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7/31/2019 Eco- yemen
1/26
Economy
Yemen is one of the poorest and least developed countries in theArab World,
with a formal 65%employmentrate, dwindlingnatural resources, a young population and
increasingpopulation growth. Yemen's economy is weak compared to most countries in the
Middle-East, mainly because Yemen has very small oil reserves. Yemen's economy depends
heavily on theoilit produces,[7]
and its government receives the vast majority of its revenue
from oil taxes. But Yemen'soil reservesare expected to be depleted by 2017, possibly bringing
on economic collapse.[8]
Yemen does have large proven reserves ofnatural gas.[9]
Yemen's first
liquified natural gas (LNG) plantbegan production in October 2009.
Rampantcorruptionis a prime obstacle to development in the country, limiting local
reinvestments and driving away regional and international capital. Foreign investments remain
largely concentrated around the nation's hydrocarbon industry.
Beginning in the mid-1950s, theSoviet UnionandChinaprovided large-scale assistance. For
example, China is involved with the expansion of theSana'a International Airport. In the south,
pre-independence economic activity was overwhelmingly concentrated in the port city ofAden.
The seaborne transit trade, which the port relied upon, collapsed with the closure of theSuez
Canaland Britain's withdrawal from Aden in 1967.
Since unification in 1990,[10]
the government has worked to integrate two relatively disparate
economic systems. However, severe shocks, including the return in 1990 of approximately
850,000 Yemenis from the Persian Gulf states, a subsequent major reduction of aid flows, and
internal political disputes culminating in the1994 civil warhampered economic growth.
In the late 20th centurySana'as population grew rapidly, from roughly 55,000 in 1978 to more
than 1 million in the early 21st century.[11]
Sana'a may be the first capital city in the world to run
out of water.[12]
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Since the conclusion of the war, the government made an agreement with theInternational
Monetary Fund(IMF) to implement a structural adjustment program. Phase one of the program
included major financial and monetary reforms, including floating the currency, reducing the
budget deficit, and cutting subsidies. Phase two will address structural issues such as civil
service reform.
In early 1995, the government of Yemen launched an economic, financial, and administrative
reform program (EFARP) with the support of the World Bank and the IMF, as well as
international donors. The First Five-Year Plan (FFYP) for the years 1996 to 2000 was introduced
in 1996. The World Bank has focused on public sector management, including civil service
reform, budget reform, and privatization. Additional priorities for the programs have become
attracting diversified private investment, water management, and poverty-oriented social
sector improvements. These programs had a positive impact on Yemens economy and led to
the reduction of the budget deficit to less than 3% ofgross domestic product(GDP) during theperiod 1995-1999 and the correction of macro-financial imbalances.
[13]
In 1997, IMF and the Yemeni government began medium-term economic reform programs
under the Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF) and Extended Fund Facility (EFF). This
program aimed to reduce dependence on the oil sector and to establish a market environment
for real non-oil GDP growth and investment in the non-oil sector. Increasing the growth rate in
the non-oil sector was one of the government's most important objectives. Programs also
focused on reducing unemployment, strengthening the social safety net, and increasing
financial stability. To achieve these reforms, the government and IMF implementedcontainment of government wages, improvements in revenue collection with the introduction
of reforms in tax administration, and a sharp reduction in subsidies bills through increased
prices on subsidized goods. As a result, the fiscal cash deficit was reduced from 16% of GDP in
1994 to 0.9% in 1997. This was supported by aid from oil-exporting countries, despite the wide-
ranging fluctuations in world oil prices. The real growth rate in the non-oil sector rose by 5.6%
from 1995 to 1997.[14]
Government
Main article:Politics of Yemen
Yemen is apresidential republicwith abicamerallegislature. Under the constitution, an elected
President, an elected 301-seatAssembly of Representatives, and an appointed 111-
memberShura Councilshare power. ThePresidentis thehead of state, and thePrime
Ministeris thehead of government.
