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East PakistanFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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East Pakistanপ�রব� প�কি�সতা�ন
پاکستان مشرقی
Former eastern wing of Pakistan
← 1955–1971 →
Flag Coat of arms
Motto
"Unity, Faith, Discipline"
Anthem
Pakistan Zindabad[citation needed]
Long Live Pakistan
National anthem
Qaumī Tarāna
Capital Dacca
Languages Bengali (official)
Bihari
Urdu
English
Religion Islam
Government Socialist state (1954–58)
Presidential
republic (1960–69)
Military
government (1969–71)
Administrator
-
1960–1962 Azam Khan
-
1962–1969 Abdul Monem Khan
-
1969–1971 Syed Mohammad Ahsan
-
1971 Amir Abdullah Khan
Niazi
Chief Minister
-
1955–1956, 1958 Abu Hussain Sarkar
-
1956–1958 Ata-ur-Rahman Khan
Governors
-
1955–1956 Amiruddin Ahmad
-
1956–1958 A. K. Fazlul Huq
-
1958–1960 Zakir Husain
Legislature Legislative Assembly
Historical era Cold War
-
Established
1955
-
Final settlement
22 November 1954
-
Bangladesh Liberation
War 26 March 1971
-
Indo-Pakistani War
3 December 1971
-
Dissolution
16 December 1971
Area 147,570 km² (56,977 sq
mi)
Currency Pakistani rupee
Today part of Bangladesh
This article is part of the series
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One-unit provinces[show]
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East Pakistan (Bengali: প�রব� প�কি�সতা�ন Pūrbô Pākistān; Urdu: پاکستان �Mas مشرقی hriqī Pākistān IPA: [məʃrɪqiː
pɑːkɪst)ɑːn]), present-dayBangladesh, was a provincial state of Pakistan that existed in the Bengal region of the
northeast of South Asia from 1955 until 1971, following the One Unit programme that laid the existence of East
Pakistan.[1]
In 1947, the region of Bengal under the British Empire was divided into East and West Bengal that separated
the eastern areas with a Muslimmajority from the western areas with a Hindu majority.[2] The partition of Bengal
saw the mainstream revival of Hindu–Muslim riots that drove both Bengali Muslims and Hindus further apart,
leading to more unrest in Bengal.[3] In 1947, districts of Bengal with a Muslim majority favoured the division after
approving the 3 June Plan presented by the Viceroy of India Lord Earl Mountbatten, and merged with the new
province of East Bengal of the Dominion of Pakistan.[4][unreliable source?] From 1947 until 1954, East Bengal was an
independentadministrative unit which was governed by the Pakistan Muslim League led by Nurul Amin.[4] In
1955, the Bengali Prime minister Muhammad Ali Bogra devolved the province of East Bengal and established
the state as East Pakistan with Dhaka its state capital.[1] During this time, the1954 elections were held which
saw the complete defeat of Pakistan Muslim League led by the United Front coalition of the Awami League,
the Krishak Praja Party, the Democratic Party and Nizam-e-Islam.[5][6][7] The Awami League gained the control of
East Pakistan after appointing Huseyn Suhrawardy for the office of Prime minister.[8][9] This authoritarian period
that existed from 1958 until 1971, is often regarded as period of mass repression, resentment, and political
neglect and ignorance.[10][11] Allying with the population of West, the East's population unanimously voted
for Fatima Jinnah during the 1965 presidential elections against Ayub Khan.[12] The elections were widely
believed to be heavily rigged in the favour of Ayub Khan using state patronage and intimidation to influence the
indirectly elected electoral college.[12] The economic disparity, impression that West Pakistan despite being less
populated than East Pakistan was ruling and prospering at its cost further popularize the Bengali nationalism.
