EC Directive 2004/8/EC on energy cogeneration and its implementation in Slovakia

ECB Bratislava IngEnergo

Figure 1

EC Directive 2004/8/EC

on energy cogeneration and

its implementation in Slovakia

Peter Luby and Marcel Lauko, ECB Bratislava


Figure 2

(a) Combined cycle gas turbine with heat recovery(b) Steam backpressure turbine(c) Steam condensing extraction turbine(d) Gas turbine with heat recovery(e) Internal combustion engine(f) Microturbines(g) Stirling engines(h) Fuel cells(i) Steam engines(j) Organic Rankine Cycles

k) All other technologies in line with definition of CHP.

Eleven categories of CHPcovered by this Directive


Figure 3

How these Systems Work


Figure 4

G

Heat Recovery Steam Generator

(HRSG)

DH

STG

Gas Turbubine Generator

(GTG)

Category A

Combined cycle gas turbine with heat recovery

SteamTurbine Generator

District Heating


Figure 5

Category B Steam backpressure turbine

(c) Steam condensing extraction turbine

STG

Boiler

G

DH


Figure 6

Category C Steam condensing extraction turbine

STG

Boiler

G

DH

Condenser


Figure 7

Category D Gas turbine with heat recovery

G

Heat Recovery Boiler

DHGas Turbubine Generator


Figure 8

Category E Internal combustion engine ( ICE )

G ICE

DH



Figure 9

Category F Microturbines

G

DHGas Microturbine

< 50 kWe



Figure 10

Heat Source

Regenerator Cooler

Compression CylinderExcentric

Flywheel

Driving Cylinder

Hot Helium

ColdHelium

Category G Stirling engines


Figure 11

Category G Stirling engine

Co-axial version


Figure 12

Category G Stirling engine – Reciprocating Design

Dual opposed 55 We Stirling TDCs.Created by Jeff Schreiber.


Figure 13

Category G

Stirling engine

Solar arrangement


Figure 14

Category H Fuel Cell

KatódaAnóda


Figure 15

Category H Fuel Cell


Figure 16

Category I Steam Engine

SteamEngine

Boiler

G

DH


Figure 17

Electric Power Production at Temperature Level

of 106°C

Category J Organic Rankin Cycle


Figure 18


Geothermal Source in Altheim, Austria

ORC turbine

EvaporatorMineral Water

106 °C

Reflux Stream65 °C

Economser

Vapor of hexane100 °C

G

Liquid hexane

Condenser

70 °C

60 °C

DH

1000 kW


Figure 19

Category J Organic Rankin Cycle – Package Unit


Figure 20


Condenser

Economiser & Evaporator

ORC turbine


Figure 21


Detail :

ORC

turbine


Figure 22

Implementation of EC Directive 2004/8/EC

in Slovakia

On 21st March 2007 the Ministry of Economy proposed a Bill

"Promotion of high efficiency cogeneration (CHP) production based on the heat demand

on the internal energy market".

The Bill is intended to define the conditions for supporting high efficiency CHP production, the rules for issuing certificates of origin for electricity produced by high efficiency CHP, and obligations for state administration bodies and CHP producers.


Figure 23

The Bill targets small-scale CHP generation, up to 1 MW. For electricity production to be considered

high efficiency CHP,

the following criteria must be met:

A) Cogeneration production must provide primary energy savings of at least 10 % compared with the separate production of heat and electricity;

B) Production from small scale and micro cogeneration units providing primary energy savings may qualify as high-efficiency cogeneration.


Figure 24

Benefits from High Efficiency CHP

Under the Bill, high efficiency CHP electricity producers would be entitled to preferential transmission, distribution and delivery of their electricity . System operators would also be required to buy highly efficient CHP electricity (in the absence of an agreement between the producer and system operator) at a preferential fixed purchase price.

This price has been set by the Regulatory Office for Network Industries for following periods:- Six (6) years for plant being in operation before Jan 1st 2008- Eight (8) years for plant being refurbished after Jan 1st 2008, if gain in efficiency is higher than 2%- Ten (10) years, for new plant set in operation after Jan 1st 2008


Figure 25

Guarantee of origin certificate

The highly efficient CHP electricity producer can apply for a guarantee of origin certificate, establishing that electricity sold is produced by high-efficiency CHP process. The Bill defines input data (general and technical parameters) the application must include; the guarantee of origin is issued by the contributory organisation of the Ministry of Economy after the verification of the data and relevant calculations evaluation.


Figure 26

Responsibilities of Government

Ministry of Economy of the Slovak Republic by its Regulation/Decree define :

- Criteria for the high-efficiency CHP- Calculation method for electricity produced by CHP process- Calculation method for the amount of exploitable heat- Method of calculation of the primary energy savings- Method of calculation of the CHP efficiency- Boundary and harmonised reference values for the calculation of CHP electricity and for the calculation of the CHP production efficiency and for the calculation of primary energy savings.


Figure 27

Ministry of Economy report on the progress of the share of high efficiency CHP every four years. For the purpose of the high-efficiency CHP monitoring and reporting, the Ministry of Economy and relevant contributory organisation are entitled to request necessary data from those state administration bodies keeping records of CHP electricity producers and those recording produced emissions data. CHP electricity producers are obliged to keep the records on the CHP operation – monthly energy balance of production and delivery of electricity and heat (the Bill defines the list of necessary data in detail). Annual data is to be provided to the contributory organisation by the CHP producer by 25th January the following year.


Figure 28

CHP Potential in Slovakia

First group of CHP sources is formed from small industrial sources. Biggest contributors are following four heavy industries:

Metalurgy Crude oil processing and Petrochemistry Chemical Industry Pulp & Paper Industry

Own energy production of these plants produce 2800 GWhe/a of electric power.


Figure 29

Survey of Biggest Cogeneration Plants in Slovakia

Plant Electricity HeatProduction Production(GWhe/y) (GWht/y)

Bratislava I 23.5 245Bratislava II 109.8 802Bratislava III 17.4 167Bratislava - západ 72.6 424PPC Bratislava 1200 972Trnava 10.9 372Martinská teplárenská 121.4 733Zvolenská teplárenská 39.2 347Žilinaská teplárenská 134.2 808Košice 495.0 1778Total 2 224.0 6 652


Figure 30

Share of CHP in the Slovak Republic belongs to highest in Europe

Documents

EC Directive 2004/8/EC on energy cogeneration and its implementation in Slovakia