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The constitution provides that the president be elected by popular vote from at least two
candidates endorsed by at least fifteen members of the Parliament. The prime minister, in turn,
is appointed by the president and must be approved by two thirds of the Parliament. The
presidential term of office is seven years, and the parliamentary term of elected office is six
years.Suffrageis universal for people age 18 and older, but only Muslims may hold elected
office.[15]
PresidentAli Abdullah Salehbecame the first elected President in reunified Yemen in 1999
(though he had been President of unified Yemen since 1990 and President of North Yemen
since 1978). He was re-elected to office in September 2006. Saleh's victory was marked by an
election that international observers judged to be "partly free", though the election was
accompanied by violence, violations of press freedoms, and allegations of fraud.[16]
Parliamentary elections were held in April 2003, and theGeneral People's Congress(GPC)
maintained an absolute majority.
The constitution calls for an independent judiciary. The former northern and southern legal
codes have been unified. The legal system includes separate commercial courts and a Supreme
Court based inSana'a.Shariais the main source of laws, with many court cases being debated
according to the religious basis of law and many judges being religious scholars as well as legal
authorities.
Beginning in February and March 2011, anuprisingagainst the government occurred, and
clashes with police and pro-government supporters have steadily intensified. Many protestors
demand the immediate resignation of the current leadership, and in particular that of President
Saleh.
Administrative divisions
Main article:Administrative divisions of Yemen
As of February 2004, Yemen is divided into twentygovernorates(muhafazat) and one
municipality called "Amanat Al-Asemah" (the latter containing the capital, Sana'a)[17]
The governors are subdivided into 333districts(muderiah), which are subdivided into 2,210
sub-districts, and then into 38,284 villages (as of 2001).
Foreign relations Economy
Main article:Economy of Yemen
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Further information:Telecommunications in Yemen,Transportation in
Yemen, andInternet usage in Yemen
Yemen is one of the poorest and least developed countries in theArab
World, with a formal 65%employmentrate, dwindlingnatural resources, a
young population and increasingpopulation growth. Yemen's economy is
weak compared to most countries in the Middle-East, mainly because
Yemen has very small oil reserves. Yemen's economy depends heavily on
theoilit produces,[7]and its government receives the vast majority of its
revenue from oil taxes. But Yemen'soil reservesare expected to be
depleted by 2017, possibly bringing on economic collapse.[8]Yemen does
have large proven reserves ofnatural gas.[9]Yemen's first liquified natural
gas (LNG) plantbegan production in October 2009.
Rampantcorruptionis a prime obstacle to development in the country,limiting local reinvestments and driving away regional and international
capital. Foreign investments remain largely concentrated around the
nation's hydrocarbon industry.
Beginning in the mid-1950s, theSoviet UnionandChinaprovided large-
scale assistance. For example, China is involved with the expansion of
theSana'a International Airport. In the south, pre-independence economic
activity was overwhelmingly concentrated in the port city ofAden. The
seaborne transit trade, which the port relied upon, collapsed with theclosure of theSuez Canaland Britain's withdrawal from Aden in 1967.
Since unification in 1990,[10]the government has worked to integrate two
relatively disparate economic systems. However, severe shocks, including
the return in 1990 of approximately 850,000 Yemenis from the Persian Gulf
states, a subsequent major reduction of aid flows, and internal political
disputes culminating in the1994 civil warhampered economic growth.
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5/26
In the late 20th centurySana'as population grew rapidly, from roughly 55,000 in 1978 to
more than 1 million in the early 21st century.[11]Sana'a may be the first capital city in the
world to run out of water.[12]
Since the conclusion of the war, the government made an agreement with
theInternational Monetary Fund(IMF) to implement a structural adjustment
program. Phase one of the program included major financial and monetary
reforms, including floating the currency, reducing the budget deficit, and
cutting subsidies. Phase two will address structural issues such as civil
service reform.
