Rachel JacksonApdo 185-6000 Puriscal, San José, Costa Rica

E-mail: rachel.jackson.design@gmail.comCosta Rica: 011.506.2200.0920

U.S. Cell: 773.677.7739

STREETSCAPE DESIGNBIO-SWALES AND WATER FILTRATIONPARKING ANALYSISHEALTHY STREET TREES

STREETSCAPE ENHANCEMENT & ECOLOGICAL PARKING LOT DESIGN

CLIENT: TOWN OF GREENFIELDLOCATION: GREENFIELD, MASSACHUSETTS

DESIGNERS: RACHEL JACKSON & CHRISTINA PUERTO

With its rich history, strong community, growing base of small businesses and expanding cultural events, Greenfield has the potential to be the thriving heart of Franklin County. In commissioning this report, a precur-sor to a future sustainable master plan, Greenfield dem-onstrated its desire to be not only a vibrant and welcom-ing community but a sustainable community as well. This 26-page streetscape enhancement and ecological parking lot planset outlines designs and strategies to improve both the aesthetics and ecological health of downtown Greenfield. For this project, we conducted a streetscape and parking analysis and examined existing environ-mental challenges, including high street tree mortality, untreated stormwater runoff, and urban heat island ef-fect. Through public meetings and discussions with city officials, we identified areas that had a clear “downtown feel” and developed designs and strategies to expand this distinct identity to all parts of downtown. We ad-dressed the challenge of creating sustainable parking lots by creating multi-functional spaces that can en-hance the social and ecological fabric of the town.

STREETSCAPE ENHANCEMENT AND ECOLOGICAL PARKING LOT DESIGN The Town of Greenfield asked our design team to examine the downtown streetscape and two of its municipal parking lots, and develop designs that enhance both the aesthetics and ecological functioning of Main Street, Bank Row, and the parking lots. The resulting analysis and designs look at ecological issues of stormwater, urban heat island effect (UHI), and high street tree mortality. It outlines methods to address these challenges as well as ways to increase walkability and create a more cohesive visual character for the downtown area. Increased permeable surface, bio-swales and rain gardens reduce and purify stormwa-ter run-off entering the Green River. Additional crosswalks, selectively narrowed street width, and a new planted median signal the entrance to Greenfield, help to slow traffic and create a dis-tinct and welcoming downtown atmosphere. Ex-panded planting areas in new bump-outs, com-bined with careful species selection and the use of tree planting trenches, increase downtown vegetation, adding beauty and reducing UHI. A barren 2-acre parking lot is now shad-ed by solar arrays, creating a more pleasant parking experience and generating power for the town. A popular and highly visible parking lot is re-envisioned as a pocket park, adding vegeta-tion and gathering space without reducing the number of parking spots.

Conway Street

Wells Street

Chapman Street

Davis Street School Street

Federal Street

Hope Street

Green River

Colrain Street

Fort Square

East

Fort SquareWest

Franklin Street

High Street

MAIN STREET ELEVATION LOOKING NORTH

Focus Area

0’ 40’ 80’ 120’ 200’ 280’

• Envision an inviting and beautiful streetscape that enhances pedestrian experience and promotes healthy ecological functions.

• Design two “green” parking lots that improve the ecological health of downtown Greenfield and can serve as a template for other downtown parking lots.

GOALS

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Green River

Deerfield River

Natural features of the Greenfield region.

Greenfield Connecticut River

Poets Seat

RidgeGreen River

Deerfield River

Greenfield

Downtown Olver Transit Center

Focus AreaFocus AreaFocus Area

Newly renovated historic buildings along Bank Row attract patrons with outdoor seating, movable displays and hanging signs.

Greenfield Town Hall anchors the downtown district.

• A 14-foot-wide median creates a distinct tree-lined entrance to the downtown area.

• New crosswalks allow pedestrians to safely cross Main Street and give people the option to stop and wait in the median during heavy traffic. A third additional crosswalk in front of Ryan and Casey’s liquor store divides what was a seven-hundred foot stretch of street without a marked crossing.

• All diagonal parking is removed and replaced with parallel parking to increase area for stormwater filtration along the street.

