Economic Growth and Economic Growth and Westward ExpansionWestward Expansion

Unit 4Unit 4

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

►http://www.hulu.com/watch/25218/http://www.hulu.com/watch/25218/billy-madison-industrial-revolution-billy-madison-industrial-revolution-puppypuppy

What, When, HowWhat, When, How

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution: transition from : transition from manual to power –driven factory labor due to manual to power –driven factory labor due to advances in technologyadvances in technology

Skilled workers were replaced by unskilled or Skilled workers were replaced by unskilled or semiskilled laborsemiskilled labor

Before the revolution: economies relied on Before the revolution: economies relied on artisans, merchants, and farmers and artisans, merchants, and farmers and products were crafted by hand and more products were crafted by hand and more slowlyslowly

Began in England in the 1700s and Began in England in the 1700s and eventually spread to the U.S.eventually spread to the U.S.

Eli Whitney and Interchangeable Eli Whitney and Interchangeable PartsParts

► Eli WhitneyEli Whitney invented the invented the cotton gincotton gin, which allowed , which allowed people to process cotton people to process cotton much faster.much faster.

► In the South, cotton farms In the South, cotton farms expand rapidly, gaining the expand rapidly, gaining the name “cotton kingdom”. name “cotton kingdom”. Also led to a greater Also led to a greater dependency on dependency on slave laborslave labor..

► Whitney also spread the idea Whitney also spread the idea of of interchangeable partsinterchangeable parts while building muskets.while building muskets.

► Each part of the musket was Each part of the musket was made so that it could be used made so that it could be used on any musket. This led on any musket. This led many industries to do the many industries to do the same (sewing machines, same (sewing machines, typewriters)typewriters)

Effects of Industrial Effects of Industrial RevolutionRevolution

► Factories relied on mechanization (the use of Factories relied on mechanization (the use of machinery).machinery).

► Manual labor is replaced, allowing for mass Manual labor is replaced, allowing for mass production of resources and goods.production of resources and goods.

► Many new inventions also developed out of this Many new inventions also developed out of this time period.time period.

► Samuel Slater: Machine manufacturing/opened Samuel Slater: Machine manufacturing/opened first American textile millfirst American textile mill

► Robert Fulton: Steam Powered BoatRobert Fulton: Steam Powered Boat► Samuel Morse: TelegraphSamuel Morse: Telegraph► John Deere: Steel Plow (took less power to pull)John Deere: Steel Plow (took less power to pull)► Cyrus McCormick: Reaper (allowed 1 farmer to do Cyrus McCormick: Reaper (allowed 1 farmer to do

the work of 5)the work of 5)

Effects Cont.Effects Cont.

► SectionalismSectionalism: refers to the economic, social, : refers to the economic, social, cultural, and political differences that exist between cultural, and political differences that exist between different parts of the country.different parts of the country.

► In the In the NorthNorth, businesses rely on factories and cheap , businesses rely on factories and cheap immigrant labor (Irish Immigrants)immigrant labor (Irish Immigrants)

► In the In the SouthSouth, they rely on the plantation system and , they rely on the plantation system and slaveryslavery

► These economic differences caused strains on the These economic differences caused strains on the nation that led to bitter disputesnation that led to bitter disputes

► The Industrial Revolution helped set the nation on a The Industrial Revolution helped set the nation on a course of westward expansion and civil war.course of westward expansion and civil war.

Inventions andInventions and Inventors Inventors

Industry in the Industry in the U.S.U.S.•Industrialization Industrialization first began in New first began in New England where England where coal and iron coal and iron were plentifulwere plentiful•Factories Factories appeared along appeared along New England’s New England’s waterwayswaterways

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

► Steam Power - factories Steam Power - factories began using steam began using steam enginesengines

► Steam locomotives and Steam locomotives and steamships moved steamships moved people and products people and products across great distances across great distances at faster speedsat faster speeds

► Increased efficiency Increased efficiency and extent of trade and extent of trade within and between within and between countriescountries

Two Economic Systems Two Economic Systems DevelopDevelop

► Farmers put all their Farmers put all their efforts into growing efforts into growing cotton due to its value cotton due to its value (1840 Cotton made up (1840 Cotton made up 52% of U.S. exports)52% of U.S. exports)

► Poor non-slave holding Poor non-slave holding farmers went farmers went westwest to to cultivate cotton and cultivate cotton and aspire to own aspire to own plantations plantations

► Increase in cotton Increase in cotton production paralleled production paralleled increase in slave increase in slave populationpopulation

Westward Growth and Westward Growth and Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny

Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny

►Manifest Destiny is the concept that Manifest Destiny is the concept that America’s westward expansion was America’s westward expansion was providential, or from a divine inspiration.providential, or from a divine inspiration.

