人體器官組織暨細胞優良操作規範(GTP)研習會(一)

實驗室空氣品質與氣流控制策略實驗室 氣品質與氣流控制策略

台灣世曦工程顧問股份有限公司

李志鵬李志鵬

中華民國101年5月31日 1

室內空氣品質管理法(100年11月23日公布)

室內空氣品質管理法第二章 管 理

第六條 下列公私場所經中央主管機關依其場所之公眾聚集量 進第六條 下列公私場所經中央主管機關依其場所之公眾聚集量、進出量、室內空氣污染物危害風險程度及場所之特殊需求，予以綜合考量後，經逐批公告者，其室內場所為本法之公告場所：告場所：八、教室、圖書室、實驗室、表演廳、禮堂、展覽室、會議廳（室）。

第七條 前條公告場所之室內空氣品質，應符合室內空氣品質標準。但因不可歸責於公告場所所有人、管理人或使用人之事由，致室內空氣品質未符合室內空氣品質標準者，不在此限。前項標準，由中央主管機關會商中央目的事業主管機關依公告場所之類別及其使用特性定之。

室內空氣品質管理法第四章 附 則 室內空氣品質管理法第四章 附 則

第二十三條 本法施行細則，由中央主管機關定之。第二十四條 本法自公布後一年施行。

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第二十四條 本法自公布後一年施行

環保署室內空氣品質建議值

項 目 建 議 值 單 位

二氧化碳（CO2） 8小時值第1類 600

ppm（體積濃度百萬分之一）第2類 1000

• 1小時值：指1小時內各測值之算術平均值或1小時累計採樣之測值

第2類

一氧化碳（CO）8小時值

第1類 2ppm（體積濃度百萬分之一）

第2類 9

甲醛（HCHO）1小時值 0 1 （體積濃度百萬分之一）

累計採樣之測值。• 8小時值：指連續8個小時

各測值之算術平均值或8小時累計採樣測值24小時值 指連續24小1小時值 0.1 ppm（體積濃度百萬分之一）

總揮發性有機化合物(TVOC) 1小時值 3 ppm（體積濃度百萬分之一）

• 24小時值：指連續24小時各測值之算術平均值或24小時累計採樣測值。

• 最高值：依檢測方法所規範採樣方法之採樣分析值細菌(Bacteria) 最高值 第1類 500 CFU/m3（菌落數/立方公尺）

第2類 1000

真菌(Fungi) 最高值 第2類 1000 CFU/m3（菌落數/立方公尺）

粒徑小於等於 微米 小時值

範採樣方法之採樣分析值。• 第1類：指對室內空氣品

質有特別需求場所，包括學校及教育場所、兒童遊樂場所 醫療場所 老人粒徑小於等於10微米

（μm）之懸浮微粒（PM10）

24小時值 第1類 60μg/m3（微克/立方公尺）

第2類 150

粒徑小於等於2.5微米（ m）之懸浮微

24小時值 100g/m3（微克/立方公尺）

樂場所、醫療場所、老人或殘障照護場所等。

• 第2類：指一般大眾聚集的公共場所及辦公大樓，包括營業商場 交易市場米（μm）之懸浮微

粒（PM2.5）μg/m3（微克/立方公尺）

臭氧（O3） 8小時值 第1類 0.03 ppm（體積濃度百萬分之一）第2類 0.05

包括營業商場、交易市場、展覽場所、辦公大樓、地下街、大眾運輸工具及車站等室內場所。

溫度(Temperature) 1小時值 第1類 15至28 ℃（攝氏）3

有關室內空氣品質的定義

可接受的室內空氣品質(Acceptable indoor air quality)依據ASHRAE standard 62.1: Air in which there is no known contaminants at h f l d d b h d hharmful concentrations as determined by cognizant authorities and with which a substantial majority (80% or more) of the people exposed do not expressed dissatisfaction.空氣中無已知污染物超過主管當局所規定的有害濃度， 且大多數人(80% 以上) 曝露在此空氣條件下未表達不滿意。

優良室內空氣品質(Good indoor air quality) 優良室內空氣品質(Good indoor air quality)依據ASHRAE IAQ Guide: Good IAQ is achieved by providing air in occupied spaces in which there are no known or expected contaminants at concentrations likely to be harmful and no conditions that are likely to be concentrations likely to be harmful and no conditions that are likely to be associated with occupant health or comfort complaints and air with which virtually no occupants express dissatisfaction. It includes consideration of both indoor air pollution levels and thermal environmental parametersboth indoor air pollution levels and thermal environmental parameters.

