ECO-BUILDING DESIGN PRINCIPLES - REC Publicationsdocuments.rec.org/projects/FEDERICO_ZAGGIA_Favero-Milan.pdf · ECO-BUILDING DESIGN PRINCIPLES F. Zaggia - Favero & Milan Ingegneria

ECO-BUILDING DESIGN PRINCIPLESF. Zaggia - Favero & Milan Ingegneria

Istanbul - Bogazici University - 21 April 2011

ECO-BUILDINGS AS PART OF A LOW CARBON SOLUTION

ECO-BUILDINGS AS PART OF A LOW CARBON SOLUTION

ITALIAN-TURKISH BUSINESS ROUND-TABLE ON RENEWABLE ENERGY, ENERGY EFFICIENCY,AND ECO-BUILDING SOLUTIONS

ECO-BUILDING DESIGN PRINCIPLES

Boğaziçi UniversityIstanbul, April 21st 2011

speaker: Federico ZaggiaFavero & Milan Ingegneria


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• What is Eco-building ?

• What is Sustainable Construction ?

• A definition of Eco-building could be the “product of a Sustainable Construction”, inteded as the outcome of a design process that aims to safeguard the natural environment and people welfare, that makes use of appropriate materials and energy-efficient technology without waste of resources.

INTRODUCTION WHAT IS ECO-BUILDING?


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Is this new ?

We were sustainable even before discovering that we needed to be …



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OLD HYDRO-POWERED MILL

ROMAN RADIANT FLOOR OLD WIND POWERED MILL ROMAN GEO-THERMAL BATHS

PERSIAN COOLING TOWERS


EXAMPLES OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDING AND TECHNOLOGIES OF THE PAST.


5INTRODUCTION WHAT IS ECO-BUILDING?


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HOW DO WE ACHIEVE SUSTAINABILITY OF BUILDINGS

HOW DO WE ACHIEVE SUSTAINABILITY IN BUILDINGS


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SAFEGUARD THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND PEOPLE WELFARE

REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND AIR, WATER, EARTH POLLUTION

SAVE ENERGY

USE OF RENEWABLE SOURCES

HOW DO WE ACHIEVE SUSTAINABILITY IN BUILDINGS TARGETS


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USE OF NATURAL, RECYCLABLE, ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY MATERIALS

REDUCE WASTE

INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL COMFORT AND HEALTH

HOW DO WE ACHIEVE SUSTAINABILITY IN BUILDINGS TARGETS


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How do we achieve these targets?

Which designing tools and strategies are available today to respond efficiently to all these urgent requirements?

HOW DO WE ACHIEVE SUSTAINABILITY IN BUILDINGS STRATEGIES


10HOW DO WE ACHIEVE SUSTAINABILITY IN BUILDINGS STRATEGIES

Alternatives

Renewables

Minimisation

Efficiency


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ANALISYS OF SITE AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS



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ANALYSIS OF SITE


• Winter / Summer conditions• Humidity / Temperature• Solar radiation• Prevailing winds• Rainfalls analysis• Noise pollution• Air pollution


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ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE CHARACTERISTICS


Turkey - climate classification

Turkey - wind speed

Turkey - solar radiation

Turkey - annual mean temperature


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ANALISYS OF BUILDING SHAPE AND ORIENTATION



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Building Shape Analysis and Orientation | Day Lightning

Building shape derives from analysis on the site and of the specific climatic conditions of the location. The building has to optimise the need for solar energy in winter and for solar protection in summer. The shape of the building evolves from a series of tests and simulations. Equally the envelope characteristics shall derive from a series of simulations of the thermal behaviour of the building, optimizing the energy and the architectural features allowing natural light to penetrate inside the building in order to reduce the energy consumption.

Equinox09:00

Equinox12:00

Equinox16:00

December09:00

December12:00

December16:00

June16:00



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BUILDING SHAPE AD ORIENTATION



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BUILDING SHAPE AD ORIENTATION


• Building orientation in relation to sun path • Mass and Density• Shape of building


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EXTERNAL ENVELOPE



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Two main approaches can be recognized regarding buildings and energy:

On the one hand a mechanical, energy intensive approach based on building services, complex networks of heating, ventilation and air conditioning that supply comfort conditions in spite of variable weather conditions. These are internal ducting and piping, seldom visible, supporting the building operation “from the inside”.