In early 1995, the government of Yemen launched an economic, financial,
and administrative reform program (EFARP) with the support of the World
Bank and the IMF, as well as international donors. The First Five-Year Plan
(FFYP) for the years 1996 to 2000 was introduced in 1996. The WorldBank has focused on public sector management, including civil service
reform, budget reform, and privatization. Additional priorities for the
programs have become attracting diversified private investment, water
management, and poverty-oriented social sector improvements. These
programs had a positive impact on Yemens economy and led to the
reduction of the budget deficit to less than 3% ofgross domestic
product(GDP) during the period 1995-1999 and the correction of macro-
financial imbalances.[13]
In 1997, IMF and the Yemeni government began medium-term economic
reform programs under the Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility
(ESAF) and Extended Fund Facility (EFF). This program aimed to reduce
dependence on the oil sector and to establish a market environment for
real non-oil GDP growth and investment in the non-oil sector. Increasing
the growth rate in the non-oil sector was one of the government's most
important objectives. Programs also focused on reducing unemployment,
strengthening the social safety net, and increasing financial stability. Toachieve these reforms, the government and IMF implemented containment
of government wages, improvements in revenue collection with the
introduction of reforms in tax administration, and a sharp reduction in
subsidies bills through increased prices on subsidized goods. As a result,
the fiscal cash deficit was reduced from 16% of GDP in 1994 to 0.9% in
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1997. This was supported by aid from oil-exporting countries, despite the
wide-ranging fluctuations in world oil prices. The real growth rate in the
non-oil sector rose by 5.6% from 1995 to 1997.[14]
GovernmentMain article:Politics of Yemen
Yemen is apresidential republicwith abicamerallegislature. Under the
constitution, an elected President, an elected 301-seatAssembly of
Representatives, and an appointed 111-memberShura Councilshare
power. ThePresidentis thehead of state, and thePrime Ministeris
thehead of government.
The constitution provides that the president be elected by popular vote from
at least two candidates endorsed by at least fifteen members of the
Parliament. The prime minister, in turn, is appointed by the president and
must be approved by two thirds of the Parliament. The presidential term of
office is seven years, and the parliamentary term of elected office is six
years.Suffrageis universal for people age 18 and older, but only Muslims
may hold elected office.[15]
PresidentAli Abdullah Salehbecame the first elected President in reunified
Yemen in 1999 (though he had been President of unified Yemen since
1990 and President of North Yemen since 1978). He was re-elected to
office in September 2006. Saleh's victory was marked by an election that
international observers judged to be "partly free", though the election was
accompanied by violence, violations of press freedoms, and allegations of
fraud.[16]
Parliamentary elections were held in April 2003, and theGeneral People's
Congress(GPC) maintained an absolute majority.
The constitution calls for an independent judiciary. The former northern and
southern legal codes have been unified. The legal system includes
separate commercial courts and a Supreme Court based
inSana'a.Shariais the main source of laws, with many court cases being
debated according to the religious basis of law and many judges being
religious scholars as well as legal authorities.
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Beginning in February and March 2011, anuprisingagainst the
government occurred, and clashes with police and pro-government
supporters have steadily intensified. Many protestors demand the
immediate resignation of the current leadership, and in particular that of
President Saleh.