• Additional trees (outlined in purple), planted to optimize health (see sheet 22), line the street and the median. Power lines, now buried, no longer interfere with tree canopies.

• Curb cuts along the street direct runoff into biofiltration basins. Overflow is directed into the storm sewer.

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WESTERN SECTION

WESTERN SECTION: SHOWN WITHOUT TREES

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NKey Plan N.T.S.

N New Tree

Existing Tree Existing Paved Pedestrian Area

New Paved Pedestrian Area

Existing Vegetation

New Vegetation

º The street is narrowed throughout the section, potentially slowing traffic and creating a safer pedestrian environment.

º Added vegetation and biofiltration areas in the bump-outs catch, filter or infiltrate stormwater potentially improving water-quality in the Green River and reducing downstream flooding.

º Large, healthy trees provide an inviting, shaded, pedestrian environment and reduce urban heat island effect.

º On-street parking is reduced by 46%, removing 18 of 39 spots in an area of underused parking.

WESTERN SECTION DESIGN

0’ 50’ 100’ 150’ 200’ 250’

Main StreetGrass & Trees

Sidewalk

Lawn

Private Residences

Grass & Trees

Sidewalk

Toyota of Greenfield

Proposed Street Section

Main Street

Grass & Trees

Sidewalk

Lawn

Private Residences

Grass & Trees

Sidewalk

Toyota of Greenfield

Main Street

Median Bioswale

Existing Street Section

The western section of Main Street marks the entrance to downtown from I-91. With buildings dating from the 1950’s and 60’s, this car-centric section is less walkable and lacks a downtown “feel”.

Fiske Lot Existing View: Looking East

FISKE AVENUE PARKING LOTSITE ANALYSIS

• Located directly off of Main Street• Contains 11 spots, frequently full º The highly visible lot has potential to be a showcase for green initiatives.

The Fiske Lot directly borders the privately owned Fiske Avenue. This small pedestrian-oriented street contains popular businesses and hosts outdoor dining in the warmer months.

Main Street

Fiske Ave

Miles Street

NN

Main Street

Miles Street

Fiske Ave

• Lot slopes from the northeast to southwest at 4-5%• 80% impervious surface• Stormwater from paved areas enters one of three

storm drains and flows to the Green River.

º Most of the stormwater has no opportunity to be filtered or infiltrated and may have a negative effect on the water quality of the river.

DRAINAGE & SLOPES VEGETATION & SHADE• 11 trees surround the parking lot. Arborvitae shrubs

and perennials are planted along the retaining wall and southern edge of the lot.

• The trees and building cast partial shade across the lot during summer months.

• 7 of the trees are struggling or dying.

º Lack of porosity and tough urban conditions make tree survival difficult.

º Semi-shady lot will lose morning summer shade if stressed trees are removed, increasing UHI effect and making parking lot and Fiske Avenue less comfortable.

ACCESS & CIRCULATION• Vehicular and pedestrian traffic share space with no clear

walking path within the lot.

º Potential conflict between vehicles and the most popular pedestrian path.

º Loitering along fence and retaining wall can block sidewalk and make other pedestrians feel uncomfortable.

Vehicular Traffic

Pedestrian Traffic

Area of Potential Conflict

Vehicular Traffic

Pedestrian Traffic

Area of Potential Conflict

Vehicular Traffic

Pedestrian Traffic

Area of Potential Conflict

Area of Potential Conflict

Pedestrian

Vehicular Traffic

Struggling Trees

IMPLICATIONSIMPLICATIONS

IMPLICATIONS

0’ 10’ 20’ 30’ 40’ 50’

Main Street

Miles Street

Fiske Ave

N

Drainage Path

Storm Drains

0’ 10’ 20’ 30’ 40’ 50’

Retaining Wall

N

Shade at Spring and Fall Equinox

Miles StreetParking Area

Sidewalk

0’ 5’ 10’ 15’ 20’

Permeable Crushed Rock

Fiske Avenue

WheelchairRamp

Planting Bed

Retaining Wall

• Fine crushed rock creates a durable and permeable walking surface while supporting tree health and stormwater infiltration. London plane trees tower over the area, creating a classic shaded allée reminiscent of New York City’s Bryant Park and Paris’s Jardin du Luxembourg.