[13] The support for state autonomy grew when Awami League introduced theSix point movement in 1966,
[14] and participated with full force in the 1970 general elections in which the Awami League had won and
secured the exclusive mandate of East-Pakistan.[15][16]
After the general elections, President General Yahya Khan attempted to negotiate with both Pakistan Peoples
Party and Awami League to share power in the central government but talks were failed when President Yahya
Khan authorised an armed operation (codenameSearchlight) to attack the Awami League.[15] As response to
this operation, the Awami League announced the declaration of independence of East Pakistan on 26 March
1971 and began an armed struggle against the Pakistan, with India staunchly supporting Awami League by the
means of providing arm ammunition to its guerrilla forces.[17]
East Pakistan had an area of 147,570 km2 (56,977 mi2), bordering India on three sides (East, North, and West)
and the Bay of Bengal to the South. East Pakistan was one of the largest provincial states of Pakistan, with the
largest population, largest political representation, and sharing the largest economic share.[11] A nine-month
long war ended on 16 December 1971, when the Pakistan Armed Forces were overrun inDhaka, ultimately
signing the instrument of surrender which resulted in the largest number of prisoners of war since World War II.
[17] Finally on 16 December 1971, East Pakistan was officially disestablished and was succeeded as the
independent state of Bangladesh.[17]
Contents
[hide]
1 Geographical history
2 Political history
o 2.1 Language Movement and 1954 Provincial Elections
o 2.2 Martial law
o 2.3 Presidential republic and economy
o 2.4 Military government
2.4.1 Civil disobedience
o 2.5 Position towards West-Pakistan
o 2.6 Final years and war
2.6.1 Dissolution of East Pakistan
2.6.2 Surrender of the Pakistan Armed Forces
3 Military
4 Governors
5 Chief Ministers
6 Provincial Symbols
7 Memorials and Legacy
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Geographical history[edit]
Main article: History of East Pakistan (1947–1971)
Many notable Muslim Bengali figures were among the Founding fathers of present date, State of Pakistan. The
country was born in bloodshed and came into existence on 14 August 1947 confronted by seemingly
insurmountable problems.[citation needed] As many as 12 million people Muslims leaving India for Pakistan, and
Hindus and Sikhs opting to move to India from the new state of Pakistan which had been involved in the mass
transfer of population between the two countries, and perhaps two million refugees had died in the violence that
had accompanied the migrations in the borders of West Pakistan. Pakistan's boundaries were established
hastily without adequate regard for the new nation's economic viability.[citation needed] Even the minimal
requirements of a central government, skilled personnel and officers, equipment, and a capital city with
government buildings were missing. Until 1947, the East Wing of Pakistan, separated from the West Wing by
1,600 km ofIndian territory, had been heavily dependent on Hindu management. Many Bengali Hindus left for
Calcutta after independence, and their place, particularly in commerce, was taken mostly by Muslims who had
migrated from the Indian state of Bihar or by West Pakistanis from different provinces.[citation needed]
Political history[edit]
Main articles: East Bengal, West Bengal, and Constitution of Pakistan of 1956
Bengal was divided into two provinces on 3 July 1946 in preparation for the independence, the Hindu majority
of West Bengal and the Muslim majority of East Bengal.[citation needed] The two provinces each had their own Chief
Ministers and Governors. In August 1947, the West Bengal became part of India and East Bengal became part
of Pakistan. Throughout this time, the tensions between East Bengal and the West Pakistan led to the One-Unit
policy by Bengali Prime Minister Muhammad Ali Bogra.[citation needed] In 1955, most of the western wing was
combined to form a new West Pakistan province (which contained four provinces and four territories) while
East Bengal became the new province of East Pakistan (a single provisional state). In 1955, Bogra appointed
communist leader Abu Hussain Sarkar as Chief Minister and Amiruddin Ahmad as Governor.[citation needed]
Following the promulgation of 1956 Constitution, Prime minister Bogra appointed Bengali bureaucrat and
retired Major-General Iskander Mirza was asInterior minister and the Army Commander of army General Ayub
Khan as the Defence minister whilst Muhammad Ali remained Economic minister. The main objective of the
new government was to end disruptive provincial politics and to provide the country with a new constitution.
