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A3PS Conference Vienna 2011
Eco Mobility Based on Methane, Eco Mobility Based on Methane, Eco Mobility Based on Methane, Eco Mobility Based on Methane, Hydrogen and its MixturesHydrogen and its MixturesHydrogen and its MixturesHydrogen and its Mixtures
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Helmut Eichlseder Univ.-Doz. Dr. Manfred Klell
Institute for Internal Combustion Engines and ThermodynamicsGraz University of Technology, HyCentA Research GmbH
Institute for Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics, Graz University of Technology Pa
ge 2
IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroductionFirst application more than 200 years agoFirst application more than 200 years agoFirst application more than 200 years agoFirst application more than 200 years ago
Storage Device
Cylinder
PistonIgnition
1807 François Isaac de Rivaz 1807 François Isaac de Rivaz
1860 Etienne Lenoir1860 Etienne Lenoir
Quelle:http://www.h2mobility.org/
1933 Norsk Hydro 1933 Norsk Hydro
1939 Rudolf A. Erren1939 Rudolf A. Erren
Institute for Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics, Graz University of Technology Pa
ge 3
Injection chamber
Combustion ProcessDevelopment tools
Reaction ChemistrySimulation
Thd. Single cylinderResearch engine
3D CFD Simulation
ClosedClosedLoopLoop
Transparent Engine
Institute for Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics, Graz University of Technology Pa
ge 4
Experience Hydrogen / CNG ICEExperience Hydrogen / CNG ICEExperience Hydrogen / CNG ICEExperience Hydrogen / CNG ICE
Pspez >100 kW / dm3
Institute for Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics, Graz University of Technology Pa
ge 5
BLENDS
Hydrogenexternal
2932.9783
Methaneexternal
2933.4090
Hydrogen combustionHydrogen combustionHydrogen combustionHydrogen combustion
FuelMixture formationMixture temperature [K]Mixture calor. Value [MJ/m3]Full load potential [%]
Assumptions:λλaηenVH
= 1= const.= const.= const.= const.
Gasolineexternal
2933.59100
Institute for Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics, Graz University of Technology Pa
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BLENDS
Hydrogenexternal
2932.9783
Methaneexternal
2933.4090
Mixtures Hydrogen Mixtures Hydrogen Mixtures Hydrogen Mixtures Hydrogen ---- MethaneMethaneMethaneMethaneSpecific COSpecific COSpecific COSpecific CO2222----EmissionEmissionEmissionEmission
150
200
250sp
ec. C
O2
in g
/Wh
Gasoline
0 50Vol-%H2 -content in CH4
Institute for Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics, Graz University of Technology Pa
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Mixtures Hydrogen Mixtures Hydrogen Mixtures Hydrogen Mixtures Hydrogen ---- MethaneMethaneMethaneMethaneLean operation limitLean operation limitLean operation limitLean operation limit
1
2
3sp
ez.
CO
2in
g/W
hm
ax
0 50Vol-%H2 content in CH4
BLENDS
Hydrogenexternal
2932.9783
Methaneexternal
2933.4090
Institute for Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics, Graz University of Technology Pa
ge 8
Mixtures Hydrogen Mixtures Hydrogen Mixtures Hydrogen Mixtures Hydrogen ---- MethaneMethaneMethaneMethaneAcceleration of combustion Acceleration of combustion Acceleration of combustion Acceleration of combustion efficiency potentialefficiency potentialefficiency potentialefficiency potential
30
40
spez
. C
O2
in g
/Wh
max
Effic
ienc
y in
%
0 50Vol-%H2 -contentin CH4
* Indicated efficiencyat 2000 rpm,pe=6 bar, =1,6
* BLENDS
Hydrogenexternal
2932.9783
Methaneexternal
2933.4090
Institute for Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics, Graz University of Technology Pa
ge 9
Engine modificationsEngine modificationsEngine modificationsEngine modifications
Adaptions of M271KE:
� Adaption of gas-rail with new injectors (configuration equal to original position)
� Design and prototype production of an aluminium intake manifold
Institute for Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics, Graz University of Technology Pa
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Engine modificationsEngine modificationsEngine modificationsEngine modifications
� Original engine control used:Main ECU:
captures: Data of all conventional engine sensorscontrols: throttle valve, bypass valve,
ignition timing, injection signal
CNG ECU:captures: Data of all gas specific sensors
controls: all 4 injectors for gasoline and gas, tank valves
� Application, calibration for hydrogen:
All adapted reference data in main ECU: air fuel ratio, amount of air, nominal torque, ignition timing
Goal of application: lean engine operation, high efficiency, same torque with gasoline and hydrogen
Institute for Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics, Graz University of Technology Pa
ge 1
1
Erdgas Wasserstoff
Variable Kraftstoffzusammensetzung:
BM
EP
[bar
]
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Speed [rpm]1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Hydrogen
75 Vol% H2 in CH4
50 Vol% H2 in CH4
CH4
λ=1.0
λ=1.6
λ=1.0
λ=1.0
