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Ecology
Ecology
• Ecology - the study of interactions among organisms and between the organisms and their environment.
• These interactions occur in the biosphere - includes everything between 8km above Earth to 11km below the surface of the ocean. This is the largest group/level.
The Levels of Organization in the Biosphere
• Biosphere Biome Ecosystem Community Population Individual
• Biome - group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities. Example - Temperate deciduous forest.
• Ecosystem - all organisms and all physical factors in the environment that live in a particular place at a particular time. Example- All animals, plants, water, and soil.
The Levels of Organization in the Biosphere continues
• Community - groups of populations that live together in an area. Example - Field mice and rats in the forest.
• Population - groups of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area. Example - Field mice, rats
• Species - groups of organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring. Example - Field mice.
Interactions
• Interactions between a community of organisms and the environment are give and take relationships.
• Take - materials and energy needed for life.
• Give - materials and energy back to the environment.
Feeding
• Organisms that use the energy of the sun directly though photosynthesis are called producers or autotrophs.
• Organisms that eat other organisms for energy are consumers or heterotrophs.
Types of Consumers
• Primary consumers eat producers. (Cow eats grass) aka herbivores
• Secondary consumers eat other consumers. (Tiger eats antelope)
• Carnivores - eat only animals (meat eaters)• Herbivores - eat only plants• Omnivores - eat both animals (meat), plants,
and/or algae.• Decomposers - (also know as
detritivores/saprophytes) - obtain energy by breaking down remains of dead plants, animals, and other matter.
• Scavenger - feed on bodies of dead animals.
Food Chains and Food Webs
• Food Chains and Food Webs – show the feeding relationships and the movement of energy from organism to organism.
Food Chains
• Food Chain - a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten.
Food Web
• Food Web - a network of complex interactions between food chains in an ecosystem.
The arrows point to the organism that is doing the eating. This shows the direction of energy
flow.
Ecological Pyramid
• Each step in a food chain or food web represents a feeding step or trophic level. These levels are represent by a pyramid.
•As you go up the trophic (feeding) levels:•Available energy decreases•Biomass generally decreases•Numbers of organisms decrease
90% of the Energy is lost at every step. Only 10% is transferred up each trophic level.
Factors That Influence Ecosystems
• Biotic factors - living factors that are a part of an ecosystem.
• Animals• Plants• Fungi• Bacteria• Protists• Abiotic factors - non-living factors that are a part of an
ecosystem.• Temperature • Precipitation • Nutrient availability • Wind • Humidity • Soil type
Habitat and Niche
• An organism’s habitat is its address or HOME and its niche is the JOB it holds. (A lily pad’s habitat is the pond and its niche is a producer)
Topic Your thoughts/ explanation
Energy (pg 72)
Food Chains/Energy Pyramids (pg 73-74)
Decomposition (pg 74)
Read pgs 70-75
Answer questions 1-4 on page 75