• A gently sloped ramp provides easy access for wheelchairs between the parking lot and Fiske Avenue.

• An expanded Fiske Avenue, now surfaced with attractive permeable pavers, provides more room for sitting and outdoor dining. The wider entry area draws the eyes of passersby and connects Main Street to the popular businesses along the avenue.

• A vegetated rain garden treats and infiltrates stormwater from the parking lot and part of the street. A small sign explains the process of biofiltration and Greenfield’s commitment to sustainability.

• Smaller shade-tolerant redbud trees thrive in the planting bed along Fiske Avenue.

• Parking is directly adjacent to Miles Street, reducing the total amount of asphalt.

• The sidewalk is routed around the parking lot, eliminating potential pedestrian/vehicle conflicts.

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Moveable chairs are found beneath the shaded walkways of Paris’s Jardin du Luxembourg

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Miles Street

Main Street

Fiske Avenue

Rain Garden

Culvert

Benches

Ramp

Permeable Pavers

Stormwater Overflow

0’ 10’ 20’ 30’ 40’ 50’

This design creates a shaded, green parking lot with expanded gathering spaces, while reducing impervious surface and related negative environmental effects. The expanded gathering spaces require cooperation of adjacent property owners on Fiske Avenue.

FISKE LOT PREFERRED DESIGN: POCKET PARK

LANDUSE CONCEPT PLANCLIENT: NORTHEAST BIODIESELLOCATION: GREENFIELD, MASSACHUSETTSDESIGNER: RACHEL JACKSON

SITE ANALYSISPLANTING PLANSALTERNATIVE ENERGYMAPPING & SURVEYING

The foundation and oil tanks of the future biodiesel plant at sunset

Northeast Biodiesel is a cooperatively owned biodiesel production facility located on twenty-seven acres of woods and wetlands on the outskirts of Greenfield, Massachusetts. As a project of Co-op Power, Northeast Biodiesel is committed to promoting environmental sus-tainability and social justice through the use of appropriate technology. The plant’s footprint takes up two of the prop-erty’s twenty-seven acres, and the organization wants to utilize the remaining land in a way that would benefit members and reflect the organization’s ideals. They also hope to create a welcoming and attractive entrance and to ensure the environmental safety of their workers.

In the fall of 2011, I began an analysis and site design for the property. Major challenges included the proximity of high-voltage power lines, and past degradation of the land. I created three large-scale concepts for the property to be presented to the cooperative’s membership, outlin-ing possibilities in recreation, environmental protection, oil-seed crop production and alternative energy educa-tion. I also created a detailed design and planting plan for the building area.

0’ 30’ 60’ 120’

Hazelnut and Camelina Demonstration PlotsManaged Woodlot

Native Switchgrass

Learning Center

Green Roofs Native Forbs and Grasses

Rain Catchment

Small Scale Algae ProductionMicro-Hydro Demonstration

Outdoor Classroom

The Regional Renewable Energy Education Center will educate the public on renewable energy options, promoting Co-op Power’s goal of creating a more sustainable energy future. By combining multiple energy technologies in a way that is functional and educational, Northeast Biodiesel could become a center of learning, drawing people to the site from throughout the region. All energy will be pro-duced on site using no fossil fuels.

Adding a new building and repairing the cause-way would be expensive. While the Fall Brook

LEGEND

has sufficient head for a micro-hydro turbine, the stream is located relatively far from the buildings, requiring the power to travel 500 ft. to reach the learning center. Micro-hydro is thought to have minimal environmental impact but it would still effect the stream’s ecosystem and would need approval from the Conservation Commission.

While this design envisions a large-scale cen-ter, the same focus on education could be ap-plied on a smaller scale.

ALTERNATIVE #3REGIONAL RENEWABLE

ENERGY EDUCATION CENTER

ALTERNATIVE CONCEPT PLANS NORTHEAST BIODIESEL

ENVIRONMENTALRECREATION

ALTERNATIVE #1

Early to Mid-Succession Wildlife Habitat

Wetlands

Native Forbs and Grasses

Access & Parking for Trails

Existing Roads and TrailsNew Trails (Approximate)

Point of Interest

Picnic Area

Green RoofSolar PanelsWetland Buffer

The Environmental Recreation alterna-tive honors the natural state of the land by minimizing human impact and manag-ing for ecological benefit. Low impact recreations such as hiking and cross-country skiing, use the existing trails and a few new paths to allow visitors to experience the property’s natural beauty.