►The “obvious fate” of the U.S. was to The “obvious fate” of the U.S. was to expand from “sea to shining sea”expand from “sea to shining sea”

►Manifest destiny, the belief that Manifest destiny, the belief that European settlers had the right to own European settlers had the right to own whatever land they claimed, would whatever land they claimed, would erode Native American cultures.erode Native American cultures.

Homestead ActHomestead Act

► In 1862 President Abraham Lincoln signed In 1862 President Abraham Lincoln signed the the Homestead ActHomestead Act..

► It opened about 270 million acres west of It opened about 270 million acres west of the Mississippi River for unprecedented the Mississippi River for unprecedented settlement by offering 160 acres of land to settlement by offering 160 acres of land to anyone willing to farm it for five years, or anyone willing to farm it for five years, or purchase it for $1.25 per acre after six purchase it for $1.25 per acre after six months.months.

► In 1976, the US ended the Homestead Act in In 1976, the US ended the Homestead Act in the entire nation, except Alaska. It stayed the entire nation, except Alaska. It stayed in effect in Alaska until 1986.in effect in Alaska until 1986.

Missouri Compromise of Missouri Compromise of 18201820

► When territory’s population reaches 60,000 may When territory’s population reaches 60,000 may apply for statehoodapply for statehood

► MissouriMissouri applied for statehood as a slave state applied for statehood as a slave state- Would tilt the balance of power in Congress - Would tilt the balance of power in Congress

► - Slave and free states each had 11- Slave and free states each had 11► Speaker of the House Speaker of the House Henry ClayHenry Clay suggested a suggested a

compromisecompromise- - MissouriMissouri admitted as admitted as slave stateslave state- - MaineMaine admitted as a admitted as a free state free state - - Banned slaveryBanned slavery from the from the Louisiana Territory Louisiana Territory northnorth of the parallel 36˚30’ N of the parallel 36˚30’ N

((Missouri’s southern borderMissouri’s southern border))

Missouri Compromise of Missouri Compromise of 18201820

Annexation of TexasAnnexation of Texas

► In 1821 Mexico gained independence and In 1821 Mexico gained independence and control of Texas.control of Texas.

► The problem was that US settlers had The problem was that US settlers had moved into Texas.moved into Texas.

► In 1834 General Santa Anna assumed power In 1834 General Santa Anna assumed power and tightened Mexico’s grip on Texas.and tightened Mexico’s grip on Texas.

► Texans, under the leadership of Sam Texans, under the leadership of Sam Houston, rebelled against Santa Anna, and Houston, rebelled against Santa Anna, and on March 2, 1836 declared independence on March 2, 1836 declared independence from Mexico.from Mexico.

► Santa Anna answered with military force.Santa Anna answered with military force.

The AlamoThe Alamo► On March 6, 1836, a On March 6, 1836, a

small group of Texans small group of Texans took a stand against took a stand against Santa Anna at an old Santa Anna at an old mission(church) called mission(church) called The AlamoThe Alamo..

► Despite the Texans’ Despite the Texans’ resistance, Santa resistance, Santa Anna’s forces were too Anna’s forces were too strong.strong.

► Every Texan was killed Every Texan was killed during the resistance, during the resistance, or executed after.or executed after.

► Davey Crockett of Davey Crockett of Tennessee was one.Tennessee was one.

Result of Texas AnnexationResult of Texas Annexation

► After a series of battles, Texans eventually defeated After a series of battles, Texans eventually defeated Santa Anna and took him hostage.Santa Anna and took him hostage.

► The Mexican leader promised to recognize Texas The Mexican leader promised to recognize Texas independence in return for his freedom.independence in return for his freedom.

► President Andrew Jackson wanted to admit (annex) President Andrew Jackson wanted to admit (annex) Texas, but faced Northern opposition.Texas, but faced Northern opposition.

