwZ AvqmsM„nxZ nq Ki ivR¯^ I Kiewnf©~Z ivR¯^ n‡Z| Ki ivR‡¯î g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jvÑ g~j¨ ms‡hvRb Ki,AvqKi, m¤úwË Ki I f~wg ivR¯^ BZ¨vw`| Kiewnf©~Z ivR‡¯î g‡a¨ miKv‡ii wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi jf¨vsk Igybvdv, F‡Yi my` BZ¨vw`| ev‡R‡Ui G A_© e¨q nq miKv‡ii cÖkvmwbK Kvh© myôzfv‡e cwiPvjbv I †`k iÿviRb¨| G ev‡R‡Ui e¨‡qi LvZ¸‡jv †hgb- wkÿv, RbcÖkvmb, wePvi wefvM, cywjk cÖkvmb, ¯v¯’¨ I cwieviKj¨vY cÖf…wZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨| †h‡nZz G LvZ¸‡jv AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K ZvB cÖwZ eQi ev‡R‡U G e¨‡qi cybive„wËicÖ‡qvRb nq| PjwZ ev‡RU mvaviYZ DØ„Ë _v‡K|

g~jab ev‡RU (Capital Budget)

miKv‡ii g~jab Avq I e¨‡qi wnmve †h ev‡R‡U †`Lv‡bv nq Zv‡K g~jab ev‡RU e‡j| G ev‡R‡Ui g~j jÿ¨n‡jv †`‡ki I RbM‡Yi Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœqb mvab Kiv| G j‡ÿ¨ miKvi evwl©K Dbœqb Kg©m~wP cÖYqb K‡iGes Zv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvR‡b Af¨šÍixY I ê‡`wkK Dfq Drm n‡Z A_©ms¯’vb K‡i| Af¨šÍixY Av‡qiDrm n‡jv- ivR¯ DØ„Ë, †emiKvwi mÂq I AwZwi³ Ki avh© Kiv BZ¨vw`| Avi ê‡`wkK Av‡qi Drm n‡jv-ê‡`wkK FY, `vb, Aby`vb BZ¨vw`| evwl©K Dbœqb Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq- K…wl, wkí, we`y¨r I R¡vjvbx, gwnjv I hyeDbœqb, cwienb I †hvMv‡hvM, cjøx Dbœqb I M„nvqY BZ¨vw` Lv‡Z miKvi e¨q K‡i _v‡K| G ev‡R‡Ui g~j jÿ¨n‡jv †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb I cÖe„w× AR©b|


ev‡RU

PjwZ ev‡RU g~jab ev‡RU

KvR : PjwZ ev‡RU I g~jab ev‡R‡Ui cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ki|

Avq-e¨‡qi fvimv‡gï w`K †_‡K ev‡RU‡K cÖ_gZ `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq :

1. mylg ev‡RU (Balanced Budget)

†Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mg‡q miKv‡ii cÖZ¨vwkZ Avq Ges m¤¢ve¨ e¨‡qi cwigvY mgvb n‡j Zv‡K mylg ev‡RU e‡j| Gev‡R‡U Av‡qi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L e¨q Kiv nq e‡j †`‡k gy`ªvùxwZ ev ª‡eï `vg `ªyZ e„w×i m¤¢vebv Kg _v‡Khvi d‡j A_©‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv eRvq _v‡K| Z‡e Avgv‡ì g‡Zv Dbœqbkxj †`‡k †eKviZ¡ `~i Ki‡Z, †`‡kiA_©‰bwZK Dbœqb NUv‡Z Ges Riywi Ae¯’v †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z GwU mnvqK bq|

m~Î :

mylg ev‡RU = †gvU Avq-†gvU e¨q = 0

A_©vr, †gvU Avq = †gvU e¨q

2. Amg ev‡RU (Unbalanced Budget)

†Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mg‡q ev Avw_©K eQ‡i miKv‡ii cÖZ¨vwkZ Avq Ges m¤¢ve¨ e¨‡qi cwigvY mgvb bv n‡j Zv‡K Amgev‡RU e‡j| miKv‡ii Avq I e¨‡qi AmgZvi w`K †_‡K Amg ev‡RU‡K Avevi `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v-