λ=1.0
λ=1.0 λ=1.0
λ=1.9λ=1.8
λ=1.7
λ=1.4λ=1.4
Results of engine operation on teststandResults of engine operation on teststandResults of engine operation on teststandResults of engine operation on teststandFull load H2 vs. CNG, Gasoline Full load H2 vs. CNG, Gasoline Full load H2 vs. CNG, Gasoline Full load H2 vs. CNG, Gasoline potential of H2CNGpotential of H2CNGpotential of H2CNGpotential of H2CNG----mixturesmixturesmixturesmixtures
Institute for Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics, Graz University of Technology Pa
ge 1
2
� Tank system (350 bar)
� Gas-tight encapsulation
� Injectors
� ELGASS
Vehicle modifications
Institute for Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics, Graz University of Technology Pa
ge 1
3
Vehicle modifications
� Fuel supply system with
� Type 3 Tanks for 350 bar H 2
• Mercedes: 1.7 kg H 2 (56.6 kWh)
• Mitsubishi: 2.4 kg H 2 (78.9 kWh)
� Pipes (hydrogen compatible materials)
� Pressure conditioning
� Mechanical and thermal safety release systems
� H2 - detectors
Institute for Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics, Graz University of Technology Pa
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Injector
Hydrogen inlet
Hydrogen detector� internal leakage
� external leakage
� endurance test
� flow field (performance maps)
Injector Teststand
Institute for Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics, Graz University of Technology Pa
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� Gas-detection
� bi-fuel switch
� gas mass
� gas consumption
� leakage control
� touchscreen
ELGASS – Electronic Gas-safety-system
Institute for Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics, Graz University of Technology Pa
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ELGASS on board Mercedes
Institute for Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics, Graz University of Technology Pa
ge 1
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Schematic fuel supply system
Institute for Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics, Graz University of Technology Pa
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Framework Directive 2007/46/EC for the type approval of motor vehicles and their trailers, and of systems, components and separate t echnical units intended for such vehicles
Subject matter:• Hydrogen powered vehicles• Componentes, systems for hydrogen powered vehicles
Technical requirements in single directives/regulatio ns e.g.:Emissions Regulation (EC) No 715/2007Wasserstoffsystem Regulation (EC) No 79/2009
Regulation (EC) No 79/2009:Basic requirements for hydrogen components and system an d the installationof such components and systems (concerning the H 2-system)
Implementing Regulation (EU) No 406/2010:Implementing Regulation (EC) No 79/2009 with detailed r equirements
Type approval of H 2-vehicles
Institute for Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics, Graz University of Technology Pa
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Single approval of prototype
� Design of the hydrogen fuel supply system on the ba sis of• Regulation (EC) No 79/2009• Technical guideline for NG-vehicles (AUT):
ÖVGW G95 (ECE-R-110 u. 115)
� technical certification: • TÜV Austria Automotive
� Approval at the Fachabteilung 17B – Kraftfahrwesen u nd Sicherheitsdienst des Landes Steiermark
� single approval based on • Legal basis: §§§§28 und §§§§34 des Kraftfahrgesetzes
1967, BGBl. Nr. 267/1967 i.d.g.F.
Institute for Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics, Graz University of Technology Pa
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Presentation of prototype (Mercedes): 4. 9. 2009
© TU Graz/Lunghammer
Institute for Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics, Graz University of Technology Pa
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Fire security
The pictures below show a fire security test with two vehicles using a compressed hydrogen fuel tank (left) and conventional gasoline fuel tank (right). 140 seconds after the ignition all of the hydrogen is burnt. The vehicle with the hydrogen tank is only damaged in near the tank system. The fire at the gasoline vehicle flashes over to the interior and finally to the whole vehicle.
[Swain2001]
Fire tests with fuel tanks for hydrogen (left) and gasoline (right) after 0, 3, 60, 90, 140 and 160 seconds [Swain2001]
Institute for Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics, Graz University of Technology Pa
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Road to sustainable eco mobilityRoad to sustainable eco mobilityRoad to sustainable eco mobilityRoad to sustainable eco mobilityNatural gas / hydrogen mixtures
Infrastructure
Vehicle
Internal combustion engine
Synergy effects: storage and distributionBridging effect from CNG to H2
Gradual implementation of regenerative hydrogen production
Synergy effects: gas leading componentsHigher storage density vs pure hydrogen
CO2-reductionLean operation due to broader ignition limits
Faster combustion: higher efficiency