After a revision, the Supreme Court of Pakistan declared that the Pakistan Constituent Assembly must be
called. Governor-General Ghulam Mohammad was unable to circumvent the order, and the new Constituent
Assembly, elected by the provincial assemblies, met for the first time in July 1955. Bogra, who had little support
in the new assembly, fell in August and was replaced by Choudhry. Ghulam Mohammad, plagued by poor
health, was succeeded as governor general in September 1955 by Mirza.[citation needed]
Language Movement and 1954 Provincial Elections[edit]
The communist parties played an influential role in staging the massive protests for the Bengali Language Movement which
led the destruction ofPML in East Pakistan, 1950s.
Previously in 1952, then Chief Minister Nurul Amin who was firmly against the agitation, stated that the
communists had played an integral and major role in staging the massive protests, mass demonstration, and
strikes for the Bengali Language Movement.[18] All over the country, the political parties had favored the general
elections in Pakistan with the exception of Muslim League.[19] The military, bureaucracy and the United States
was nervous with good reasons where the support for the Soviet Union began to rise in both East and West.
[19] Finally in 1954, the legislative elections were to be held for the Parliament.[19] Unlike in West, not all of the
Hindu population migrated to India, instead a large number of Hindu population was in fact presented in the
state.[19] The communist influence deepened and was finally realised in the elections. TheUnited Front,
Communist Party of Pakistan and the Awami League returned to power, inflicting sever defeat to Muslim
League.[19] Out of 309, the Muslim League only won 10 seats, whereas the communist party had 4 seats of the
ten contested. The communists working with other parties had secured 22 additional seats, totalling 26 seats.
The right-wing Jamaat-e-Islami had completely failed in the elections.[19]
In 1955, the United Front named Abu Hussain Sarkar as the Chief minister of the State who ruled the state in
two non-consecutive terms until 1958 when the martial law was imposed.[19]
Martial law[edit]
Main article: Martial law in Pakistan
In East Pakistan, the political impasse culminated in 1958 in a violent scuffle in the East-Pakistan
parliament between the members of the Pakistan Muslim League and the East-Pakistan police, in which the
deputy speaker was fatally injured and two ministers badly wounded. Uncomfortable with the workings of
democratic system, unruliness in the East Pakistan parliamentary elections and the threat of Baloch
separatism in West-Pakistan, Bengali President Iskandar Ali Mirza issued a proclamation that abolished all
political parties in both West and East Pakistan, abrogated the two-year old constitution, and imposed the
first martial law in the country on 7 October 1958.
President Iskander Mirza announced that "the martial law would be a temporary measure, lasting only until a
new constitution was to be drafted. On 27 October, President Mirza swore in a twelve-member cabinet that
included Army Commander General Ayub Khan as Defence Minister as well as chief martial law
administrator of the country, along with three other senior military officers in ministerial positions. The cabinet
included among the eight civilians, one of them being Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, a former Karachi University lecturer.
Roughly after two weeks, President Mirza's relations with Pakistan Armed Forces deteriorated leading Army
Commander General Ayub Khan relieving the president from his presidency and forcefully exiling President
Mirza to United Kingdom. General Ayub Khan justified his actions after appearing on national radio declaring
that: "the armed forces and the people demanded a clean break with the past...". Until 1962, the martial law
continued while Field Marshal Ayub Khan purged a number of politicians and civil servants from the
government and replaced them with military officers. Ayub called his regime a "revolution to clean up the mess
of black marketing, (sic), and corruption.".