► Northerners feared Texas would be admitted as a Northerners feared Texas would be admitted as a slave state. They also feared that its large size slave state. They also feared that its large size would be divided into would be divided into severalseveral small slave states small slave states giving slave states an advantage in Congress.giving slave states an advantage in Congress.

► Texas would remain independent until 1845 when it Texas would remain independent until 1845 when it was admitted by James K. Polk as a slave state.was admitted by James K. Polk as a slave state.

Oregon TerritoryOregon Territory

►With Texas settled, Polk turned his With Texas settled, Polk turned his attention to Oregon.attention to Oregon.

► In 1827 U.S. and Great Britain reaffirmed In 1827 U.S. and Great Britain reaffirmed their agreement to occupy this territory their agreement to occupy this territory jointly.jointly.

►With many U.S. settlers moving into With many U.S. settlers moving into Oregon, Polk claimed the U.S. had rights Oregon, Polk claimed the U.S. had rights up to the 54˚40’ N.up to the 54˚40’ N.

►This led many to promote the slogan This led many to promote the slogan ““54-40, or fight!”.54-40, or fight!”.

The Oregon TrailThe Oregon Trail

Result of Oregon TerritoryResult of Oregon Territory

► Britain gave up the Britain gave up the territory to remain on territory to remain on friendly terms with the friendly terms with the U.S. for the purposes of U.S. for the purposes of trade.trade.

► A treaty was signed A treaty was signed drawing the official drawing the official boundary at the 49boundary at the 49thth parallel.parallel.

► In 1846 Oregon In 1846 Oregon became a US territory.became a US territory.

War with Mexico 1846-48War with Mexico 1846-48

► Mexico was angry with the US for annexing Texas.Mexico was angry with the US for annexing Texas.► President Polk still believed in Manifest Destiny, so President Polk still believed in Manifest Destiny, so

he sends General Zachary Taylor to the Texas he sends General Zachary Taylor to the Texas border.border.

► Polk also sends John Slidell to Mexico to settle Polk also sends John Slidell to Mexico to settle disputes over the border between Mexico and US, disputes over the border between Mexico and US, and the purchase of California and New Mexico.and the purchase of California and New Mexico.

► The Mexican president refused to meet with Slidell, The Mexican president refused to meet with Slidell, so Polk sent Taylor into the disputed territory so Polk sent Taylor into the disputed territory between the Nueces and Rio Grande rivers.between the Nueces and Rio Grande rivers.

► Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande and Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande and attacked Taylor’s forces, Polk immediately asked attacked Taylor’s forces, Polk immediately asked congress to declare congress to declare war on Mexicowar on Mexico..

War with Mexico and the War with Mexico and the Gadsden PurchaseGadsden Purchase

► Series of U.S. victoriesSeries of U.S. victories► February 2, 1848 war officially February 2, 1848 war officially

ended with the ended with the Treaty of Treaty of Guadalupe-HidalgoGuadalupe-Hidalgo..

► Mexico surrendered the Mexico surrendered the New New Mexico and CaliforniaMexico and California territories to the U.S.territories to the U.S.

► 1853 boundary disputes still 1853 boundary disputes still exist so President Franklin exist so President Franklin Pierce sent James Pierce sent James GadsdenGadsden to to purchasepurchase the land for the the land for the Southern Transcontinental Southern Transcontinental RailroadRailroad..

► The U.S. gained The U.S. gained partsparts of of present-day present-day New Mexico and New Mexico and ArizonaArizona in exchange for $10 in exchange for $10 million.million.

► This completed the vision many This completed the vision many had for westward expansion and had for westward expansion and Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny..

Mexican War ImpactMexican War Impact

►Debate over whether new territories Debate over whether new territories should be should be free or slave free or slave

►Wilmot ProvisoWilmot Proviso - Proposed by - Proposed by Pennsylvanian Democrat David WilmotPennsylvanian Democrat David Wilmot

►*(Proviso (*(Proviso (conditioncondition) proposed ) proposed banning banning slaveryslavery in territory acquired from in territory acquired from MexicoMexico

►Was Was voted downvoted down by Congress but by Congress but exposed the exposed the sectional divisionssectional divisions in the in the countrycountry

CaliforniaCalifornia

► In 1848, settlers discovered gold in California.In 1848, settlers discovered gold in California.► The following year, gold seekers came from all over The following year, gold seekers came from all over

the world as part of the the world as part of the Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849, and , and came to be known as “49ers”came to be known as “49ers”

► Population growth led to a need for a stable Population growth led to a need for a stable government in California.government in California.

