Eco Friendly TransportDr. Prasad Modak, Executive President, Environmental Management Centre LLP, India and Consultant, ADB

Trends in Transportation

▪ Overall demand for transport growing rapidly, predicted to roughly doublebetween 2005 and 2050

▪ Transport activity is getting increasingly motorized

▪ The global vehicle fleet is set to multiply three or four-fold in the next twodecades, with most of this growth set to occur in developing countries

▪ Technological improvements such as fuel-efficient vehicles and alternativepower sources have not been rapid enough to offset the impacts of this growth

Need of Eco Friendly Transport

▪ Above unsustainable trends translate directly into various costs for the

Environment

Society

Economy

Need of Eco Friendly Transport

Energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions

Congestion (and associated losses in productivity of urban areas)

Resource depletion and land grab;

Need of Eco Friendly Transport

Degradation of human health

Reduction in human security (safety)

Reduction in accessibility and severance

Loss of biodiversity

Is Eco friendly transportation a solution?

What does Eco friendly transportation or

Sustainable Mobility or

Green Transportation mean?

Sustainable Mobility

▪ Meets basic access needs and safely addressing needs of diverse stakeholders

▪ offers choice of transport mode,

▪ is affordable and operates efficiently

▪ supports a vibrant economy;

▪ minimizes consumption of non-renewable resources

▪ minimizes the use of land

▪ limits emissions, noise and generation of wastes, reuses residues and recycles

http://environment.transportation.org/pdf/sustainability_peer_exchange/AASHTO_SustPeerExh

_BriefingPaper.pdf

Green transportation

▪ Green transport is a category of sustainable transport which uses human power, animal power, public transportation, smart design, and renewable energy.

▪ Promotes public transport and initiatives such as car pooling.

▪ Includes: Walking, Cycling and some other types of human-powered transport

▪ Uses Green vehicles: solar powered vehicles, wind powered vehicles, water powered vehicles, electric powered vehicles

http://ecogeeklm.hubpages.com/hub/greentransportation

Key Element of Eco friendly transport

▪ Avoiding or reducing the number of

journeys taken.

▪ Shifting to more environmentally

efficient forms of transport

▪ Improving vehicle and fuel quality and

technology to reduce adverse

environmental impacts

Making a shift to eco friendly transport requires a holistic strategy – Avoid-Shift-Improve strategy

http://www.unep.org/transport/lowcarbon/newsletter/pdf/GER_10_Transport.pdf

Enabling conditions

▪ Designing appropriate regulations and taking planning measures

▪ Setting the right financial conditions and economic incentives/disincentives

▪ Ensuring technology transfer and access

▪ Strengthening institutional capacities

▪ Involving communities and raising awareness

http://www.unep.org/transport/lowcarbon/newsletter/pdf/GER_10_Transport.pdf

Accommodate Needs

Without Growth in

Mobility Demand

Maximize Efficiency of

Existing Transportation

Infrastructure

Expand Streets and

Highways Infrastructure

Accommodate Mobility

Demand Without

Expanding Infrastructure

Expand Railroad,

Transit, Bicycle &

Pedestrian Infrastructure

Implementation Time

Environmental Impacts

Capital Cost

Institutional Requirement

A two step framework

S

T

E

P

1

http://environment.transportation.org/pdf/sustainability_peer

_exchange/AASHTO_SustPeerExh_BriefingPaper.pdf

Sustainable Mobility Categories Examples of Solutions

Accommodate Needs Without

Growth in Mobility Demand

Jobs/housing balance in subareas

Affordable housing in employment centers

Promote telecommute programs

Pricing

Accommodate Mobility Demand

Without Expanding Infrastructure

Ridesharing programs

Increased transit service levels

Bicycle sharing programs

Maximize Efficiency of Existing

Transportation Infrastructure

Incident management and response

Intelligent Transportation Systems

Access Management

Operations and maintenance

Expand Railroad, Transit, Bicycle

and Pedestrian Infrastructure

Bikeways and pathways

High Occupancy Vehicle lanes/Busways/Bus Rapid

Transit

Expand Streets and Highways

Infrastructure

General purpose streets and roadways

Limited access highways/freeways

Highway grade separations

S

T

E

P

1

When infrastructure solutions are selected to meet mobility needs, Step 2 frames

projects in more sustainable ways by aligning projects to five broad objectives:

• Reduce Energy Consumption

• Reduce Consumption of Material Resources

• Reduce Impacts to Environment and Communities

• In both construction as well as operations

S

T

E

P

2

Sustainable Objective Examples of Options

Reduce Energy Consumption Traffic Signal Coordination/Optimization

Low Energy Lighting

Dedicated Transit Lanes

Bike Lanes

Transit Signal Priority

Reduce Consumption of Material Resources Recycled Aggregates

Fewer Luminaire Poles/Catenary Lighting System

Higher Strength Concrete Pavements

Precast or Modular Construction Elements

Reduce Impacts to Environmental Resources Rain Gardens for Storm Water Infiltration

Diverse Plant/Tree Selections

Storm Water Infiltration Basins in Planter Strips

Porous Pavement

Support Vibrant Urban Communities Noise Reducing Pavement Materials

Public Art

Pedestrian Refuges in Medians

Emergency Vehicle Access

Support Sustainability During

Implementation

Reclamation of Demolition Materials

Use of Renewable Fuels for Construction Equipment

Use of Locally Obtained Materials

S

T

E

P

2

Criteria air pollutants

• Change in Criteria Pollutant Emissions compared to Vehicle Travel

• Criteria Pollutant Emissions from Transportation Vehicle and Equipment Manufacturing (car, rail, etc.)

• Criteria Pollutant Emissions from Airport Service Vehicles

• VOC Emissions from Solvent Utilization in Surface Coating for Autos & Light Trucks

• VOC Emissions from Service Stations,

• Mobile Source Contribution to Hazardous Air Pollution Inventories

• Toxic Chemicals Released from Ship- and Boat Building & Repairing Facilities

Greenhouse gases

• Share of CO2 Emissions from Transportation

• Full Fuel Cycle CO2 -equivalent Emissions for Light-duty Motor Vehicles (grams per mile)

Chlorofluorocarbons and stratospheric ozone depletion• Estimated U.S. Emissions of CFC-12 and HFC-134a (all sources not only transportation)

How do we measure the eco-friendliness?

US EPA Indicators

http://www2.dmu.dk/1_viden/2_publikationer/3_arbrapporter/rapporter/ar148.pdf

Habitat and land use

• Land Area Occupied by Roadways

• Disposal/Use of Material Dredged by U S. Army Corps of Engineers

• Wetland Losses and Creation Associated with the Federal Aid Highway Program

• Number of Animal Collisions with Motor Vehicles reported Water quality

• Number of Fuel Spills and Total Volume of Fuel Discharged Annually,

• Fuel Tank Leakage: Corrective Action Measures Reports for the U.S. Hazardous materials

incidents

Noise

• Percent of U.S. Population Exposed to Different Levels of Transportation Noise

• Length of Noise Barriers Constructed (miles) and Cost

• Population Exposed to 65 DNL at 30 Busiest Airports (various years)

• Solid waste

• Number of Motor Vehicles Scrapped Annually

• Disposition of Scrap Tires

• Lead Acid Batteries in Municipal Solid Waste Streams

• Estimated Annual Garbage Generation by U.S. Maritime Sectors

How do we measure

US EPA Indicators

Case Studies

1) Demolishing Road Infrastructure and Improving Public Transport – A case of Seoul

• The Mayor of Seoul and President realized

a vicious cycle of transportation planning

http://www.sutp.org/component/phocadownload/category/74-cs6?...143:cs...

Intervention

▪ They initiated a project that would

restore a river covered by anelevated expressway

Improve the public transportsystem

Intervention

▪ The demolition of the expressway and the reconstruction was completed and opened to the public.

Restoration of river

Intervention

▪ The improved public transport system, included and special service buses that run on exclusive median lanes.

▪ Buses were colour coded:

Blue buses: long routed buses

Green buses: Local service buses that arc feeders to the metro system and the express bus stops;

Red buses. These buses connect the newly planned satellite cities to the city centre;

Yellow buses: These are buses that provide local services in the metropolitan area.

Improved Public Transport

Intervention

▪ The buses were equipped with Global Positioning System (GPS)

▪ The new fare structure has free transfers between the metro and bus and vice versa.

▪ The city government introduced a multipurpose smart card system called 'T-money'.

▪ Frequent users of the transport system have now access to a monthly ticket, which offers discounts to them.

