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S11 8352 Damage of the tsunami to the Asari clam fisheries in east Hokkaido Japan and the problems in its in east Hokkaido , Japan and the problems in its recovery process Natsuki Hasegawa & Toshihiro Onitsuka Natsuki Hasegawa & Toshihiro Onitsuka

east Hokkaido Japan problems in its · Akkeshi‐ko estuary, located on the Pacific coast of Hokkaido, Japan (N43º02', E144º52E144º52)'). Sediments with clams from the fishing

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Page 1: east Hokkaido Japan problems in its · Akkeshi‐ko estuary, located on the Pacific coast of Hokkaido, Japan (N43º02', E144º52E144º52)'). Sediments with clams from the fishing

S11 8352

Damage of the tsunami to the Asari clam fisheries in east Hokkaido Japan and the problems in itsin east Hokkaido, Japan and the problems in its recovery process

Natsuki Hasegawa & Toshihiro OnitsukaNatsuki Hasegawa & Toshihiro Onitsuka

Page 2: east Hokkaido Japan problems in its · Akkeshi‐ko estuary, located on the Pacific coast of Hokkaido, Japan (N43º02', E144º52E144º52)'). Sediments with clams from the fishing

Tsunami in East HokkaidoHokkaido

7

8

6

th (m

)5D

ept

410‐Mar 11‐Mar 12‐Mar 13‐Mar 14‐Mar

Page 3: east Hokkaido Japan problems in its · Akkeshi‐ko estuary, located on the Pacific coast of Hokkaido, Japan (N43º02', E144º52E144º52)'). Sediments with clams from the fishing

Akkeshi area in East HokkaidoAkkeshi area in East Hokkaido・Pacific oyster culturing (200 ton yr‐1)・Asari clam fishery (900 ton yr‐1)y ( y )(Ruditapes philippinarum)

Akkeshi‐ko estuary (ave depth: 1.5 m)

Akkeshi bay(‐35 m)(‐35 m)

5 km

Page 4: east Hokkaido Japan problems in its · Akkeshi‐ko estuary, located on the Pacific coast of Hokkaido, Japan (N43º02', E144º52E144º52)'). Sediments with clams from the fishing
Page 5: east Hokkaido Japan problems in its · Akkeshi‐ko estuary, located on the Pacific coast of Hokkaido, Japan (N43º02', E144º52E144º52)'). Sediments with clams from the fishing

Clam fishing grounds

by K. Watanabe (Hokkaido Univ.)

Page 6: east Hokkaido Japan problems in its · Akkeshi‐ko estuary, located on the Pacific coast of Hokkaido, Japan (N43º02', E144º52E144º52)'). Sediments with clams from the fishing

Tsunami damage

Clam fishing ground 

Before

Oyster culture

BeforeBefore

After

After

After

S di t ith l ith

Rearing facilities were destroyed & lost.

Sediments with clams were either washed out or locally re‐arranged.

Page 7: east Hokkaido Japan problems in its · Akkeshi‐ko estuary, located on the Pacific coast of Hokkaido, Japan (N43º02', E144º52E144º52)'). Sediments with clams from the fishing

In Akkeshi‐ko estuary,ymonitoring the clams & the environmental conditions before the tsunami in the projects.p j

Clam                                  Environments

Through continuous monitoring after the tsunami ,finding out the type and degree of the damage to Asari clam fishery and the problems encountered in the recovery process. 

Page 8: east Hokkaido Japan problems in its · Akkeshi‐ko estuary, located on the Pacific coast of Hokkaido, Japan (N43º02', E144º52E144º52)'). Sediments with clams from the fishing

20 

r16 

18 

n factor

Damaged 2011

12 

14 

onditio

n Damaged 2011

Undamaged 2011

200 10 

Co

Undamaged 2011

150 

ydrate 

gDW

‐1 Damaged 2010

D d 2011

50 

100 

Carboh

ymg  g Damaged 2011

*****M A M J J A S O N DC

✦ Decline of condition factor at one month after tsunami* Low carbohydrate contents during summer 2011

