Economic Integration

自由貿易區自由貿易區

EU1992 整合程度

圖 8.2

區域經濟整合程度政治同盟

經濟同盟

共同市場

關稅同盟

Economic Integration (1/2)Free Trade Area

All barriers to trade among members removed.Each country can determine own trade policie

s toward nonmembers.Customs Union

Eliminates barriers among members and has a common external trade policy.

Common MarketEliminates barriers among members, has a co

mmon external trade policy, and allows factors of production to move freely between members.

Economic Integration (2/2)

Economic UnionNo barriers (include goods, services, and

factors) among members, common external policy, common monetary and fiscal policy, harmonized tax rates and common currency.

Political UnionHas a coordinating bureaucracy accounta

ble to all citizens.

Case for Regional Integration

Economic

Allow countries to specialize in products they produce efficiently.

Easier to gain agreement than GATT/WTO.

Role of FDI is enhanced. Exploit gains from free fl

ow of goods and services and investment.

Political

Creates incentive for p

olitical cooperation.

Reduces potential fo

r violent confrontati

on.

Enhanced clout to deal

with ‘superpowers’.

Impediments to Integration

Although a nation may benefit, groups with

in a nation may be hurt.

Concerns about national sovereignty.

Debate:

Trade creation.

Trade diversion.

經濟整合重要案例歐盟墨西哥受惠於 NAFTA

東協自由貿易區東協 10國：汶萊 、柬埔寨 、印尼 、寮國 、馬來西亞 、緬甸 、菲律賓 、新加坡 、泰國 、越南 。

東協加一（大陸）東協加三（大陸 、日本、韓國 ）

中國大陸已在 2003 年 7 月與 10 月分別與香港及澳門簽署「更緊密經濟夥伴關係」 (CEPA) 協定