► When congress didn’t make a decision on how to When congress didn’t make a decision on how to admit the state (free or slave), California adopted admit the state (free or slave), California adopted it’s own constitution.it’s own constitution.

► Finally with the Compromise of 1850, Congress Finally with the Compromise of 1850, Congress admitted California as admitted California as a free statea free state on September on September 9, 1850.9, 1850.

28

COMPROMISE OF 1850

THE U.S. GAINED NEW TERRITORY AFTER THE

WAR WITH MEXICO WHICH REIGNITED THE BATTLE OVER THE NUMBER OF

SLAVE AND FREE STATES. CALIFORNIA

WAS ALLOWED TO ENTER INTO THE UNION AS A FREE STATE WHICH

UPSET THE BALANCE OF FREE AND SLAVE STATES.

IN EXCHANGE THE SOUTH GOT THE FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT WHICH

REQUIRED RUNAWAY SLAVES TO BE

RETURNED TO THEIR MASTERS IN THE SOUTH.

DRAWING OF THE MAJOR FIGURES INVOLVED WITH THE COMPROMISE OF 1850. THIS EVENT DEMONSTRATED HOW CLOSE THE UNION WAS

TO SEPARATION.

SCOTT

CLAY

CALHOUN

WEBSTER

FILLMORE

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850

► CaliforniaCalifornia entered the entered the Union as Union as free statefree state

► Rest of the Rest of the Mexican Mexican CessionCession was divided into was divided into the territories of the territories of UtahUtah and and New MexicoNew Mexico

► Popular sovereignty Popular sovereignty policypolicy (will of majority) – (will of majority) – people living there would people living there would vote whether or not to vote whether or not to allow slaveryallow slavery

► Slave trade was Slave trade was abolished in abolished in Washington D.CWashington D.C., but ., but slavery was still permitted.slavery was still permitted.

Fugitive Slave LawFugitive Slave Law

Reform Movements in Reform Movements in the United Statesthe United States

Temperance, Abolition, Temperance, Abolition, Women’s Rights and Women’s Rights and

EducationEducation

Temperance MovementTemperance Movement► People in the United States began to look to the People in the United States began to look to the

government for guidance.government for guidance.►One area they looked to was One area they looked to was temperancetemperance, or , or

the the belief that people should limit or eliminate belief that people should limit or eliminate the use of alcoholic beveragesthe use of alcoholic beverages..

► This idea was especially This idea was especially popular with womenpopular with women. . They felt that excessive use of alcohol was partly They felt that excessive use of alcohol was partly the blame for family violence, crime, and the blame for family violence, crime, and poverty.poverty.

►Many states pass laws that ban alcohol Many states pass laws that ban alcohol ((ProhibitionProhibition), 1919 Congress passed the ), 1919 Congress passed the Volstead Act and ratified the Volstead Act and ratified the 1818thth Amendment Amendment (which was later overturned by the (which was later overturned by the 2121stst AmendmentAmendment).).

Abolition MovementAbolition Movement

► Slavery had been an issue since the creation Slavery had been an issue since the creation of the United States, especially between the of the United States, especially between the Northern and Southern statesNorthern and Southern states

►George Washington and Marquis de George Washington and Marquis de Lafayette had debated Lafayette had debated abolitionabolition (the end of (the end of slavery) during Washington’s presidency. slavery) during Washington’s presidency. Lafayette questioned how a man of Lafayette questioned how a man of Washington’s integrity could own slaves.Washington’s integrity could own slaves.

► The The Second Great AwakeningSecond Great Awakening occurred in occurred in the 1820’s and helped spark an abolitionist the 1820’s and helped spark an abolitionist movement.movement.