K) DØ„Ë ev‡RU (Surplus Budget)

L) NvUwZ ev‡RU (Deficit Budget)

K) DØ„Ë ev‡RU (Surplus Budget)

†Kv‡bv Avw_©K eQ‡i miKv‡ii cÖZ¨vwkZ Avq A‡cÿv m¤¢ve¨ e¨‡qi cwigvY Kg n‡j Zv‡K DØ„Ë ev‡RU e‡j|A_©vr, G ev‡R‡U e¨q A‡cÿv Av‡qi cwigvY †ewk|

m~Î : DØ„Ë ev‡RU = (†gvU Avq - †gvU e¨q) > 0

A_©vr †gvU Avq > †gvU e¨q

L) NvUwZ ev‡RU (Deficit Budget)

†Kv‡bv Avw_©K eQ‡i miKv‡ii cÖZ¨vwkZ Avq A‡cÿv e¨‡qi cwigvY †ewk n‡j Zv‡K NvUwZ ev‡RU e‡j| miKvi

ev‡R‡Ui G NvUwZ `~i Kivi j‡ÿ¨ Rbmvavi‡Yi KvQ †_‡K FY, bZzb A_© m„wó, †K›`ªxq e¨vsK †_‡K FY,

ê‡`wkK FY I mvnvh¨ MÖnY K‡i|

134 A_©bxwZ

ev‡RU

mylg ev‡RU Amg ev‡RU

DØ„Ë ev‡RU NvUwZ ev‡RU

Avgv‡ì g‡Zv Dbœqbkxj †`‡k cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ì cwic~Y© eënvi, Kg©ms¯’vb e„w×, gv_vwcQz Avq e„w× I

RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvi gvb e„w×i j‡ÿ¨ NvUwZ ev‡RU cÖYqb g½jRbK| Z‡e AwZwi³ bZzb A_©/gy`ªv m„wói

gva¨‡g †`‡k `ªe¨g~j¨ e„w×i cvkvcvwk Avq êlg¨ †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i|

m~Î : NvUwZ ev‡RU = (†gvU Avq - †gvU e¨q) < 0

A_©vr, †gvU Avq < †gvU e¨q

KvR : DØ„Ë ev‡RU I NvUwZ ev‡R‡Ui cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ki|

KvR : mylg ev‡RU I Amg ev‡R‡Ui g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ki|

10.5 evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii ev‡RU

evsjv‡`k GKwU Dbœqbkxj †`k| G †`‡ki Avw_©K eQi

RyjvB-Ryb| cÖwZ eQi Ryb gv‡mi cÖ_g mßv‡n gvbbxq A_©gš¿x

gnvb RvZxq msm‡` cieZ©x eQ‡ii Lmov ev‡RU Dc¯’vcb

K‡ib, hv Av‡jvPbv, mgv‡jvPbv Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq †ÿ‡Î

ms‡hvRb I we‡qvR‡bi ci D³ gv‡mB gnvb msm‡`

P~ovšÍfv‡e M„nxZ nq|

Avgv‡ì †`‡k ev‡RU‡K mvaviYZ `yB fv‡M wef³ K‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| h_v-

1) A-Dbœqb ev‡RU

2) Dbœqb ev‡RU

1) A-Dbœqb ev‡RU (Non-Development

Budget)

ev‡R‡Ui †h As‡k miKv‡ii ˆ`bw›`b ev wPivPwiZ

Avq-e¨‡qi wnmve †`Lv‡bv nq Ges ev‡R‡Ui e¨‡qi

LvZmg~n mivmwi Dbœq‡bi m‡½ m¤ú„³ bq Zv‡K

A-Dbœqb ev‡RU e‡j| G ev‡R‡Ui g~j jÿ¨ n‡jv

†`k iÿv Ges †`‡ki cÖkvmb myôzfv‡e cwiPvjbvKiv| A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbvi welq G ev‡R‡U D‡jøL_v‡K bv|