LEGEND

Implementing this plan would require minimal input of resources and reflect the environmental ethics of Northeast Biodiesel. This alternative would allow co-op members to immediately make use of the site.

Vl - Viburnum lentago NannyberryRn - Rubus nidigrolaria JostaberryEm - Elaeagnus multiflora GoumiRa - Ribes americanum Black CurrantAr - Actaea racemosa BugbaneAc - Allium cernuum Nodding OnionGcB - Geranium cantabrigiense ‘Biokovo’ Biokovo Hardy CranesbillCl - Clematis spp. Clematis Vines

Vc -

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Shade loving vines, groundcovers or swaths of spreading perennials fill this highly visible, partially-shaded bed

No tall shrubs or woody plants should be planted within 5’ of the northwestern side of the building due to snow drop from the roof line.

Two small trees with a canopy of less then 15’ anchor this dry sunny planting bed. Native bushes, snacking or wildlife fruit and perennials fill out the rest of the area. All plants should be hardy, sun-loving species.

Plantings Alongside the Building

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Cm - Cornus Mas Cornelian Cherry DogwoodAm - Aristolochia macrophylla Dutchmans Pipe VineVm - Vaccinium angustifolium Lowbush BlueberryVc - Vaccinium corymbosum Highbush BlueberryEp - Echinacea purpurea Purple Cone Flower

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PLANTING PLANNORTHEAST BIODIESEL

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Cs - Cornus sericea Redosier DogwoodVc - Vaccinium corymbosum Highbush Blueberry

Am - Aronia melanocarpa Black ChokeberryIv - Ilex verticillata Winterberry

Rf - Rudbeckia fulgida Black-eyed Susan

Pd - Penstemon digitalis White BeardtongueIv - Ilex verticillata WinterberryMf - Monarda fistulosa Bee BalmBa - Baptisia australis Wild Blue IndigoHt - Helianthus tuberosus Jeruselum ArtichokeH - Hemerocallis sp. Day LilyC - Corylus sp. Hybrid Hazelnut

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Gently sloped, vegetated ditches slow the flow of rainwater runoff, capturing sediment and pollutants.

A graduated depression holds similar species as well as larger water tolerant shrubs such as Chokeberry and High-Bush Blueberry. Plants selected should tolerate periods of dryness and flooding and have remediation capabilities.

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Retention Basin, Vegetative Swales and Infiltration Basin

Hazelnut hybrids combine the Eastern Filbert Blight resistance and cold tolerance of American Filberts, Corylus americana and C. cornuta with the larger nut size and thinner skin of European Hazelnuts, C. avellana. Annual or perennial nitrogen-fixing groundcovers such as dutch white clover, Trifolium repen, planted beneath the grove improve the soil while keeping down competitive weeds.

Oilseed Crops2

3 No-till methods of cultivating Camelina, Camelina Sativa, are trialed in a small area beneath the power lines.

WALKABILITYSAFE STREETSURBAN AGRICULTUREREGIONAL PLANNING

A VISION FOR A VIBRANTNORTHEAST HARTFORD

CLIENT: COMMUNITY SOLUTIONSLOCATION: HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT

DESIGNERS: RACHEL JACKSON & SEANA CULLINAN

This 54-page report is a collection of site designs and pro-grammatic explorations of ways to help make Hartford’s Northeast Neighborhood a vibrant, safe, and healthy place in which to live and visit. It begins with an exploration of the physi-cal landscape of the neighborhood, its assets and its challenges. This ideabook also includes several case studies from communi-ties that have successfully overcome similar challenges.

Concepts presented in the report include designing for safety and improving walkability in the neighborhood. Design options are explored for envisioning the eastern edge of historic Keney Park as a greenway, activating the front of the redeveloped Swift factory site as a community space, and transforming vacant lots into places for food cultivation or pocket parks. Design ideas for the arts, transportation, education, and job training are explored, with examples presented from other communities.