Abolitionists Speak OutAbolitionists Speak Out

► Americans began feeling that slavery was Americans began feeling that slavery was wrong and went against Christianity and the wrong and went against Christianity and the principles upon which the nation was foundedprinciples upon which the nation was founded

►AbolitionistsAbolitionists – Group of reformers who – Group of reformers who wanted to abolish slavery, included African wanted to abolish slavery, included African Americans, whites, men, and womenAmericans, whites, men, and women

► Proslavery argumentsProslavery arguments: was a necessary part : was a necessary part of life in the South, slaves were treated well of life in the South, slaves were treated well and lived better lives than factory workers in and lived better lives than factory workers in the North, and whites could provide better the North, and whites could provide better lives for slaves than free blacks could for lives for slaves than free blacks could for themselvesthemselves

Abolitionists Speak OutAbolitionists Speak Out

► Frederick DouglassFrederick Douglass – – Former slave who Former slave who escapedescaped from from Maryland and Maryland and educated himselfeducated himself- - LecturedLectured about his about his experience as a slaveexperience as a slave- started newspaper - started newspaper North StarNorth Star

Abolition Cont.Abolition Cont.► In 1831, In 1831, William Lloyd William Lloyd

GarrisonGarrison published the published the LiberatorLiberator, a pro-abolition , a pro-abolition newspaper.newspaper.

► More abolition papers would be More abolition papers would be sent out throughout the sent out throughout the NorthNorth..

► The American Anti-Slavery The American Anti-Slavery Society denounced slavery as a Society denounced slavery as a sin and was instrumental in the sin and was instrumental in the movement to abolish slavery.movement to abolish slavery.

► Speakers such as Speakers such as Frederick Frederick Douglass, Wendell Philips, Douglass, Wendell Philips, and Lucy Stoneand Lucy Stone helped helped further the case of the North.further the case of the North.

► Abolitionists also helped those Abolitionists also helped those enslaved escape to the North.enslaved escape to the North.

► Slavery would be Slavery would be abolishedabolished after the Civil War w/ the after the Civil War w/ the 1313thth AmendmentAmendment..

Grimke SistersGrimke Sisters

► From a prominent From a prominent slave holding family slave holding family who lectured about who lectured about the evils of slavery the evils of slavery they had seen growing they had seen growing up on a plantationup on a plantation

► Public careers began Public careers began when when Garrison Garrison published a letterpublished a letter from Angelina in his from Angelina in his paperpaper

Nat Turner’s RebellionNat Turner’s Rebellion

► 1831 -1831 -Nat TurnerNat Turner a slave, as well as a preacher, a slave, as well as a preacher, organized a organized a revolt in Virginiarevolt in Virginia

► Believed he had a Believed he had a divine missiondivine mission to deliver his to deliver his people from slaverypeople from slavery

► 160 people were killed (both black and white)160 people were killed (both black and white)► ResultsResults::

the the few abolitionist societiesfew abolitionist societies that existed in that existed in the South the South came to an endcame to an end

Slave codesSlave codes (laws restricting activities of (laws restricting activities of slaves) were made tighter and strictly enforcedslaves) were made tighter and strictly enforced

Turner and 19 others were hanged for their roleTurner and 19 others were hanged for their role Slaves no longer allowed to become ministersSlaves no longer allowed to become ministers

40

ABOLITIONISTS HAD NUMEROUS MEETINGS AND “ANTI-SLAVERY FAIRS”

Public SchoolsPublic Schools► Horace MannHorace Mann was a 19 was a 19thth

century reformer who century reformer who believed in temperance, believed in temperance, abolition, women’s rights, abolition, women’s rights, and the reform of mental and the reform of mental institutions.institutions.

► Mann created Mann created public public schoolsschools that were that were state state fundedfunded and and mandatorymandatory..

► He felt that too much local He felt that too much local control of the schools meant control of the schools meant unsatisfactory education, unsatisfactory education, especially in rural areas.especially in rural areas.

► Horace Mann also helped Horace Mann also helped establish the first establish the first state-run state-run teacher training programteacher training program..

Changes in EducationChanges in Education

►Many believed Many believed educationeducation was necessary for was necessary for democracydemocracy

►Horace MannHorace Mann established a established a state board state board of educationof education in Massachusetts in Massachusetts

► 1850 – Many northern states had 1850 – Many northern states had elementary schools elementary schools paid for by public paid for by public taxestaxes

Women’s Rights Women’s Rights MovementsMovements

Women’s Rights/Seneca Falls Women’s Rights/Seneca Falls ConventionConvention

► Until 1920, most women in the United States did not Until 1920, most women in the United States did not have have suffragsuffrage (the right to vote).e (the right to vote).

► Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia MottElizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized a large assembly in organized a large assembly in Seneca FallsSeneca Falls, New , New York, in 1848.York, in 1848.