Presidential republic and economy[edit]
Main articles: 1970 Bhola cyclone, Pakistani general election, 1970, and Constitution of Pakistan of 1962
The martial law continued until 1962 when the government of Field Marshal Ayub Khan commissioned a
constitutional bench under Chief Justice of Pakistan, Muhammad Shahabuddin, containing ten senior justices,
each five from East Pakistan and five from West Pakistan. On 6 May 1961, the commission sent its draft to
President Ayub Khan who thoroughly examined the draft with consulting with his cabinet. In January 1962, the
cabinet finally approved the text of the new constitution, promulgated by President Ayub Khan on 1 March 1962
and finally came into effect on 8 June 1962. With the success of 1962 constitution, East Pakistan became
a Presidential republic and abolished all parliamentary institutions in East Pakistan. The 1962 constitution had
provided the presidential system for both provincial states (West Pakistan and East Pakistan) that each states
were given autonomy to run their separate presidential provincial governments. The responsibilities and
authority of the center and the provinces were clearly listed in the Constitution.
During the years between 1960 and 1965, the annual rate of growth of the gross domestic product per capita
was 4.4% in the West Pakistan versus 2.6% in East Pakistan. Furthermore, Bengali politicians pushing for
more autonomy stated that much of Pakistan's export earnings were generated in East Pakistan by the export
of Bengali jute and tea. As late as 1960, approximately 70% of Pakistan's export earnings originated in the East
Wing, although this percentage declined as international demand for jute dwindled. By the mid-1960s, East
Pakistan was accounting for less than 60% of the nation's export earnings, and by the time of Bangladesh's
independence in 1971, this percentage had dipped below 50%. This reality did not dissuade Mujib from
demanding in 1966 that separate foreign exchange accounts be kept and that separate trade offices be opened
overseas. By the mid-1960s, West Pakistan was benefiting from Ayub's "Decade of Progress," with its
successful "green revolution" in wheat, and from the expansion of markets for West Pakistani textiles, while
East Pakistan's standard of living remained at an abysmally low level. The Bengalis were also upset that West
Pakistan, because it was the seat of government, was the major beneficiary of foreign aid.
Military government[edit]
With Ayub Khan ousted from office in 1969, Commander of the Pakistani Army, General Yahya Khan became
the country's second ruling Chief Martial Law Administrator. Both Bhutto and Mujibstrongly disliked General
Khan, but patiently endured him and his government as he had promised to hold an election in 1970. During
this time, strong nationalistic sentiments in East Pakistan were perceived by the Pakistani Armed Forces and
the central military government. Therefore, Khan and his military government wanted to divert the nationalistic
threats and violence against non-East Pakistanis. The Eastern Military High Command was under constant
pressure from the Awami League, and requested an active duty officer to control the command under such
extreme pressure. The high flag rank officers, junior officers and many high command officers from the
Pakistan's Armed Forces were highly cautious about their appointment in East-Pakistan, and the assignment of
governing East Pakistan and appointment of an officer was considered highly difficult for the Pakistan High
Military Command.
Civil disobedience[edit]
East Pakistan's Armed Forces, under the military administrations of Major-General Muzaffaruddin
and Lieutenant-General Sahabzada Yaqub Khan, used an excessive amount of show of military force to curb
the uprising in the province. With such action, the situation became highly critical and civil control over the
province slipped away from the government. On 24 March, dissatisfied with the performance of his generals,
Yahya Khan removed General Muzaffaruddin and General Yaqub Khan from office on 1 September 1969. The
appointment of a military administrator was considered quite difficult and challenging with the crisis continually
deteriorating. Vice-Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan, Chief of Naval Staff of Pakistan Navy, had previously
served as political and military adviser of East Pakistan to former President Ayub Khan. Having such a strong
background in administration, and being an expert on East Pakistan affairs, General Yahya Khan
appointed Vice-Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan as Martial Law Administrator, with absolute authority in his
command. He was relieved as Chief of Naval Staff, and received extension from the government. On 1
September Admiral Ahsan assumed the command of the Eastern Military High Command, and became a
unified commander of Pakistan Armed Forces in East-Pakistan. Under his command, the Pakistani Armed
Forces were removed from the cities and deployed along the border. The rate of violence in East Pakistan
dropped, nearly coming to an end. Civil rule improved and stabilised in East Pakistan under Martial Law
Administrator Admiral Ahsan's era. The next year, in 1970, it was in this charged atmosphere that
parliamentary elections were held in the country in December 1970.