RvZxq msm`

A-Dbœqbev‡R‡Ui e¨‡qi LvZmg~n

KwZcq Abybœqbwewb‡qvM10.6

AcÖZ¨vwkZ e¨q IAb¨vb¨ †_vK

1.6 wewea e¨q10.4

†eZb-fvZv18.6

my`15.5

mvnvh¨ gÄyix17.4

fZz©Kx8.0

†cbkb4.3

m¤ú` msMÖn3.5

cY¨ I †mev10.1

A-Dbœqb ev‡R‡Ui Avq msM„nxZ nq g~jZ Ki I Kiewnf©~Z ivR¯^ n‡Z| Av‡qi Drm¸‡jv wbgœiƒc :

2) Dbœqb ev‡RU (Development Budget)

ev‡R‡Ui †h As‡k Dbœqbg~jK Kvh©µ‡gi Avq-e¨‡qi

wnmve †`Lv‡bv nq, Zv‡K Dbœqbg~jK ev‡RU e‡j| G

ev‡R‡U evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii evwl©K Dbœqb Kg©m~Pxi

we¯ÍvwiZ weeiYI m¤¢ve¨ e¨‡qi cwigvY Ges

A_©ms¯’v‡bi Dr‡mi weeiY wjwce× _v‡K|

ev‡R‡Ui g~j jÿ¨ n‡jv cwiKwíZ Dcv‡q A_©‰bwZK

Dbœqb I cÖe„w× AR©b| ZvB cÖwZeQi bZzb bZzb

Kg©m~wP nv‡Z wb‡Z nq|

136 A_©bxwZ

Ki †_‡K Avq Kiewnf©~Z AvqAvq I gybvdvi Dci Kig~j¨ ms‡hvRb Ki (VAT)Avg`vwb ïéAveMvwi ïém¤ú~iK ïéf~wg ivR¯hvbevnb Ki÷¨v¤ú weµqgv`K ïéAb¨vb¨ Ki I ïé

miKvwi cÖwZôvb †_‡K jf¨vsk I gybvdvmy †_‡K cÖvßcÖkvmwbK wdRwigvbv, `Ê I ev‡RqvßKiY†mev eve` cÖvwßfvov I BRviv†Uvj I †jfx†ijI‡qWvK wefvMZvi I †Uwj‡dvb †evW©Ab¨vb¨ Kiewnf©©~Z ivR¯

A-Dbœqb ev‡R‡Ui e¨‡qi LvZ mg~n

wkÿv I cÖhyw³

Rb cÖkvmb

cÖwZiÿv

Rb k„•Ljv I wbivcËv

cwienb I †hvMv‡hvM

mvgvwRK wbivcËv

FY I my cwi‡kva

¯v¯’¨ I cwievi Kj¨vY

we‡bv`b, ms¯‹…wZ I ag©

AcÖZ¨vwkZ e¨q


Ab¨vb¨6.8%

Rb cÖkvmb5.0%

¯^v¯’¨7.5%

K…wl7.3%





Dbœqb ev‡R‡Ui Av‡qi Drm I e¨‡qi LvZmg~n :

KvR : evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii ev‡R‡Ui †KvbwU A-Dbœqb Ges †KvbwU Dbœqb ev‡R‡Ui Ask Zv wbY©q Ki|

10.6 GKbR‡i evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii 2011-12 A_©eQ‡ii ev‡RU(AsKmg~n †KvwU UvKvq)



Ab¨vb¨6.8%

Rb cÖkvmb5.0%

¯^v¯’¨7.5%

K…wl7.3%





Av‡qi Drmmg~n e¨‡qi LvZmg~n

Af¨šÍixY Drm :1. A-Dbœqb ev‡R‡Ui DØ„Ë2. AwZwi³ Ki av‡h©i gva¨‡g Avq3. Af¨šÍixY e¨vswKs eë¯’v n‡Z FY4. e‡Ûi gva¨‡g FY