Administrative divisionsMain article:Administrative divisions of Yemen
As of February 2004, Yemen is divided into
twentygovernorates(muhafazat) and one municipality called "Amanat Al-
Asemah" (the latter containing the capital, Sana'a)[17]
Division Capital CityPopulation
2004 Census[18] Population
2006 est.[19] Key
'Aden Aden 589,419 634,710 1
'Amran 'Amran 877,786 909,992 2
Abyan Zinjibar 433,819 454,535 3
Ad-Dali' Ad Dali' 470,564 504,533 4
Al-Bayda' Al-Bayda 577,369 605,303 5
Al Hudaydah Al-Hudaydah 2,157,552 2,300,179 6
Al Jawf Al-Jawf 443,797 465,737 7
Al-Mahrah Al-Ghaydah 88,594 96,768 8
Al-Mahwit Al-Mahweet 494,557 523,236 9
Amanat Al-Asemah Sana'a 1,747,834 1,947,139 10
Dhamar Dhamar 1,330,108 1,412,142 11
Hadhramaut Al-Mukalla 1,028,556 1,092,967 12
Hajjah Hajjah 1,479,568 1,570,872 13
Ibb Ibb 2,131,861 2,238,537 14
Lahij Lahij 722,694 761,160 15
Ma'rib Ma'rib 238,522 251,668 16
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Raymah Kosmah 394,448 418,659 17
Sa'dah Sa`dah 695,033 746,957 18
Sana'a Sana'a 919,215 957,798 19
Shabwah Ataq 470,440 494,638 20Taiz Taiz 1,121,000 2,513,003 21
Main article:Foreign relations of Yemen
A village onHajjaz Mountainsin Yemen
Before British rule,Adenwas occupied by thePortuguesebetween 1513
1538 and 15471548. It was ruled by theOttoman Empirebetween 1538
1547 and 15481645. After Ottoman rule, it was ruled by theSultanate of
Lahej, under suzerainty of theZaidi Imamsof Yemen. In 1838,
SultanMuhsin bin Fadlof the nearby state of Lahej ceded
194 km2 (75 sq mi) including Aden to theBritish. On 19 January 1839,
theBritish East India CompanylandedRoyal Marinesat Aden to occupythe territory and stop attacks bypiratesagainst British shipping toIndia.
The geography and ruling Imams ofNorth Yemenkept the country isolated
from foreign influence before 1962. The country's relations with Saudi
Arabia were defined by theTaif Agreementof 1934, which delineated the
northernmost part of the border between the two kingdoms and set the
framework for commercial and other intercourse. The Taif Agreement has
been renewed periodically in 20-year increments, and its validity was
reaffirmed in 1995. Relations with the British colonial authoritiesinAdenand the south were usually tense.
The Soviet and Chinese Aid Missions established in 1958 and 1959 were
the first important non-Muslim presence in North Yemen. Following the
September 1962 revolution, theYemen Arab Republicbecame closely
allied with and heavily dependent upon Egypt. Saudi Arabia aided the
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royalists in their attempt to defeat the Republicans and did not recognize
the Yemen Arab Republic until 1970. At the same time, Saudi Arabia
maintained direct contact with Yemeni tribes, which sometimes strained its
official relations with the Yemeni Government. Hundreds of thousands of
Yemenis found employment in Saudi Arabia during the late 1970s and1980s.
The old town ofAden, Yemen, situated in the crater of an extinctvolcano.
In February 1989, North Yemen joinedIraq,Jordan, andEgyptin forming
theArab Cooperation Council(ACC), an organization created partly in
response to the founding of theGulf Cooperation Counciland intended to
foster closer economic cooperation and integration among its members.
After unification, the Republic of Yemen was accepted as a member of the
ACC in place of its YAR predecessor. In the wake of the Persian Gulf crisis,
the ACC has remained inactive. Yemen is not a member of the GulfCooperation Council.
British authorities left southern Yemen in November 1967 in the wake of an
intense rebellion. ThePeople's Democratic Republic of Yemen, the
successor to British rule, had diplomatic relations with many states, but its
major links were with the Soviet Union and othercommunistcountries.
Relations between it and the conservative Arab states of the Arabian
Peninsula were strained. There were military clashes with Saudi Arabia in
1969 and 1973, and the PDRY provided active support fortheDhofarrebellion against the Sultanate of Oman. The PDRY was the
only Arab state to vote against admitting new Arab states from the Persian
Gulf area to the United Nations and the Arab League. The PDRY provided
sanctuary andmaterial supportto various insurgent groups around the
Middle East.[citation needed]
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Yemen is a member of theUnited Nations, theArab League, and
theOrganisation of Islamic Cooperation, and also participates in the
nonaligned movement. The Republic of Yemen accepted responsibility for
all treaties and debts of its predecessors, the YAR and the PDRY. Yemen
has acceded to the nuclear nonproliferation treaty.