Position towards West-Pakistan[edit]
1971 documentary film about East Pakistan
The tense diplomatic relations between East and West Pakistan reached a climax in 1970 when the Awami
League, the largest East Pakistani political party, led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, (Mujib), won a landslide
victory in the national elections in East Pakistan. The party won 160 of the 162 seats allotted to East Pakistan,
and thus a majority of the 300 seats in the Parliament. This gave the Awami League the constitutional right to
form an absolute government. Khan invited Mujib to Rawalpindi to take the charge of the office, and
negotiations took place between the military government and the Awami Party. Bhutto was shocked with the
results, and threatened his Peoples Party's members if they attended the inaugural session at theNational
Assembly. Bhutto was famously heard saying "break the legs" of any member of his party who dared enter and
attend the session. However, fearing East Pakistani separatism, Bhutto demanded Mujib to form a coalition
government. After a secret meeting held in Larkana, Mujib agreed to give Bhutto the office of Presidency with
Mujib as Prime Minister. General Yahya Khan and his military government were kept unaware of these
developments and under pressure from his own military government, refused to allow Rahman to become
the Prime Minister of Pakistan. This increased agitation for greater autonomy in East Pakistan. The Military
Police arrested Mujib and Bhutto and placed them in Adiala Jail in Rawalpindi. The news spread like a fire in
both East and West Pakistan, and the struggle for independence began in East Pakistan.
The senior high command officers in Pakistan Armed Forces, and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, began to pressure
General Yahya Khan to take armed action against Mujib and his party. Bhutto later distanced himself from
Yahya Khan after he was arrested by Military Police along with Mujib. Soon after the arrests, a high level
meeting was chaired by Yahya Khan. During the meeting, high commanders of Pakistan Armed Forces
unanimously recommended an armed and violent military action. East Pakistan's Martial Law
Administrator Admiral Ahsan, unified commander of Eastern Military High Command (EMHC), and Air
Marshal Mitty Masud, Commander of Eastern Air Force Command (EAFC), were the only officers to object to
the plans. When it became obvious that a military action in East Pakistan was inevitable, Admiral Ahsan
resigned from his position as Martial Law Administrator in protest, and immediately flew back to Karachi, West
Pakistan. Disheartened and isolated, Admiral Ahsan took early retirement from the Navy and quietly settled in
Karachi. Once Operation Searchlight and Operation Barisal commenced, Air Marshal Masud flew to West
Pakistan, and unlike Admiral Ahsan, tried to stop the violence in East Pakistan. When he failed in his attempts
to meet General Yahya Khan, Masud too resigned from his position as Commander of Eastern Air Command,
and took retirement from Air Force.
Final years and war[edit]
See also: Bangladesh Liberation War
Separatist/nationalistic flag of East Bengal
Lieutenant-General Sahabzada Yaqub Khan was sent into East Pakistan in emergency, following a major blow
of the resignation of Vice Admiral Ahsan. General Yaqub temporarily assumed the control of the province, as
he was made the unified commander of Pakistan Armed Forces. General Yaqub mobilised the entire major
forces in East Pakistan, and were re-deployed in East Pakistan.