Page 9: east Hokkaido Japan problems in its · Akkeshi‐ko estuary, located on the Pacific coast of Hokkaido, Japan (N43º02', E144º52E144º52)'). Sediments with clams from the fishing

Effects of tsunami in clam reproduction? 

spent(reabsorp)

spawning

ripe

late developing

early developing

June July

immatured

June JulyMatured maleReabsorption

(cancel of gamete production)

June  July2010

June  July2011

Matured male

( g p )

Page 10: east Hokkaido Japan problems in its · Akkeshi‐ko estuary, located on the Pacific coast of Hokkaido, Japan (N43º02', E144º52E144º52)'). Sediments with clams from the fishing

One month after tsunami, a massive clam die‐off was h d( i idi h d f di i f )happened(coinciding the decrease of condition factor)

Any remaining clams could not dig themselves into grounds without enough sediment         various stresses

Page 11: east Hokkaido Japan problems in its · Akkeshi‐ko estuary, located on the Pacific coast of Hokkaido, Japan (N43º02', E144º52E144º52)'). Sediments with clams from the fishing

Expansion of damage by clam rescue work?

Active individuals may have been harmed unintentionallyActive individuals may have been harmed unintentionally through the aggravation of the benthic environment when fishermen re buried the dying clamsfishermen re‐buried the dying clams. 

Page 12: east Hokkaido Japan problems in its · Akkeshi‐ko estuary, located on the Pacific coast of Hokkaido, Japan (N43º02', E144º52E144º52)'). Sediments with clams from the fishing

Even in summer,

D d U d d

Anoxic condition

Damaged    Undamaged

• High density of clam• Unsuitable condition in sediments

Remaining clams were negatively affected even in summer.

Page 13: east Hokkaido Japan problems in its · Akkeshi‐ko estuary, located on the Pacific coast of Hokkaido, Japan (N43º02', E144º52E144º52)'). Sediments with clams from the fishing

Recovery from the tsunami damage

それまでの調査

Sand capping for reconstruction of the fishing grounds• Personal sand capping from May • Large‐scale sand capping in winter (supported enterprise)

Page 14: east Hokkaido Japan problems in its · Akkeshi‐ko estuary, located on the Pacific coast of Hokkaido, Japan (N43º02', E144º52E144º52)'). Sediments with clams from the fishing

Fear of effect of water quality in recoveryFear of effect of water quality in recovery 

Nov 2011

Page 15: east Hokkaido Japan problems in its · Akkeshi‐ko estuary, located on the Pacific coast of Hokkaido, Japan (N43º02', E144º52E144º52)'). Sediments with clams from the fishing

100

y(pp

m) 100

urbidity 10

Tu

1

Apr        May       Jun       Jul          Aug        Sep         Oct      Nov

Sand capping by each fisherman

2011

High turbidity with sand capping was observed. 

Page 16: east Hokkaido Japan problems in its · Akkeshi‐ko estuary, located on the Pacific coast of Hokkaido, Japan (N43º02', E144º52E144º52)'). Sediments with clams from the fishing

f f iBefore tsunami(July 2010)

After tsunami(July 2011)

100100

(ppm

)

1010

rbidity

(

11Tu

1st 15th  31th 1st 15th  31th

High turbidity with sand capping g y pp gwas more frequent after the tsunami. 

Page 17: east Hokkaido Japan problems in its · Akkeshi‐ko estuary, located on the Pacific coast of Hokkaido, Japan (N43º02', E144º52E144º52)'). Sediments with clams from the fishing

by K. Watanabe(Hokkaido Univ )(Hokkaido Univ.)

High turbidity might be affect the estuarine ecosystems, particular seagrass beds, which is the ecosystem engineer and modify the estuarine ecosystems

Page 18: east Hokkaido Japan problems in its · Akkeshi‐ko estuary, located on the Pacific coast of Hokkaido, Japan (N43º02', E144º52E144º52)'). Sediments with clams from the fishing

mer

‐2

10

mer  capping

mmerum

m

nd 

maine

d

104indm

5

nd capping

winterumm

Sand

in su m

San

rem

×1

0

San

in w

Damaged  Undamaged

Dense population of juveniles in spring 2012 (spawned

gground

gground

Dense population of juveniles in spring 2012 (spawned after tsunami).