► Stanton and Mott were inspired to organize when Mott Stanton and Mott were inspired to organize when Mott was denied a seat at an antislavery meeting in London.was denied a seat at an antislavery meeting in London.

► Over 200 people attended the Over 200 people attended the conventionconvention, including , including Frederick DouglassFrederick Douglass..

► They voted on and approved the They voted on and approved the Declaration of Declaration of SentimentsSentiments, calling for equal rights in education, , calling for equal rights in education, property rights, and voting.property rights, and voting.

► Susan B. AnthonySusan B. Anthony was also a supporter of both was also a supporter of both Temperance and Women’s Suffrage.Temperance and Women’s Suffrage.

Declaration of Sentiments, Declaration of Sentiments, 18481848

►He has never permitted her to exercise her He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise.inalienable right to the elective franchise.

►He has withheld her from her rights which He has withheld her from her rights which are given to the most ignorant and are given to the most ignorant and degraded men – both natives and degraded men – both natives and foreigners.foreigners.

►He has made her, if married, in the eye of He has made her, if married, in the eye of the law, civilly dead.the law, civilly dead.

►He has taken from her all right to property, He has taken from her all right to property, even to the wages she earnseven to the wages she earns

Jacksonian Jacksonian DemocracyDemocracy

Expanding Suffrage, Popular Expanding Suffrage, Popular Political Culture, American Political Culture, American

NationalismNationalism

Andrew Jackson “Old Andrew Jackson “Old Hickory”Hickory”

► Jackson was born into a poor, uneducated Jackson was born into a poor, uneducated family, known for dueling and fightingfamily, known for dueling and fighting

►Was a hero during War of 1812 at the Battle Was a hero during War of 1812 at the Battle of New Orleansof New Orleans

►During his political career Jackson was seen During his political career Jackson was seen as a as a supporter for the “common man”supporter for the “common man”..

► Jackson was also very Jackson was also very popularpopular with western with western frontier settlers (due to his belief in frontier settlers (due to his belief in Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny).).

► Jackson decided to use his popularity to run Jackson decided to use his popularity to run for President in 1824.for President in 1824.

A “Corrupt Bargain” 1824A “Corrupt Bargain” 1824► The election of 1824 proved The election of 1824 proved

the the sectional differencessectional differences in the United States.in the United States.

► The presidential election was The presidential election was divided up among divided up among candidates from the North candidates from the North (John Q. Adams), the South (John Q. Adams), the South (William Crawford of (William Crawford of Georgia), and the West Georgia), and the West (Andrew Jackson and Henry (Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay).Clay).

► The final election came down The final election came down between between John Q. Adams John Q. Adams and Andrew Jacksonand Andrew Jackson..

► The vote went to the The vote went to the House House of Representativesof Representatives where where Henry Henry Clay used his vote Clay used his vote to elect Adamsto elect Adams..

► Jackson and his followers Jackson and his followers soon protested when it was soon protested when it was learned that Clay would be learned that Clay would be named named Secretary of Secretary of StateState..

► Jackson denounced it calling Jackson denounced it calling it a “it a “corrupt bargaincorrupt bargain” ” made to give Adams the made to give Adams the presidency.presidency.

► Four years later, Jackson Four years later, Jackson would defeat Adams to would defeat Adams to become the 7become the 7thth President, President, and would change the and would change the structure of politics in the structure of politics in the United States.United States.

Members of Corrupt BargainMembers of Corrupt Bargain

versus

Andrew JacksonJohn Q. Adams

Jackson’s PresidencyJackson’s Presidency

► First President from the West, first nominated at First President from the West, first nominated at formal party convention (in 1832), second w/o a formal party convention (in 1832), second w/o a college educationcollege education

► Jackson’s politics lead to a new brand of politics Jackson’s politics lead to a new brand of politics called called Jacksonian Democracy Jacksonian Democracy ..

► He believed He believed strongly in strongly in western expansionwestern expansion and and the rights of white frontier settlers.the rights of white frontier settlers.

► Jackson Jackson resented politicians who favored the resented politicians who favored the upper classupper class and passed laws to help the wealthy and passed laws to help the wealthy over small land owners.over small land owners.