Improved Public Transport

Results

▪ There was constant monitoring of the outcomes of the project.

▪ Studies conducted show

that the restoration of the river has reduced the surrounding temperature by 3.6°C, which was earlier caused by the heat island effect.

In terms of traffic, there was a 2.3% reduction in the vehicles entering down-town Seoul while there was a 1.4% increase in the bus users and 4.3% increase in the subway.

Learnings from Seoul

▪ Firstly, transform cities to be people friendly.

▪ The second factor that can be learnt is that a bus system is a crucial means of transport for a city.

▪ Thirdly, a strong political will is required.

2) Electrical Vehicle - Jeepney

▪ An Electric Jeepney, the first public transport system of its kind is introduced in Philippines

▪ It is a revolution in public transportation vehicles

▪ It is powered with renewable energy

http://ens-newswire.com/2012/02/29/philippines-starts-first-commercial-electric-jeepney-service/

Intervention

▪ It uses energy from biodegradable waste from the city's wet markets, food establishments, and households to power Jeepney

▪ The fleet of electric Jeepneys will grow from a pilot set of 6 to a 50‐strong fleet.

▪ The vehicles runs on batteries charged overnight by a power plant fuelled by biogas generated from the organic waste from the city's markets and households.

Results

▪ For cities like Makati, the environmental, economic, health and social benefits of this project are

cleaner air,

better waste management,

a healthier population and most importantly a

significant contribution to curbing dangerous climate change

▪ The electric Jeepneys will also significantly increase incomes of the vehicles drivers by reducing their expenses on fuel

3) Green transportation - Vancouver

Goal of Vancouver: Make walking, cycling, and public transit preferred transportation options

Targets

▪ Make the majority (over 50%) of trips by foot, bicycle, and public transit

▪ Reduce the average distance driven per resident by 20% from 2007 levels

http://vancouver.ca/green-vancouver/green-transportation.aspx

Indicators

Indicator Baseline 2012 % change 2020 target

Per cent of trips made by foot,

bicycle, and transit

40% of trips

(2008)

44% of trips +4% * 50% of trips

Total vehicle km driven

per person

Not available New survey

in late 2014*

20% below

2007 levels

Intervention

▪ Buses, ferries, trains, and planes:

The City is served by a rich network of travel options

The City has efficient public and private transportation

▪ Public bike share system

In 2015, the City plans to launch a public bike share (PBS) system – a network of shared-use bicycles available for short-term use for a fee

Intervention

▪ Separated bicycle lanes

bicycle lanes divided from vehicle traffic lane by concrete medians and planters

Separation increases feelings of safety and comfort, which makes cycling an attractive commuting option

When pedestrians know that cyclists won't be using the sidewalks, pedestrians experience greater feelings of comfort when walking

Intervention

▪ VIVA Vancouver: Creating vibrant pedestrian spaces

In collaboration with community groups, local businesses, and regional partners, VIVA facilitates short-term street closures throughout the year, creating public spaces for walking, lounging, and lunching

4) Milan's Ecopass and Area C schemes

Context:

▪ With a density of 7200 habitants/ sq.km, the city of Milan is one of the top ten dense cities in the European region.

▪ Although Milan is served by a considerable public transport network, car ownership is 0.6 cars per inhabitant which ranks Milan amongst the highest cities around the world.

▪ This lead to high levels of pollution in the region.

Intervention:

▪ In 2008, Milan introduced a cordon pricing scheme in the city centre, by which vehicles entering the area had to pay a pollution charge, proportional to their emission class.

▪ This scheme called “Ecopass” aimed at reducing PM10 concentrations, as stipulated by European legislation.

▪ The scheme was under trial for one-year (2008) and was later extended for two more years.

