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Ecology NotesPart 1
What is Ecology?• Ecology: the study of interactions between
living things, and between living things and their environment.
Factors in Ecosystems:1. Biotic Factors – all the living
things that interact or come into contact with an organism.
Biotic factors of a Bullfrog:
Plants it eats as a tadpole
Herons who eat frogs
Red Legged Frog who competes with it for food
Insects eaten by bullfrogs
Factors in Ecosystems:2. Abiotic Factors – All the physical or
non-living things that have an effect on an organism.
Examples:•Temperature
•Humidity
•Precipitation
•Elevation
•Wind
•Available Nutrients
•Soil Type
•Sunlight
Biotic or Abiotic?
Biotic or Abiotic?
Biotic!
Biotic or Abiotic?
Biotic or Abiotic?
Abiotic!
Biotic or Abiotic?
Biotic or Abiotic?
Biotic!
Biotic or Abiotic?
Biotic or Abiotic?
Abiotic!
Biotic or Abiotic?
Biotic or Abiotic?
Abiotic!
All organisms are what…biotic or abiotic?
All organisms are what…biotic or abiotic?
Biotic!
What are all the biotic and abiotic things in this picture?
What are all the biotic and abiotic things in this picture?
Watch Planet Earth Clip
While watching the movie, write down 3 biotic factors that you see and 3 abiotic factors.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52RE2WXN4xA&feature=related
Energy Flow
• Sunlight is the main source of Energy for life on Earth.
- Of all the sun that reaches Earth, only 1%of it is used by living things
• Producers: living things that get their energy from the Sun or from thermal vents. They can make their own food.
Energy Flow• Some examples of producers are:
- Photosynthetic bacteria- Chemosynthetic bacteria- Algae - Protista- Kelp - Grass- Trees - Flowers
Energy Flow
• If an organism does not get it’s energy directly from the sun, nor from thermal vents, they must get energy by CONSUMING something else.
• Consumers: organisms that eat other organisms for their energy and food supply.
Energy Flow
• Some examples of Consumers are:
Herbivores: eat only plants.
Carnivores: eat only other animals.
Omnivores: eat plants and animals.
Scavengers: animals that consume the carcasses of other animals
Decomposers: feed by chemically breaking down decaying plants
and animals.
Energy Flow• Energy flows through an ecosystem in one
direction:
Sun producers consumers
Feeding Relationships• Food Chain: a series of energy transfers
where organisms are eating and being eaten.
Feeding Relationships
• Most feeding relationships in an ecosystem are more complex than just 1 food chain.
• Food Web: a complex network of feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem.
Food Web
Feeding Relationships
• Each step in a food chain or food web is called a Trophic Level
- Producers make up the first trophic level- Consumers make up the second, third,
and all the higher levels. - Each consumer depends on the trophic
level below it for energy
Trophic Levels
Ecological Pyramids• Ecological Pyramid: a diagram that shows the
relative amounts of energy contained within each trophic level in a food chain.
• Only about 10% of the energy available in one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level.
Ecological Pyramid
6,000 kcal
600 kcal
60 kcal
6 kcal
Formative Quiz:1. What are biotic factors?2. What is an example of a biotic factor in your
environment?3. What are abiotic factors? 4. What is an example of an abiotic factor in your
environment? 5. Give an example of an abiotic factor interacting
with a biotic factor. 6. Give an example of a biotic factor interacting with
a biotic factor.7. Give an example of an abiotic factor interacting
with another abiotic factor.