The project was presented to the neighborhood at a com-munity meeting and several of the recommendations have since been implemented by Community Solutions and the City of Hartford.

Community Solutions is a nationally renowned not-for-profit organization that helps communities end homelessness by transforming their response to vulnerable people so that all are housed, safe, and healthy. It is currently working in Northeast Hartford, Connecticut, a community facing mul-tiple economic and social challenges. A key component of its work in the neighborhood will be the redevelopment of the historic M. Swift & Sons Gold Leaf Factory complex. They intend to transform the property into a village center with space for business enterprises, food production, training pro-grams, and community activities.

Hartford’s Northeast Neighborhood faces many chal-lenges, including a poverty rate of 38 percent, a 17.4 per-cent unemployment rate, and the highest crime rates in the city, but also has many positive factors such as churches, schools, and active organizations that enhance residents’ quality of life. Making up 40 percent of the neighborhood’s landmass is the Olmsted Firm designed, 116-year-old Keney Park, a tremendous asset to the neighborhood and the city.

The report examines potential connections between the Swift Factory, neighboring Keney Park, and the Northeast Neighborhood of Hartford and presents a variety of design interventions that could enhance connectivity, walkability, and safety in the neighborhood.

NORTHEAST HARTFORD

Northeast Neighborhood

Downtown Hartford

The Northeast Neighborhood is located a little less than one mile north of downtown Hartford.

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Challenges in the Northeast Neighborhood

According to Hartford Info & the 2000 U.S. Census:• Highest crime rate in the city• Highest rates of obesity, heart disease and infant and

neonatal mortality in Hartford • Lowest high school graduation rate in the state• Estimated median household income: $20,440• Poverty rate: 37%• Unemployment rate among people aged 16-65: 17.4% • College graduates: 5.3%

In Addition:• Households without a vehicle: 43% (Nielsen Claritas)• Lack of a Community Development Corporation (CDC)

actively engaged in rehabilitation of existing housing stock (Fowler 2012)

• Virtually no job opportunities within the neighborhood• Significant number of boarded buildings and empty lots• Low owner-occupancy• No full-size supermarket• Only 2 laundromats

Opportunities and Assets in the Northeast Neighborhood

• Increasing home ownership through public and private groups, such as Habitat for Humanity and Hartford Housing Authority

• Safe, secure elderly housing• Brand-new Parker Memorial Community Center and

Recreation Facility• Historic Keney Park• 23 churches• Multiple elementary schools • Planned Swift Factory redevelopment• Ebony Horsewomen• West Indian Social Club• The North End Senior Center• Old North Cemetery• And many more

THE REPORT

Within the neighborhood, we defined a central focus area that is both representative of many of the challenges and opportunities found throughout the neighborhood, and unique for containing three of the area’s major assets, Keney Park, the Swift Factory site, and the brand-new Parker Memorial Community Center. The focus area capi-talizes on these assets by concentrating design solutions and resources in a defined area which can serve as a dem-onstration and catalyst for positive change and enhanced connectivity throughout the neighborhood.

Focus Area

The redevelopment of the old M. Swift & Sons Gold Leaf Factory will be the centerpiece of Community Solutions work in Northeast Hartford.

Community Solutions asked Seana Cullinan and myself to examine the urban landscape of Hartford’s Northeast neighborhood and look for ways to better utilize it’s assets to improve the health and vibrancy of the community.

FOCUS AREA

REGIONAL PLANNINGA VISION FOR A VIBRANT NORTHEAST HARTFORD

Walkable neighborhoods promote healthy lifestyles, build safer, people-friendly communities, and have a positive environmental impact. In a more walkable Northeast Hartford, residents would enjoy all of these benefits, but more importantly, residents’ ability to conduct daily activities and reach needed services would be improved.

People at the lowest end of the economic stratum are particularly vulnerable to economic or social disruption. Access to health and social support services can be the difference between a family or individual becoming homeless or staying in their home. Forty-three percent of households in Northeast Hartford do not have vehicles (Nielsen Claritas 2011), meaning that

these residents must rely on public transportation and walking for all of their transportation needs. The most vulnerable people frequently have the most difficulty reaching essential services. Even small improvements in walkability, could have a large impact on Northeast Hartford residents’ quality of life.