► Jackson favored Jackson favored Universal SuffrageUniversal Suffrage: that all : that all white menwhite men should be free to vote, not just those should be free to vote, not just those who owned land.who owned land.

Indian Removal ActIndian Removal Act► In 1830, Congress passed In 1830, Congress passed

the the Indian Removal ActIndian Removal Act..► Federal government Federal government

established the Indian established the Indian Territory Territory OklahomaOklahoma, , planned removal of Native planned removal of Native Americans living east of Americans living east of the Mississippi, set aside the Mississippi, set aside funds for housing, funds for housing, supplies, and farming supplies, and farming tools.tools.

► President Andrew Jackson President Andrew Jackson forced the relocation of forced the relocation of more than 100,000 Native more than 100,000 Native AmericansAmericans

Trail of TearsTrail of Tears► Jackson refused to Jackson refused to

recognize Supreme recognize Supreme Court’s decision Court’s decision Worcester v. GeorgiaWorcester v. Georgia which protected which protected Cherokee landCherokee land

► Instead felt obligation Instead felt obligation to “rescue this much to “rescue this much injured race”injured race”

► Their march west to Their march west to Oklahoma became Oklahoma became known as the known as the Trail of Trail of TearsTears because many because many suffered and died along suffered and died along the way.the way.

► Opened up lands in GA Opened up lands in GA and AL for white and AL for white settlerssettlers

Jacksonian DemocracyJacksonian Democracy► With Jackson’s support With Jackson’s support

manymany states states dropped the dropped the property requirementproperty requirement for for votingvoting

► Expanding suffrage allows Expanding suffrage allows ““common mencommon men” like ” like Jackson to win public office.Jackson to win public office.

► However, Jackson did not However, Jackson did not attempt to extend the right attempt to extend the right to vote to women, blacks, to vote to women, blacks, or Native Americans.or Native Americans.

► Jackson felt the Jackson felt the President/ President/ Executive should have Executive should have more power and say more power and say than Congressthan Congress..

► When South Carolina When South Carolina threatened to threatened to secedesecede (leave the union) over (leave the union) over high tariffs and states high tariffs and states rightsrights, Jackson passed the , Jackson passed the Force BillForce Bill (allowed (allowed Jackson to use the Jackson to use the military to enforce laws)military to enforce laws)

► DefiedDefied the Supreme the Supreme Court by removing Court by removing Cherokee from their lands Cherokee from their lands in Georgia (in Georgia (Worcester v. Worcester v. GeorgiaGeorgia))

► Jackson used his power to Jackson used his power to close the second close the second national banknational bank

► Spoils SystemSpoils System

Jackson’s PresidencyJackson’s Presidency► Tariff of AbominationsTariff of Abominations► Southerners disliked Southerners disliked

because they were heavy because they were heavy consumers of consumers of manufactured goodsmanufactured goods

► ““Yankee tariff” that Yankee tariff” that discriminated against themdiscriminated against them

► Led to a proposal to Led to a proposal to nullifynullify the tariff by the tariff by South South Carolina and threat of Carolina and threat of secessionsecession

► Compromise Tariff of 1833 Compromise Tariff of 1833 and Force Billand Force Bill

► Bank WarBank War► Banks were privately owned Banks were privately owned

and controlled by investorsand controlled by investors► Bank of the US controlled Bank of the US controlled

the economy (Pres. – the economy (Pres. – Nicholas Biddle)Nicholas Biddle)

► Renewal of bank charter Renewal of bank charter became an election issue became an election issue (by Henry Clay)(by Henry Clay)

► Jackson declared it Jackson declared it unconstitutional (even unconstitutional (even though Supreme Court though Supreme Court disagreed)disagreed)

Spoils SystemSpoils System

► Once in office Jackson instituted a Once in office Jackson instituted a policy of policy of rewarding his political supporters with rewarding his political supporters with government positionsgovernment positions - known as the - known as the spoils spoils systemsystem..

► Jackson felt that this was a great way to Jackson felt that this was a great way to encourage common people to become encourage common people to become politically involvedpolitically involved and ensure the wealthy and ensure the wealthy did not dominate government (but it ultimately did not dominate government (but it ultimately led to corruption and a call for reform later).led to corruption and a call for reform later).

► This This helped to create the helped to create the two-party systemtwo-party system by cementing party loyalty over anything by cementing party loyalty over anything elseelse

The Two-Party SystemThe Two-Party System

►Differences between politicians eventually Differences between politicians eventually led to the development of led to the development of different different political partiespolitical parties..