我國室內空氣品質管理法第三條 本法用詞 第三款，定義如下：

室內空氣品質：指室內空氣污染物之濃度、空氣中之溼度及溫度。室內空氣品質 指室內空氣污染物之濃度 空氣中之溼度及溫度

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NIH Indoor Air Quality-Biomedical Research Laboratories(1)

HVAC systems shall maintain a safe and comfortable working environment and be capable of adapting to new research initiatives.

HVAC systems shall be easy to maintain, energy efficient, and reliable to minimize lost research time.

Labo ato HVAC s stems shall tili e 100 pe cent o tdoo ai Laboratory HVAC systems shall utilize 100 percent outdoor air, conditioned by central station air handling systems to offset exhaust air requirements.

Laboratory supply air shall not be recirculated or reused for other ventilation needs.

b h f l b h ll b d d d Laboratories containing harmful substances shall be designed and field balanced so that air flows into the laboratory from adjacent (clean) spaces, offices, and corridors. ( ) p , ,

Air supplied to the adjacent clean spaces shall be exhausted through the laboratory to achieve effective negative pressurization.

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NIH Indoor Air Quality-Biomedical Research Laboratories(2)

Supply air for all laboratory systems shall be filtered on the upstream side of fans with 30 % efficient pre-filters and 95 % efficient after-filters.

High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters shall be provided in special laboratories where research materials are particularly special laboratories where research materials are particularly susceptible to contamination from external sources.

HEPA filtration of the supply air is considered necessary in only the most critical applications.

BSCs (which are HEPA filtered), rather than HEPA filtration for the entire room are satisfactory entire room, are satisfactory..

Special laboratories using radioisotopes or certain hazardous chemicals and in bio-containment laboratories, exhaust air may , yrequire special scrubbing or filtration before entering the combined laboratory exhaust system or discharging to the atmosphere.

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IEQ/IAQ/ICQ三者定義之差異

IEQ = IAQ + ICQ + (dB + Lumes+ Olfs + Vibration )

IAQ：室內空氣品質ICQ：室內舒適品質ISQ：室內噪音品質(dB )室內噪音品質( )ILQ：室內照明品質 ( Lumes)IOQ：室內氣味品質 (Olfs )IVQ：室內振動品質IVQ：室內振動品質

室內環境品質(IEQ)：指影響居住健康與舒適之六項主要環境因素。室內空氣品質(IAQ)：係針對室內環境中存在空氣污染物的管制。IAQ Conditioning the air.室內舒適品質(ICQ)：係針對室內環室內舒適品質(ICQ)：係針對室內環境影響人員對熱舒適感受的控制。ICQ Conditioning the body.

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What are the IAQ Problems in Buildings?

IAQ not being considered during Design Process

Lack of Commissioning

Moisture in Building Assembliesg

Poor Outdoor Air Quality

Moisture and Dirt in Ventilation Systems

Indoor Contaminant Sources

Contaminants from Indoor Equipment and Activities

I d t V til ti R tInadequate Ventilation Rates

Ineffective Filtration and Air Cleaning

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Fundamentals of Good Indoor Air Quality

Contaminant source control and isolation.

(indoor and outdoor)(indoor and outdoor)

Proper ventilation★

Humidity management Humidity management

Adequate filtration

★Dilution ventilation is not as effective in many cases. Increased ventilation rates, for example, produce vapor pressure exchanges around sources, which cause emission rates to increase This phenomenon has been reported which cause emission rates to increase. This phenomenon has been reported for formaldehyde and a number of VOCs. With VOCs, a sixfold increase in the ventilation rate will result in a twofold increase in source strength.