On the other hand passive, low-energy strategies claim for an architecture that is climate-responsive and environmentally responsible. This approach is mostly based on a careful adaptation of the building envelope as mediator between inside controlled comfort conditions and outside weather variations.



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WHAT DOES AN EXTERNAL ENVELOPE NEED TO CONTROL?



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Thermal insulation of external envelopeWhy insulate?



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35% Energy loss through wallsSignificant advances have been made through the years in insulating different elements of the building to try to reduce energy loss. As up to 35% of heat is lost through the walls, these are the areas where the greatest benefits can be achieved. Particular attention should be paid to thermal bridges.

Save energy and protect the environment;By using thick layers of insulation (e.g.>100mm) heat loss through the walls may be reduced by up to 80%. The reduction in energy consumption helps preserving natural resources and plays an important part in decreasing CO2 and SO2 emissions.

Protective skinBy insulating externally, the structure of the building is protected from the elements in a weather-proof yet vapour permeable layer.

Improve the confort factorBy keeping the external walls of the structure warmer, the living climate is improved and condensation eliminated, preventing damp and mould growth.



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GLASS FACADE AND ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES



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In the 1950s, curtain walls were first understood in environmental terms as “an environmental filter, a membrane mediating between desired interior conditions and variable exterior circumstances”. Though this was hardly demonstrated in real terms and only starting from the 1990s, a new generation of glazed facades could be identified as undertaking the mediation of climate conditions and comfort requirements, many of them still under development and study.

Double Façades (DF) which are façades adding a second layer to the façade, usually glass, in order to improve some of the properties of the façade, most notably, noise reduction.

Double Skin Façades (DSF) consist of an exterior and interior glazing, with varying insulation, ventilation and access strategies, louvres and sun- shading devices

Integrated Active Façades with recognizable characteristics such as responsive artificial lighting; daylight and sun control; occupant control; ventilation, heating and temperature controllers; electricity generators; emphasizing control and management strategies.




NATURAL LIGHTINGMAXIMISATION OF NATURAL DAYLIGHT AND REDUCE NEED FOR ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING


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THE LIGHT-SHELF SYSTEM



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NATURAL VENTILATION


USE OF NATURAL VENTILATION TO REDUCE ENERGY CONSUMPTION FOR COOLING DURING MID-SEASONS AND NIGHTTIME


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SINGLE SIDED + CROSS VENTILATION WIND – STACK VENTILATION



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MATERIALS


UTILIZE NATURAL MATERIALS AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE AND REDUCE USE OF OIL DERIVED PRODUCTS. DETERMINE BEST CASE SCENARIO THROUGH “LCA” (LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT)


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LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

The life cycle impact of a building material consists of the environmental impact of its creation, use and disposal. An holistic life cycle assessment (LCA) can help improve the sustainable credentials of the project.



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Among other subjects to be assessed like fossil fuel depletion, mineral extraction impact, ozone depletion or global warming etc., particularly relevant is the embodied energy of materials.

The Embodied Energy is a normalized calculation of the total energy required to produce a material up to the point of use.This concept becomes crucial especially during the design phase and materials selection.



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ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING


REDUCE CONSUMPTION RELATED TO ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING


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Light is a form of energy and thus contributes to energy consumption and carbon emissions.

When designing a lighting scheme for a building, energy efficiency can be enhanced by:

- avoiding over-lighting

- specifying energy efficient lamps

- specifying appropriate lighting for the purpose (task lights)

- designing lighting to give precise control so lights aren’t on when they’re not needed



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WATER RECYCLING


REUSE RAINWATER FOR TOILETS, GARDEN WATERING, ETC.



WATER CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING PRACTICES

Recycling of treated storm water and sewage effluent

Decreased water requirements with selection of plants appropriate to climate

Use of water conservation devices such as dual flush toilet systems, roof-fed water tanks, water –saving shower roses and appropriate irrigation devices

Selection of low-water use appliance

Building and infrastructure design to collect waste water for recycling

Use of artificial wetland of other appropriate methods to remove pollutants from waste water prior to recycling


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Water Recycling


WATER RECYCLING PLANTS OF SIEEB BUILDING - BEIJING


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RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES EXPLOITATION


EVALUATE POTENTIAL BENEFITS FROM PRODUCING ELECTRIC POWER THROUGH RENEWABLE SOURCES. EVALUATION SHOULD BE BASED ON COST-BENEFIT CRITERIA


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RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES


GEOTHERMAL

HYDROELECTRIC

SEA

SOLAR

EOLIC

BIOMASS

WASTE


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WIND TURBINES THERMAL SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC

EARTH-AIR HEAT EXCHANGERGROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP BIOMASS

RENEWABLE SOURCES PLANTS



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HIGH EFFICIENCY AND ALTERNATIVE PLANTS


DESIGN AND INSTALL HIGH EFFICIENCY AND ALTERNATIVE PLANTS


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COGENERATION AND TRIGENERATION PLANTS

Cogeneration (CHP) plants are devised for simultaneous generation of electricity and heat, through an heat engine or a power station.

