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Economic and Cross Media aspects. Bo Jansson Swedish Environmental Protection Agency [email protected]. The IPPC Directive The BREF document Some Swedish examples. Definition of BAT Best Available Techniques . - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Economic and
Cross Media aspects
Bo JanssonSwedish Environmental Protection Agency
• The IPPC Directive• The BREF document • Some Swedish examples
Definition of BATBest Available Techniques
• Technique includes both technology used and the way the installation is
designed, built, operated and decommissioned
• Available techniques are those developed on a scale which allows
implementation in the relevant industrial sector under economically and technically viable conditions
• Best Means most effective in achieving a high level of protection of
environment as a whole
Annex 41. Use of low-waste technology2. Use of less hazardous substances3. Furthering of recovery and recycling of
substances generated and used in the process and of waste
4. Comparable processes, facilities or methods of operation which have been tried out with success on an industrial scale
5. Technological advances and changes in scientific knowledge
6. The nature; effects and volume of emissions concerned
Annex 4 cont.
7. Commissioning dates for new or existing installations
8. Length of time to introduce BAT9. Consumption and nature of raw material used in
process and energy efficiency 10. Need to prevent or minimise the over all impact
of emissions 11. Need to prevent accidents and to minimise
consequences 12. Information published by Commission (art 16(2))
Art 10BAT and Environmental Quality Standards
• Where an environmental quality standard requires stricter conditions than those achievable by the use of BAT additional measures shall be required which might be taken in order to comply with the EQS
BREF Document onEconomics and Cross-Media Effects
May 2005
• Methodologies for assessing which of alternative techniques is “the best”
• 9 guidelines for applying these methodologies
• Assessment on Economic Viability in a sector
Flow sheetGL 1
Identify alternative options
GL 2Inventory of emissions and
consumption
GL 3Calculate/assess
cross-media effects
GL 4Interpret
cross-media conflicts
GL 5Identify alternative options
GL6Gather and validate
cost data
GL 8Process cost information
GL 9Attributing costs to
environmental protection
Cost effectiveness analysisBalance of costs and environmental benefit
GL7Define cost components
Guideline 1Necessary information to scope and identify
alternative techniques
• Selection of raw material• Process design• Process control• End of pipe technology
Guideline 2Inventory of emission and consumptions
• Pollutants released (air and water)• Used energy• Produced waste
• Monitoring data from existing installations• BREF documents• Research reports• Data from Pilot plants• Information from equipment manufacturers
DATA QUALITY
Guideline 3Estimate environmental effects
• Human toxicity• Global warming• Aquatic toxicity• Acidification• Eutrofication• Ozone depletion• Photochemical Ozone creation potential• Etc????
Guideline 4How to interpret the cross-media conflicts
• Simplistic approach- just compare• Compare with European totals• Compare using EPER
• Compare to benchmark• Environmental Quality • Local considerations• Long term irreversible effects contra Short term
reversible effects• Priority to persistent, bioaccumulative, toxic and
carcinogenic substances
Costs for Environmental Protection
• Calculate cost efficiency• Balancing costs and Environmental
benefits
Guideline 5Scope and identify alternative techniques
• Selection of raw material• Process design• Process control• End of pipe technology
Guideline 6How to gather and validate cost data
Sources of cost data
• Industry• Technology suppliers• Authorities• Consultants• Published information (BREF)• Comparable projects from other industries
Data Quality Transparency
Guideline 7Define the cost components
Investment costs• Installation costs
Operating costs• Energy• Material• Labour cost• Maintenance
Guideline 8Process the cost information
• Establishing prices in the base year (Inflation)
• Discounting• Interest rate• Calculating annual costs
Cost per unit of productCost per unit of reduced emission
Swedish practice
• Interest rate, 4-6 %• Depreciation, Economical life time,
– 10-20 years
Guideline 9Attributing costs to environmental protectionBalancing Costs and Environment Benefits
• Some Swedish examples: 1SEK=~10 Euro• SIKA - Swedish Institute for Transport and
Communication Analysis• A working group (incl. all authorities with
responsibilities for traffic issues and Sw. EPA)
SO2 SEK/KG
NOx
SEK/KGCO2
SEK/KGVOC SEK/KG
Taxes/charges
15 50 0,91
SIKA Recommendation
(2008:3)
25+(35-200)
75+(5-36)
1,50 38+(6-40)
ExamplesPreem refinery, Gothenburg
• Two parallel crude distillation units 50 % fuel oil and 50 % refinery gas to each
furnace
CDU2CDU1
50 %
50 %
50 %
50 %
NOxNOx
ExamplesPreem refinery, Gothenburg
• Two parallel crude distillation units
50 % fuel oil and 50 % refinery gas to each furnace
CDU2CDU1
50 %
50 %
50 %
50 %
NOxNOx
Options
Low NOx burners (both gas fired and oil fired) in both furnaces
SCR installations on both furnaces
ExamplesPreem refinery, Gothenburg
• Two parallel crude distillation units
50 % fuel oil and 50 % refinery gas to each furnace
CDU2CDU1
50 %
50 %
50 %
50 %
NOxNOx
Options
Low NOx burners (both gas fired and oil fired) in both furnaces Relatively low NOx reduction for Low NOx burners for oil as fuel, Relatively expensive with low NOx burners both for oil and gas
SCR installations on both furnaces Expensive Technique not so cost effective for relative small gas fired installations
ExamplesPreem refinery, Gothenburg
Two parallel crude distillation units
50 % fuel oil and 50 % refinery gas to each furnace
CDU2CDU1100 % gas
100 % oil
NOxNOx
Option 3 Solution (BAT)
Allocation of gas to one furnace and oil to the other.
Installation of Low NOx burners in the gas fired unit, installation of SCR at the oil fired unit
A Total NOx reduction from CDU of ~70 % to a reasonable cost (less than 50 SEK/kg reduced NOx)
SCR
Shoepress- PM5 (1)Mondi Pulp and Paper mill
Annual cost, investment 100 MSEK (~10M Euro) different interest rate and depreciation
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
10 år 15 år 20 år
6%4%
MSEK/year
Skopress- PM5 (2)Balancing costs and benefits
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
10 år 15 år 20 år
6%4%
Value of energy saving
Skopress- PM5 (3)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
10 år 15 år 20 år
6%4%Värde av
energibesparing
Value reduced NOx emission
Shopress- PM5 (4)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
10 år 15 år 20 år
6%4%
Värde av energibesparing
Value reduced CO2 Emission
Value reduced NOx emission
Shoe press
• Other Environmental Protection benefits?• SO2 Emission reduction• Dust emission reduction
Example Skoghall Pulp and paper mill Sweden
PROCESSPre treatment Bio treatment Sedimentation
RECIPIENT
Pre treatment In process Biological Chemical