30
1  Eclipses  - Understanding Shadows  An eclipse occurs when one astronomical object casts a shadow on the other. Solar Eclipses – The Sun casts a shadow on the Earth Lunar Eclipses – The Earth casts a shadow on the Moon

Eclipses Understanding Shadows · 1 Eclipses Understanding Shadows An eclipse occurs when one astronomical object casts a shadow on the other. Solar Eclipses – The Sun casts a shadow

  • Upload
    hanhi

  • View
    227

  • Download
    1

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Eclipses Understanding Shadows · 1 Eclipses Understanding Shadows An eclipse occurs when one astronomical object casts a shadow on the other. Solar Eclipses – The Sun casts a shadow

1

 Eclipses  ­ Understanding Shadows An eclipse occurs when one astronomical object casts a shadow 

on the other.● Solar Eclipses – The Sun casts a shadow on the Earth

● Lunar Eclipses – The Earth casts a shadow on the Moon

Page 2: Eclipses Understanding Shadows · 1 Eclipses Understanding Shadows An eclipse occurs when one astronomical object casts a shadow on the other. Solar Eclipses – The Sun casts a shadow

2

The Geometry of Shadows

A shadow created from an extended source of light (e.g. The Sun) has two parts.

● A dark umbra (“A”) in which all light from the Sun is blocked

● A less shaded penumbra (“B”, “C”, “D”) where part of the light from the Sun is blocked.

Page 3: Eclipses Understanding Shadows · 1 Eclipses Understanding Shadows An eclipse occurs when one astronomical object casts a shadow on the other. Solar Eclipses – The Sun casts a shadow

3

Moon Phase and Eclipses

Because of the required alignment between Sun, Moon, and Earth eclipses either happen at Full or New Moon

● For a total solar eclipse the Moon is New.

● For a total lunar eclipse the Moon is Full.

Not to Scale!!!!

Page 4: Eclipses Understanding Shadows · 1 Eclipses Understanding Shadows An eclipse occurs when one astronomical object casts a shadow on the other. Solar Eclipses – The Sun casts a shadow

4

Why Eclipses are Rare

The Earth and Moon, when seen to true scale, are tiny compared to their separation.  Alignment must be nearly perfect.

● The tilt of the Moon's orbit hinders that alignment.

If this figure were true to scale the Moon would be twice as far from the Earth!!

Page 5: Eclipses Understanding Shadows · 1 Eclipses Understanding Shadows An eclipse occurs when one astronomical object casts a shadow on the other. Solar Eclipses – The Sun casts a shadow

5

Why Eclipses are Rare

The Earth and Moon, when seen to true scale, are tiny compared to their separation.  Alignment must be nearly perfect.

● The tilt of the Moon's orbit hinders that alignment.

Page 6: Eclipses Understanding Shadows · 1 Eclipses Understanding Shadows An eclipse occurs when one astronomical object casts a shadow on the other. Solar Eclipses – The Sun casts a shadow

6

Why Eclipses are Rare

The Earth and Moon, when seen to true scale, are tiny compared to their separation.  Alignment must be nearly perfect.

● There are two times a year, separated by 6 months, when the shadows line up.

Page 7: Eclipses Understanding Shadows · 1 Eclipses Understanding Shadows An eclipse occurs when one astronomical object casts a shadow on the other. Solar Eclipses – The Sun casts a shadow

7

Solar Eclipses

Solar eclipses occur when the Moon blocks the Sun from view.● The Moon must be New.

● The total eclipse can be seen from a limited set of locations.

Page 8: Eclipses Understanding Shadows · 1 Eclipses Understanding Shadows An eclipse occurs when one astronomical object casts a shadow on the other. Solar Eclipses – The Sun casts a shadow

8

Solar Eclipses

The tapering umbral shadow of the Moon just barely reaches Earth (sometimes it doesn't – an annular eclipse)

● The Moon's umbral shadow is small – covering a couple of hundred miles at best.

Page 9: Eclipses Understanding Shadows · 1 Eclipses Understanding Shadows An eclipse occurs when one astronomical object casts a shadow on the other. Solar Eclipses – The Sun casts a shadow

9

Solar Eclipses

The Moon's orbital motion and Earth rotation sweep the shadow across the Earth in a matter of hours.

● Locations along this eclipse path experience “totality” for a few minutes at best.

Page 10: Eclipses Understanding Shadows · 1 Eclipses Understanding Shadows An eclipse occurs when one astronomical object casts a shadow on the other. Solar Eclipses – The Sun casts a shadow

10

Solar Eclipses

The Moon's orbital motion and Earth rotation sweep the shadow across the Earth in a matter of hours.

● Locations along this eclipse path experience “totality” for a few minutes at best.

Page 11: Eclipses Understanding Shadows · 1 Eclipses Understanding Shadows An eclipse occurs when one astronomical object casts a shadow on the other. Solar Eclipses – The Sun casts a shadow

11

Solar Eclipses

Despite the short duration and remote location, people go to extremes to view eclipses.