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Key elements of design IAQ(IAQ設計的重要元素)

1. Manage the Design and Construction Process to Achieve Good

IAQ(管理設計及施工程序以達成良好室內空氣品質)

2. Control Moisture in Building Assemblies(對建築內外裝配控制水氣)

3 Li it E t f O td C t i t (限制室外污染物進入室內)3. Limit Entry of Outdoor Contaminants(限制室外污染物進入室內)

4. Control Moisture and Contaminants Related to Mechanical

S stems(對相關的機械系統控制水氣及污染物)Systems(對相關的機械系統控制水氣及污染物)

5. Limit Contaminants from Indoor Sources(限制室內污染源)

6 Capture and Exhaust Contaminants from Building Equipment and 6. Capture and Exhaust Contaminants from Building Equipment and

Activities(捕集與排除建築設備及人員活動產生的污染)

7 Reduce Contaminant Concentrations through Ventilation 7. Reduce Contaminant Concentrations through Ventilation,

Filtration, and Air Cleaning(採用通風過濾及空氣淨化方式減少污染濃度)

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1.Manage the Design and Construction Processto Achieve Good IAQ

採用有效的

Integrate Design Approach and Solutions

採用有效的專案執行程序

Commission to Ensure that the Owner’s IAQ

Requirements are Metq

Select HVAC Systems to Improve IAQ and Reduce the

Energy Impacts of VentilationEnergy Impacts of Ventilation

Employ Project Scheduling and Manage Construction

Activities to Facilitate Good IAQActivities to Facilitate Good IAQ

Facilitate Effective Operation and Maintenance for Good

IAQIAQ

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2. Control Moisture in Building Assemblies(對建築內外裝配控制水氣)

2.2限制水氣

在建築外殼及內部牆面凝結

2.1限制水液滲透

2.3整體建築對外及內部牆面凝結

進入建築外殼 維持適當正壓

2.4

控制室內濕度

2.6考量植栽產生的水氣及污染

2.5在不可避免潮濕處 水氣及污染

選用適當材料與設備

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Maintain proper

building pressurization

Moisture & contaminant

“Smoke” Test Demonstrating the Buildingwas Negatively Pressurized in Reference to the

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Reference to the Exterior.

3. Limit Entry of Outdoor Contaminants(1)(限制室外污染物進入室內)

3.1 Investigate Regional and Local Outdoor Air Quality• 確認當地室外空氣品質是否達到環保標準確認當地室外空氣品質是否達到環保標準

• 確認當地有那些污染源存在

懸浮微粒懸浮微粒

氣體污染源

其他污染源

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氣體污染源

Contaminant Source Control

Outdoor SourcesASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004 states:

A. Make-up air inlets and exhaust air outlets shall be located to avoidcontamination of the make-up air. (Section 5.4)

B. Contaminants from sources such as cooling towers, sanitary vents, vehicular exhaust from parking garages, loading docks, and street traffic should be avoided (Section 5 4)traffic should be avoided. (Section 5.4)

C. Special care should be taken to avoid entrainment of moisture drift f li t i t th k i d b ildi tfrom cooling towers into the make-up air and building vents.

(Section 5.11)

D. If the outdoor air contaminant levels exceed the values given in 6.1.1 (Table1), the air should be treated to control the offending contaminants. (Section 6.1.2)( )

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3. Limit Entry of Outdoor Contaminants(2)

3.2 Locate outdoor air intakes to minimize introduction of contaminants下表為ASHRAE Std.62.1對外氣吸入口與污染源之建議分隔距離。

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Improper Separation between Exhaust and Intake Airstreams

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3. Limit Entry of Outdoor Contaminants(3)

Control intrusion of vapors from subsurface contaminantsProvide effective track-off system at entrancesDesign and build to exclude pests

Ineffective Track-Off System

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a O y

4. Control Moisture and Contaminants Related to Mechanical Systems (對相關的機械系統控制水氣及污染物)

4.1 Control Moisture and Dirt in Air-Handling Systems

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Effect Of Changes in Relative Humidity on Various Items.