ê‡`wkK Drm:1. ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨2. ê‡`wkK FY

1. K…wl I wkí Dbœqb2. ¯’vbxq miKvi I cjøx Dbœqb3. cwienb I †hvMv‡hvM eë ’vi Dbœqb4. we`y¨r I R¡vjvbx5. wkÿv I cÖhyw³ Lv‡Zi Dbœqb6. cvwbm¤ú` I eb¨v wbqš¿Y7. M„nvqY8. kÖg I Rbkw³9. gwnjv I hye Dbœqb10. Ab¨vb¨

weeiY ev‡RU2011-2012

ivR¯ cÖvwßKi ivR¯Ki e¨ZxZ cÖvwßê‡`wkK Aby`vb†gvU Avq:

1,14,88596,28518,6004,4601,19,345

138 A_©bxwZ


e¨q :

Abybœqbg~jK

Abybœqb ivR¯ e¨q

Abybœqb g~jab e¨q

Dbœqbg~jK e¨q

A-Dbœqb ev‡RU †_‡K A_©vqbK…Z Dbœqb Kg©m~wP

GwWwc-ewnf©~Z cÖKí

evwl©K Dbœqb Kg©m~wP

Kv‡Ri wewbg‡q Lv`¨ Kg©m~wP (GwWwc-ewnf©~Z) I ¯’vbvšÍi

†gvU e¨q :

mvgwMÖK NvUwZ (Aby`vbmn) :

wRwWwci kZKiv nvi :

mvgwMÖK NvUwZ (Aby`vb e¨ZxZ) :

wRwWwci kZKiv nvi :

A_©ms¯’vb :ê‡`wkK FY (bxU)ê‡`wkK FYê‡`wkK FY cwi‡kvaAf¨šÍixY FYe¨vswKs eë¯’v n‡Z A_©vqb (bxU)e¨vsK-ewnf©~Z FY (bxU)

†gvU A_© ms¯’vb

1,01,106

91,403

9,662

45,571

1,145

2,142

41,000

1,284

1,61,213

-41,869

-4.5

-46,318

-5.1

7,39914,036-6,63634,46929,1155,354

41,868

ev‡R‡Ui †gvU AvqZb/e¨q :†gvU ivR¯ Avq :mvgwMÖK NvUwZ :evwl©K Dbœqb Kg©m~wP :

†gvU A_©ms¯’vb :Af¨šÍixY FY :hvi g‡a¨ e¨vswKs eë¯’v n‡Z (bxU) :e¨vsK-ewnf©~Z FY (bxU) :ê‡`wkK FY (bxU) :

1,61,213 †KvwU UvKv1,14,885 †KvwU UvKv46,318 †KvwU UvKv41,000 †KvwU UvKv

41,869 †KvwU UvKv34,469 †KvwU UvKv29,115 †KvwU UvKv5,354 †KvwU UvKv7,399 †KvwU UvKv(†gvU cÖvwß 14,036 †KvwU UvKv hv †_‡K c~e©eZ©x FYcwi‡kva eve` e¨q 6,636 †KvwU UvKv aiv nq)

2011-2012 A_©eQ‡ii ev‡R‡Ui K‡qKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ w`K

G ev‡R‡U cÖavbZ `ywU Ask i‡q‡Q| h_v- Abybœqb ev‡RU I Dbœqb ev‡RU| Avq-e¨‡qi fvimv‡gï `„wó‡KvY†_‡K evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii 2011-2012 A_©eQ‡ii ev‡RU NvUwZ ev‡RU|

KvR : evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœqb ev‡R‡Ui A_©vqb m¤‡Ü †Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI|

Abykxjbx

mswÿß DËi cÖkœ1. miKvwi A_©eë¯’v ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

2. g~j¨ ms‡hvRb Ki ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

3. ev‡RU ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

4. PjwZ ev‡RU I g~jab ev‡RU ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

eY©bvg~jK cÖkœ1. evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii Av‡qi Drm¸‡jv eY©bv Ki|

2. evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii e¨‡qi LvZmg~n eY©bv Ki|

3. ev‡RU ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? miKv‡ii Avq-e¨‡qi cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx ev‡R‡Ui cÖKvi‡f` e¨vL¨v Ki|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ1. †KvbwUi Ici AvqKi avh© nq?

K. e¨w³i Av‡qi Ici L. †Kv¤úvwbi Av‡qi Ici

M. hvbevnb †_‡K cÖvß Av‡qi Ici N. f~wg ivR¯^ †_‡K cÖvß Av‡qi Ici

2.

