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07.07.2009 Seite 1Seite 107.07.2009
Eco-Efficiency Measures to Mitigate Climate Change Impacts and Industrial Risk Management
Dr. Atiq RahmanExecutive Director of Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies (BCAS),
Chairman of Climate Action Network – South Asia (CANSA)Visiting Professor: Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University and
Harvard University, Boston, USA
Hyderabad, IndiaHyderabad, India66--7 July 20097 July 2009
07.07.2009 Seite 2Seite 2
Outline of the Presentation
A. BackgroundB. Eco-efficiency Measures and
Industrial Risk ManagementC. Industrialization and Industrial
Pollution D. Climate Change Impacts in
Bangladesh E. Responding to Climate ChangeF. Conclusion
07.07.2009 Seite 3Seite 3
Bangladesh is Vulnerable to
1. Demographic pressure2. Disasters3. Climate Change4. Industrial Governance
07.07.2009 Seite 4Seite 4
1. Background
Area 1,47,570 Sq. km
Population 142 Million (Approximate)
Growth rate 1.5%
Fertility rate 2.56 children born/women
Per Capita Income US$ 599
Annual GDP Growth Rate Average 6.3% from 2002/03 to 2007/08
Share of Industry in GDP 30%
Growth trend of Industry 7 to 8% pa
Industrial production growth rate 6.2%
07.07.2009 Seite 5Seite 5
Growth of Industries
07.07.2009 Seite 6Seite 6
Year Number of Factories
1992-93 1537
1996-97 2503
1999-00 3200
2000-01 3480
2001-02 3618
2002-03 3760
2003-04 3957
2004-05 4107
2005-06 4220
2006-07 4490
Growth of Garments Industries
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
1992
-93
1993
-94
1994
-95
1995
-96
1996
-97
1997
-98
1998
-99
1999
-200
0
2000
-200
1
2001
-200
2
2002
-200
3
2003
-200
4
2004
-200
5
Year
US$
(mill
ions
)
Woven
Knit
Export of RMG in BD
07.07.2009 Seite 7Seite 7
Pollution: A Major Challenge
Early Initiation of Rapid IndustrializationEmerging threat of Climate ChangeEco-efficiency Measures: A ResponseNeeds Additional Risk Management
07.07.2009 Seite 8Seite 8
B. Eco-Efficiency Measures in Bangladesh
Emerging ConcernsCompetence, efficiency, better management, pollution abatement, green business and profit making with social and environmental responsibilities
Greening the Economy and Business Innovation, technology generation, efficiency and improved managementEnabling Political Environment and InvestmentGlobal market forces and local realityPrivate and Public PartnershipEmerging benefit from Green Economy
07.07.2009 Seite 9Seite 9
The Key Challenges of Greening Economy, Industries and Business
The 3 Rs for caring the Earth and Ecosystems: »Reduce»Reuse and »Recycle
Environmental quality and risk management-ETP and standard setting-Safety and Security-Strong monitoring and supervision
Competence and compliance of global, national and local concerns Green business, equity and profit making
07.07.2009 Seite 10Seite 10
Corporate and Business Concerns
Fundamental Objective of Business is Continuity and Highest Profit Practice of High Quality Products for Market Leadership win in Intense Competition.Stable Socio-Economic Structure and Good Practice of Commerce and Market Sustainable Business Transaction ProcessServing customers/consumersGood Reputation GoodwillImage building and branding
07.07.2009 Seite 11Seite 11
CIVIL SOCIETYGOVERNMENT
PRIVATE SECTOR
Security FoodEnergyWaterEmployment/LivelihoodShelter
GoodsNutrition ClothingInformation & Communication
Services HealthEducation Rule of Law
FreedomDecision Making ParticipationPolitical Democracy
AccessNatural ResourcesFinancial ResourcesInstitutions
Investment/SavingCreditSkillOrganization
HUMAN RIGHTS Support HRNo HR abuseFreedom of
Association
LABOUR RIGHTSElimination of Forced LabourAbolition of Child LabourElimination of Discrimination
ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES
Precautionary PrincipleEnv. Responsibility Env. Friendly
Technology
Key Development Needs Nine Universal Principles in Global Compact
Key Sectoral Interactions
Global Compact: Business for Development
07.07.2009 Seite 12Seite 12
Doing Business within Sustainable Development Framework
07.07.2009 Seite 13Seite 13
Corporate Environmental and Social Responsibilities: Opportunities and Challenges
Key OpportunitiesHighest ProfitExpansion of MarketSocio-Economic StabilityEnvironmental SustainabilitySocial ConstancyImage Building Knowledge ExpansionInfrastructural DevelopmentEmployment OpportunityCommunity Development
Key Constraints Key Constraints
Appropriate Knowledge of Technology and Market
Financial instability
Infrastructural Constraint
Worker’s Unrest
Social Instability
Image diminish
Compliance Constraint
Poor Health & Safety Measures
Environmental Pollution
Natural and Manmade Disasters
Market Loss
07.07.2009 Seite 14Seite 14
Industrial Pollution in Gazipur
There are about 24,000 registered small-scale industrial units in Bangladesh
It is generally accepted there were an equivalent number unregistered,
Many of these industries are highly polluting and as a consequence of their rapid and largely unregulated development.