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Three specific AHU equipment characteristics that significantly reduce the HVAC system becoming a source of microbial contamination: the HVAC system becoming a source of microbial contamination: 1.Sloped drain pans,2.Cleanable interior surfaces, 3.Accessibility.

“AHU condensate pans shall be designed for self drainage to preclude the buildup of microbial slime.

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4.2 Control Moisture Associated with Piping, Plumbing Fixtures, and Ductwork

在操作維護人員經常會利用水

管或風管爬行處，其保溫材料

表面應另外加強保護以免防水

氣護套破損產生冷凝現象。

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Practice of Condensation Control:

1. Maintain the surface above the dew point.

2. Select closed cell insulation to prevent condensation, moisture intrusion and loss of the thermal k.

3. Calculate the required insulation thickness.

Mold growth requires three key conditions: Moisture

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Mold growth requires three key conditions: Moisture,

a food source and the right temperature.

(Ri ht i l ti f IAQ)(Right insulation for IAQ)

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4.3 Facilitate Access to HVAC Systems for Inspection, Cleaning, and Maintenance

Periodic inspection, cleaning, and repair of mechanical systems is critical to IAQ but y Qis often hindered by poor access.

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4.4 Control Legionella in Water Systems

Legionella can grow in most man-made aquatic environments such as cooling towers, potable water systems including showers and sinks, whirlpool spas, humidifiers, vegetable misters, and decorative water fountains.

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4.5 Consider Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation(紫外線照射滅菌)

非全面性滅菌會有淨化處理死角

Susceptibility of Microorganisms to UVGIAdapted from ASHRAE (2008), Chapter 16, (2008), Chapter 16, Figure 2.

Menzies et al. (2003) study

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紫外線照射滅菌(UVGI)

UV 光譜與相對滅菌效率265nm 之波長滅菌效率最佳• UVA (long-wave; 400 to 315 nm):

the most abundant in sunlight,responsible for skin tanning and

滅菌效率最佳

responsible for skin tanning and wrinkles

• UVB (medium-wave; 315 to 280 ) i il ibl f kinm): primarily responsible for skin

reddening and skin cancer• UVC (short-wave; 280 to 200 nm):

the most effective wavelengthsfor germicidal control

UV為一電磁輻射波之不可見光

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紫外線加臭氧空氣淨化系統-特殊廢氣及異味之淨化處理

採用紫外線(UV-C)照射及臭氧氧化技術，

將廢氣中的污染物以光裂解氧化技術

(Photolytic Oxidation)，使廢氣中的有機

物質發生冷燃燒(Cold incineration)現象，

燃燒過程不產生有害殘餘物質，例如氮

氧化物NOx (Nitric Oxide) 。其異味經淨

化後污染物減量效果可達98% OU/m3。

有效適用於廚房排煙、含阿摩尼亞之廢

氣、硫化氫氣體(一種劇毒、無色具強烈

腐臭蛋氣味的可燃性氣體，常見於於污

水、廢水處理廠沉澱槽、 硫磺溫泉蓄水

槽、食品製造業污水排放管等)

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紫外線加臭氧空氣淨化系統如何運作

1. 污染空氣通過紫外線加臭氧空氣淨化系統

2. 照射燈產生臭氧及紫外線光(UV-C light )2. 照射燈產生臭氧及紫外線光(UV C light )

3. 空氣中的氧被轉化為臭氧

4. 臭氧與空氣中的有機物質結合

5. 有機物質被氧化

6. 被氧化物質經由風管系統移除

7. 紫外線光破壞氣流中的蛋白質鏈結

經過冷燃燒後之廢棄

氣流中污染物的蛋白質鏈結被破壞後極易被氧化!