► Jackson’sJackson’s group took the name group took the name DemocratDemocrat, , while while his opponentshis opponents took on the name took on the name ““National RepublicansNational Republicans”.”.

►Many Many National Republicans later formed National Republicans later formed the the Whig PartyWhig Party (Opposed King George (Opposed King George during the Revolution & accused Jackson of during the Revolution & accused Jackson of acting like “King Andrew”) and the Anti-acting like “King Andrew”) and the Anti-Masonic partyMasonic party

““King Andrew”King Andrew”

Jackson’s 2Jackson’s 2ndnd Term Term

► Jackson v. Henry ClayJackson v. Henry Clay► For 1For 1stst time third party time third party

enters (Anti-Masonic enters (Anti-Masonic party) was also an party) was also an anti-Jackson partyanti-Jackson party

► Adopted formal Adopted formal platforms and platforms and positions on issuespositions on issues

► Jackson easily Jackson easily defeated Claydefeated Clay

Effect of Two-Party System Effect of Two-Party System (Elections of 1832 and 1836)(Elections of 1832 and 1836)► With the end of Jackson’s term and the election With the end of Jackson’s term and the election

of 1836, modern politics began to take form.of 1836, modern politics began to take form.►Martin Van Buren’sMartin Van Buren’s presidential campaign presidential campaign

gave birth to the common expression “O.K.”, gave birth to the common expression “O.K.”, which stood for Old Kinderhook (his nickname).which stood for Old Kinderhook (his nickname).

► Enemies in the Whig party said it stood for the Enemies in the Whig party said it stood for the Democrat (or uneducated) way of approving Democrat (or uneducated) way of approving government documents with the initials “o.k.”, government documents with the initials “o.k.”, meaning “oll korrect” (Jackson’s way of spelling meaning “oll korrect” (Jackson’s way of spelling all correct).all correct).

► Start of Start of candidate bashing, slander, and candidate bashing, slander, and campaigning from platformscampaigning from platforms..

States’ RightsStates’ Rights

►DebateDebate: whether central government could : whether central government could legislate legislate against the political willagainst the political will of of citizens of individual states citizens of individual states

► 1828, Congress passed a 1828, Congress passed a high tariffhigh tariff (“tariff (“tariff of abominations”) on European goodsof abominations”) on European goods

► Southern states viewed it as a threat to their Southern states viewed it as a threat to their economy because they sent much of their economy because they sent much of their cotton to Europecotton to Europe

► VP VP John C. CalhounJohn C. Calhoun argued southern states argued southern states had a right to had a right to nullifynullify (cancel) the legislation (cancel) the legislation

Nullification CrisisNullification Crisis

► South Carolina South Carolina passed the passed the Ordinance of Ordinance of NullificationNullification declaring the federal legislation declaring the federal legislation illegal and threatened to illegal and threatened to secedesecede

►Henry ClayHenry Clay proposed a compromise proposed a compromise

- Tariffs would be - Tariffs would be loweredlowered over a ten-year over a ten-year periodperiod- South Carolina stayed in the Union- South Carolina stayed in the Union

► Increased tensionsIncreased tensions between North and between North and SouthSouth

Differences by mid 1800’sDifferences by mid 1800’s► North North

- More - More industriesindustries- Larger cities - Larger cities - - Better Transportation Better Transportation and communicationand communication (Railroads & telegraph) (Railroads & telegraph) - More wealth- More wealth- - ImmigrantsImmigrants became became industrial workers & feared industrial workers & feared expansion of slaveryexpansion of slavery

- Larger population (gave - Larger population (gave north north control of House of control of House of RepresentativesRepresentatives))

► South South - Remained - Remained rural rural (Plantations & Small farms)(Plantations & Small farms)- Economy relied on cash - Economy relied on cash crops (Cotton) crops (Cotton) - manufactured under 10% - manufactured under 10% of U.S. goodsof U.S. goods- - Few immigrantsFew immigrants (enslaved African Americans (enslaved African Americans met labor needsmet labor needs- In 3 states, Blacks were - In 3 states, Blacks were majoritymajority- Whites - Whites fear restriction of fear restriction of slavery would change slavery would change society & economysociety & economy