Upload
basil-small
View
217
Download
2
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Ecology Ecology (Get out ISN we are taking (Get out ISN we are taking
notes)notes)
Homework Due FridayHomework Due FridayLab reports due FridayLab reports due FridayTest Tuesday (study)Test Tuesday (study)
The study of the The study of the interactions that take interactions that take
place among place among organisms and their organisms and their
environment environment
Biosphere Biosphere
The part of Earth that supports The part of Earth that supports lifelife Top portion of Earth's crustTop portion of Earth's crust All the waters that cover Earth's All the waters that cover Earth's
surfacesurface Atmosphere that surrounds Earth.Atmosphere that surrounds Earth.
EcosystemEcosystem
All the organisms living in an All the organisms living in an area and the nonliving features area and the nonliving features of their environmentof their environment
PopulationsPopulations All of the same species in an ecosystemAll of the same species in an ecosystem
www.nkf-mt.org.uk
www.intrasystems.gr
CommunityCommunity
All the populations in an All the populations in an ecosystemecosystem
CompetitionCompetition All living things compete forAll living things compete for
FoodFood SpaceSpace
Competition limits population growthCompetition limits population growth
www.opim.wharton.upenn.edu
Limiting FactorsLimiting Factors Anything that restricts or controls the Anything that restricts or controls the
number of individuals in a populationnumber of individuals in a population Includes living and nonliving features of Includes living and nonliving features of
the ecosystem the ecosystem
www.bahamascommerce.com
Carrying CapacityCarrying Capacity The largest number of individuals of one The largest number of individuals of one
species an ecosystem can supportspecies an ecosystem can support
www.wwt.org.uk
QuizQuiz
Ecosystem Brain pop
Relationships in Relationships in EcosystemsEcosystems
SymbiosisSymbiosis Any close relationship between speciesAny close relationship between species
en.wikipedia.org
MutualismMutualism A relationship in which both species benefitA relationship in which both species benefit
Cleaner fish
Pollination
Lichens: algae + fungus
www.biology.clc.uc.edu
www.orn.mpg.de www4.tpgi.com.au
CommensalismCommensalism A relationship in which one species A relationship in which one species
benefits and the other is neither helped benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmednor harmed
Barnacles on whaleShark & remora
www.community.webshots.com www.cbu.edu
ParasitismParasitism
A relationship in which one organisms A relationship in which one organisms benefits and the other is harmedbenefits and the other is harmed
TickMistletoe
www.oznet.ksu.edu www.wcosf.org
CooperationCooperation
Organisms working together toward a Organisms working together toward a common end or purpose common end or purpose
http://forger.ca/ http://special.newsroom.msu.edu
Predator - PreyPredator - Prey
Predators are consumers that capture Predators are consumers that capture and eat other consumers, called preyand eat other consumers, called prey
http://www.uga.edu
Brain popBrain pop
Relationships Gummy Bear ActivityGummy Bear Activity
Get out ISN both mini Get out ISN both mini labs will go in there this labs will go in there this is still Ecology notesis still Ecology notes
Reminder Homework Due tomorrow!Reminder Homework Due tomorrow! Lab re-writes due tomorrow if you got Lab re-writes due tomorrow if you got
your back and made below a 70.your back and made below a 70.
Natural SelectionNatural Selection
Charles Darwin Natural Selection-Determines which Natural Selection-Determines which
individuals have the best adaptations for individuals have the best adaptations for reproductive success.reproductive success.
Biotic factor-Biotic factor- The organisms in The organisms in an ecosystem (living)an ecosystem (living)
Abiotic factor-Abiotic factor- non-living non-living thingsthings
What makes somethingWhat makes something “LIVING”?“LIVING”?
1.1. GrowthGrowth2.2. CellsCells3.3. MovementMovement4.4. RespirationRespiration5.5. Complex chemical reactions Complex chemical reactions
(digestion, metabolism, muscle (digestion, metabolism, muscle contraction, etc)contraction, etc)
6.6. ReproductionReproduction
Habitat Habitat
The place in which an The place in which an organism lives organism lives provides the kinds of food and provides the kinds of food and
shelter, the temperature, and the shelter, the temperature, and the amount of moisture the organism amount of moisture the organism needs to survive needs to survive
Food Webs and Food Webs and Biodiversity Biodiversity
BiodiversityBiodiversity
The diversity of life. The different The diversity of life. The different organisms found on the Earth.organisms found on the Earth.
AutotrophsAutotrophs Autotrophs - often make their own food by
using sunlight, photosynthesis, carbon dioxide, and water to form sugars which they can use for energy.
Autotrophs are important because they are a food source for heterotrophs (consumers).
Some examples of autotrophs include plants, algae, and even some bacteria.
Heterotrophs Heterotrophs
Heterotroph-an organism that depends Heterotroph-an organism that depends on complex organic substances for on complex organic substances for nutrition.nutrition.