Although existing legislation specifies stringent effluent standards, they are not adequately adhered to or enforced
07.07.2009 Seite 15Seite 15
Bangladesh Map showing Dhaka and Gazipur
Dhaka was the industrial base from British to Pakistan regimes
Gazipur is a newly growing industrial belt near Dhaka
07.07.2009 Seite 16Seite 16
Kaliakoir Industrial Cluster
07.07.2009 Seite 17Seite 17
Main feature of the area
07.07.2009 Seite 18Seite 18
07.07.2009 Seite 19Seite 19
Immediate Impression
Water bodies are highly coloured in places due to the dye and the high sulphide levels, which makes the water black.
There is a foul smell near water bodies, particularly in the dry season
v
07.07.2009 Seite 20Seite 20
Turag in dry season
Dissolved oxygen (DO) level were within national limit in December.
In some sites, DO level starts deteriorating from early January.
Later in March,06, DO level in all sites were below national limit
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
Dec,06 Jan A,06 Jan B,06 Feb A,06 Feb B,06 Mar A,06 March B,06
Dis
solv
ed O
xyge
n (m
g/L)
Site 11Site12Site 13Site 1Site 19Site 14Site 15Site 16Site 17Site 18Site 20Site 21Site 22Site 23Site 24Site 25
07.07.2009 Seite 21Seite 21
Mokosh beel and Khal in Dry season
DO measurements were found to be below the national limit (except for site 3 which carries clean water from Kalia daha beel) from December, 05 to March, 06.v
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Dec, 05 Jan A,06 Jan B,06 Feb A,06 Feb B,06 Mar A,06 March B,06
Dis
solv
ed O
xyge
n (m
g/l)
Site 2
Site 3
Site 4
Site 5
Site 6
Site7
Site 8
Site 9
Site 10
07.07.2009 Seite 22Seite 22
Water Quality
Biological oxygen demands (BOD) is more than a hundred times than the national standard
Chemical oxygen demands (COD) was found to be nearly 5 times higher than the national standard.
Sulfide concentrations and pH were also high and exceed national standards.
High concentrations of heavy metals such as chromium were also found in the sediments near the industries
07.07.2009 Seite 23Seite 23
These conditions are unsuitable for aquatic life and wild life
Effecting the livelihoods of the peopleFood crop productionLand value has decreased
Impact
07.07.2009 Seite 24Seite 24
Health Problems
““I did not see many patients with skin diseases in the past, and dysentery and diarrhea have increased a lot in the area…….. Farmers, children and fishers are mainly affected as they work in the water”
07.07.2009 Seite 25Seite 25
C. Climate change and Natural Disaster
• Critical geographical location• Great Himalayan in the North• Bay of Bengal
• Big river systems and deltaic floodplains
• Low elevation from the sea level and long coast
• Frequent natural disasters• High population density and
poverty• Dependency on natural
resources
07.07.2009 Seite 26Seite 26
D. Climate Change Impacts in Bangladesh
Multiple Vulnerability of the Country
•Sea level Rise
•Cyclone (Intensity & Frequency)
•Deeper Penetration of Saline Water
•Erratic Rainfall
•Flood (Intensity & Frequency)
•Drought
•River Bank Erosion
•Health
•Food Security
07.07.2009 Seite 27Seite 27
Sea L
evel R
ise
Sea L
evel R
ise
07.07.2009 Seite 28Seite 28
CycloneCyclone
07.07.2009 Seite 29Seite 29
Err
ati
c R
ain
fall
Err
ati
c R
ain
fall
07.07.2009 Seite 30Seite 30
FloodsFloods
07.07.2009 Seite 31Seite 31
Riv
er
Ban
k E
rosi
on
Riv
er
Ban
k E
rosi
on
07.07.2009 Seite 32Seite 32
Changes in Drought PatternsChanges in Drought Patterns
07.07.2009 Seite 33Seite 33
Impacts on HealthImpacts on Health
Source: IPCC AR4, 2007
07.07.2009 Seite 34Seite 34
Impacts on Food Security
IPCC estimates that, by 2050, rice production in IPCC estimates that, by 2050, rice production in Bangladesh could decline by 8 percent and wheat Bangladesh could decline by 8 percent and wheat by 32 percentby 32 percent
Decrease production of livestock, Decrease production of livestock,
Increase of pest attackIncrease of pest attackDecrease production of fisheriesDecrease production of fisheries
07.07.2009 Seite 35Seite 35