Page 19: east Hokkaido Japan problems in its · Akkeshi‐ko estuary, located on the Pacific coast of Hokkaido, Japan (N43º02', E144º52E144º52)'). Sediments with clams from the fishing

Use of “Local” juvenilesfor avoiding the need to transplant clams from other areas,for avoiding the need to transplant clams from other areas, with an invasion of alien organisms and diseases. 

Diseaseex. Perkinsosis

Predatorex. Euspira fortunei

P. marinus

from Guideline for improvement of productivityfrom Guideline for improvement of productivity in tidal flats by Fisheries Agency

Page 20: east Hokkaido Japan problems in its · Akkeshi‐ko estuary, located on the Pacific coast of Hokkaido, Japan (N43º02', E144º52E144º52)'). Sediments with clams from the fishing

Monitoring of the clams and the environmental conditions b f d f i l dbefore and after tsunami revealed, 

T i d d th l fi h di tl & i di tl• Tsunami damaged the clam fishery, directly & indirectly.Indirect damage might be mitigate ? S d i i d b t t bidit i d• Sand capping was required, but turbidity were increased.Its effects to the estuarine ecosystem are not clear, lth h thi t i h il d i l l fi h ialthough this estuary is heavily used in local fisheries.

• Beyond catastrophic damage of tsunami and the bl i ti iti j il lproblems in recovery activities, juvenile clams was 

densely recruited.

Speed is required for recovery, b t t b t k t t i th fi hbut care must be taken to sustain the fishery, 

because fishery is supported by the ecosystems.

Page 21: east Hokkaido Japan problems in its · Akkeshi‐ko estuary, located on the Pacific coast of Hokkaido, Japan (N43º02', E144º52E144º52)'). Sediments with clams from the fishing

Acknowledgements

• Akkeshi Fisherman: Mr. Y. Negishi, Mr. M. Suzuki• Akkeshi Fisheries Association• Guidance office for fisheries in Kushiro area, Hokkaido• Akkeshi Marine Station, Hokkaido Univ.• Mr. H. Abe, Mr. K. Watanabe (Hokkaido Univ.)

Page 22: east Hokkaido Japan problems in its · Akkeshi‐ko estuary, located on the Pacific coast of Hokkaido, Japan (N43º02', E144º52E144º52)'). Sediments with clams from the fishing

A catastrophic tsunami on March 11, 2011 damaged the Asari clam fishery in Akkeshi‐ko estuary, located on the Pacific coast of Hokkaido, Japan (N43º02', E144º52') Sediments with clams from the fishing grounds were eitherE144º52 ).  Sediments with clams from the fishing grounds were either washed out or locally re‐arranged by the tsunami. We monitored the clams and their environmental conditions before and after the tsunami to find out the type and degree of the damage to Asari clam fishery and the problemsthe type and degree of the damage to Asari clam fishery and the problems encountered in the recovery process. The condition of the clams deteriorated after the tsunami and their numbers reached a minimum one month after the tsunami when a massive clam die‐off occurred. Immediately after the ytsunami, it was thought that any remaining clams could not dig themselves into the fishing grounds without enough sediment, and so might be subject to various stresses. Moreover, active individuals may have been harmed unintentionally through the aggravation of the benthic environment when fishermen buried the dying clams. The condition of the clams recovered after a few months but some individuals showed abnormal tissue in their gonads during the summer spawning season. Environmental monitoring showed that high turbidity with sand capping caused by reconstruction of the fishing grounds, which might affect the estuary ecosystem, was more frequent after h i h b f h i Al h h h hithe tsunami than before the tsunami. Although there was catastrophic damage to Asari clam population and fishery, a dense population of juvenile clams was observed in spring 2012, which is important for the reconstruction f fi h i th l t Thi ill id th d t t l t l fof fishery in the long term. This will avoid the need to transplant clams from 

other areas, which could possibly lead to an invasion of alien organisms and diseases. Speed is required for recovery, but care must be taken to sustain the fishery