On 26 March 1971, the day after the military crackdown on civilians in East Pakistan, Mujibur Rahman declared
the independence of Bangladesh. All major Awami League leaders including elected leaders of National
Assembly and Provincial Assembly fled to neighbouring India and an exile government was formed headed by
Mujibur Rahman. While he was in Pakistan Prison, Syed Nazrul Islam was the acting President with Tazuddin
Ahmed as the Prime Minister. The exile government took oath on 17 April 1971 at Mujib Nagar, within East
Pakistan territory of Kustia district and formally formed the government. Colonel MOG Osmani was appointed
the Commander in Chief of Liberation Forces and whole East Pakistan was divided into eleven sectors headed
by eleven sector commanders. All sector commanders were Bengali officers from defected Pakistan Army. This
started the Bangladesh Liberation War in which the freedom fighters, joined in December 1971 by
400,000 Indian soldiers, faced the Pakistani Armed Forces of 365,000 plus Paramilitary and collaborationist
forces. An additional approximately 25,000 ill-equipped civilian volunteers and police forces also sided with the
Pakistan Armed Forces. Bloody guerrilla warfare ensued in East Pakistan.
Dissolution of East Pakistan[edit]
This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2013)
The Pakistan Armed Forces were unable to counter such threats. Poorly trained and inexperienced in guerrilla
tactics, Pakistan Armed Forces and their assets were successfully sabotaged by the Bangladesh Liberation
Forces. On April 1971, Lieutenant-General Tikka Khan succeeded General Yaqub Khan as Commander of
unified forces. General Tikka Khan led the massive violent and massacre campaigns in the region. He is held
responsible for killing hundreds of thousands of Bengali people in East Pakistan, mostly civilians and unarmed
peoples. For his role, General Tikka Khan gained the title as "Butcher of Bengal". General Khan faced an
international reaction against Pakistan, and therefore, General Tikka was removed as Commander of Eastern
front. He installed a civilian administration under Abdul Motaleb Malik on 31 August 1971, which proved to be
ineffective. However, during the meeting, with no high officers willing to assume the command of East Pakistan,
Lieutenant-General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi volunteered for the command of East Pakistan. Inexperienced
and the large magnitude of this assignment, the government sentVice-Admiral Mohammad Shariff as second-
in-command of General Niazi. Admiral Shariff served as the deputy unified commander of Pakistan Armed
Forces in East Pakistan. However, General Niazi proved to be a failure and ineffective ruler. Therefore,
General Niazi and Air Marshal Enamul Haque, Commander of Eastern Air Force Command (EAFC), failed to
launch any operation in East Pakistan against Indian or its allies. Except Admiral Shariff who continued to press
pressure on Indian Navy iuntil the end of the conflict. Admiral Shariff made it nearly impossible for Indian Navy
to land its naval forces on the shores with his well effective plans . The Indian Navy was unable to access East
Pakistan and the Pakistan Navy was still offering resistance. The Indian Army, therefore, from all three
directions of the province, entered East Pakistan. The Indian Navy then decided to wait near the Bay of Bengal
until the Army reached the shore.
The Indian Air Force dismantled the capability of Pakistan Air Force in East Pakistan. Air Marshal Enamul
Haque, Commander of Eastern Air Force Command (EAFC), failed to offer any serious resistance to the
actions of the Indian Air Force. For most part of the war, the IAF enjoyed complete dominance in the skies over
East Pakistan.
Surrender of the Pakistan Armed Forces[edit]
Main article: Instrument of Surrender (1971)
On 16 December 1971 , the Pakistan Armed Forces surrendered to the joint liberation forces of Mukti
Bahini and the Indian army, headed by Lieutenant-General Jagjit Singh Arora, the General Officer
Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C) of the Eastern Command of the Indian Army. Lieutenant General AAK Niazi,
the last unified commander of Pakistan Armed Forces's Eastern Military High Command, signed the Instrument
of Surrender at about 4:31 pm . Over 93,000 personnel, including Lt.General Niazi and Admiral Shariff, were
taken as Prisoner of War.
On 16 December 1971, East Pakistan was liberated from Pakistan as the newly independent state
of Bangladesh. The Eastern Military High Command, civilian institutions and paramilitary forces were
disbanded. Bangladesh quickly gained recognition from most countries after the signing of the Shimla
Agreement between India and Pakistan. Bangladesh joined the United Nations in 1974.