經過冷燃燒後之廢棄

物為水、氧、二氧化碳及可100%生物降解的油脂極易被氧化! 解的油脂

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空氣污染物粒徑分佈

空氣離子化清淨系統可適用全粒徑範圍

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空氣離子化清淨系統可適用全粒徑範圍

活性碳濾網使用後的疑慮

活性碳濾網為材質多孔性結構，以吸附性作用濾除有害氣態分子污染物（Airborne Molecular Contaminants）可分類為「可逆之物理吸附 與可分類為「可逆之物理吸附」與「不可逆之化學吸附」。

倘有害氣態分子污染物無法與活性倘有害氣態分子污染物無法與活性碳形成固態化合物，使用一段時間後活性碳必需自濾網移除(以再生處理或更換活性碳) 。

上述程序若未及時處理，濾網本身會發生裂解，所吸附空氣污染物將產生剝落現象吹入室內。產生剝落現象吹入室內。

活性碳濾網壓降大運轉較耗能。

活性碳濾網其壽年成本較高。活性碳濾網其壽年成本較高

活性碳濾網有效期為一未知數且無法預測，造成維護管理工作極大困擾 難以長期確保室內空氣品質擾，難以長期確保室內空氣品質。

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4.6 Consider Ionized Air Purification System (空氣離子化清淨系統)

1. 本系統以「靜電吸附沉降」及「裂解氧化」機制移除各種污染物。

2 所謂離子化是以高電壓產生之電暈效應 使空氣中原本是中性的離子變為帶正工 2. 所謂離子化是以高電壓產生之電暈效應，使空氣中原本是中性的離子變為帶正電荷或負電荷的氧離子（Bipolar oxygen ions)。

3. 空氣污染物則分別被帶正電荷或負電荷的氧離子吸附後聚積（Coagulation）成較大粒徑之塵粒 最後被空氣濾網截留

工作原理

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成較大粒徑之塵粒，最後被空氣濾網截留。

離子對揮發性有機化合物（VOC）分子裂解及氧化

離子可將揮發性有機化合物

（VOC）分子裂解並氧化後

轉化為水及二氧化碳

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離子對微生物殺菌、移除煙塵（Cigarette Particulates）、化解煙味（Smoke Odors）與汽油味(Kerosene)

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Formaldehyde (甲醛) Assessment Report for Ionized Air Purification System

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5. Limit Contaminants from Indoor Sources (限制室內污染源)

5.1 Control Indoor Contaminant Sources through Appropriate Material Selection

Materials/Finishes/Furnishings

Indoor plants

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室內空氣污染物以性質分類

氣狀物

無機性氣體(VOC ,CO2 ,CO, O3,Nox)

室內空氣

氣狀物有機性氣體(甲醛，笨類，醇類，酮類)

一般粉塵、纖維狀粒子

室內空氣污染物 固

體粒

非生物

花粉

粒狀物粒子

生物花粉

微生物(細菌、病毒、真菌)

液體粒子真菌)

氡(Radon)和氡的衍生物 輻射鋼筋屋氡(Radon)和氡的衍生物、輻射鋼筋屋

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5.2 Employ Strategies to Limit the Impact of Emissions

1 Control of Emissions through Use of VOC Barriers1. Control of Emissions through Use of VOC Barriers

2. Material Conditioning and In-Place Curing

3. Local Exhaust of Unavoidable Emissions3 oca aust o U a o dab e ss o s

4. Staged Entry of Materials

5. Delayed Occupancyy p y

6. Building Flush-Out*

7. Ventilation Rates and HVAC Schedules

8. Indoor Environmental Conditions

9. Filtration and Air Cleaning*LEED IEQ CREDIT 3.2: Supply air volume

4500m3 of OA/m2 of floor area.Indoor VOC Concentrations on Two Typical Office Floors: Impact of Flush-Out

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Impact of Flush Out

5.3 Minimize IAQ Impacts Associated with Cleaning and Maintenance

1. Select Durable Materials and Finishes that are Simple to Cleanand Maintain

2. Recommend Cleaning Products with Minimal Emissions2. Recommend Cleaning Products with Minimal Emissions3. Provide Appropriate Storage for Cleaning Products4. Recommend Cleaning Protocols that Will Have Minimal IAQ Impact

Green Housekeeping

program

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6. Capture and Exhaust Contaminants from Building Equipment and Activities (捕集與排除建築設備及人員活動產生的污染)

6.1 Properly Vent Combustion Equipment

Products of combustion:• Carbon Dioxide (CO2)• Carbon Monoxide (CO)• Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)• Combustion Particles• Water Vapor

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• Water Vapor