ProducersProducers
Most are photosynthetic Most are photosynthetic Use light energy to Use light energy to produce foodproduce food
Some are chemosyntheticSome are chemosynthetic Use stored chemical energy to Use stored chemical energy to produce foodproduce food
All producers are All producers are AutotrophicAutotrophic ProduceProduce their own food for energy their own food for energy
ProducersProducers
PlantsAlgae
ConsumersConsumers HeterotrophicHeterotrophic
Consume other organisms as food for energy Consume other organisms as food for energy
Herbivores-eat only plantsHerbivores-eat only plants
Carnivores-eat only meat Carnivores-eat only meat
Omnivores- eat plants and meat Omnivores- eat plants and meat
ConsumersConsumers Detritivores-receive energy from dead Detritivores-receive energy from dead
organismsorganisms
Decomposers-responsible for decay and Decomposers-responsible for decay and returning nutrients back into environment returning nutrients back into environment
Trophic Level and Energy Trophic Level and Energy PyramidPyramid
Each organism represents a trophic level Each organism represents a trophic level onon
the energy pyramid.the energy pyramid.
Energy TransferEnergy Transfer
Only 10% of the energy from one trophicOnly 10% of the energy from one trophic
level is transferred to the next.level is transferred to the next.
Food ChainFood Chain
Shows how each living organism obtainsShows how each living organism obtains
food. What eats what.food. What eats what.
Producer Primary
Consumer
Secondary
Consumer
SuccessionSuccession
Natural, gradual changes in the Natural, gradual changes in the types of species that live in an types of species that live in an area; can be primary or area; can be primary or secondary.secondary. Primary – begins in a place without soilPrimary – begins in a place without soil Secondary – where soil already existsSecondary – where soil already exists
SuccessionSuccessionSeries of environmental changes that occur in a predictable way.
STEPS THAT OCCUR OVER TIME
Time
Types Of Types Of SuccessionSuccession
Primary Succession
And
Secondary Succession
Primary SuccessionDevelopment of newly formed land where NO plants or animals have EVER lived.
HOW DOES NEW LAND GET HOW DOES NEW LAND GET FORMEDFORMEDVolcanoVolcano
• Glaciers
The Island of SurtseyThe Island of SurtseyExample of Primary SuccessionExample of Primary SuccessionNew LandNew LandFormed from an underwater Formed from an underwater volcanovolcano
Newly formed Island of Newly formed Island of Surtsey, IcelandSurtsey, Iceland
On November 15, 1963, an island was born.
Aerial view of Surtsey years later. What could the green area
be?
Surtsey now. – nearly all green Surtsey now. – nearly all green with vegetation!with vegetation!
Secondary SuccessionNew plant life that occurs after all plant life has been destroyed.
If all plants are destroyed If all plants are destroyed where do all new plants where do all new plants come from?come from?
If all plants are destroyed where do all new plants come from?
Wind blows seeds into area
And/or
Animals carry seeds into area
At 8:32 Sunday morning, May At 8:32 Sunday morning, May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens erupted erupted This picture was taken the day This picture was taken the day before the eruption.before the eruption.
The side of the volcano first collapsed.
Ash, rock, & melted snow came down the valley covering
everything.
Before eruption
After eruption
Looking down at the valley from Mt St Helens (1979)
Looking down at the valley from Mt St Helens (1981)
Pioneer Pioneer SpeciesSpecies First plants to First plants to appear in an appear in an ecosystem.ecosystem.
Pioneer speciesPioneer species
A group of organisms, such as A group of organisms, such as lichens, found in the primary lichens, found in the primary stage of succession and that stage of succession and that begin an area's soil-building begin an area's soil-building process process
EquilibriumEquilibrium(state of balance)(state of balance)
Population remains stable throughout the years unless the ecosystem is destroyed.
Reaching Reaching EquilibriumEquilibrium
Primary Succession takes Primary Succession takes much longer to reach much longer to reach EQUILIBRIUM than EQUILIBRIUM than Secondary Succession.Secondary Succession.
Remember…Remember…Succession is not immediate. Succession is not immediate. It takes approximately 100 It takes approximately 100 years for an ecosystem to years for an ecosystem to recover completely.recover completely.
Climax communityClimax community
A community that has reached a A community that has reached a stable stage of ecological stable stage of ecological succession succession
BiomeBiome
Large geographic areas with Large geographic areas with similar climates and ecosystemssimilar climates and ecosystems
IncludesIncludes
TundraTundra TaigaTaiga DesertDesert Temperate deciduous forestTemperate deciduous forest Temperate rain forestTemperate rain forest Tropical rain forest, and grassland Tropical rain forest, and grassland
Food WebFood Web
Many food chains connected togetherMany food chains connected together
ActivityActivity
Food FightFood Fight