Military[edit]
Main article: Eastern Military High Command of East Pakistan
The border of -Indo-East Pakistan border showed by the U.S. Army, c. 1960.
Since its unification with Pakistan, the East Pakistan Army had consisted of only one infantry brigade, which
was made up of two battalions, the 1st East Bengal Regiment and the 1/14 or 3/8 Punjab Regiment in 1948.
These two battalions boasted only five rifle companies between them (an infantry battalion normally had 5
companies).[20] This weak brigade, under the command of Brigadier-General Ayub Khan (local rank Major-
General – GOC of 14th Army Division), together with the East Pakistan Rifles which was tasked with defending
East Pakistan during the Kashmir War of 1947.[21] ThePAF, Marines, and the Navy had little presence in the
region. Only one PAF combatant squadron, No. 14 Squadron Tail Choppers, was active in East Pakistan. This
combatant squadron was commanded by an air force Major PQ Mehdi (later four-star general). The East
Pakistan military personnel were trained in combat diving, demolitions, and guerrilla/anti-guerrilla tactics by the
advisers from the Special Service Group (Navy) who were also charged with intelligence data collection and
management cycle.
The East Pakistan Navy had only one active-duty combatant destroyer, the PNS Sylhet; one
submarine Ghazi (which was repeatedly deployed in West); four gunboats, inadequate to function in deep
water. The joint special operations were managed and undertaken by the Naval Special Service
Group (SSG(N)) who were assisted by the army, air force and marines unit. The entire service,
the Marines were deployed in East Pakistan, initially tasked with conducting exercises and combat operations
in riverine areas and at near shoreline. The small directorate of Naval Intelligence (while the headquarters and
personnel, facilities, and directions were coordinated by West) had vital role in directing special and
reconnaissance missions, and intelligence gathering, also was charged with taking reasonable actions to slow
down the Indian threat. The armed forces of East Pakistan also consisted the paramilitary organisation,
the Volunteers from the intelligence unit of the ISI's Covert Action Division (CAD). All of these armed forces
were commanded by the unified command structure, the Eastern Military High Command, led by an officer of
three-star rank equivalent.
Governors[edit]
Tenure Governor of East Pakistan[1] Political Affiliation
14 October 1955 – March 1956 Amiruddin Ahmad Muslim League
March 1956 – 13 April 1958 A. K. Fazlul Huq Muslim League
13 April 1958 – 3 May 1958 Hamid Ali (acting) Awami League
3 May 1958 – 10 October 1958 Sultanuddin Ahmad Awami League
10 October 1958 – 11 April 1960 Zakir Husain Muslim League
11 April 1960 – 11 May 1962 Lieutenant-General Azam Khan, PAMilitary Administration
11 May 1962 – 25 October 1962 Ghulam Faruque Independent
25 October 1962 – 23 March 1969 Abdul Monem Khan Civil Administration
23 March 1969 – 25 March 1969 Mirza Nurul Huda Civil Administration
25 March 1969 – 23 August 1969 Major-General Muzaffaruddin,[22] PA Military
Administration
23 August 1969 – 1 September 1969 Lieutenant-General Sahabzada Yaqub Khan, PAMilitary Administration
1 September 1969 – 7 March 1971 Vice-Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan, PNMilitary Administration
7 March 1971 – April 1971 Lieutenant-General Sahabzada Yaqub Khan, PAMilitary Administration
April 1971 – 31 August 1971 Lieutenant-General Tikka Khan, PAMilitary Administration
31 August 1971 – 14 December 1971 Abdul Motaleb Malik Independent
14 December 1971 – 16 December 1971
Lieutenant-General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi, PA
Military Administration
16 December 1971 Province of East Pakistan dissolved
Chief Ministers[edit]
Tenure Chief Minister of East Pakistan[1] Political Party
August 1955 – September 1956 Abu Hussain Sarkar Shramik Krishak Samajbadi Dal
September 1956 – March 1958 Ata-ur-Rahman Khan Awami League
March 1958 Abu Hussain Sarkar Shramik Krishak Samajbadi Dal
March 1958 – 18 June 1958 Ata-ur-Rahman Khan Awami League
18 June 1958 – 22 June 1958 Abu Hussain Sarkar Shramik Krishak Samajbadi Dal
22 June 1958 – 25 August 1958 Governor's Rule
25 August 1958 – 7 October 1958
Ata-ur-Rahman Khan Awami League
7 October 1958 Post abolished
16 December 1971Province of East Pakistan dissolved
Provincial Symbols[edit]
The main four provincial icons were the Oriental Magpie-Robin, Royal Bengal Tiger, Banyan tree[citation needed] and
the Water Lily, some of these were nationalized by Bangladesh in 1972.