▪ The area selected was of 8 sq.km, covering 4.5% of the city’s area.

http://www.iclei.org/fileadmin/PUBLICATIONS/Case_Studies/ICLEI_cs_157_-_Milan_July_2013.pdf

Milan's Ecopass and Area C schemes

Intervention :

▪ The 43 toll entrance gates were controlled by an electronic system of cameras, reading the license plates of the vehicles accessing the area.

http://www.iclei.org/fileadmin/PUBLICATIONS/Case_Studies/ICLEI_cs_157_-_Milan_July_2013.pdf

Class Main vehicle category

PM10 (mg/Km)

Charge

(Euro)

Class 1 Low emission vehicles 0 0

Class 2 Petrol Euro 3 and euro 4

Diesel Euro 4 with particulate filter

≤ 10 mg/km 0

Class 3 Petrol Euro 2 and Euro 1 ≤ 10 mg/km 2

Class 4 Petrol Euro 0

Diesel cars Euro 4 without particulate

filter, Euro 3, Euro 2 and Euro 1

Diesel commercial vehicles Euro 4

without particulate filter and Euro 3

≤ 100 mg/km 5

Class 5 Diesel cars Euro 0 Diesel commercial

vehicles Euro 2, Euro 1 and Euro 0

> 100 mg/km 10

▪ This scheme was later replaced by the Area C scheme with uniform charge of 5 euros for all vehicles entering the restricted areas.

Date Important events in Milan's road pricing policies

Jan. 2008 Implementation of the pollution charge Ecopass

2008 First year trial of Ecopass

2009 Ecopass trial period year extension

2010 Ecopass pollution charge

June 2011 Ecopass Referendum

16 Jan. 2012 Implementation of the congestion charge Area C

25 July 2012 Area C trial period suspended due to a ruling by the

Council State

17 Sept. 2012 Area C trial reintroduction

April 2013 Area C trial end, enters into force definitively

Milan's Ecopass and Area C schemes

Results:

Results of the Ecopass and Area C schemes are found in traffic reduction, public transport speed increase, air quality improvement and revenue collection.

▪ Road accidents within the tolled area were reduced by 21,3% in the same period;

▪ The average speed of public transport increased by 11,8%.

▪ The annual charge payments were 12.4 million Euro in 2008, 9.6 million Euro in 2009 and 8.9 million Euro in 2010 as against the operational costs of 6.5 million Euro

PM10

reduction

Traffic

reduction

http://www.iclei.org/fileadmin/PUBLICATIONS/Case_Studies/ICLEI_cs_157_-_Milan_July_2013.pdf

5) Non-motorization of Bogota’s Transportation

▪ In the late 1990's new city regulations came into force in Bogotá and resulted in the development and provision of bicycle paths.

▪ In 1998 the Urban Development Institute realized the need to formulate a Bike Path Master Plan.

▪ The network was designed by dividing the city into multiple grids covering the entire city area.

▪ Bike paths were designed such that they provided complementary services like parking for bicycles, street furniture and landscaping

http://www.iclei.org/fileadmin/PUBLICATIONS/Case_Studies/ICLEI_cs_165_Bogota_2013.pdf

Non-motorization of Bogota’s Transportation

▪ There was an increase of bicycle use from 0.58% in 1996 to 4-5% in 2006.

▪ In a city where cycling was previously not an option people considered this a noteworthy achievement.

▪ A growing citizen awareness and involvement in urban transport policy, something which was not previously evident before this decade.

▪ A greater possibility for citizens to take the bicycle as a main mode of transport.

http://www.iclei.org/fileadmin/PUBLICATIONS/Case_Studies/ICLEI_cs_165_Bogota_2013.pdf

▪ Political will and commitment is fundamental to promote non-motorized transport.

▪ Infrastructure is a crucial component

▪ Regulations and policies related to bicycle use

▪ Maintenance of infrastructure is fundamental

Non-motorization of Bogota’s Transportation

http://www.iclei.org/fileadmin/PUBLICATIONS/Case_Studies/ICLEI_cs_165_Bogota_2013.pdf

Learnings

6) Water Taxis ▪ Perfect for areas and communes that stand on sea, river or lake,

▪ Electric ferries and water taxis can be used to transport large numbers of passengers while reducing emissions and energy requirements to a minimum.

▪ The Community of Bordeaux (France) has signed up for a water taxi service, the BatCub, which the EDF Group runs and for which it maintains the batteries.

▪ Each ferry can safely carry 45 passengers, 6 bikes and 2 wheelchair users.

http://about-us.edf.com/strategy-and-sustainable-development/our-positions/electric-mobility/projects/electric-water-taxis-282894.html

Finally, eco-friendly transportation is not technology alone, nor just

imposition of regulations or planning

Its changing the attitude

Following sustainable Lifestyles

And getting a commitment – political, individual and collective (of

communities and corporations)

Its about Partnerships to put Innovations in Practice

Thank You…