†KvbwU‡Z Ki-ewnf©~Z ivR‡¯î Drmmg~n i‡q‡Q?

K. wPÎ : A L. wPÎ : B

M. wPÎ : C N. wPÎ : D


wPÎ : A

my`, cÖkvmb,fvov IBRviv

fvov, BRviv,†Uvj I†jwf, f‚wg

wPÎ : B

†Uvj I†jwf, †ijI‡qgv`K

wPÎ : C

†ijI‡qcÖkvmb, wd,hvbevnb

wPÎ : D


iwb GBP, Gm, wm cvm K‡i we‡`k †h‡Z e¨_© nq| ¯’vbxq GKwU e¨vsK †_‡K wKQz UvKv FY wb‡q grm¨ LvgviM‡o †Zv‡j Ges A‡bK †jvK‡K KvR †`q| iwbi eÜz mvwb †jLvcov †k‡l PÆMÖvg KY©dzjx †ccvi wg‡j Kg©KZ©vwn‡m‡e †hvM †`q|

3. mvwbi KvR evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi †Kvb Lv‡Zi AšÍfz©³?

K. wkÿv L. K…wl

M. †mev N. cÖhyw³

4. mvwbi †P‡q iwbi Kg©KvÊ A_©bxwZ‡Z †ewk Ae`vb ivL‡Q| KviY iwb-

i. mvwbi †P‡q †ewk A_© Avq K‡i

ii. Kg©ms¯’v‡bi eë¯’v K‡i

iii. RvZxq Av‡q f~wgKv iv‡L


K. i L. ii


m„Rbkxj cÖkœ1. BmivZ GKwU wWcvU©‡g›Uvj †÷v‡i †KbvKvUv Ki‡Z hvq| †m †KbvKvUv †k‡l `vg cwi‡kva K‡i Zv‡K cÖK…Z`v‡gi mv‡_ wKQz AwZwi³ g~j¨ cwi‡kva Ki‡Z nq| G cÖm‡½ †`vKvwb‡K wRÁvmv Ki‡j wZwb e‡jb,ÒGwU weµ‡qi †ÿ‡Î miKvi KZ…©K wba©vwiZ nv‡i †µZvi wbKU †_‡K Av`vq Kiv nq|Ó

K. f~wg ivR¯^ Kv‡K e‡j?

L. m¤ú~iK ïé Kx? e¨vL¨v Ki|

M. Bmiv‡Zi KvQ †_‡K Av`vqK…Z AwZwi³ A_© miKvwi ivR‡¯i †Kvb Dr‡mi AšÍM©Z? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. AveMvwi ï‡éi mv‡_ BmivZ cÖ`Ë AwZwi³ A‡_©i m¤úK© we‡kølY Ki|

2. Rvwn` GKwU miKvwi ¯‹z‡j c‡o| Zv‡ì ¯‹z‡ji mevB Lywk| KviY G eQi GKwU bZzb feb ˆZwi n‡”Q|†m Rvb‡Z cv‡i miKvi Gevi Zv‡ì ¯‹z‡j eo ev‡RU eivÏ w`‡q‡Q| ev‡RU Kx Zv †m †ev‡S bv| GcÖm‡½ Zvi wkÿK‡K wRÁvmv Ki‡j wZwb e‡jb, Zv‡ì †eZ‡bi g‡Zv GwUI miKv‡ii GK ai‡bi e¨qhv ev‡R‡Ui gva¨‡gB miKvi cÖ`vb K‡i|

K. ev‡R‡Ui msÁv `vI|

L. miKvwi A_©eë¯’v ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

M. Rvwn‡ì ¯‹z‡ji feb wbg©v‡Yi KvRwU miKv‡ii †Kvb ev‡R‡Ui AšÍM©Z? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Rvwn‡ì wkÿ‡Ki †eZb Kxfv‡e DØ„Ë ev‡R‡Ui AšÍM©Z n‡Z cv‡i? we‡kølY Ki|

140 A_©bxwZ

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economis 9-10