Climate Change Impacts on Industries Climate Change Impacts on Industries and Societyand Society
Temperature rise, erratic rainfall and floods
Destroy large industries and SMEs Garments industries are severely affected by urban floods in BangladeshDisrupt of power supply and production
Employees are badly affected:
House and food securityWater supply and Health Loss of wage and incomePoverty increases
07.07.2009 Seite 36Seite 36
Climate Change, Industrial Water Climate Change, Industrial Water Pollution and Growing Health RisksPollution and Growing Health Risks
The country is already facing water crisis due to
Population growth, urbanization and industrializationLow flow of up-stream water during dry seasonIndustries pollute fresh water, wetland, river, canals and ground water
Climate change brings additional threats to:
Availability and quality of waterScarcity of fresh water will affect ecosystems, industrial production and human health
07.07.2009 Seite 37Seite 37
Climate Change, MDGs and Poverty Climate Change, MDGs and Poverty AlleviationAlleviation
Clim
ate Change Signal
Source: Saleem et al.., 2006
Poverty Alleviation/M
DG
sTemperature
(e.g. heat waves)
Hydrology(e.g. Floods &
Droughts)
Extreme Events(e.g. Cyclone &
Hurricanes)
07.07.2009 Seite 38Seite 38
Disaster ManagementDisaster ManagementImpact-Adaptation
Relationship
= ∑ ∫
X ∫ X ∫
Intensity of Event
BaselineConditions
AdaptiveCapacity
Impact Event
07.07.2009 Seite 39Seite 39
E. Responding to Climate ChangeE. Responding to Climate Change
Global policy and action for halting climate changeUNFCCC principle: Common but differentiated responsibilities of all nationsConference of the Parties (COP) and MOPKyoto Protocol: CDM, Carbon trading and JITechnology for low carbon development and greening the economyBali Action Plan: Four Building Blocks
»Mitigation and Adaptation »Fund and Compensation for the poor
Climate Change issues must be integrated into development and poverty alleviation
07.07.2009 Seite 40Seite 40
Responding to Climate Change: Responding to Climate Change: Con Con ……..
Industrial Sector must take action for Mitigation: low carbon development, pollution abatement, CDM, energy efficiency and renewableNew technology for greening production and economy
Promotion of Adaptation to Climate Change: Agriculture, water, industries and communitiesEnhancement of environmental soundness and social safety nets for food, water and human security
07.07.2009 Seite 41Seite 41
ConclusionConclusion
Limited literature on climate change linkages with industial system an ecoefficiency measures
Early findings show - Climate change has Positive and
negative impact with industrialization
07.07.2009 Seite 42Seite 42
ConclusionConclusion
Positive:Mitigation by ecoefficiency
-CDM-Lower carbon foot print-More efficient Process
-Energy-Water-Raw materials
07.07.2009 Seite 43Seite 43
ConclusionConclusion
Negative:Mitigation by ecoefficiency
-Health of workers-Poverty increase-Risk of Disaster increase
FloodCyclonesDrought
-Resource depletion-Biodiversity and habitat loss
07.07.2009 Seite 44Seite 44
ConclusionConclusion
Negative: Mitigation by ecoefficiency-Employment and livelihood-Food Security-Water Quality-Industrial Production Loss
07.07.2009 Seite 45Seite 45
ConclusionConclusion
Bangladesh in early stage of industrializationIndustry and service sector are growth areasRMG & textile are the rapidly growing industriesOvercome the challenges of
a) Multifibre Agreementb)Child labour control
07.07.2009 Seite 46Seite 46
ConclusionsConclusionsDisaster is a challenge Climate change is a major threat with some opportunities
-Eco efficiency-CDM-Process Improvement-Renewable Energy Utilization
-Better and inclusive Industrial Governance
Employment and
07.07.2009 Seite 47Seite 47
ConclusionConclusion
Response has to be “green economy” through sustainable development-Rapid Economic Growth-Social Justice and Economic Opportunities -Environmental Protection and Eco-efficiency Measures
07.07.2009 Seite 48Seite 48
Thank you