Ecology and Management of Ecology and Management of Scirtothrips dorsalisScirtothrips dorsalis

Contributing Authors: Contributing Authors: UF/IFAS: J. Funderburk, and L. Osborne UF/IFAS: J. Funderburk, and L. Osborne

A.C. Hodges, UF/IFAS, SPDN (ed.)

Presented By: Dr. Joe Funderburk, UF/IFAS

POPULATION ATTRIBUTES OF THRIPS

◦ Vagile (excellent invaders, mobile)◦ Broad host range◦ Short generation time◦ Predisposition to parthenogenesis◦ A competitive breeding structure promoting aggregation and exploitation of localized optimal conditions

Mound. 1997. Thrips As Crop Pests (Lewis, ed.) CAB International

Host Range for Host Range for Frankliniella occidentalisFrankliniella occidentalis

50 of 55 plant species in 22 families were 50 of 55 plant species in 22 families were food hosts for the adults in a survey in food hosts for the adults in a survey in Central ChileCentral Chile

43 of 55 plant species were reproductive 43 of 55 plant species were reproductive hostshosts

Plant Hosts for Plant Hosts for Frankliniella occidentalisFrankliniella occidentalis in in the Aconcogue Valley, Chilethe Aconcogue Valley, Chile

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Plant Families Plant Species

Total No. Sampled

F. occidentalis food hosts

F. occidentalis reproductive hosts

Ripa, Rodriguez, Funderburk, & Espinoza, unpublished

Num

ber

of F

amili

es o

r S

peci

es

Life History of Pest ThripsLife History of Pest Thrips

30 to 40 days for a complete generation30 to 40 days for a complete generation

6, 5, and 5 days for development of egg, 6, 5, and 5 days for development of egg, larva, and pupalarva, and pupa

Pollen doubles or triples fecundityPollen doubles or triples fecundity

Strong aggregation tendencies for flowers Strong aggregation tendencies for flowers of of ThripsThrips and and FrankliniellaFrankliniella species species

ScirtothripsScirtothrips aggregate on young foliage aggregate on young foliage and flowersand flowers

Reproduction in ThripsReproduction in Thrips

In most Thysanoptera, reproduction In most Thysanoptera, reproduction requires copulationrequires copulation

Parthenogenesis commonParthenogenesis common

In most species, fertilized eggs have the In most species, fertilized eggs have the full diploid number and become female; full diploid number and become female; unfertilized eggs are haploid and become unfertilized eggs are haploid and become malesmales

Integrated Pest ManagementIntegrated Pest Management

Natural Enemies of ThripsNatural Enemies of Thrips

PREDATORS Anthocorids, Chrysopids, Nabids, PREDATORS Anthocorids, Chrysopids, Nabids, Aeolothrips, Phlaeothrips, predatory mites Aeolothrips, Phlaeothrips, predatory mites ((Euseius sojanensisEuseius sojanensis))PARASITES PARASITES ThripinemaThripinema (Tylechida: (Tylechida: Allantonematidae)Allantonematidae)PARASITOIDS Chalcidoidea (Megaphragma sp.) CeranisusCeranisus (Eulophidae) (Eulophidae)PATHOGENS Fungal pathogens recently PATHOGENS Fungal pathogens recently reported as important for reported as important for Scirtothrips dorsalisScirtothrips dorsalis in in IndiaIndia

Important Worldwide Predators Important Worldwide Predators of Thripsof Thrips

ORDER HEMIPTERAORDER HEMIPTERA

FAMILY ANTHOCORIDAEFAMILY ANTHOCORIDAE commonly, pirate bugscommonly, pirate bugs

GENUS GENUS OriusOrius

SPECIES SPECIES insidiosusinsidiosus

COMMON NAME COMMON NAME Insidious flower bugInsidious flower bug

Photo Stuart Reitz

Intrinsic capacity of Intrinsic capacity of Orius Orius insidiosusinsidiosus to reduce to reduce

Frankliniella occidentalisFrankliniella occidentalis populationspopulations

Predator-Prey RatiosPredator-Prey Ratios1 : 217 = population suppression1 : 217 = population suppression

1 : 51 = rapid local extinction1 : 51 = rapid local extinctionSabelis & Van Rijn (1997) Thrips as Crop Pests. (Lewis, Sabelis & Van Rijn (1997) Thrips as Crop Pests. (Lewis, ed.) CAB International, UKed.) CAB International, UK