Parker Memorial Community Center

Swift Factory & Urban

Farm

Keney Park

Simpson- Waverly School

Post Office & Library at Unity

Plaza Future Site of New

Duplexes

Potential Urban Farm

Westland Street

Risley Street

Love Lane

Westland Street Walking Route

Green & Residential

Walking Route

Westland Street & Beyond: Neighborhood Walking Routes

IMPROVING WALKABILITY

One of the few east-west streets that crosses the entire neighborhood, Westland Street is an important transpor-tation corridor. Improving walkability on Westland Street has the potential to improve residents’ access to positive assets such as Keney Park, the Swift Factory, and Parker Memorial Community Center. The benefits of improved connectivity could extend beyond Westland Street to a range of assets found in the several blocks to the north. A proposed urban farm on the vacant lots on Earle Street and the new housing being developed in the western half of Brackett Park offer a positive shift in activities along Earle and Naugatuck Streets. Unity Plaza, at the corner

of Barbour and Risley Streets, contains the local library branch and the post office. The Simpson-Waverly School is less then a quarter mile north of Westland Street.

By expanding the original Westland Street corridor north, an additional, greener and more residential route connecting Keney Park and Parker Memorial Community Center emerges, giving residents even more walking options. This route could extend from Brackett

Park through the new homes on Naugatuck Street and into the urban farm on Earle Street. While less direct, the route would have less vehicular traffic than on Westland Street. Crossing directly through the Swift property and continu-ing on to Love Lane, it would bring pedestrians into the heart of the Swift Factory’s urban farm and all the activi-ties happening on site.

URBAN ANALYSIS: BUILDING CONNECTIONS

SAFE & INVITING STREETS

Curb Extensions

• Make pedestrians more visible and shorten walking distance between curbs.

• Narrow streets, causing cars to naturally slow.

• Expand right of way and provide more space for trees, stormwater infiltration or street furniture.

Pedestrian Crossings

Clearly marked pedestrian crossings at intersections, bus stops and park entrances are vital to creating safe interactions between cars and pedestrians.

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Curb extensions and boldly painted crosswalks help make pedestrian crossings visible to motorists.

The neighborhood lacks bus shelters and benches. The only shelters are found at the far northern end of Main Street. Bus shelters, or even benches, at major bus stops would greatly increase the comfort of riders. New shelters should be sited at locations with the highest density of riders, with priority given to locations that have services for the elderly and preschool-age children. Lighting is essential for safety at bus stops and trash cans can reduce litter.

Bus Shelters & Street Amenities

STREETSCAPE DESIGN

Rancho Mastatal

Rancho Mastatal is a 325-acre sustainable living education center nestled at the base of La Cangreja National Park in Mastatal, Costa Rica. The organization hosts workshops in natural building, permaculture and wil-derness medicine, runs an internship and volunteer program, and serves as a regional demonstration site for sustainable agriculture and appropriate technologies. As a long-term community member and core member of the ag-ricultural team I have combined a strong agricultural focus with work in all aspects of the ranch. I designed and oversaw the installation of 3 acres of orchards with understory crops and managed the nursery and greens pro-duction. I worked to develop and implement fertility and erosion strategies utilizing nitrogen-fixing trees, vetiver, contour swales and composting. I have also been intimately involved in earth-building, food processing and fermen-tation, wood-oven design and construction, and management of the intern program.

Orchard TreesFern Gully & the Classroom SlopeRancho Mastatal 9.20.12

To San Miguel

To Puriscal

ToThe Main

House

Wood Barn

Tree Nursery

Tree Nursery

Jeanne’s House

Garage

Classroom

Site Design, Implementation & Management

Interns dig swales on

contour to infiltrate water

and prevent erosion in the

orchards.

A masonry and cob

wood-burning oven built in

2011.

Estococa, a wild native plant with an edible flower

PHOTOGRAPHY

North Avenue Beach

At the Lake

Candy

PEOPLE

PLACES