The Persian Gulf crisis dramatically affected Yemen's foreign relations. A
long-time ally of Saddam Hussein, Yemen's President,Ali Abdullah
Salehwas quick to back Saddam Hussein's invasion ofKuwaitin
1990.[20]As a member of theUnited Nations Security Council(UNSC) for
1990 and 1991, Yemen continued to abstain on a number of UNSC
resolutions concerning Iraq and Kuwait[10]and voted against the "use of
force resolution." Western and Gulf Arab states reacted by curtailing or
canceling aid programs and diplomatic contacts. At least 850,000 Yemeniswere expelled from Saudi Arabia and the other Gulf Arab states. Saudi
Arabia has begun construction of aseparation barrierbetween its territory
and Yemen to prevent the unauthorized movement of people and goods
into and out of the kingdom.
Subsequent to the liberation ofKuwait, Yemen continued to maintain high-
level contacts with Iraq. This hampered its efforts to rejoin the Arab
mainstream and to mend fences with its immediate neighbors. In 1993,
Yemen launched an unsuccessful diplomatic offensive to restore relationswith its Gulf Arab neighbors. Some of its aggrieved neighbors actively
aided the south during the 1994 civil war. Since the end of that conflict,
tangible progress has been made on the diplomatic front in restoring
normal relations with Yemen's neighbors. The Omani-Yemeni border has
been officially demarcated. In the summer of 2000, Yemen and Saudi
Arabia signed an International Border Treaty settling a 50 year old dispute
over the location of the border between the two countries. Yemen settled its
dispute withEritreaover theHanish Islandsin 1998.
After the departure from the Gulf Arab states, as many as 15,000 Yemenis
migrated to the U.S. Many Yemenis can be found in the south ofDearborn,
Michigan. In the early 1990s, Yemenis went in search of manufacturing
jobs. They continue to work in the U.S. and routinely send money back to
their families.
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Kidnappingof foreign tourists by tribes has been an ongoing problem
throughout the modern period.[21]In many instances, the kidnappers
attempted to use hostage taking to gain leverage in negotiations with the
government. One victim of kidnapping was former German Secretary of
StateJrgen Chrobog, a man who himself had conducted negotiations withkidnappers while in office.[22]In June 2009, a group of nine foreign tourists
were kidnapped near the city of Saada. Seven were killed and two children
survived.[21]
Yemen has historically enjoyed good relations withSomalia, its neighbour
to the south and fellow Arab League member. EthnicSomalisfor the most
part blend in well with Yemeni society, as they share centuries of close
religious, commercial and social ties. Following the outbreak of thecivil
warin Somalia, Yemen unconditionally opened its borders to Somaliasylum seekers. The World Refugee Survey 2008, published by the U.S.
Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, estimates that 110,600 Somali
refugees lived in Yemen in 2007,[23]which is a fraction of the estimated
700,000-strong Somali nationals already living and working in
Yemen.[24]There are also many Somalis who have received Yemeni
citizenship due to marriage with Yemenis as well as through service to the
nation over the years. In addition, Yemen and Somalia have a long history
of trade and inter-action, with many of Somalia'sSultans, such asYusuf Ali
KenadidandGerad Ali Dable, often being exiled to and recruiting troops
from Yemen'sHadhramautregion. Somalia has also over the centuries
seen successive waves of immigration from Yemen, with Hadhrami settlers
being instrumental in helping to consolidate theMuslimcommunity in the
coastalBenadirregion in particular.[25]During the colonial period,
disgruntled Yemenis from the Hadhrami wars additionally sought and
received asylum in various Somali towns.[26]
Yemen also maintains good relations withDjibouti, its other predominantly
Somali neighbor to the west across theRed Sea. With a rapidly expandingeconomy, a stable government, huge investments from fellow Persian Gulf
Arab states, and a strategic maritime location in the Red Sea and theGulf
of Aden, Djibouti stands as an important ally. While Djibouti is largely
inhabited by Somalis, it is separate from theSomali Republicand holds its
own seats in the United Nations and theLeague of Arab States. On
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February 22, 2008, the BBC reported that a company owned byTarek bin
Ladenwas planning to build abridgeacross theBab el Mandeb, linking
Yemen with Djibouti.[27][28]
Since 2004, acivil waris being fought in Northern Yemen between Yemeni
forces and ShiiteHouthirebels. In 2009, it spilled over into the neighboring
border region of Saudi Arabia. This conflict is increasingly becoming a
danger to regional stability, according to news reports byCNN[29]and
theBBC,[30]as various countries are said to be involved, e.g.Iran,Saudi
Arabia,Egypt, andJordan.[31]TheUnited Nations[32]andUNDP
Yemenreport a growing problem of civilians fleeing from the region. Yemen
is said to have more than 60 million guns.[33]The2009 South Yemen
insurgencyhas further destabilized the country.