PEPPER

Photo Joe Funderburk

0

4

8

12

0.0

0.4

0.80

4

8

12

0.0

0.4

0.80

10

20

30

40

50

0.0

0.4

0.8

OriusFrankliniella occidentalis thrips larvae

Pira

te b

ugs

Thr

ips

per

flow

er

untreated

fenpropathrin

spinosad

14 17 19 21 24 28 31 3

per

flow

erMay & June 1996

Funderburk, Stavisky & Olson 2000 Environ. Entomol. vol. 29 (2): 376-382

PEPPER

Commercial Pepper FieldCommercial Pepper FieldThomas Smith Farms, Greensboro, FLThomas Smith Farms, Greensboro, FL

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Thr

ips

per

flow

er

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Ori

us p

er fl

ower

Frankliniella Orius insidiosus

RECOMENDATION FOR PEPPER PRODUCERS

CONSERVE ORIUSPOPULATIONSBY THESELECTIVE USE OFTACTICS

Courtesy Glades Crop Care, Inc.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Thr

ips

per

5 te

rmin

al s

hoot

s in

alfa

lfa

1999-2000

Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr

Aconcague Valley, Chile

Annual cycle of abundance of western flowerthrips in alfalfa in the southern hemisphere

Dynamics of Dynamics of Frankliniella occidentalisFrankliniella occidentalis in in Alfalfa in Central Chile as Influenced by Alfalfa in Central Chile as Influenced by

Pirate BugsPirate Bugs

0

5

10

15

20

25

Aug Oct Dec Feb Apr Jun

ADULTS

LARVAE

17

00 291

140

1368

81

18 1664

16

Number of total thrips per Orius insidiosus

Ripa, Rodriguez, Funderburk, & Espinoza, unpublished

Num

ber

of t

hrip

s pe

r 5

term

inal

sho

ots

Species of Thripinema, Nematode Parasites of Thrips

T. nicklewoodi T. nicklewoodi (North America)(North America)

T. khrustalevi T. khrustalevi (Asia, South (Asia, South America)America)

T. fuscum T. fuscum (North America)(North America)

T. aptini T. aptini (Europe)(Europe)

T. reniroaiT. reniroai (Asia) (Asia)

Undescribed species (New Zealand)Undescribed species (New Zealand)

Photo Chris Tipping

0

1

2

3

0

1

230

1

230

1

230

1

2

3

0 5 10 15 20 25

Not parasitized, healthy host

Infected when Larvae II

Infected when 1-day-old adult

Infected when 3-day-old adult

Infected when Larvae I

Age of Adult FemaleThrips (days)

Fec

undi

ty o

f F

rank

linie

lla f

usca

(eg

gs p

er d

ay)

Sims, Funderburk & Boucias 2005 J. Nematol.

EFFECTS OF Thripinema PARASITISM ON EGG PRODUCTION OF THRIPS HOST

0

20

40

60

80

% F

. fus

ca p

aras

itize

d b

y T

. fus

cum

0

25

50

750

20

40

60

80

% T

SW

% parasitized F. fusca

F. fusca larval thrips

% TSW

20 May 9 Jun 29 Jun 19 Jul 8 Aug 28 Aug 17 Sept

Thr

ips

per

plan

t

1999

Parasitism suppresses thripsmid and late season

Parasitism nearly prevents mid & late season cycles of TSW

PEANUTS

Funderburk et al. 2002.Environ. Entomol.31(3): 558-563.

Recommendations for Peanut Recommendations for Peanut ProducersProducers

Cultivars partially Cultivars partially resistant to resistant to Tomato Tomato spotted wilt virusspotted wilt virus

Biological controlBiological control

Planting datePlanting date

Insecticides that Insecticides that conserve key natural conserve key natural enemiesenemies

Photo Joe Funderburk

Funderburk & Latsha. 2005. Nematodes As Biocontrol Agents.( Grewal et al. eds.) CAB International, UK

TOMATO

UV mulch

Photo Joe Funderburk

ACTIGARD (Syngenta)ACTIGARD (Syngenta)

Acibenzolar-S-methylAcibenzolar-S-methyl

Substitutes for the natural systemic-Substitutes for the natural systemic-acquired-resistance molecule salicylic acid acquired-resistance molecule salicylic acid that is essential for activation of systemic that is essential for activation of systemic acquired resistanceacquired resistance

Six applications on tomatoes at two-week Six applications on tomatoes at two-week intervals beginning at transplanting intervals beginning at transplanting