Trigeneration plants, similar to CHP but with additional absorption chillers supply simultaneously electricity, heat and cold.



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The boiler recovers energy through the condensation of the water vapour in the exhaust gases.Efficiency can be up to 95%, compared to an average 70-80% of a non-condensing boiler.

The heat can be provided from a variety of sources, including geothermal, cogeneration plants, waste heat from industry, and purpose-built heating plants.Operating with lower fluids temperatures contribute important saving in energy consumption.

CONDENSING BOILER

DISTRICT HEATING



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BMS


INSTALL A BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TO CONTROL AND MONITOR THE BUILDING


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HVAC, LIGHT and SECURITYinteract for the best comfort

COMFORT

+ENERGY SAVING

Self adapting to INSIDEAnd OUTSIDE events

WHAT’S BUILDING AUTOMATION?

Image a building as a thinking and intelligent structure:



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Conditioning Energy Data AnalisysElectric Power Fire Alarm

Ventilation

Heating

Lighting

Lifts

Intrusion Detection

Gates

– CCTV Comunication Bus

BUILDING AUTOMATION EXAMPLE



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BUILDING AUTOMATION – BUILDING MANAGEMENT AND ENERGY


WHICH MEANS:

Equipment growing old quickly

Energy waste

Frequent maintenance

Low comfort levels

No alarms handling, random search for faults

WITHOUT BUILDING AUTOMATION

NO SCHEDULING:

Pumps running constantly

Constant heating

Lights on in no-working hours

No peak-control in electric power

High use of water, gas and electricity

No alarm for plants faults

Man-operated plants


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BUILDING AUTOMATION – BUILDING MANAGEMENT AND ENERGY SAVINGS


WITH BUILDING AUTOMATION

SCHEDULING:

Pumps running when needed and with VSD control

Heat on demand

Lights OFF in no-working hours and lux dimming

Peak-control in electric power

Optimized use of water, gas, and electric energy by integrated metering

Interations between HVAC and security/fire systems

Alarm for plant faults

Alarm routing via SMS, mail, fax, etc

No man-operated plants

WHICH MEANS:

Reduced equipment wearing off

No energy wasting

Lower maintenance

Higher comfort levels

Alarm handling, quick trouble-shooting


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DESIGN STRATEGIES IMPLEMENTATION



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Starting from the bigger picture, climate analysis, orientation and building massing studies are done by the early phase of schematic design. More detailed passive design analysis for the facades along with active system optimization is aimed to complete towards the end of design development stage.



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ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS



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EXAMPLES: 4C Building Analysis



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CERTIFICATION

CERTIFICATION


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LEED 2009

Check-list

CERTIFICATION


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LEED 2009

LEED standards (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) are parameters regarding the sustainable construction, developed in the US and used in more than 40 countries around the world.

LEED is a flexible and articulated system providing evaluation tools of new constructions (NC, New construction and major renovations), existing buildings (EB, Existing Buildings), educational buildings (LEED for Schools), small dwellings (LEED homes), while maintaining a simple and coherent approach to different construction fields.

The system is based on Credits, which are awarded for each building component with a clear sustainable characteristic. The sum of all Credits awarded determines the LEED Certification category of the project.

CERTIFICATION


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The realization of sustainable buildings starts from good planning and design, rationalizing the resources and avoiding the use of toxi c substances.

This means great benefits unde r many perspectives, not only environmental but also economical saving during the building lifetime.

CONCLUSIONS

SIEEB Building

4C Building

Documents

ECO-BUILDING DESIGN PRINCIPLES - REC Publicationsdocuments.rec.org/projects/FEDERICO_ZAGGIA_Favero-Milan.pdf · ECO-BUILDING DESIGN PRINCIPLES F. Zaggia - Favero & Milan Ingegneria