Some news reports have suggested that, on orders from President BarackObama, US warplanes firedcruise missilesat what officials in Washington
claimed were Al Qaeda training camps in the provinces
ofSanaaandAbyanon December 17, 2009.[34]Other reports suggest that
the airstrikes were carried out by YemeniMig-29aircraft, probably helped
by US intelligence,[35]or that cruise missiles were launched from warships
offshore.[36]Officials in Yemen said that the attacks claimed the lives of
more than 60 civilians, 28 of them children. Another airstrike was carried
out on December 24.[37]
Embassy of Yemen inWashington, D.C.
On January 3, 2010, the U.S. and British embassies in Yemen closed for
security reasons after the failed plot to bomb a plane in Detroit and after
reports of eight individuals planning an attack on the embassy itself. One
was arrested with a suicide vest, while three others were killed. Four
remained at large as of January 4, 2010.[38]
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Despite these tensions between the US and Yemen, as well as increasing
worries about terrorism in Yemen, President Obama has stated that he has
no plans to introduce US military forces into the country, a sentiment that
was echoed by US GeneralDavid Petraeus. However, the terrorism
worries seemed justified as a foiled terroristplotwas apparently conceivedin Yemen. Instead of military intervention, the US government intends to
increase military aid to $140 million in 2010.[39]
Geopolitical significance of Yemen (primarily its straits and oil fields) keeps
this country in the sphere of U.S. strategic interests. Control over the Aden
port - the "gate to Asia" - brings huge benefits to the USA and opens infinite
possibilities for maneuvering in front of them. However, America is not the
only nation to be interested in Yemen. China is trying hard to expand its
influence in theIndian Oceanby tie-ups across the region includingYemen.
Demographics
Main article:Demographics of Yemen
High-rise architecture atShibam, WadiHadramawt
The population of Yemen was about 24 million according to June 2011
estimates, with 46% of the population being under 15 years old and 2.7%above 65 years. In 1950, it was 4.3 million.[40][41]By 2050, the population is
estimated to increase to about 60 million.[42]
Yemen has one of the world'shighest birth rates; the average Yemeni
woman bears five children. Although this is similar to the rate inSomaliato
the south, it is roughly twice as high as that of Saudi Arabia and nearly
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three times as high as those in the more modernizedPersian Gulfstates.
Yemen's population is increasing by 700,000 every year.
Yemenis are mainly ofAraborigin.[43]Arabic is the official language,
althoughEnglishis increasingly understood by citizens in major cities. In
theMahraarea (the extreme east) and the islandSoqotra, several ancient
south-Arabic Semitic languages are spoken.[44][45]When the former states
of north and south Yemen were established, most resident minority groups
departed.[46]Yemen is still a largelytribalsociety.[47]In the mountains of
northern Yemen live some 400Zayditribes.[48]TheAfrican-descended
group known asAl-Akhdamform a kind of hereditarycastein
Yemen.[49]Yemen officially abolishedslaveryin 1962.[50]Yemenite
Jewsonce formed a sizable Jewish minority in Yemen with a distinct
culture.[51]
They also occupied key industries including silversmiths, andtheir influence on Yemeni culture is still discussed within the souks.