Recommendations for tomato Recommendations for tomato producersproducers

UV mulch effective in UV mulch effective in reducing thrips invasion reducing thrips invasion and primary spread of and primary spread of TSWVTSWVActigard recommended Actigard recommended when using UV mulch to when using UV mulch to reduce sprays of copper reduce sprays of copper and other pesticides that and other pesticides that reduce the UV reduce the UV reflectance of the mulchreflectance of the mulchInsecticides useful in Insecticides useful in suppressing thrips larvae suppressing thrips larvae and secondary spread of and secondary spread of TSWVTSWV

Source Momol et al. 2004. Plant Disease 88(8): 882-890

Thrips and Tomato Spotted WiltThrips and Tomato Spotted Wilt

Regulation of vector populations with Regulation of vector populations with insecticides is not sustainable producing insecticides is not sustainable producing undesirable environmental and economic undesirable environmental and economic consequencesconsequencesIntegrated pest management is effective, Integrated pest management is effective, environmentally friendly, and sustainableenvironmentally friendly, and sustainableManagement programs developed from Management programs developed from knowledge of vector population dynamics knowledge of vector population dynamics and disease epidemiologyand disease epidemiology

Chilli Thrips Natural EnemiesChilli Thrips Natural Enemies

Egg ParisitoidEgg Parisitoid– Megaphragma Megaphragma sp. (Chalcidoidea)sp. (Chalcidoidea)– 53.2% parasitism on grapes in Japan53.2% parasitism on grapes in Japan

Predatory MitePredatory Mite– Euseius sojaensisEuseius sojaensis– 1.4 larvae/hr1.4 larvae/hr– 5.4 larvae/day5.4 larvae/day

Ornamental Plant Hosts of ConcernOrnamental Plant Hosts of ConcernBananaBanana Japanese PhotinaJapanese Photina

CamelliaCamellia JasmineJasmine

Castor BeanCastor Bean Mexican HeatherMexican Heather

ChrysanthemumChrysanthemum Mimosa Mimosa spp. (Sensitive spp. (Sensitive plant)plant)

DahliaDahlia PittosporumPittosporum

EuonymousEuonymous PodocarpusPodocarpus

FirethronFirethron RhododendrumRhododendrum

HollyHolly RoseRose

ViburnumViburnumFor the latest information on chilli thrips and ornamental plants, visithttp://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/lso/thripslinks.htm

OrnamentalsOrnamentalsabamectin (Avid)abamectin (Avid)acephate (such as Orthene or acephate (such as Orthene or OrthonexOrthonex))acetamiprid (TriStar)acetamiprid (TriStar)azadirachtinazadirachtin (such as Azatin, Neem oil) (such as Azatin, Neem oil) (not labeled for (not labeled for thrips) thrips)

cyfluthrin (Decathlon, Discus, cyfluthrin (Decathlon, Discus, Bayer Advanced products Bayer Advanced products such as Tree and Shrub Insect Control or Rose and such as Tree and Shrub Insect Control or Rose and Flower Insect KillerFlower Insect Killer))disulfoton (such as disulfoton (such as Di-Syston Systemic Insecticide Di-Syston Systemic Insecticide GranulesGranules))imidacloprid (Marathon, Merit, Discus and the imidacloprid (Marathon, Merit, Discus and the Bayer Bayer products listed aboveproducts listed above))novaluron (Pedestal)novaluron (Pedestal)spinosad (such as Conserve)spinosad (such as Conserve)

Materials in yellow would be suitable for use by homeowners if used according to the labeled instructions.

Overall ConclusionsOverall Conclusions

Management of Management of S. dorsalis S. dorsalis in the landscape in the landscape requires an integrated approach that includes a requires an integrated approach that includes a detailed understanding of pest biology, natural detailed understanding of pest biology, natural enemy complexes, and host resistance.enemy complexes, and host resistance.

Chemical control options are also available and Chemical control options are also available and may be necessary in some cases. may be necessary in some cases.

Chemical control options or destruction of plant Chemical control options or destruction of plant material is the only option for retail nurseries as material is the only option for retail nurseries as long as long as S. dorsalis S. dorsalis remains a regulated pest.remains a regulated pest.

DisclaimerDisclaimer

The use of trade names in this presentation is The use of trade names in this presentation is solely for the purpose of providing specific solely for the purpose of providing specific information. UF/IFAS does not guarantee or information. UF/IFAS does not guarantee or warranty the products named, and references to warranty the products named, and references to them in this publication does not signify our them in this publication does not signify our approval to the exclusion of other products of approval to the exclusion of other products of suitable composition. All chemicals should be suitable composition. All chemicals should be used in accordance with directions on the used in accordance with directions on the manufacturer's label. Use pesticides safely. manufacturer's label. Use pesticides safely. Read and follow directions on the Read and follow directions on the manufacturer's label.manufacturer's label.