Provincial bird of East Pakistan, Oriental Magpie-Robin
Provincial Animal, Royal Bengal Tiger
Provincial Tree, Banyan
Provincial flower, Water Lily
Memorials and Legacy[edit]
See also: Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction
The trauma was extremely severe in Pakistan when the news of secession of East Pakistan as Bangladesh
arrived — a psychological setback,[23] complete and humiliating defeat that shattered the prestige of Pakistan
Armed Forces.[23][24][25] The governor and martial law administrator Lieutenant-General Amir Abdullah Khan
Niazi was defamed, his image was maligned and he was stripped of his honors.[23] The people of Pakistan
could not come to terms with the magnitude of defeat, and spontaneous demonstrations and mass protests
erupted on the streets of major cities in (West) Pakistan.[23] General Yahya Khan surrendered powers to Nurul
Amin of Pakistan Muslim League, the first and last Vice-President and Prime minister of Pakistan.[23]
Prime minister Amin invited Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (sworn as President, later Prime minister) and the Pakistan
Peoples Party to take control of Pakistan, and in a color ceremony where Bhutto addressed his daring speech
to his nation via national television.[23] At this ceremony, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto waved his fist in the air and pledged
to his nation to never again allow the surrender of his country like it happened with East Pakistan; therefore, he
launched and orchestrated the large-scale atomic bomb project in 1972.[26] In memorial of East Pakistan,
the East-Pakistan diaspora in Pakistan established the East-Pakistan colony in Karachi, Sindh.[27] In
accordance, the East-Pakistani diaspora also composed patriotic tributes to Pakistan after the war; songs such
as Sohni Dharti (lit. Beautiful land) and "Jeevay, Jeevay Pakistan (lit. long-live, long-live Pakistan), were
composed by Bengali singer Shahnaz Rahmatullah in 1970s and 1980s.
To Western observers, the loss of East Pakistan was a blessing[26]— but it was a trauma that was not seen as
such; even today it is still not seen that way.[26] In a book, "Scoop! Inside Stories from the Partition to the
Present", written by Pakistan-born Indian politician Kuldip Nayar, it is noted that "Losing East Pakistan and
Bhutto's releasing of Mujib did not mean anything to Pakistan's policy - as if there was no liberation war.
[28] Bhutto's policy, and even today, the policy of Pakistan continues to state that "she will continue to fight for
the honor and integrity of Pakistan. East Pakistan is an inseparable and inseverable part of Pakistan".[28]
See also[edit]
Stranded Pakistanis
Dominion of Pakistan
West Pakistan
East Bengal
Pakistan Movement
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
The Blood telegram
List of East Pakistan first-class cricketers
References[edit]
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21. Jump up^ Major Nasir Uddin, Juddhey Juddhey Swadhinata, pp47, pp51
22. Jump up^ (acting martial law administrator and governor as he was the GOC 14th Infantry Division)
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people in Karachi’s Chittagong Colony can forget Dec 16, 1971 – the Fall of Dhaka...Daily Times."
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United Kingdom: HarperCollins. pp. 213 pages. ISBN 978-8172236434.