● Phenomena that are usually washed out by the blue sky become visible – the solar corona and solar prominences.

http://www.mreclipse.com/

Page 12: Eclipses Understanding Shadows · 1 Eclipses Understanding Shadows An eclipse occurs when one astronomical object casts a shadow on the other. Solar Eclipses – The Sun casts a shadow

12

Page 13: Eclipses Understanding Shadows · 1 Eclipses Understanding Shadows An eclipse occurs when one astronomical object casts a shadow on the other. Solar Eclipses – The Sun casts a shadow

13

Page 14: Eclipses Understanding Shadows · 1 Eclipses Understanding Shadows An eclipse occurs when one astronomical object casts a shadow on the other. Solar Eclipses – The Sun casts a shadow

14

Page 15: Eclipses Understanding Shadows · 1 Eclipses Understanding Shadows An eclipse occurs when one astronomical object casts a shadow on the other. Solar Eclipses – The Sun casts a shadow

15

Page 16: Eclipses Understanding Shadows · 1 Eclipses Understanding Shadows An eclipse occurs when one astronomical object casts a shadow on the other. Solar Eclipses – The Sun casts a shadow

16

Page 17: Eclipses Understanding Shadows · 1 Eclipses Understanding Shadows An eclipse occurs when one astronomical object casts a shadow on the other. Solar Eclipses – The Sun casts a shadow

17

Page 18: Eclipses Understanding Shadows · 1 Eclipses Understanding Shadows An eclipse occurs when one astronomical object casts a shadow on the other. Solar Eclipses – The Sun casts a shadow

18

Page 19: Eclipses Understanding Shadows · 1 Eclipses Understanding Shadows An eclipse occurs when one astronomical object casts a shadow on the other. Solar Eclipses – The Sun casts a shadow

19

Note the nearly identical eclipses 18+ years apart.  The Moon's exact position repeats relative to the Earth and Sun every 18 years creating a family of eclipses – the Saros cycle.

Page 20: Eclipses Understanding Shadows · 1 Eclipses Understanding Shadows An eclipse occurs when one astronomical object casts a shadow on the other. Solar Eclipses – The Sun casts a shadow

20

Solar Eclipses from Charlottesville?

You have to wait several hundred years on average for a total solar eclipse to happen at your location.

● Partial eclipses, which cover more area, are common however.

Page 21: Eclipses Understanding Shadows · 1 Eclipses Understanding Shadows An eclipse occurs when one astronomical object casts a shadow on the other. Solar Eclipses – The Sun casts a shadow

21

Eclipses in the Next Century

Page 22: Eclipses Understanding Shadows · 1 Eclipses Understanding Shadows An eclipse occurs when one astronomical object casts a shadow on the other. Solar Eclipses – The Sun casts a shadow

22

Eclipses on Other Worlds

The outer planets have lots of moons...

Page 23: Eclipses Understanding Shadows · 1 Eclipses Understanding Shadows An eclipse occurs when one astronomical object casts a shadow on the other. Solar Eclipses – The Sun casts a shadow

23

Lunar EclipsesThe Earth casts a shadow on the Moon

● To be specific  the Moon moves through the Earth's shadow

Page 24: Eclipses Understanding Shadows · 1 Eclipses Understanding Shadows An eclipse occurs when one astronomical object casts a shadow on the other. Solar Eclipses – The Sun casts a shadow

24

Lunar EclipsesThe Moon takes a couple of hours to cross the Earth's shadow.

● The Earth's umbral shadow is large enough to consume the whole Moon.

Page 25: Eclipses Understanding Shadows · 1 Eclipses Understanding Shadows An eclipse occurs when one astronomical object casts a shadow on the other. Solar Eclipses – The Sun casts a shadow

25

Lunar EclipsesEverybody on the night side of the Earth can see the eclipse.

Page 26: Eclipses Understanding Shadows · 1 Eclipses Understanding Shadows An eclipse occurs when one astronomical object casts a shadow on the other. Solar Eclipses – The Sun casts a shadow

26

Lunar EclipsesThe Moon takes on a reddish hue during the total eclipse because of light refracted through the Earth's atmosphere.

● This is the combined light of all of the world's sunrises and sunsets!

The View from the Moon

Page 27: Eclipses Understanding Shadows · 1 Eclipses Understanding Shadows An eclipse occurs when one astronomical object casts a shadow on the other. Solar Eclipses – The Sun casts a shadow

27

Page 28: Eclipses Understanding Shadows · 1 Eclipses Understanding Shadows An eclipse occurs when one astronomical object casts a shadow on the other. Solar Eclipses – The Sun casts a shadow

28

Annular vs. Total Eclipses

The Moon follows an elliptical orbit.● When it is close to the Earth it easily covers the Sun (total eclipse) when far 

away its angular size is smaller than the Sun's (annular eclipse).

Page 29: Eclipses Understanding Shadows · 1 Eclipses Understanding Shadows An eclipse occurs when one astronomical object casts a shadow on the other. Solar Eclipses – The Sun casts a shadow

29

Annular vs. Total Eclipses

The Moon follows an elliptical orbit.● When it is close to the Earth it easily covers the Sun (total eclipse) when far 

away its angular size is smaller than the Sun's (annular eclipse).

Page 30: Eclipses Understanding Shadows · 1 Eclipses Understanding Shadows An eclipse occurs when one astronomical object casts a shadow on the other. Solar Eclipses – The Sun casts a shadow

30

Annular vs. Total EclipsesSo much Sun is visible during an annular eclipse that none of the spectacular solar eclipse phenomena is visible.