However, most of them emigrated toIsraelin the mid 20th century,
following theJewish exodus from Arab landsandOperation Magic
Carpet.[52]In the early 20th century, they had numbered about 50,000; they
currently number only a few hundred individuals and reside largely in
Sana'a. The original Jewish village, popularly called Bait-baws, has since
been left abandoned.
Arab traders have long operated inSoutheast Asia, trading in spices,timber, and textiles. Most of the prominentIndonesians,Malaysians,
andSingaporeansofArabdescent areHadhrami peoplewith origins in
southern Yemen in theHadramawtcoastal region.[53]As many as 4
millionIndonesiansare ofHadramidescent.[citation needed] and today there are
almost 10,000 Hadramis inSingapore.[54]The Hadramis emigrated not only
to Southeast Asia but also toEast Africaand theIndian
subcontinent.[55]Maqilwere a collection of ArabBedouintribes of Yemeni
origin who migrated westwards viaEgypt. Several groups of Yemeni Arabs
turned south toMauritania, and by the end of the 17th century century, theydominated the entire country. They can also be found throughout Morocco
and in Algeria as well as in other North African Countries.[56]
According to theUS Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Yemen
hosted a population ofrefugeesand asylum seekers numbering
approximately 124,600 in 2007. Refugees and asylum seekers living in
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ia.org/wiki/Maqilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen#cite_note-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen#cite_note-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen#cite_note-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Committee_for_Refugees_and_Immigrantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Committee_for_Refugees_and_Immigrantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Committee_for_Refugees_and_Immigrantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugeeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugeeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugeeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugeeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Committee_for_Refugees_and_Immigrantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen#cite_note-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen#cite_note-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen#cite_note-53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadramihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen#cite_note-52http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadramawthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadhrami_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporeanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen#cite_note-51http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Magic_Carpet_(Yemen)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Magic_Carpet_(Yemen)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_landshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen#cite_note-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenite_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenite_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen#cite_note-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen#cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Akhdamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen#cite_note-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaydihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen#cite_note-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soqotrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahra_Governoratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen#cite_note-CIA-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf7/31/2019 Eco- yemen
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Yemen were predominantly fromSomalia(110,600),Iraq(11,000),
andEthiopia(2,000).[23]There are also about 70,000 Iraqis presently living
in Yemen.[57]United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees(UNHCR)
estimates that in 2008 more than 50,000 Somalis reached
Yemen.[58]Yemen's civil warhas forced at least 175,000 Yemenis to fleetheir homes.[59]
TheYemeni diasporais largely concentrated in theUnited Kingdom, where
between70,000 and 80,000Yemenis reside; just over15,000 to
20,000Yemenis reside in theUnited States, and 2,000 live
inFrance.[60]Saudi Arabiaexpelled 800,000 Yemenis in 1990 and 1991 to
punish Yemen for its opposition to theGulf WaragainstIraq.[61]
Religion
Main article:Religion in Yemen
Religion in Yemen consists primarily of two principalIslamicreligious
groups; 52% of the Muslim population is Sunni[62]and 46% is
Shi'a.[62][63]Sunnis are primarilyShafi'ibut also include significant groups
ofMalikisandHanbalis. Shi'is are primarilyZaidisand also have significant
minorities of Twelver Shias[64]and Musta'ali Western Isma'ili Shias
(seeShia Population of the Middle East).
The Sunnis are predominantly in the south and southeast. The Zaidis arepredominantly in the north and northwest whilst the Jafaris and Ismailis are
in the main centers such as Sana'a and Ma'rib. There are mixed
communities in the larger cities. Less than 1% of Yemenis are non-Muslim,
adhering toHinduism,Christianity,Judaism, andatheism.[65]
Health
Main article:Health in Yemen
According to 2009 estimates, life expectancy in Yemen is 63.27 years.[43]
Health care
Despite the significant progress Yemen has made to expand and improve
its health care system over the past decade, the system remains severely
underdeveloped. Total expenditures on health care in 2004 constituted 5%
of gross domestic product. In that same year, the per capita expenditure for
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